diï €erent usage drivers specified by theoretical work influence consumption decisions using revealed -preferences data on product usage
this theoretical work primarily used qualitative approaches to examine the diï €erent needs that are
which allows them to become experts earlier than most. Segments 2 and 4 have lower
number of employees. SME activity is confined not to any country to production in the strict sense;
and work place distribution  The World Competitiveness Yearbookâ the most famous Annual Report on the competitiveness of nations which examines 60
arising from the changes occurring in companies on human resources innovation, globalization, governance and borders. In the study
believed to be responsible for the bulk of new job creation, technology progress, and economic growth. At the same time, most small businesses
sustainable growth and job creation On the other hand, in Romania there was created a vicious circle where the state is ensuring the minimum financial resources for
work places will come by innovation, and new discoveries will give birth to some new entrepreneurial adventures
more economic growth, employment, a better balance of payments improve the labor conditions References 1 Biatour, Bernadette and Kegels, Chantal and Vandecandelaere
-significant implications for family owners and managers, the SME employees, and the Price et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14
which in turn can yield employment gains and contribute to the general economic health of a state, region, or nation (Wolff
rovided the original work is cited properly ing the competitive advantage currently found in the family business literature
-ledge expert does not fully recognize the value of their knowledge or how to turn that
knowledge into profit or else the expert would be acting as an entrepreneur. In turn the entrepreneur may not have the depth of knowledge that the specialist possesses (for
and acquire more knowledge experts, they have the potential to Price et al. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship 2013,2: 14 Page 5 of 20
The definition for an SME was discussed based on definitions regarding employment for Australia, this is less than 100 employees.
As the USA defines an SME as a firm that has less than 500 employees, this definition was used as a guiding principle and all re
-spondents could be included in the sample. The results are shown to indicate the total number of employees in 2007, the last full year prior to the survey being administered
Firm Performance Innovation Knowledge Firm Size Firm Age indeed have a disadvantage when compared to family firms.
Family firms included 15.6%of respondents with 0 employees, and most firms in the family sample had between 1 and 10 employees (68.3%)as compared to the 10 to 20
category (11.6%).%)Only 2%of firms had over 50 employees. For non-family, 40.8%of
firms had employees in the 1 to 10 category and 34.3%in the 10 to 20 group.
These re -Real estate 9 7 2. 4 6 4. 4 Professional and technical 10 31 10.6 16 11.7
Table 2 Firm characteristics-size (number of employees Characteristic Range Family businesses Non-family businesses %%n=293)( n=137
Number of employees 0 46 4 From 1 to 10 200 56 From 10 to 20 34 47
in years and size (SIZE) as number of employees. The results are shown in Tables 4
The final model also leaves the same control variable (AGE remaining significant in the model, with a negative beta of â'0. 12,
can often be achieved through employees, by encouraging them to sustain their appli -cation, distribution, and creation of knowledge (Hauschild et al. 2001).
-aged by key family member executives, often only a few are involved in the decision -making process.
-ant driver of wealth creation and employment (Lee and Peterson 2000. Similarly, many Western nations such as some European countries, Japan, Australia, and New zealand
employees, and medium-sized is under 500 employees (Headd and Saade 2008 However, due to the convenience sampling procedure implemented in this research
measured using the number of employees and firm age using years in business. The scales were subjected to reliability and validity testing,
employees, and revenues. Each measure has strengths and weaknesses (Brush a Wanderwerf 1992; Mcgee et al. 1995.
Academy of Management Executive, 15 (1), 64†80 Brush, CG, & Wanderwerf, PA. 1992). ) A comparison of methods and sources for obtaining estimates of new venture
and how it†s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life New york: Basic books Gedajlovic, E,
economic-and relationship-based employee governance mechanisms. Strategic Management Journal, 30, 1265†1285 West, GP, & Noel, TW.
The promotion of research and innovation strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3) is one of the
policy interventions such as the promotion of technological progress through expenditures in Research and Development (R&d) activities, generally the traditional recipe for innovation.
light on these questions by investigating the role of government institutions for the promotion of
component of (1) the employed population with tertiary education in region i,(2) long-term unemployment as a percentage of total unemployment,(3) the percentage of the regional labour force employed in the
primary sector,(4) manufacturing employment in the high-tech sector The analysis is performed on a sample of 225 NUTS2 regions covering all EU countries for which the
variables of the model are available, covering the 1995-2009 period. 1 The estimation †conducted with
employment contribute to increase the potential of the local industry to generate knowledge and innovate
whereas the proportion of agricultural employment and the rate of long-term unemployment are major barriers for technological progress in a region.
institutional factors affecting the successful promotion of innovation at the regional level in Europe. The
Local and regional authorities become key players in the promotion of the interactive collaboration between all relevant regional stakeholders for the collective identification of key innovation
innovative potential of regions and for making innovation strategies such as RIS3 work, especially in the
Long-term unemployment-0. 0774**-0. 0658 *0. 0369)( 0. 0393 Agricultural Employment-0. 0395-0. 0796
**0. 0331)( 0. 0338 Employment in high tech industry 0. 129***0. 130 ***0. 0238)( 0. 0239
Time effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Observations 3, 047 3, 051 3, 067 3, 063 3, 067 3, 047
tertiary education, Unemployment rate, Employment in high tech industry, Agricultural Employment 14 Table 2 Robust fixed Effects estimation-Innovation and Qog components, 1995-2009
companies in business and around 70%of the overall employment in these countries despite their large presence in the economy,
network largely determines the successful employment of OI in SMES 5 In the existing OI literature there is a relatively thin knowledge base concerning the
experts and consultants in two Eastern European countries: Hungary (19%of the SMES in the sample) and Romania (81%of the sample.
Figure 1), numbers of employees (Figure 2), and industry breakdown (Figure 3 Figure 1 provides an overview of the sample of SMES in terms of age.
balanced mix of companies in terms of years in business, the number of employees that have helped directly these organizations gather resources,
Under 10 employees, between 11-50 employees, between 51-100 employees, and over 100 employees
Approximately half of the organizations surveyed employ fewer than ten employees while about a quarter of the SMES in our sample employ between eleven and fifty people
The least represented category in the sample is the †51-100 employees†bracket. Finally
over one hundred members of staff powered fewer than 10 companies†innovation engines. In terms of number of employees, our sample is representative for the larger
Hungarian and Romanian population of SMES (EC, 2014 Figure 3 The breakdown(%)of the sample in terms of the industry sector they are
development work: â€oewith Ivoclair it works like this: I make a sample, I send it,
I go there, I give them the idea. Ivoclair takes 6 months to make it and within 1,
work with one of Ivoclair†s competitors I have a patent, but I do not wish to do that.
â€oeeveryone works with †opinion leadersâ€. In dental technologies, which have an amazingly fast growing market
everyone works like that. Others: I don†t know. Here, in one year you are already
OI (see Table 2). Some of these drawbacks are typical for the employment of OI practices
employ fewer than ten employees, and have introduced fewer than five new products/services on the market since their
it enabled them to think more deeply about the uniqueness of their work. As one health-services company
adjust their work, both in terms of research activities and human capital development, to better meet the
development and job creation can be built. Advancement in science is crucial to the improvement of our quality of life as this includes matters of direct
•active promotion and publication of Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation (RIS3 to motivate participation of key stakeholders
R&d capacity-building in infrastructure but also crucially in human resources and multi -disciplinary approaches; maximising use of generated knowledge through university-business dialogue
local firms and universities to work collaboratively; and •ensuring the sustainability of Smart Specialisation Strategies beyond the structural funding timeframe
Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), in Seville (Spain) a group of experts from regions and
This first EUA-JRC workshop gathered 40 experts from 18 European countries, across both EU 15 and EU 12
EUA nominated university experts through consultations with its â€oecollective†members, the national rectors†conferences, who selected experts with experience of
regional cooperation to advise on good practices and guidelines for the new Smart Specialisation agenda
develop RIS3 in collaboration with leading experts. This includes peer review activities where regions present their RIS3 strategies
in order to develop approaches that can work in the different institutional contexts The sections below summarise the speakers†contributions and workshop debate.
the impact of the infrastructure in the region in enhancing employment, goods and services In some countries (e g.
same academic staff cannot do everything †and do it well (teaching, research, regional development Academic staff needs to have a coherent set of incentives for each of the three missions
Several reflections were offered about how universities can deal with the three missions. One option could
if it is to work. Universities can benefit not only from the receipt of EU Structural Funds,
assessment exercises and in promotion criteria c) Smart Specialisation as a new opportunity for collaboration between universities and regions
Miguel Angel Aguirre Spain Andalusia Adviser, Andalusian Regional Government Ministry for the Economy, Innovation, Science
and Employment Annex 1: List of Participants 2 1 REPORT ON JOINT EUA-REGIO/JRC SMART SPECIALISATION PLATFORM EXPERT WORKSHOP:
Sue Brownlow England (UK) Cornwall Adviser to Cornwall County Council Jo Banks England (UK) Cornwall Cornwall County Council
Senior Adviser Armin Mahr Austria Federal Ministry of Science and Research Head, coordination research locations & EU
Alexandre Almeida Portugal Norte Head Adviser, Regional Development Unit Borut Ronä eviä Slovenia National government
of human and physical capital will be crucial for the career development of young researchers in the future in addressing national and European innovation goals
•Developing R&d human resources (e g. doctoral school programme, supporting researcher mobility †top scientists, postdoctoral researches, full-and part-time studies of foreign Phd students, semester
of teaching staff at university, e-education (e-courses, study aids etc University of Tartu R&d expenditure has grown with the strong support of EU Structural Funds.
The ACS Automotive Centre is a platform for development work and knowledge transfer between automotive manufacturers, suppliers and universities with the aim of promoting weight reduction in the
priority and cooperation themselves using external experts and consultancies, and cohesion funds are broadly spread and therefore not necessarily supporting the strongest strategic centres.
by the Department for Work and Pensions. Universities for the most part were excluded from the ESF programme as a result of its concentrating funding on training only up to level 3
As a result the project will support jobs safeguarding, job creation 3 0 REPORT ON JOINT EUA-REGIO/JRC SMART SPECIALISATION PLATFORM EXPERT WORKSHOP:
The results of EUA€ s work are made available to members and stakeholders through conferences, seminars, website and public ations
viii http://www. youngfoundation. org/our-work/ventures-and-investment/health -launchpad/portfolio/neuroresponse/neuroresponse
particularly in relation to goals of better health education, employment or the environment, rather than focusing exclusively on the public, private or non
unemployment set to rise to double digit figures by 2010. Government responses to the crisis have involved major fiscal stimulus packages but will
widespread use of the internet has transformed the way we live, work and communicate; globalisation and migration have helped to provide a myriad
•Fighting unemployment †especially youth unemployment and generational worklessness. The current unemployment rate across Europe is 9. 8%.Between 2008 and 2009,
October 2009, the youth unemployment rate (under-25s) was 20.6%in the euro area and 20.7%in the EU27.
Netherlands has the lowest rate of youth unemployment 7. 2%)and Spain (42.9) and Latvia (33.6%)have the highest.
unemployment needs to reinforce social cohesion. iii •Climate change †the costs and devastation of climate change are
ratio of 2: 1 of workers to retirees. This will lead to an increase of costs
employment 8 •Public sector Innovation †growing social needs, together with budgetary constraints, call for radically new and innovative public
Europe reduced unemployment from 12%to 7%in the decade to 2008. We now need new sources of growth to
The report involved policy and business experts across the globe in exploring the changing nature of innovation within the
In 2006, the Independent Expert Group on R&d and Innovation, chaired by Esko Aho, published its landmark report,
generation is more labour intensive and therefore job creating than non -renewable investment Social Innovation and EU 2020
Put simply, job creation and tackling social challenges must go hand in hand for sustainable economic growth in Europe
Local Economic and Employment Development), which includes a Forum on Social Innovations. This Forum has been carrying out research on social
it focuses on labour market practices and the delivery of services. As such, it is at odds with other definitions which
•identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation, as diverse
employment, consumption or participation, with its †expressed purpose†being to †provide solutions for individual and community problemsâ€
focusing primarily on labour market changes Instead of these we have adopted a simpler and sharper alternative.
provides flexibility for employers and security for employees against labour market risks and holistic early years†provision in Reggio
Emilia, Italy -the third sector (for example, Emmaus in Europe or Dialogue Social Enterprise which tackles issues of disability and marginalisation in
while older children combined work and secondary school. In addition to schools New Lanark set up a crã che for
laws, protections against rape and sexual harassment, maternity leave and skills programmes for mothers returning to the labour market
In the West it had its roots in the humanism of the 18th century and the Industrial revolution, and
power in the labour market. Many of its ideas were crystallised through legislation: Norway†s ruling Labour Party†s recent proposal that big
companies should be required to have 40%of their boards made up of women is just one example
still being felt on building regulation, employment practices and public policy, as well as on popular culture, where stereotypes that were once
employers and planners; and technologists accelerated their efforts to innovate. The Center for Independent Living, founded in 1972 by disability
women in informal employment), and the Forum Network in Asia for drugs projects Interestingly, all of these very different movements have adopted an ethos
have evolved within existing public and professional organisations in countries like Denmark. Any successful organisation needs to be
more the system appears to work, giving people security and prosperity the more its norms will become entrenched as part of peoples†very sense of
front line staff to understand the needs of users and better tailor their services accordingly. There are also many organisations which
communities, front line staff, other sectors or other countries. There are many ways of tapping into these sources (such as idea banks, call for
works on a larger scale †establishing working prototypes of the new system, for example the low carbon housing in Hammarby Sjã stad in
These might include employers seeking new types of skills (e g. better ability to work in teams, or
software programming •†Push†in the form of effective supply, which comes from: first, the
work in distinct ways by comparison with innovation in the private sector This is especially the case as both push and pull factors within the public
really works. Effective demand refers to willingness to pay. Both are needed †but sometimes the first priority is to prove effectiveness while in other cases
and develop staff, and to access capital; too many contracts place excessive risk on providers, causing some organisations to reject opportunities to
extrapolate information directly from these proxies because much of the work of non profit organisations and the social economy does not necessarily fall
expenditures and employment. In the 35 countries studied as part of the Johns Hopkins Comparative Nonprofit Sector Project between 1995 and 1998, the
the sector employed 39.5 million full time equivalent workers which means that civil society employs, on average, 10 times more people than the utilities
share of total employment could be compared for 1990 and 1995. The study found growth rates of 20-30%over five years †rates that are well above what
over 11 million people, equivalent to about 6%of the working population of the EU. In the accession member states, 4. 2%of the wage earning population
because social enterprises in Finland are work integration organisations (†social firmsâ€)- that is, organisations which focus on
integrating highly excluded groups into the labour market, it is highly likely that these figures significantly underestimate the true scale of social enterprise
Their work is based on four main principles •Collaboration †with users, front line staff and other stakeholders
and partnerships with organisations from the private, public and third sectors 38 •User Led †design processes enable both potential end users and
existing front line staff, among other specialists, to be a driving force in the design of new services
as user-observation, video diaries and group work) and †indirect research†which explores the policy context and the current state of public service
rapidly testing solutions and getting feedback from users and front line staff to refine the ideas
Department for Work & Pensions, to design new services to improve the quality of life and well-being of older people.
Kafka Brigades gather together all involved front line workers, managers and policymakers around particular cases. The Kafka Brigade's unique research
ideas, reputation and recruitment. More broadly, business leaders are becoming aware of the growing importance of values to their business
to †work insertion†organisations and companies limited by guarantee. Social enterprises also work across a range of social and environmental fields-in
work insertion organisations; in France and Sweden, childcare services make up the bulk of social enterprise activity;
The second is †work integration†or †work insertion†integrating the long term unemployed or disadvantaged
and marginalised groups into the labour market. lxviii A study of the WISE sector in Europe carried out by research
as such, the figures for total employment are in all likelihood significantly higher. lxix The WISE organisations in Germany are a good example. lxx
system, and on the use of volunteer labour. †lxxi As a result of these relationships, social enterprises are embedded often within their local
-PESA application is installed on SIM CARDS and works on all handsets M-PESA has revolutionised money transfer in Kenya and significantly
public service employees, such as transport drivers, to avoid being responsible for cash amounts After the success of the pilot, the service was implemented permanently, and
and coached by Grameen Danone staff. There are roughly 500 women selling Shokti Doi in the Bogra District.
Work Insertion-Diakoniewerk Arbeit & Kultur, Germany Diakoniewerk Arbeit & Kultur ggmbh (or the †deacon†s activities for work
and cultureâ€) in Mà lheim is a fairly typical example of a German Work Insertion Social Enterprise (WISE.
It was set up in 1985 to run a small number of employment measures funded by the regional labour office
but has since expanded into a social enterprise which provides wrap around services for social welfare in the community.
marginalised job seekers back into work; to buy, restore and sell low-priced 46 second hand recycled products (including clothes and furniture) to those on
personal needs of the employees who frequently have addiction or debt difficulties. The centre is also becoming a community hub in which local
and a small number of employment programmes were run by the regional labour office. It is now an independent
nonprofit company limited by guarantee employing approximately 250 people on mainly fixed term contracts and receives wage subsidies from the
problems and reintegrate them into the labour market The Koispe is a relatively unique organisational form in that it is both an
means that it has access to national health services staff and premises. One of the other innovative aspects is that those who work for a Koispe may earn a
wage without losing their benefit payments. Koispes are exempt from corporate taxes, except VAT and fall under the supervision of the Ministry of
the make up of any Koispe †at least 35%of the employees must be those with mental health problems;
role in integration various marginalised groups into the labour market †47 including adults with learning difficulties, people with physical disabilities
employees. Previously, the island had been economically dependent on the island†s mental health institution. When the institution closed down, the new
labour practices, cause harm to people and planet and so on. Instead, their portfolio of investment funds will cover a range of more than profit
addictions, illiteracy and unemployment However, the sector tends to be fragmented and the organisations which operate within it small in scale.
employment needs after the collapse of the communism. Using its philosophy of encouraging mutual self-help, it now provides homes for 750 persons in a
through its various housing, education and vocational training programmes has assisted over 50,000 people in the last ten years
Barka works to assist the socially vulnerable including the long-term unemployed, homeless persons and those suffering from substance abuse, as
well as migrant workers who come back home to Poland and find themselves without anywhere to live.
combination of hard work and human interaction has proved for many individuals to be a miraculous recovery from addictions and many residents
people create their own employment by setting up social cooperatives. Other organisations are now also founding such centres.
created sustainable employment opportunities and the various activities undertaken by Barka over the last 20 years have had a major influence in
Integration Programme, helping destitute East European migrant workers either to return home or settle into their new society.
highly, The Halfway Foundation works with those who are willing to recover providing daily clinical care assistance and education, as well as teaching
Projecto Geracã£o (The Generation Project) works to combat truancy and school dropout by providing education, training,
and employment paths in Urbanizaã§Ã£o Casal da Boba, in Amadora in Lisbon The community of Urbanizaã§Ã£o Casal da Boba in the suburbs of Lisbon was
Geracã£o range from work and play provision for the very young, enabling parents to stay in full time employment (60 pre school children are currently
on this programme), to a number of programmes working with school age children to encourage them to stay in education
running, all of the 22 pupils who took part are in full time employment. This 53 project has become sustainable through the support of the municipality, and
software developers, designers, marketing and business experts as well as those who have knowledge of specific areas of social need-to a two-and-a
support, policy work, media and PR and internal/external evaluations. While the franchisees are responsible for fundraising,
Diagram 6. Housework, paid work and leisure (Minutes per day and person, latest year available
economy into the mainstream economy by valorising voluntary labour. In many of these cases, these innovations have been generated explicitly outside
time-based credit which aims to make voluntary work visible and accountable. The third element is a service vouchers, given by the public
and sustainable ways of work (example: APDC€ s initiative on Next Generation Services paved the way to a â 70 million public fund
The practical work of supporting innovation is undertaken often best by bodies that are both inside and outside
work towards policy reform in line with Estonia†s developmental vision based on innovative thinking. xcix Social Innovation Fund, USA
unemployment •Commitments by national/local government or foundations to make payments linked to outcomes achieved in improving the lives of the
for an intensive programme of work with young offenders, and would be repaid according to the numbers who achieved educational qualifications
Another potential field for action is in employment creation during the downturn. In principle the model is likely to work best in
units work within organisations, either within or across departments, some have been established to encourage collaboration across departments and
of Employment to bring together government, private enterprises and the research community under one roof to promote user-centred innovation
whether the solutions developed will work for citizens in practice Mindlab's mission is to involve citizens and businesses in developing new
5. Visibility-Communicating Mindlab†s work and how our parent ministries experiment with new methodologies and forms of
are also carrying out work on climate change, gender divisions in the labour market, breaking down barriers to employment faced by young immigrants. c
SILK, UK Another kind of innovation unit is SILK-the Social Innovation Lab Kent. The lab was set up in 2007 by Kent County Council as a hub for social innovation
environment for a wide range of staff to work together on some of the most
involves users, front-line staff, and stakeholders such as senior managers or elected councillors, in setting out what is required from a
Region works as a laboratory for the 26 French Regional Councils and its goal is to foster creativity, social innovation and sustainability in public
residencies will be dedicated to employment, health, democracy, social networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27, a monthly workshop with
4 to 7 people, including civil servants from the Regions, politicians, experts and citizens. Participants raise their own questions,
lessons about what works and what does not in the social sphere. In the 79
Its work is based on the belief that the third sector is teeming with good ideas but too few of them change the world because of the lack of
In its work to 31 march 2010, the Exchange is aspiring to demonstrate the effectiveness of brokerage in supporting third sector innovation.
enabling those in receipt of employment and social security benefits to work for the park†s enterprises without losing their benefits and;
Southern Europe†s first †Social Innovation Laboratoryâ€, providing the opportunity for those based in the park to work together to generate new social enterprises that will be
Technology, Services and IT Implementation, Biotechnology, Working life Materials, Transportation, Cross-Sectoral Issues, Knowledge of Innovation
establishing healthier work environments and ways of working, and Gigahertz Centrum †a centre developing energy-efficient electronics and
entrepreneurial talent, scouting for good ideas, engaging with staff in the National Health Service (NHS) and local authority as well as the third sector
often, the talent, experience and appetite for working better amongst staff is not sufficiently mined, valued or developed.
staff and local enterprises are harnessed and channelled towards delivering sustainable solutions to address health and social care needs.
works to change the culture of an organisation so that innovation becomes a natural part of its ethos †not a barrier to success
professions, and the idea that the expert knows best. Many of these methods have been helped greatly by the ability of the web to draw in a far wider
employees to make suggestions about working conditions and practices. The kinds of suggestions elicited may include, for example, the introduction of
flexitime, better parking facilities, recycling and so on Recently, there have been some attempts to capture and then adopt the best
possess both tacit and explicit knowledge †as citizens, employees, service users and so on. This knowledge is crucial in improving services and making
recruit, retain and develop staff, and to access capital; too many contracts place excessive risk on providers, causing some organisations to reject
innovation, few resources are being devoted to labour market development †and there is a dearth of skills,
sector front line workers. There is little equivalent to the angel finance that plays a critical role in technology,
and develop staff, and to access capital; too many contracts place excessive risk on providers, causing some organisations to reject opportunities to
devoted to labour market development. Our analysis suggests that this is as important an issue as finance.
A report exploring skills gaps and shortages in paid employees within the voluntary sector in England found that skills gaps are apparent across the
their employees, likely because staff have to be skilled multi to perform a variety of functions.
Having under-skilled staff has a detrimental impact on organisations-often leading to an increase in the workload of other
employees-and many employers, particularly smaller ones, resort to volunteers to cover the work. While a majority of employers formally assess
whether individuals have gaps in their skills and/or hold a training and development policy, a lack of time and/or funding for training and
development (which are significantly smaller than training and development budgets amongst their private sector counterparts), particularly amongst
-qualified staff for long-term employment poses a key challenge in the NGO sector. Some issues included:
employees to see an NGO as a springboard to more prestigious posts outside of the NGO sector-move on to the public or private sector or into prestigious
many NGOS cannot afford to pay their staff regularly and do not register them to avoid paying taxes,
resulting in little chance to develop staff capacity and skills for sustainability; a tendency to hire staff on an ad hoc project basis
resulting in high turnover rates. All of these factors are compounded by a weak culture of volunteering, which makes long term sustainability a
and support within businesses and NGOS to help workers to adapt to change. Whilst ESF programmes will continue to support those
who have difficulties in finding work, this focussed support for innovation within the work place, for life long learning and adaptability, and the
facilitation of mobility within sectors (particularly NGOS), not only benefits the employees, but also contributes to a better relationship between the
organisation and the national government, and in turn, their access to finance Moreover, the collaboration between organisations and governments (both
for example estimates unpaid work at around 48%of GDP. Canada†s statistical office suggests that time use,
in the Stiglitz Commission†s work for President Sarkozy in France which has led to a radical overhaul of GDP measures
3. Implementation (health risks, management risks, staff benefits 4. Cost effectiveness (cost savings, scalability, wider economic gains
•It provides a framework for learning about what works over time Conclusion Our specific recommendation is for the European commission to move
transitions into the labour market -Coordination, design, and implementation of different projects. This should include setting stricter protocols for
for front line staff and practitioners, and those involved in social innovation from businesses, the public sector and the grant economy.
•Coordinating universities, civil service colleges etc to work collaboratively through the development of a network of institutions to
facilitate work-life balance and contribute to environmentally sustainable ways to work and learn. EU
Report of the Independent Expert Group on R&d and Innovation Appointed Following The Hampton Court Summit, Available at
evolution of workplaces, identity and conflict, crime and violence, exploitation and cooperation. They are different in nature,
things as the dynamics of labour markets or monetary policy. The big social changes that have accompanied industrialisation have had some common features:
/xl This section draws on very useful work by Timo Hämã¤lã¤inen (2007), †Social Innovation
lxix Spear, R. & Bidet, E. 2003) †The Role of Social Enterprise in European Labour
I. Bode, A Evers and A. Schulz,(2002) †Work Integration Social Enterprises in Germanyâ€, Working papers Series, no. 02/04 Liã ge, EMES European Research Network
†Nonprofit organisations tackling unemployment in Germany and the UK: Vigorous independent enterprises meeting social needs or the emergence of
decision-making more expert and more democratic†Democracy Journal 7 Available at http://www. democracyjournal. org/article. php?
such as work, social connections and relationships, the environment, and (economic and/or physical) insecurity cliv Hoegen, M. 2009) Statistics and the qual ity of life:
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