Advisers, with the support and input of Baudouin Regout, under the supervision of Jean -Claude Thã bault and Maria Angeles Benitez Salas
3. 1. 4. 1. Expert groups and networks...95 6 S O C i a L I N N O V A t I O N †A d E C a D E O F
3. 1. 5. 7. Employee financial participation...104 3. 2. Financing capacities and facilities...105
In 2009, the Bureau of European Policy Advisers (BEPA) organised a workshop5 with experts, civil society organisations, policymakers and social innovators.
Following this workshop, President Barroso asked BEPA to investigate the definition and raison d†à tre
y the development of a network or group of experts to act as a reference point for
the debate amongst national and local experts, civil society organisations63 and the European institutions. Lately, the Group of European Experts (GECES) has contribut
-ed to the discussion about the different approaches to social impact measurement which is an important step towards the establishment of shared standards;
and discussed with a number of key experts in relevant areas The EPSIS shows that all EU Member States consider public sector innovation to be
twelve experts was asked to analyse the role of the public sector, barriers to innovation and the current gaps in policies focused on innovation in the public sector. Their report
experts in the field73 has produced a systematic overview of research findings from 17 European projects in the area of social innovation.
Microenterprises in Europe employ around one-third of private sector employees and produce about 20%of output
The types of trades comprise mason assistants, carpenters, painters, building workers, pavers, green space maintenance staff, plumbers, metal workers, plasterboard, and external cleaners
The city has encouraged also the development of support structures for individuals. The †Entreprise d†insertionâ€
disadvantaged people were produced benefiting266 employees •133 enterprises were mobilised through these works •75%of beneficiaries were accompanied by a local insertion company (a type of training and employment social
-troduce modern management techniques that involve workers. Workplaces with flatter hierarchies and the possibility for workers to contribute are more creative and ultimately
more productive and open to addressing both social and technological challenges. Work -place innovation concerns not only the private sector but also large parts of the social
which allows employees to spend 20%of their time on their own projects, and IKEA,
innovative practices allowing employees to tackle problems as they arise with minimum management interference In The netherlands and Belgium, workplace innovation is called †Social Innovation†and
both management and employees to explore more productive ways of working A Social Innovation Park in the Basque country
which the cars could be put together in work inclusion social enterprises by those excluded from the labour market
combination of new business types of cooperation and employment opportunities with a strong social dimension. Thirdly
Advisers work with management and staff combining strategic advice with social innovation (improving communication, raising personnel involvement, etc.
Firms can use these vouchers to hire an expert to help them implement the method.
The mediators also play a fundamental role as integration outreach workers. Because they are immigrants themselves
working population and social welfare systems, health services and pensions in terms of demand and expenditure Regarding immigration patterns
young people, the older poor, low-skilled workers, migrants and their children So what future for Europe and which solutions
•Earnings/gains from productivity growth tend to be concentrated heavily among high-income workers. At the
same time, projections suggest a considerable surplus of low-skilled workers, which could lead to long-term and
permanent joblessness among young people without secondary training and older workers who cannot retrain to meet requirements for new skills.
the labour market, as well as those of the young unemployed y Investing in citizens, including protecting the most vulnerable:
-clusion, and equip citizens with the skills that are in demand in the labour market There is also a need to bridge the gender gap
which have made it difficult for industry, innovators, workers and consumers to ful -ly exploit the benefits that an economy can generate.
how to develop a sectoral labour market strategy for the caring sector Finally, testifying of its own creative capacity (in processes),
EURES job†scheme) and encourage youth employment (through youth guarantees108 social innovation processes have been highlighted: young people†s needs and their par
to step up reforms to improve flexibility and security in the labour market, to equip people with the right skills for the jobs of today and tomorrow, to improve the qual
-sumers and workers. These twelve priority projects range from worker mobility to SME finance and consumer protection, via digital content, taxation and trans-European net
-works, as well as social entrepreneurship As a response to the wide interest shown in the consultation process for the Single Mar
group of nine members which will be joined by Commission representatives and experts to implement a set of concrete and tangible actions stemming from the declaration
contribute to the 20%climate mainstreaming target by supporting the labour force transition towards low-carbon skills, jobs and working methods, with a view to safe
-bilitation services) to the open labour market; or Housing First Europe (DK, see box which calls for a shift from using shelters
number of workers in this sector aged 15 to 64 stood at 22.3 million, i e. 10.5%of the total in all sectors
services to the community and of integrating low-skilled workers into the labour market Building partnerships, especially at local level, with these actors enhances the coherence
PROGRESS, EURES (European Employment services) and the European Progress Microfinance Facility. Allocations for the three axes are the following, respectively:
61%,18%and 21%of the budget For the 2014-20 period, the †Progress†axis of Easi will continue its current activities
report by the European Expert Network on Culture, of one form of social innovation â€
-grammes to match labour market needs (Action 6 y promoting eco-innovation through the European Innovation Partnerships foreseen
In July 2013 the Bureau of European Policy Advisers held a high-level seminar on pub
At the end of 2013, the Expert Group on Public sector Innovation delivered the report Powering European Public sector Innovation:
3. 1. 4. 1. Expert groups and networks The European Commission†s expert group on social innovation (GECES-Groupe d†Ex
It is composed of 44 rigorously selected experts from various Euro -pean stakeholders and representatives from all the Member States and EU Institutions
public and private sector experts, organisations and resources d. The European Innovation Partnership on Raw materials
which will be their employer. In this respect, the Commission will follow the procedure laid down in Article 154 of the Treaty (TFEU
disadvantaged workers; and, the minimum required percentage of disabled or disad -vantaged employees is reduced from 50%to 30%.
%Furthermore it will be possible for some social services and for a limited period of time (maximum three years), to
disadvantaged workers who can benefit from the measures to support their recruitment and extends the list of costs that are eligible for aid for compensating the additional
costs of employing workers with disabilities 3. 1. 5. 7. Employee financial participation Employee financial participation (EFP) can be defined as the participation of employees
either through profit sharing or employee share ownership (ESO Extensive research confirms that companies partly or entirely owned by their employees
are more profitable, create more jobs and pay more taxes than competitors without EFP ESO in particular strengthens the corporate governance framework and positively im
-pacts on employee motivation and retention. Companies with ESO schemes also do not tend to relocate.
Furthermore, since employees are long-term shareholders, broadening employee shareholding would also stabilise capital markets. ESO is of particular impor
-tance for SMES (financing and business succession Despite their positive effects, as acknowledged in numerous EU reports, opinions and
recommendations, ESO schemes are used only extensively in a handful of Member States (such as the UK and France.
Also, while there is a significant rise in EFP in the EU, particularly among large companies (supported through tax incentives and other
The Commission is currently conducting a pilot project on the promotion of employee ownership and participation173, which will
unemployed, had taken time out of the labour market, and had difficulty getting con -ventional credit. By March 2013,4 645 microcredit loans were provided with a total
The jury was composed of experts in social innovation from various countries and back -grounds, who were independent from the European commission.
of 224 candidates in 24 countries were selected by EIB experts. To help the finalists develop their ideas and
presentational skills, finalists were invited to a two-day mentoring â€oeboot camp†before the finals, where experts
-ments, and involving employees and managers at all levels. Those innovations aim at improving staff motivation and working conditions, thereby enhancing labour productiv
relevant business sectors, for enterprises, their workers and other stakeholders to make public commitments on the CSR issues relevant to each sector and jointly monitor pro
knowledge and practical know-how that make them attractive for future employers. At the same time, businesses will benefit from better skilled young workers
and society will have unemployed fewer young people. By bringing together stakeholders such as social partners, chambers of commerce, industry and crafts, education and training providers
to the job market The EU Youth Strategy (2010-18), the current framework for the Open Method
experts from different Member States. Youth work and non-formal learning play an important role in social innovation, particularly by offering alternative ways of learning
and of the evolving labour market 194 http://www. u-portal. org/u multirank /Structured Dialogue The structured dialogue project allows young people and their
well as a European event bringing citizens, experts and decision-makers into dialogue with each other. The national panels enabled citizens to discuss the use of participatory
part in the national panels before being discussed by an international expert panel at an international conference.
employees and policymakers to suggest research agendas in a certain field, the Social science and Humanities programme (SSH) has con
cross disciplinary effort of European experts based on participatory design approach in diverse and complementary fields (art and design, computer science, engineering, lin
60 foresight experts from Europe and beyond in a participatory workshop to co-create visions of the future of Europe as trans
3. 1. 4. 1. Expert groups and networks 3. 1. 4. 2. European Innovation Partnerships
3. 1. 5. 7. Employee financial participation
Study on social innovation in Digital Agenda †SMART 2012/0049 This study focuses on mapping
margins †to the local managers and workers on the shop floor, as well as to the consumers themselves
rise of innovations like the Expert Patients programmes, or Patient Opinion Public policy has turned also towards the household, through innovations like
involving users at every stage as well as experts, bureaucrats and professionals; designing platforms which make it easy to assemble project
identifying and implementing new labour market integration processes, new competencies, new jobs, and new forms of participation,
degradation and invisibility of garbage workers. 12 She set out to do the 1 PROMPTS, INSPIRATIONS AND DIAGNOSES 23
She decided to shake the hands of every one of the 8, 500 employees of
renowned experts spend between two and six months helping the government to identify problems and explore original solutions on issues
and labourers who discuss and reflect on their farming practices. In the evening, walkers stay in villages and
husband mistreating his wife/factory owner exploiting the workers etc Boal called this and other types of participatory theatre, the †Theatre
and labourers. Or, spectators might choose to depict a more local problem like the lack of fresh water,
44) Quality circles are a group of employees who volunteer to meet up to identify, analyse and solve work-related problems.
front line workers, who are placed often best to identify problems. This approach was pioneered by Toyota and plays an important step in their
idea that †the expert knows bestâ€. Many of these methods have been greatly helped by the ability of the internet to draw in a far wider range of people and
of front line workers, professionals, and citizens. Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of
Taking innovative front line workers out of service roles and putting them into incubators or prestigious time-limited roles
as consumers, or workers or participants, but their culture is social, are committed to the communities in which they operate, providing work, services, and
Visits from external experts can be an aid to training and formation or, as in the case of SEKEM, they can keep
of the employees and staff. It is always a useful exercise for a venture 4
how innovations can be diffused among service providers through experts intermediaries, and collaboration. However, we argue that the design of
199) Barefoot consultants. There is an important role for consultants and those with specialist knowledge †who can act as knowledge brokers and
advisers in the new systems. It is best if they seek to diffuse information acting as educators, rather than protecting their knowledge through
intellectual property and charging for access 5 98 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Organisation and scale
The Expert Patients Programme (NHS/EPP) is an example of this trend, where citizens with particular medical conditions provide
authorities, experts, and local citizens. Together they formulated and implemented a series of community-based interventions intended to
academic journals †which sit alongside consultants adept at looking at companies†IP, or their R&d pipelines, spotting patterns and possibilities
277) Innovation champions are individual consultants who produce ideas network to find what else is being tried,
Consultant for companies that develop eco products and designer of a line of eco-clothing.
experts in their respective fields 138 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION Innovation platforms There are different types and forms of platforms,
and engaging individuals as workers. In some cases, firms have used the particular relations that characterise households as a channel for selling.
seven people, including civil servants from the Regions, politicians, experts and citizens. Participants raise their own questions,
from managers to front line workers 323) †Top slicing†departmental budgets for innovation, for example, 1 per
manual workers have resisted innovations (particularly ones involving changes to demarcations. However, in other cases, unions have helped
392) Supporting front line workers as innovators such as the joint IDEO /Kaiser permanente (KP) project in the US.
sector workers to volunteer for socially innovative projects 394) Secondments of public sector employees into †skunk worksâ€, innovation
teams, and projects to develop service innovation 395) Greater freedoms in designated or priority areas as a spur for
The Neighbourhood Renewal advisers in the UK are one example 1 166 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
collaboration between public service workers and civil society, and make the boundaries between them more fluid
401) Secondments of public sector employees to community organisations and private enterprises, and vice versa 402) Collaborative structures for more innovative service design
decision-making more expert and more democratic. †Democracy Journal. †No. 7, Winter 2008 1
people who want to believe that their employer has a social conscience and to stimulate cultures of innovation in the mainstream business through
worker cooperatives and employs over 100,000 people. The network†s bank, the Caja Laboral, provides credit to the co-ops that it helps to set
to labour market development. However, developing skills within the field of social enterprise is critical to the growth and development of the sector
employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others 486) Lessons in social entrepreneurship such as the programmes
to employer needs. This was proposed originally in the mid-1990s as a Guaranteed Electronic Market (GEM), a web-based market for people to
517) Users as producers †such as the Expert Patients Programme, which teaches users to manage their own health conditions more effectively
We have been experimenting participatory methodology to engage practicioners, experts and policy makers in the generation of DSI policy policy ideas, issuse and future scenarios.
brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, experts, and policy makers from different European countries. As main outcome of the workshop, ï¿
final DSI event with more than 400 DSI policy makers, experts and practitioners in Brussels, December 16 2014.
presentations and panel discussion from European DSI experts. The primary focus of the session was to engage the DSI community in kicking off the DSI research
day workshop at the European commission which brought together 75+DSI policy makers, experts and practitioners from across Europe to discuss
summit brought together 198 experts (157 domestic and 41 international) in order to generate policy proposals to boost the productive exchange matrix in Ecuador.
experts in Northern ireland can capitalise on the potential for digital technology for social good Fed in to case study selection
Employees Professional employees inside the company Working with professional within inside and outside the company
boundaries and designated experts technocrats Knowledge and information from inside and outside the organizational boundaries of governments
becoming more popular to source experts and expertise in different areas There are many examples of interesting online platforms.
The workshop brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, researchers, experts, and policy makers from different European countries,
To summarise the preliminary themes that have emerged from the community of experts and practitioners of
-nological†for example, using the mobile telephones to support frontline workers or using cable television or the Internet to strengthen local communities.
turnover of managers and executives. Indeed, growth in all sectors nearly always involves outgrowing founders.
including what became the Expert Patients Programme in the U k. National Health Service; similarly the open-source methods have taken models from aca
the issues faced by executives in today†s rapidly changing automotive industry Unplugged: Electric Vehicle Realities Versus Consumer
discusses what executives should consider when weighing the pros and cons and evaluating the details of establishing
executives worldwide. The report confirms that the landscape for competitive manufacturing is in the midst of a massive power shift †based on an in depth analysis of
was attributed equally to a lower investment per employee and to a slowdown in the rate of technological progressâ€
designated agent (usually an employee) and outsources it to an undeï ned, generally large group of people in the form of an open call
reality through formal ontologies and imposed by experts mediating on behalf of the users. The formal languages used have a high expressive power,
but due to their complexity the codiï cation requires mediation by experts. As a consequence, due to the scarcity of human resources, very limited aspects of the †real world†have been described
formal ontologies by domain experts. Loose associations of concepts and a greater ï exibility and adaptability
ï oe) more visible performance to the relevant audience (peers, labour market, and venture capital community 2) higher impact of eï €ort on performance
28) An †epistemic community†is a network of knowledge-based experts or groups with an authoritative claim to policy-relevant
Finally, the name of the employing workers indicator set has been changed to labor market regulation, and the
on benefits provided to workers. The labor market regulation indicators continue to be excluded from the aggregate distance to frontier score and ranking on the
formerly employing workers) are included not in this year†s aggregate ease of doing business ranking, but the
business owners and employees. Legal entities can outlive their founders. Resources are pooled as several shareholders join forces to start a company
And their employees can benefit from protections provided by the law. An additional benefit comes with limited liability companies.
ï Has between 10 and 50 employees ï Conducts general commercial or industrial activities WHAT THE STARTING A BUSINESS
ï Has 60 builders and other employees The warehouse ï Is valued at 50 times income per capita
information collected from experts in construction licensing, including architects, civil engineers construction lawyers, construction firms, utility
ï Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals The property (fully owned by the seller
ï Has up to 50 employees ï is owned 100%domestically, as is the lender The ranking of economies on the ease of getting
(i e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a debtor defaults outside an insolvency procedure
(i e. before tax claims and employee claims) when a business is liquidated Yes are secured creditors subject to an automatic stay on enforcement
the employer Property and property transfer taxes Dividend, capital gains and financial transactions taxes Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes
Employer paid-Social security contributions 1 online filing 90 30.9 %gross salaries 35.68 Corporate income tax 1 online filing 33 30
Employee paid-Social security contributions 0 paid jointly 6. 35 %gross salaries 0 withheld Value added tax (VAT) 1 online filing 44 21
case study assumes that the court hears an expert on the quality of the goods in dispute.
*Court appointment of independent expert: Judge appoints, either at the parties'request or at his own
initiative, an independent expert to decide whether the quality of the goods Plaintiff delivered to
Notification of court-appointment of independent expert: The court notifies both parties that the court is
appointing an independent expert (see assumption 5-b *Delivery of expert report by court-appointed expert:
The independent expert, appointed by the court delivers his or her expert report to the court (see assumption 5-b
Witnesses and a court-appointed independent expert may be heard and questioned at the oral hearing 23
redundancy of workers and the rigidity of working hours This year, for the first time, the indicators measuring
employees hired through temporary-work agencies as well as on those applying to permanent employees or
employees hired on fixed-term contracts. The indicators also cover additional areas of labor market regulation
including social protection schemes and benefits as well as labor disputes Over the period from 2007 to 2011 improvements were
regulation indicators (formerly the employing workers indicators) with the letter and spirit of the International
employee termination, weekend work, holiday with pay, night work, protection against unemployment and medical care and sickness benefits.
employer and employee representatives, and experts from the ILO, the Organisation for Economic Co -operation and Development (OECD), civil society and the
http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology/employing-workers Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor
economies, several assumptions about the worker and the business are used The worker ï Is a cashier in a supermarket or a grocery store
ï Is a full-time employee ï Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory
The business ï Is a limited liability company (or the equivalent in the economy) with 60 employees
ï Operates a supermarket or grocery store in the economy†s largest business city. For 11
grant workers more benefits than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable collective bargaining agreements
Employment laws are needed to protect workers from arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers.
Many economies that changed their labor market regulation in the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor
wage to the average value added per worker. The average value added per worker is the ratio of an
economy†s GNI per capita to the working-age population as a percentage of the total population
Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study US$/month 1140.02 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 31
Source: Doing Business database 84 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index
workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10 years of tenure
Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0
Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in
working days 22.0 Source: Doing Business database 85 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index
Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(i what the length is in months of the maximum
disallowed as a basis for terminating workers;(iii whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such
as a government agency) to terminate 1 redundant worker;( (iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third
party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(v whether the employer needs approval from a third party
to terminate 1 redundant worker;(vi) whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate
a group of 9 redundant workers;(vii) whether the law requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker
before making the worker redundant;(viii) whether priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether
priority rules apply for reemployment Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0
Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed?
No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? Yes Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed? No
Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies? No Priority rules for reemployment?
No Source: Doing Business database 86 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice
requirements, severance payments and penalties due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary.
The average value of notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a worker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years and
a worker with 10 years is considered. One month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks
Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure
2. 1 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 9
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 14.3 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 28.6
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure
15.2 Source: Doing Business database Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of
unemployment protection schemes as well as data on whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent
contracts Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available to resolve labor disputes. More specifically, it collects
data on what courts would be competent to hear labor disputes and whether the competent court is
specialized in resolving labor disputes Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data
Availability of unemployment protection scheme? Yes Health insurance existing for permanent employees? Yes Availability of courts
or court sections specializing in labor disputes? Yes Source: Doing Business database 87 Spain Doing Business 2015
88 Spain Doing Business 2015 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING This year†s report presents results for 2 aggregate
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