11 non-university scientific institutes (1, 760 employees 6 Humboldt University institutes (1, 056 employees;
8, 034 students 445 technology oriented companies (5, 286 employees Media City 146 companies (1, 763 employees
Industrial Estate 363 companies (4, 969 employees 8 Â WISTA-MANAGEMENT GMBH/Adlershof Projekt Gmbh 9
*HU: 246 Mio. â IGAFA: 320 Mio. â (gesch Mio. EUR%Mio. EUR%Mio. EUR
%Investitionen in Infrastruktur Investitionen und Kosten des Entwicklungstrã¤gers) 503 34%167 20%670 29
1, 500 staff •Headquartered in Adlershof •Utilization of UMG Si for solar cell production
•Incubation and promotion of start-ups, Consultation for grants and loans, etc •Joint project development
•Personel recruitment subsidies 47 Adlershof â€oemarket Access Point†48 Service Offers Target Group Service Provider
•Highly qualified staff •Efficient networks •Established basis for business with the international market
The practical work and implementation of the program is done by TEN-T EA, Trans-European transport
Multi-Annual call consists of several different work programs, all of which have their own goal and objective.
concrete infrastructure works Sources http://tentea. ec. europa. eu/en/news events/newsroom/10 more implementation su ccesses show the continuous impact of the ten-t programme. htm
â Regional Competitiveness and Employment â European Territorial Cohesion EU is trying to solve the problems in all the three sectors with European Regional
and Regional competitiveness and Employment objectives but it doesn†t support 9/38 Best practices in transport infrastructure financing 1/23/2013
Regional Competitiveness and Employment. The south coast of the Baltic sea (some parts of Germany, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) may receive grants from
Regional Competitiveness and Employment. The Eastern part of Finland is also a part of the phasing out region;
http://bankwatch. org/our-work/who-we-monitor/ebrd http://www. ebrd. com/pages/homepage. shtml#&panel1-3
For example in TEN-T financing the EU support is approximately 20%in works and 50%in studies, the rest of the budget must be covered with other funding sources
cover approximately 20%of the works and 50%of the studies. Other EU related funding instruments like Cohesion Fund may also participate to the financing.
The construction works led to improved safety, higher capacity and better accessibility to the port.
Other works EUR 0. 3 billion Total construction costs EUR 4. 1 billion Project management, operational
company VR-Track Ltd will be responsible for the construction work. VR-Track Ltd signed an agreement that includes rebuilding the superstructure on 66 kilometers of
problems in the terminal and fixed equipment work. Also the rolling stock costs had been underestimated In 1990 the project got its 4. equity after the banks of Midland, Natwest, Credit
EU supports the construction works at the cross-border sections with approximately 10%higher grants because international railway lines enable the free flow of people
The start date for the construction works was in September 2009 and the road was completed in November 2011
by compensating 19%of the works costs, with a share of 5. 3 Million euros The road was built by Construction company Hifab Groub AB
Construction works will be completed in 2015 and the length of the section is 53 kilometer. Tieyhtiã Valtatie 7 is a project
open exchange of knowledge, staff and expertise. At the same time, universities should act as the centre of a knowledge network
impact universities†role in their territories †Labour market and employment policies Science, technology and innovation policies, Competition policy and Regional and urban
and mediator for local knowledge circulation, source of highly skilled labour, knowledge providers in university †industry linkages and incubators for academic spin-offs, a
human resources, attracting talent to the region and developing stronger clusters. The Capital Region Growth Forum in
promotion agency of the region and the Vienna Science and Technology Fund (WWTF that promotes different initiatives, such as Vienna Research Groups for Young
entrepreneurs are connected to academic experts or the Lectors and knowledge circles policy of appointing a growing number of lectures
This work was cofinanced through the European Social Fund through The Sectoral Operational Programme Human resources Development 2007-2013, project number
POSDRU/1. 5/S/59184 †Performance and excellence in postdoctoral research in Romanian economic science domainâ€
creative work undertaken within the enterprise that increases knowledge for developing new and improved goods or services and processes,
innovation seems to have a positive impact on firms'labour productivity (Hall Et al 2009). ) These results hold across four large EU economies with a high SMES intensity
This paper is indebted intellectually to the collective theoretical and empirical work done on the subject by the
of work but rather the most urgent ones†concrete deprivations that cause signifi -cant limitations to the quality of life in absolute terms
rural rice workers. When a problem has been turned invisible by a mechanism such as an adaptive preference, we will not know concerning it:
workers, interviewed during the evaluation process of a project presented to the program He explained how the consciousness of a health problem took place:
and that we, rice-workers die before retiring. We die faster, without any doubt...If you apply glyphosate to
illnesses and not as a process accelerated by working conditions. Workers, family, and social environment had naturalized the high prevalence of deaths at relatively young ages
compared with life expectancy of men in the country. They also naturalized suffering from respiratory diseases, skin conditions,
The trade union capacity to give voice to this problem is linked perhaps to the concrete historical process
going on in Uruguay where â€oeneglected workers†such as rural workers and domestic workers gained recently parliamentary recognition for their orga
-nizations. It is interesting to reflect on what would have been the situation if under another correlation of forces rural workers†trade unions continued to be
unrecognized From Demand to Research Stage At a cognitive level, the demand unraveled in the previous stage must be recognized
of existing capabilities, accumulated knowledge and human resources, and generation of new knowledge. Specifically, the passage was given by the interaction of the Epilepsy
and the level of unemployment was below two digits For the 2008 call, special emphasis was made in the previous recollection of
Montevideo, profiting from the work done in these territories by a specific exten -sion university program, the Metropolitan Integral Program
These interviews were conducted by members of the expert group in charge of the evaluation and by members of the Academic Unit.
rice rural workers trade unions. Examples of the second type of actors include a medical doctor in charge of the only public laboratory of the country entitled to
workers dealing with different kinds of homeless people. Examples of the third type are the governmental program â€oeplan Juntos†(Plan Jointly),
will have, somehow, to coordinate their work. The objective of the platform is to concentrate efforts in a complex and multidimensional SIP that is unlikely to be
exchange favorable to imported consumption, from massive firings and salary reductions to negotiated rises in salaries between workers and entrepreneurs medi
-ated by the state, plus very low levels of unemployment. All this notwithstanding Uruguay still has important groups of populations excluded from access to a
dignified quality of life, despite the implementation of diverse types of social policies, and a sustained economic growth.
work of Tepsie examining the use of online networks and other digital tools to support and/or
The overall objective of the Tepsie project†s Work Package WP8 (using online networks to
In this context, Work Package 8 examines the impact of ICT on, and its interaction with
This deliverable D8. 3 reports on the empirical work of Tepsie†s WP8 examination of so-called
This report, D8. 3, presents and analyses the empirical desk work and case studies undertaken by
cumulative work of WP8 1 http://digitalsocial. eu /2 †Big data†refers to the vast amount of data that can be collected from the internet,
employment, place making, the sharing economy, health and education After the references section, there are also three annexes
x Work-life balance x General public services x Defense x Public order and safety x Economic affairs
x Work-life balance x Economic Affairs 1. Employment x Income 2. Sharing economy (and sharing society
x Health x Health 3. Health x Education x Education 4. Education x Community x Housing
as articulated in the Europe 2020 Strategy, 6 such as unemployment, inequality and poverty, health and education,
x Work and employment x Neighbourhood regeneration x Energy and environment x Science x Finance and economy
Employment x Preparing for work x Finding work x Creating and doing work Place making
community and local development x Smart places x Local community development x Civic engagement and activism
Sharing Economy (and sharing society x Exchanging time and talent x Activating the value of dormant assets
Employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective 2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc
3. Improved matching between work demand and supply 4. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration
5. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration 6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities
7. Other Place making (for community and local development 1. Improved place-related facilities and amenities (digital, physical and cultural
2. Improved place-related use of resources 3. Improved place-related growth, prosperity and well-being
4. Improved place-related social and cultural cohesion/inclusion 5. Improved place-related activism and participation (including political,
planning budgeting, etc 6. Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities 7. Other Sharing economy
and sharing society 1. Improved matching and exchanging of time and talent increasing economic benefits
7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 8. Other Health 1. Increase in health and wellbeing (numbers of people and duration
Overall, in WP8€ s empirical work, a deliberate choice has been made not to examine already well
Employment Focus area Case Social needs addressed Preparing for employment Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment, low job skills and the digital divide
Jobbanken (DK) Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them self-esteem, and reducing society†s costs
Finding employment Slivers of time (UK) Flexible work matching for job seekers & volunteers with employers and people with personal care budgets to spend
Eslife (ES) Flexible work matching for household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area
Skillendar (UK) Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood
Creating and doing work Mission Leben (DE) Providing people with a mental illness with work, improving their life and self-esteem
CSE: Copenhagen School of Entrepreneurship (DK Flexible workspaces for students with no job providing start-up
experience to avoid long-term problems Place making Focus area Case Social needs addressed Smart places
Eastserve, Manchester (UK) Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion
Naprawmyto (PL) Facilitating local action and dialogue on local problems, and community activism Local community
development Viedome Total Community Platform (NL Daily and long-term physiological, medical and psychological needs of elderly and others in need of care
TEM--Local Alternative Currency Unit (EL Meeting all types of basic daily needs of residents in poverty
combatting pay cuts, unemployment and social disruption Civic engagement and activism Hackney CAB crowdmap (UK) Support low-income residents, losing some or all housing benefit,
and unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done Cookisto (EL and UK Homemade food swapping
needs for lifelong education and the upskilling of the labour force by providing free online courses for everyone interested
retarded development by supporting parents, pedagogical staff & scientists with monitoring & documentation of everyday situations
Employment Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out
employment context, as well as some of the observed and expected roles and impacts of ICT within
and to identify three focus areas and relevant cases within the employment theme. Deliverables D8. 4 and D8. 5 will examine both the empirical evidence presented here in the light of the full desk
The potential for innovation in the workplace in terms of changing job types, how work is performed and organised,
and regulatory systems within which work, employment and entrepreneurial activity sit. Although there are many nuances and variations,
which attempt to provide a framework combining flexibility for employers to hire and fire workers as well as security for workers through active support to maximise their
employability rather than keep them in a particular job. Elsewhere in Europe, institutional and regulatory frameworks include the continental corporatist models of central-West europe with
strong social partners but rigid labour markets, the low social transfer models of southern Europe countries which tend to be top-down with rigid bargaining systems,
x Clear goals for activating labour markets, including the target of 70%labour market participation, low unemployment and flexi-curity policies
x European learning networks, such as gender mainstreaming, age management, inclusive entrepreneurship, migrant and ethnic minorities, reintegration of ex-offenders, social
economy, asylum seekers and victims of human trafficking and youth employment x Through the European Social Fund:
x Social and Economic Councils at the different levels of the labour market x The overall goal is to improve employability and increase the quantity and quality of jobs
there have been massive rises in unemployment, especially in southern Europe and amongst young 8 http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/eie/chap1-5-2 en. html
x Flexibilisation of the workforce which, in the absence of counterbalancing employment security measures, tends to put more power in the hands of employers
x Youth unemployment, where job-churn in the labour market has reduced considerably so many older workers are staying put in the context of job loss
and fewer new jobs being created x The prospect of significant reductions in the proportion of working age people in the
population as a whole due to the retirement of the postwar †baby boom†population cohort and moves towards an †ageing societyâ€,
create more employment opportunities, has happened not yet to any significant extent probably due to labour market rigidities across sectors and localities,
and training and skill problems x The changing roles of different interest groups and the reduction of the postwar political
consensus concerning labour markets and their embedded social contracts (both formal and informal), resulting inter alia in trades unions and worker representatives generally
losing power and influence x Labour market reforms towards less regulation and trends towards a †race to the bottomâ€
in terms of pay levels, working conditions and workers†rights, especially in the context of economic globalisation x Low pay, minimum wage regulation in some countries and campaigns for a so-called
†living†wage x Problems in integrating disadvantaged groups within the dynamic complex of the above
changes Other important trends include fluctuations in self employment rates since the 2007-08 financial crisis, with significant differences between countries, after an initial rise soon followed by a fall. 9
This may be due to many self-employed people transferring their business to the unofficial economy as well as more self-regulation via, for example, project, flexible and homework, often
as well as more redundancies in this sector. 10 In some countries, such as the UK, this is leading to greater de-regularisation and de-unionisation of the labour market as exemplified by
much more occasional, intermittent, casual and †un-social†hours employment, as well as so-called zero-hour contracts in
which workers are guaranteed not any work and thus income at all. On the one hand, this may benefit freelancers who have the skills, competences and networks to cope and
even thrive, whilst on the other hand there is evidence this condemns many who do not have such resources to a working life characterised by intermittent and uncertain work and income. 11
In Europe, as elsewhere, there is a trend towards a greater role for social entrepreneurship and the
million paid employees. 12 This and other trends mark some shift towards more bottom-up forms of
employment, as being monitored and supported, for example, by the European WISE Network Work Integration Social Enterprises as a tool for promoting inclusion),
to help create new forms of manual labour in building, carpentry, salvaging and recycling, waste, maintaining public or green
areas and packaging products. 13 There is also EUWIN (European Workplace Innovation Network 9 http://www. eurofound. europa. eu/areas/industrialrelations/dictionary definitions/selfemployedperson. htm
/13 http://www. isede-net. com/content/social-economy/wise-work-integration-social-enterprises-tool-promoting
awareness about workplace innovation and its benefits. 14 Roles and impacts of ICT There is much agreement about some of the main impacts of ICT on employment.
For example most observers agree that innovation in the economy supported or enabled by ICT typically
reduces the demand for labour in existing sectors and companies because of increased productivity, innovation in processes, organisational restructuring,
disagreements about the roles and impacts of ICT on employment in practice. For example although most agree that new jobs are being created (assuming the impact of the economic and
or quality of any new work or new work forms. On the one hand, some see a brave new world of
potential employers against each other (Tapscott & Williams2006), and Perez (2009) generally shares this view provided the right policies are put in place.
On the other hand, some see worker exploitation and surveillance reduced to a state of servicing the machine (Sennett, 1998 and 2006
relationships, they merely Skype and leave aside â€oeall the restâ€), and the overall †mechanisation†of
model of work is leading to threats to traditional benefits, such as pensions and health insurance as
provided by a given employer and a consequent reduction in employee rights within the existing
as well as employers and policy makers need to be aware of these and similar challenges It is also clear ICT does change work at a fundamental level
growth in the numbers and quality of work, revolving around the use and creation of implicit and
14 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/workplace-innovation/euwin/index en. htm 15 See Tepsie Deliverable D8. 1:
part of a dynamic cycle in which new work, knowledge and processes are created and older types
Returning to areas of general agreement about the impact of ICT on employment, most agree that
work and careers x People are able to be more flexible about where and when they work
x Training and preparation for work can now take place more easily and cheaply online x People are able to find work that interests them/employees who fit their requirements much
more easily through the availability of online contracting which removes many place and time -based limitations
x Work can be split up into chunks both time-wise and location-wise, thus enabling work to be
undertaken by many people across the world simultaneously, which allows it to be completed more quickly and cheaply
people to form work partnerships across countries ICT thus makes it easier for workers to find jobs
and for employers to find skilled workers as labour markets become more transparent. Because ICT has the potential to connect workers to work
irrespective of their location, and crowdsourced work providers are able to judge workers on their
merit, it is possible that ICT could help overcome the social, cultural, educational and physical
barriers that might otherwise have excluded women, people with disabilities, ethnic minorities or other disadvantages from participating in the labor market.
It is clear that labour is becoming more disjoined from location, and work is increasingly disaggregated and shared across space and time
There is a rise in so-called †homeshoringâ€, where people work for a virtual organisation or call
become easier for workers to become very highly specialised at particular tasks Framework for analysis
the employment theme 1. Preparing for employment People need appropriate vocational skills, competences and aptitudes in order to prepare for
employment. This includes both initial education, training and other forms of preparation, as well 21 as retraining to help them get a new or better job.
In principle, ICT can support people in preparing for employment in two main ways x by facilitating
or improving the individual†s vocational skills and competences relevant for work x by facilitating
or improving the social and other supports relevant to preparing for work On this basis, two main social innovation outcomes are examined for this focus area
x Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective) using ICT x Improved employment supports (e g. training, tools, facilities, etc.
using ICT 2. Finding employment ICT is an important tool in finding employment, for example by matching those looking for work
with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes Evidence from Poland, for example, shows that traditional private job centres only help about 5
%of young job seekers find a job, and job centres themselves today undertake job matching mainly by using ICT.
Much more often, young job seekers use family and other contacts as well as the Internet. The Internet can also be used to match work
or tasks which people need doing with those willing and able to do them in real or very quick time, for example the US-based Taskrabbit which
also recently launched in the UK. 16 ICT can assist in finding work in two main ways
x by facilitating or improving the matching of paid work with workers looking for such work
x by facilitating or improving the matching of unpaid/voluntary/reciprocal work with people looking for such work
There is one social innovation outcome examined for this focus area x Improved matching between work demand
and supply using ICT 3. Creating and doing work ICT helps in the introduction of,
or increase in, new forms of employment, such as telework distance work, flexible work or itinerant work,
as well as completely new types of work such as web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT
or are in the ICT sector. Work may be performed away from the organisational premises at another location
or †on the moveâ€, and may also result in completely virtual forms of (semi) permanent or temporary
work, or so-called †project†work. ICT can also assist people enter or become stronger in the labour
market who are excluded more or less from the traditional labour market, such as the disabled older persons, or would-be workers who are disadvantaged otherwise (such as immigrants with
poor language or other skills. Overall, ICT can assist in creating and doing work x by facilitating
or increasing the amount of work and/or the number of jobs x by facilitating new,
or improving existing, ways of working (e g. in terms of quality flexibility, location, remuneration, etc There are two social innovation outcomes examined for this focus area
x Increase in jobs and work (number and duration) using ICT x Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration) using ICT
In addition, there is also one theme-wide social innovation outcome x Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT
16 https://www. taskrabbit. com and https://www. taskrabbit. co. uk 22 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary
Seven cases are analysed in the employment theme as summarised in Table 3. 1 Table 3. 1:
Employment cases: summary Focus area Case Social needs addressed Summary Preparing for employ -ment Surfen zum
Job (DE Tackling youth unemployment, low job skills and the digital divide -Improve digital search skills for all types of unemployed
with focus on low qualified, and help in finding a job -Training, practical help for both the jobless and for the
public and civil organisations providing support -Public and private funding, civil operation -30 cities in Germany;
300 youth Jobbanken DK) 17 Supporting people with a mental illness back) into work giving them self
-esteem, and reducing society†s costs -Digitally coordinated education, exercises, networking -Prepares and matches both job seekers and potential
employers, also with administrative support -Public funding (â 800,000 pa 2013-15), private partners private operation
-3 cities, 483 trained, 387 started in a protected job Finding employ -ment Slivers of
time (UK) 18 Flexible work matching for job -seekers & volunteers with employers and people with personal
care budgets to spend -Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit and manage the supply and demand of labour and volunteers, and better
utilise existing resources -Public (â 600,000 seed money 2005), private and civil funding, civil partners, private operation
-80,000 users, 13. 7m potential, 9 FTES, across UK Eslife (ES) 19 Flexible work matching for
household & family tasks, tackling high unemployment in local area -Digital fast and flexible matching to recruit
and manage the supply and demand of household and family tasks -Private funding, 15%of price paid to Eslife after work or
task done, private operation, expected profitable by 2015 ->1, 000 people matched with work in 7 cities, growing to
>25 cities in 2014 Skillendar UK) 20 Skills calendar to match job seekers & volunteers with
people who need work/tasks done in neighbourhood -Digital fast and flexible matching at neighbourhood level
using calendar for skill and time search, †people helping people†philosophy at any time
-Private funding, civil partners & users, private operation -Neighbourhood-based, can be used anywhere, thousands of users
-ICT adapts workplaces to needs and capacities of workers with a mental illness, market basis (e g.
-700 sheltered workplaces in all Germany, 280,000 jobs CSE: Copen -hagen School of Entrepren -eurship
difficult to be in employment because they are at a disadvantage or vulnerable in some way, or
The sample of seven cases comprises two preparing for employment cases, three finding employment cases,
and two creating and doing work cases. Although many of the cases provide outcomes in two or more focus areas (see section 3. 2. 3),
there is a clear specialisation of functions across the seven cases Funding and actors The preparing for employment cases both rely on public funding with one run by a civil
organisations and one by the private sector. In comparison, the two creating and doing work cases
show a mix of public and market funding and mixed actor operation. Compared to this, the finding
employment cases are funded and operated by the private sector, although the Slivers of Time case
Although the finding employment cases tend to start in specific locations, they are growing fastest either through expansion of the
The types of ICT and its use varies across the three employment focus areas, as described below
Preparing for employment x ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used alongside physical and traditional activities.
interaction with job seekers. The ICT used by the job seekers themselves depends on their individual starting skills,
and they are also provided with a self-service interface which can be personalised for their own needs.
and for matching assets (the job seekers and their skills and competences) with the needs of prospective employers
x Online platforms, communities and networks: In both cases, ICT is used to setup platforms for content creation and issue identification.
-seekers and employers, and to support social capital creation (both some bonded and bridging types), amongst job seekers.
This takes place through both ICT-enabled networks that 24 supplement face-to-face and other traditional networks of a small-world nature (i e. mainly
Finding employment x ICT used: Relatively standard ICT is used which is generally standalone, i e. ICT is the only or
tailored to specific needs linking employers wanting short-term staff with workers offering flexible work, so that ICT replaces the middleman with an end-to-end solution.
People looking for work or to volunteer can also create a profile building a †talent pool†which prospective
employers can access online. Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps: i
notification of work or a task which needs doing, ii) proposals from people wishing to provide
work or tasks and acceptance, and iii) completion of the work or task and payment to Eslife of
15%of price paid. The types of tasks matched are babysitting, elderly care, pet care, cleaning
minor moves, and repairs. Eslife also provides a database of the task provider†s skills and
service itself, offline communities also develop because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.
Creating and doing work x ICT used: Both standard and bespoke ICT is used also alongside physical and traditional
and automate workplaces to place people with a mental illness in a sheltered workplace such as the Aumã hle laundry.
This example uses databases, terminals RFID23 tags with barcodes or transponders on items of laundry,
and issue identification platforms, for example as inventories of work to do and work done The case has developed not online communities,
physical workplace communities of workers. Mission Leben uses an ICT Internet of things e g RFID barcodes or transponders on all laundry items and equipment which digitally inter
employment cases, CSE (but not Mission Leben) is perhaps starting to exhibit tendencies towards also being a part of a random network in
Preparing for employment 1. Improved entrepreneurship and work skills (personal and collective x Surfen zum Job:
300 unemployed youth prepared for, and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training
x Jobbanken: 483 people with a mental illness trained, 387 started in a protected job or
edge of labour market x Mission Leben: Improvement of all-round work and ICT skills of unemployed people with a
mental illness, and their motivation to learn x CSE: focuses on developing the full range of unemployed students†entrepreneurship skills
2. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc x Surfen zum Job: 300 unemployed youth prepared for,
and learnt how to find, employment in 30 cities, with an overall high evaluation of training
provides benefits of legal and insured work compared to informal work x Mission Leben: comprehensive workplace and work process transformation to match the
capacities and needs of people with a mental illness Finding employment 3. Improved matching between work demand and supply
x Surfen zum Job: Of the 300 unemployed youth prepared for work in 30 German cities many
also found employment directly via the case x Slivers of Time: 80,000 job seekers with loose links to the labour market, with 13. 7m
potential, facilitated by 9 full-time-equivalent staff across the UK. For example, Leeds City Council coped with peaks in service demand for street cleaning,
data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply x Eslife: Over 1, 000 unemployed, underemployed and volunteers looking for work, in 7
cities and growing to over 25 in 2014 (latest two months of data show 600-700 tasks
completed by 75-80 task providers x Skillendar: helps thousands of people on the edge of the labour market find additional jobs
in their neighbourhood when they need it 4. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration
x Slivers of Time: as an example, Hertfordshire County Council†s Breakaway for Carers scheme enabled workers
and volunteers seeking flexible work to link with people needing care and their carers to give the latter some support, relief or a break.
Carers requiring breaks also book help x Eslife: Seeks to give the unemployed, underemployed and volunteers as much work as
they want, up to full-time, and enables them to plan their working life much better around other demands on their time
x Skillendar: focuses on †people helping people†philosophy on a family, community and neighbourhood life context helps to enrich work in the local area
Creating and doing work 5. Increase in jobs and work (number and duration x Mission Leben:
700 sheltered workplaces and 280,000 jobs for people with a mental illness across Germany. For example, one workplace in Aumã hle includes inter alia a protected
27 laundry workplace and shows an increase in secure jobs to 55, plus 10 additional staff
team leaders and skilled employees), compared to former †normal†workplace x CSE: just over 100 start-ups create their own new businesses and jobs for unemployed
students, with an average of 4 people each including interns, about 55%are sustainable and about 20%are social enterprises
6. Improved jobs and work (quality and remuneration x Mission Leben: Increase in more varied types of work available to people with a mental
illness, like scanning, sorting and finishing orders x CSE: more satisfying and more highly remunerated work through supporting start-up
innovations where the individual has much greater influence and control over their current and future work
Other Other outcomes were reported, not directly linked to any focus area, as below 7. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities
x All cases are scaling, disseminating or growing, based on the empirical evidence provided in the cases,
and most also exhibit many positive spillover and multiplier effects elsewhere and on other initiatives.
The finding employment cases seems to be scaling fastest 8. Increase in health and wellbeing
x Jobbanken: improvements to quality of life of people with a mental illness, their self -esteem, psychological wellbeing and reduced loneliness,
which also reduces the costs of care and other supports on the rest of society
laundry and similar work used to be sent to cheaper wage countries, but is now done more locally saving transport and other physical costs
Preparing for employment Both Surfen zum Job and Jobbanken have mutually beneficial multi-actor collaborative partnerships
traditional activities to assist people with problems entering the labour market. Good and inclusive relationships with vulnerable beneficiaries are also crucial,
Finding employment All three cases, Slivers of Time, Eslife and Skillendar, use relatively standard ICT as the only or main
employers and workers/volunteers on top of the technology platforms provided. This seems to be because such online interaction can directly support offline communities as the service is geared to
reinforced by the fact that much of the work and many of the tasks directly support family
workers/volunteers being exploited by pushing them into a †war for low prices†(†race to the
Creating and doing work The two cases, Mission Leben and CSE, are at opposite ends of the spectrum between a protected
and adapted workplace in the former case and a dynamic, innovative and challenging workplace in
and undertake new work. Each case uses various mixes of both standard and bespoke ICT alongside physical and traditional
Preparing for employment The main barrier is reported as lack of familiarity with ICT, and thus some reluctance by the target
and others finding it hard to access the job market, for employment Finding employment The main barrier is the difficulty of overcoming established ways of working and attitudes
especially with mainly low skill beneficiaries. Legislation and administrative systems are geared not to independent working.
Another important barrier is the potential problems of exploitation of workers/volunteers especially given that it is often the private sector
which operates these services 29 using mainly ICT tools, and there can be a reaction against attempts to mix the market into social
Creating and doing work The main barrier for the Mission Leben case is that the bespoke ICT needs backup systems and
Preparing for employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT has a supporting role in helping vulnerable and other unemployed people become better
prepared for employment. This is done by both reducing many of the costs involved and providing
likelihood of obtaining work in the future. Thus, although successful employment preparation initiatives exist in many forms with and without ICT,
the role of ICT in these cases is improving outcomes both directly and indirectly. For example, in the Jobbanken case it is seen as increasing
Given that ICT typically seems to be improving employment preparation initiatives which are already underway, the technology needs to be embedded carefully in the overall initiative so as to
or find it hard to access the job market for various reasons. This will of course depend on the specific individuals involved and the context they
Finding employment The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is seen both in a supporting role improving the matching of the supply and demand and of
that supply and demand can better align to each other, for example by enabling workers or volunteers to fit their activities around other demands on their time.
flexible supply of workers/volunteers, whilst in turn enabling them to access flexible work or tasks
that suit them. This model has disrupted incumbent methods of flexible employment by removing the need for costly intermediaries (the †middlemanâ€, in this case employment agencies) who only
delay the process, and putting power directly in the hands of the employer on the one hand and
the worker/volunteer on the other. This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to
the role of ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the smart places cases in the place making
theme.)) This can achieve huge cost savings, reckoned for example to be 65%of structural and
The three ICT-enabled finding employment cases illustrate a new and quite profound strategic model for identifying
and deploying labour to meet real-time and quick-time operational demand in any sector. This model enables much greater control over the strategic disposition of personnel
resources in deploying both permanent and occasional staff, for example increasing the flexible responsiveness of local authorities in meeting variable demand (such as in Leeds, UK, in the Slivers
and enable finding employment include, first significant cost savings and efficiencies through real-time and quick-time matching directly
between the demand and supply sides of labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain.
of work and tasks, which additionally increases both economic and social †efficienciesâ€, thereby improving the productive deployment of unused assets.
in new forms of labour and employment contracts, mediated as necessary by policy-makers and regulators to circumvent exploitation
-enabled forms of labour market matching, and this will typically require legacy frameworks to be changed.
Creating and doing work The role and use of ICT in social innovation ICT is mainly an enabler rather than a supporter of social innovation in these cases.
Leben case the workplace for people with a mental illness would not be commercially viable without ICT adapting it
and doing work cases exhibit a range of actors, with a mix of public and private
opportunities of aligning, in principle, any work task or process to match the variable needs of
potential workers, regardless of their particular characteristics. In fact, it seems possible, through intelligent alignment and personalisation using ICT alongside other tools or techniques,
illustrates this with individuals traditionally completely excluded from the labour market, and demonstrates how they can be included in an economically sustainable business model.
The main policy implication is the use of ICT to enable the inclusion into the labour force of most if
not all individuals who are willing and able to work, however many limitations employers, or the individuals themselves, imagine they have.
New types of productive work can be created and carried out if ICT is used intelligently for the benefit of both society as a whole and of employers
Seen from both the economic as well as the social perspective, unused assets can be readily identified and productively deployed.
This also directly improves the lives of the individuals concerned by enabling them to carry out work
which they can do, receive an income and become 32 re) integrated into society with an increase in self fulfilment, community and self-worth.
case also illustrates how such work can itself become more creative and innovative with potential
spillover effects on new types of productive work and potentially in new areas and sectors of work
the employment theme. An overview of all the main results of the analysis of the employment
cases is provided in Table 3. 2 1. The role and use of ICT in social innovation
ICT plays a supporting role in social innovation in both the preparing for employment and the
finding employment focus areas by significantly improving outcomes being sought by traditional and physical activities. ICT also enables new types of social innovation to be
achieved in both the finding employment and the creating and doing work focus areas, for
example by making it possible to setup new business models and adapting workplaces to workers†special needs.
Mainly standard ICT is used, although some bespoke is deployed also where relevant, such as in the Mission Leben case where workplaces are adapted to suit the
needs of people with a mental illness. All types of online platform are used depending on the particular case,
matching assets to needs in the finding employment cases. Online communities are established typically as complements to existing offline communities
deployed, although small-world networks are most common in the preparing for employment cases, whilst in both the finding employment and creating
and doing work cases scale-free dissemination and copying networks are starting to become common,
and indeed these cases are to some extent the result of random type copying networks developing globally.
employment cases, ICT is used to significantly reduce costs, increase flexibility, shorten value chains and improve capabilities through building knowledge communities and for sharing
for employment cases, it seems typical for public funded strategic ICT use and experimentation to take place through either civil society or private sector partners.
In the finding employment cases, new strategic business models for finding and matching the supply and demand for
labour are developed which enable flexible, rapid control and deployment of labour resources In turn, these require careful balancing of the interests of both the supply
labour so as not to lead to exploitation. The creating and doing work cases strategically use ICT
to align the types and processes of work and tasks to specific individuals and operationally
inclusion of people as workers who are disadvantaged or vulnerable in some way. The preparing employment cases show that careful embedding of ICT into the traditional activities
used to train and support unemployed and vulnerable people is needed, initially through controlled experimentation depending on the context.
In the finding employment cases, cost efficiencies due to cutting out the unnecessary †middle man†and thus shortening value chains
of wages, hours worked and working conditions if all the power concentrates on the employers†side. The creating and doing work cases illustrate a strong inclusion policy of
catering for people previously excluded from the labour market and by creating new types and areas of work,
thus also increasing the productive deployment of unused or underused assets with similar caveats as above
Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the employment theme, as well as several others, have been shown to be supported
either and /or enabled using ICT, as detailed in section 3. 2. 3. The seven cases examined in the employment theme all use ICT as an important tool to
either directly support people finding it difficult to be in employment because they are at a
disadvantage or vulnerable in some way, or have specific needs like needing to work variable hours, or in order to assist volunteers undertake work that benefits others or themselves.
In meeting the social need of disadvantaged people for employment that these seven cases examine, there are clear differences between the three focus areas in how ICT is used and in the
done in the finding employment cases where the real, quick-time and highly flexible matching of
labour supply and demand is a relatively standalone and coherent function. In these three cases ICT is the only medium needed by the basic service
The other four cases in the employment theme, in the preparing for work and the
creating and doing work focus areas, need to deploy ICT in such social need cases alongside
The finding employment cases are also based on relatively standard ICT supporting an online community which is also the only or main basis for all activity.
Employment case analysis overview Focus area and SI outcomes ICT use Online platforms Communities Networks
employment skills and supports Standard ICT alongside traditional activities -Content creation -Issue identification -Comple -mentary on
employment matching supply and demand Standard ICT standalone -Content creation -Issue identification -Matching assets to
doing work more and better jobs Standard & bespoke ICT alongside traditional activities All types
workplaces & work processes for vulnerable people for enabling vital online knowledge & experience sharing
Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on what can be done rather than what can†t
labour market and for creating new types and areas of work, thus increasing the productive deployment of
unused assets 36 Place making Context This section very briefly summarises the main findings arising from the desk research carried out
approach is increasingly focusing on the daily social needs of people for work, education, health
aim is to target poverty and social exclusion through growth and employment as well as modern and effective social protection.
x Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT 43 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary
unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion -ICT affordable broadband for jobs, education & community
average, lower unemployment by 6, 200,180 start-ups, 3-fold increase in educational achievement, fewer benefits claimed
combatting pay cuts unemployment and social disruption -ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system
social fora, awareness raising; local currency to exchange work and goods, regulated informally in community
-Local civil funding through subscriptions & from university; civil initiation, support from local mayor, and civil operation
much less distinct than in the employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place
employment, 180 of whom have started their own business, and has seen the percentage of residents claiming benefits reduce from 40%to under 33
combatting pay cuts and unemployment by providing a new means to meet economic necessities, as well as retaining this economic (nonprofit making) activity in the community thus supporting local
prosperity. The most common needs exchanged include food, electrical and other repairs maintenance and small scale construction, child day care and doctor†s visits
6. Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities x All cases, with the exception of Hackney CAB Crowdmap (which is designed not to scale at
and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in education and within neighbourhoods to do things for themselves as †digital pioneers†with a
encouraging people back into work will have the biggest impact on quality of life and self esteem 50 including increasing collective self-esteem and mutual respect.
this work, Hackney CAB Crowdmap carried out research into the housing market in Hackney and
The model only works well when otherwise competitor organisations work together. This implies a change in mindset and new types
of business model, also related to the Dutch personal budget and client-based budgetary system Barriers to scaling outside The netherlands are also significant because of the huge regional and
ICT in the sharing economy theme and in the finding employment cases in the employment theme
These concepts work only if the user fully integrates the community technology and services into his/her life pattern,
and experts can help fill these gaps using technology to gather and share information and assets in order to raise awareness, illustrate issues
employment cases in the employment theme. The ICT used is mainly standard off the shelf
employment theme. It is clear that this is a consequence of the place making theme being cross
economy, environment, employment, education, health and community. It spans from individual 53 www. taskrabbit. com
One of the conundrums of advanced labour markets is that there are fairly fixed valuations of different kinds of time and talent based on job-position, education, skill-sets, labour market
regulation and legislation, collective bargaining agreements, tradition, and diverse demand and supply factors. These semi-fixed valuations, coupled with the huge logistical difficulty of quickly
connecting with people who could adequately fulfil a specific need regardless of these traditional frameworks, lead to multiple instances where needs are served not
Opening up the labour market in this way, as long as there are still appropriate regulations to counter exploitation and unfair remuneration where money does change hands †many exchanges
and older unskilled workers find work and many others to find social and community fulfilment more easily and quickly than at any
time before. According to Gansky (2010) people with specific skills are unemployed because no company has built a business that aggregates the demand for those skills into jobs, and because
local time exchanges, where time mostly is exchanged one-to-one regardless of the labour market price tag on the skills exchanged;
the mainstream labour market. Underutilised time and skills get utilised and underserved needs are served In this context there are two social innovation outcomes examined for this focus area
creation of a fully equipped workshop with skilled staff to instruct and assist in the use of the
x Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 56 www. techshop. ws
unemployment but still requiring tasks to be done -ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand
-Online internet platform and social media for promotion, news contacts, discussions, advice, manuals and starter kit
well as volunteers and experts, all from the locality where the Repair Cafã is located. The
there is a search for the latest Health and Safety Executive enforcement notices and the latest world trademark registers are downloaded.
7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc x All cases are scaling,
possibility of future employment in this area. Especially in the UK and London, where all sorts of
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. The platform and its physical activities fosters trust, reciprocity and mutualism which
reciprocity and constitutes a new form of relationship between laypeople and experts, as well as between peers (expert-expert;
layperson-layperson, etc..In the Opencorporates case an open 64 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014
permissiveness, if not direct promotion of them. This will typically require legacy policy and regulatory frameworks to be changed.
talent and labour, thereby cutting out no longer productive links in the supply chain. ICT also enables much greater flexibility, personalisation and †mass customisation†of matching and
but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. Thus, trust and ethics are driving features both to make the system work in a
operation but instead move to permissiveness, if not direct promotion of them. This will typically require legacy policy
system work, as well as ensure that real value and knowledge are generated and experienced by members. On-and offline forums like Repair Cafã s work because everybody can be an expert in
something. The person who needs help in one instance can provide help to someone else in
direct promotion. Examples like Repair Cafã s and Opencorporates provide significant cost savings and efficiencies for individual people and organisations which could not,
when this works well, into a dynamic ecosystem of increasing value. ICT imparts much greater flexibility, personalisation and
or in the physical world for safety, insurance, working conditions etc. However, in the two cases highlighted,
The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables, exemplified by the Opencorporates and the Repair Cafã s cases,
permissiveness, if not direct promotion of them. This will typically require legacy policy and regulatory frameworks to be changed quite dramatically.
The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables, exemplified by the Repair Cafã s and the Opencorporates cases, shows that this
variety and demonstrating how some aspects of the wisdom of crowd (both laypeople and experts
-works Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues
volunteers & experts -Building capacity & skills collaboration, relationships & ideas -Some lack of ICT
to strategic issues, trends and challenges which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the
x Productivity in a labour-intensive sector coupled with declining availability of the workforce x Policy drive towards self management,
and proactive and prevention healthcare x The rise of the wellness & wellbeing market Some observers argue,
model has to work from another perspective than the old one. Instead of an institutionally based model of health
self management x Systemic innovation focusing on healthcare outcomes. Recent systemic shifts in the governance of health
x Increased patient responsibility for their own health, importance of health promotion-Consumers†personal choices and behaviors are significant determinants of their overall health,
instance, THE WHO led Ottawa Health Convention of 198671 summarises that health promotion goes beyond health care.
promotion is seen to support personal and social development through providing information, education for health, and enhancing life skills.
work and community settings. Action is required through educational, professional, commercial and voluntary bodies, and within the institutions themselves
50 employees Diabetiva DE) 100 Reach high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who have displayed symptoms or
It has about 50 employees and is 101 https://click4life. hiv/de 102 www. cellslider. net
Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work †researchers to provide images of cancer cells
for mobile data collection and loaded it onto an Android Smartphone that the Community Health Workers
complementary audiences †in other words, patients, family members, clinical experts and researchers sometimes even pharmaceutical experts and policy makers.
Most of these communities bring together relevant global communities and do not build complementary offline communities.
The public sector staff involved (doctors, nurses and physiotherapists) have been very positive in their use and acceptance of the Patient Briefcase,
flexibility in their work. The creation of an innovative culture in the hospitals involved with improved
attractive places to work Supporting smart infrastructure for integrated health and social care 4. Scaled health impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities
generating sales and raising awareness, promotion for HIV/AIDS projects/organisations, de-stigmatisation, and maybe even other charitable TLDS being registered.
Initiatives like patient briefcase or DIABETIVA are sure to make health-care experts, bodies and governments re
or family or improve working conditions for the health professionals. For instance, the APP Buddy is targeted towards two very important social innovation outcomes.
Heavier promotion to ensure such practices with better channels of distribution will undoubtedly ensure the better reception of e-health.
which normally require a staff home visit, an outpatient visit at the hospital or admission to hospital.
personal contact with specialist staff and doctors, nurses and physiotherapists as in the hospital setting, though now
It has about 50 employees and is as a commercial supplier of products and services to the Danish health sector also a vendor with vision of
Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work †researchers to provide images of cancer cells
-works Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic
Aligning work tasks or processes to any individual by focusing on what can be done rather
strategic issues, trends and challenges which provides the general employment context, as well as some of the
outside world work collaboratively and flexibly in distributed teams, using a variety of digital tools and resources to
students work individually and reproduce this knowledge on assessments; and their use of ICT is limited.
and university not ready for work/higher/further education •Mismatch of skills †especially digital literacy
Employers are looking for employees who have developed skills for teamwork, problem-solving and interpersonal skills rather than punctuality and regularity (Davis 2013.
of today†s employers While recognising the potential value of ICT in education, many countries face significant challenges in transforming
This infographic is the result of a collaboration between the design for learning experts TFE Research
the job market 109 Source: http://www. envisioning. io/education 113 Figure 7. 3: Envisioning the future of educational technology
as employers of tomorrow†s talent, they share a common interest in improving education. The academic side is led by the University of Melbourne,
upskilling of the labour force, by providing free online courses for everyone interested -MOOC is an abbreviation for Massive open online course
pedagogical staff & scientists with monitor -ing & documentation of everyday situations -Advanced training for pedagogical personnel & parents in diagnostic skills
the public, by professionals and by experts. It is open and free of charge -By using standard tools, parents,
pedagogical personnel or experts can monitor and diagnose the development of children. They can choose to
as the validation of the work of the students is sometimes based on peer assessments by fellow course participants.
staff and to varying degree technical designers (for instance game designers in the Quest to learn example
early childhood development, MONDEY works also to disseminate knowledge on this topic. The website informs about the project and its aims, too.
The new knowledge reacts upon the work with children, the monitoring and the fostering directly.
While the biggest part of MONDEY works online, face to face contact plays an important 120 role to teach parents and professionals on the content of MONDEY.
and the upskilling of the labour force by providing free online courses for everyone interested. Theoretically for people with all educational levels as there are no admission requirements.
Teachers, games designers and curriculum experts come together in Mission Lab to develop effective learning materials
monitor the students†learning progression which creates a better awareness and understanding of what works, how
learning, hard policy issues such as youth unemployment or regional skills shortages. However, MOOCS neither have a sustainable business model at the moment nor acceptable completion rates to actually live up to its potential First
their employees, and as many people are under a lot of time-pressure in their spare-time it can be difficult to find
experts collaborating in Mission Lab. Teachers, games designers and curriculum experts work together to develop
new learning tools centred on gaming and learning. In MONDEY€ s case reciprocity works. There are already first
insights into the development of children gained which are congruent with perceptions by professionals in day
-works Social innovation processes Barriers Drivers Role of ICT in social innovation Operational and strategic Policy issues
IPTS (2014) â€oeexploratory Research on Internet-enabled Work Exchanges and Employability: Analysis and synthesis of
qualitative evidence on crowdsourcing for work, funding and volunteersâ€, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European commission, Joint Research Centre, Sevillle, Spain
for further empirical work) of the SI-DRIVE FP7 supported social innovation research project: www. si-drive. www
Sennett, R. 1998) â€oethe Corrosion of Character, The Personal Consequences Of Work In the New Capitalismâ€
Actors and roles summary table (leave cells blank or enter actor name, adding extra lines as needed
Employment 8. Increase in jobs & work (number & duration 9. Improved jobs & work (quality & remuneration
10. Improved entrepreneurship & work skills (personal & collective 11. Improved employment supports, e g. training, tools, facilities, etc
12. Scaled employment impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities 13. Other (specify Place
development 8. Improved community activism and participation (including political, planning, budgeting, etc 9. Improved community growth, prosperity & well-being
10. Improved community social and cultural cohesion/inclusion 11. Improved community facilities and amenities (physical or cultural
12. Improved community security and protection (e g. against crime, natural hazard 13. Scale community impact, actual or predicted (more sectors, groups, localities
And these failures are a necessary part of learning what works Indeed, Samuel Beckett†s famous line †Try again.
practice, often in the workplace but in principle in any context ii) Because Cops are traditionally local and characterised by a great deal of tacit knowledge, the
people jointly pursuing a shared practice, often in the workplace but in principle in any context.
energy experts, legal and planning advisors, etc. who interact to complete tasks. The power of the
Cop is that different experts cooperate on a day-to-day basis thus building up shared knowledge
In a network of practice (Nop), a specific type of expert can directly link to similar experts potentially on a global scale, traditionally through conferences and
journals but today ICT enables this to take place online. Further, a community about practice (Cap
Networks operate in all works of life and are now being affected profoundly by ICT. To investigate networks
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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