6. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities 7. Other Place making (for community and
6. Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities 7. Other Sharing economy and sharing
7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 8. Other Health 1. Increase in health and wellbeing (numbers of people and duration
needs for lifelong education and the upskilling of the labour force by providing free online courses for everyone interested
and fire workers as well as security for workers through active support to maximise their employability rather than keep them in a particular job.
many older workers are staying put in the context of job loss and fewer new jobs being
and informal), resulting inter alia in trades unions and worker representatives generally losing power and influence x Labour market reforms towards less regulation
which workers are guaranteed not any work and thus income at all. On the one hand, this may benefit freelancers who have the skills, competences and networks to cope and
On the other hand, some see worker exploitation and surveillance reduced to a state of servicing the machine (Sennett, 1998 and 2006
ICT thus makes it easier for workers to find jobs and for employers to find skilled workers as labour
Because ICT has the potential to connect workers to work irrespective of their location, and crowdsourced work providers are able to judge workers on their
merit, it is possible that ICT could help overcome the social, cultural, educational and physical
become easier for workers to become very highly specialised at particular tasks Framework for analysis
with those seeking one or more workers with the relevant skills, competences and aptitudes Evidence from Poland, for example, shows that traditional private job centres only help about 5
or improving the matching of paid work with workers looking for such work x by facilitating
or would-be workers who are disadvantaged otherwise (such as immigrants with poor language or other skills. Overall, ICT can assist in creating
x Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT 16 https://www. taskrabbit. com and https://www. taskrabbit. co. uk
-ICT adapts workplaces to needs and capacities of workers with a mental illness, market basis (e g.
tailored to specific needs linking employers wanting short-term staff with workers offering flexible work, so that ICT replaces the middleman with an end-to-end solution.
physical workplace communities of workers. Mission Leben uses an ICT Internet of things e g RFID barcodes or transponders on all laundry items and equipment which digitally inter
scheme enabled workers and volunteers seeking flexible work to link with people needing care and their carers to give the latter some support, relief or a break.
7. Scaled employment impact (more sectors, workers, localities x All cases are scaling, disseminating or growing,
employers and workers/volunteers on top of the technology platforms provided. This seems to be because such online interaction can directly support offline communities as the service is geared to
workers/volunteers being exploited by pushing them into a †war for low prices†(†race to the
workers/volunteers especially given that it is often the private sector which operates these services
that supply and demand can better align to each other, for example by enabling workers or volunteers to fit their activities around other demands on their time.
flexible supply of workers/volunteers, whilst in turn enabling them to access flexible work or tasks
the worker/volunteer on the other. This enabling and indispensable role of ICT is comparable to
potential workers, regardless of their particular characteristics. In fact, it seems possible, through intelligent alignment and personalisation using ICT alongside other tools or techniques,
The main policy implication is the use of ICT to enable the inclusion into the labour force of most if
inclusion of people as workers who are disadvantaged or vulnerable in some way. The preparing employment cases show that careful embedding of ICT into the traditional activities
x Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities) using ICT 43 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary
6. Scaled place development impact (more sectors, workers, localities x All cases, with the exception of Hackney CAB Crowdmap (which is designed not to scale at
x Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc 56 www. techshop. ws
7. Scaled sharing economy impact (more sectors, workers, localities, people, etc x All cases are scaling,
for mobile data collection and loaded it onto an Android Smartphone that the Community Health Workers
and the upskilling of the labour force by providing free online courses for everyone interested. Theoretically for people with all educational levels as there are no admission requirements.
however, that workers in these sectors require specific training and skills which the education system should provide
niches and to train workers for the emerging sectors with potentially high future demand, such as personal care services, sustainability and multimedia content
ensure that sufficient opportunities exist for highly-qualified workers. In this respect, the Catalonia 2020 Strategy 26
those wishing to obtain professional qualifications abroad. Measures to promote such mobility include providing more information about job offers in other European
and companies requiring workers. To this end, it is vital to improve public employment services, to strengthen company mediation services and
conditions of employment are key factors in persuading workers to commit to company projects and contribute to improving competitiveness
Undeclared work leaves workers unprotected, reduces public revenues and causes unfair competition with firms that do comply with the law.
particularly SMES and self-employed workers, are aware of all financing options open to them The Catalan Government also promotes other measures to provide access to finance
particularly in the case of SMES and self-employed workers. These include refundable contributions and advisory services
In employment terms, almost 67%of workers are employed by SMES of which 45%are employed by micro-enterprises, 30%by small companies and the remaining 25%by medium
workers need; it is about changing the very nature of consumption, competition and how markets
and intensified as there are still 21%of European workers who believe that their ICT skills are currently insufficient for them to change job within one year (see
workers believe that their ICT skills are currently insufficient for them to change job within 1 year
4. Human capital and skills †equipping the labour force for industrial transformations notably by better anticipating skills needs and mismatches
workers are a key requirement for growth, innovation and prosperity. Demographic trends are directly affecting the
of Foreign Professional qualifications Act (Anerkennungsâ gesetz), which promotes the recognition of foreign profes -sional qualifications, remains a priority in this area
employing large-scale data analysis tools to analyse the impact of foreign-born workers in the US economy.
three out of four workers are engaged in the informal sector. Although these jobs count as employment
between what employers are looking for in new workers and the skills young people possess is
or neither in the labour force nor in education or training. †16 12 Ibid. 1
Among those in the Labour force %Unemployed%Underemployed %Employed full time for an employer 15-to 29-year-olds 15 26 43
wherein there is stronger demand for workers with a college education than those with secondary education
and for skilled blue-collar workers. †46 The region has high numbers of university graduates in fields highly
and ILO estimates that 70 per cent of the working poor youth are engaged in the agricultural sector. 51 Jobs in this sector are usually informal, with no benefits, protection, and subject to
Africa has the highest rate of working poor, estimated at 40.1 per cent in 2012.58 More than three out of
four workers are engaged in the informal sector. 59 This is far high than all other regions except South Asia
The Community Knowledge Worker (CKW) programme is an initiative of The Grameen Foundation in Uganda that features a network of information intermediaries using mobile
health workers and patients outside regular office visits 3. Improve diagnosis and treatment: Technology improves clinical performance,
Most workers are likely to require specialized training in order to fill the knowledge gap between local education systems and the high-quality standards required to serve the global market. 77
workers with access to a relatively basic digital infrastructure. 80 The global increase in the use of mobile technologies is playing a key role in expanding employment
While it may be skilled common for, educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to
many workers may not have access to job postings on the internet and may lack the
multiple workers complete a single task that has been broken down into small units (similar to microwork
Other models are qualified based on matching workers with a particular project; workers will then complete the project individually or as part of a team.
Most workers are compensated via electronic payment systems, such as Paypal. Crowdsourcing is becoming increasingly popular as a way for employers
to instantaneously increase their workforce †without the investment and commitments associated with hiring full-time employees †though,
social benefits such as healthcare for these workers. The Crowdsourcing Examples Wiki maintains a comprehensive list of businesses, sites,
and can access up to half a million workers to dispatch diverse tasks and provide near-real time answers.
workers across geographic boundaries, using the internet or mobile phones. Workers are paid small amounts of money for completing each task.
Microwork favours tasks that cannot be automated readily and that can be completed in a few seconds by a worker without special skills
or training, like tagging products on an e-commerce site Referred to as a kind of digital blue-collar work,
Microwork benefits workers in developing countries, especially women and young people who tend to experience higher unemployment and
More than 1 million workers earned a total of USD 1 billion to USD2 billion in the past
employing people with limited opportunities for sustainable employment as principal workers in business process outsourcing centres to provide high-quality, information-based services to domestic and
Workers develop capacity including computer skills and English Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development
lift tens of millions of workers out of poverty. 106 A recent OECD report argues that promoting ICT skills in
work alongside more experienced workers they acquire and develop many of the same ICT and soft skills
The best companies once took on a broad range of roles in meeting the needs of workers
traditionally shipped its nuts from Africa to Asia for processing at facilities staffed by productive Asian workers.
and training workers in Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria, and CÃ'te d†Ivoire, Olam has cut processing
environmental degradation, unhealthy workers, and high security costs. As companies have increasingly become disconnected from their communities,
In inefficient or monopolized markets where workers are exploited, where suppliers do not receive fair prices, and where price
to customers, suppliers, and workers The next Evolution in Capitalism Shared value holds the key to unlocking the next wave of business innovation and growth.
statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey), which could evolve
Ratio of retirees to workers in Europe will double to 54%by 2050 IMF); ) Only 49%of men between the ages of 55 to 65 work (OECD
involving workers, customers and stakeholders affected by its business activity. †23 Basically, this covers enterprises for which the social or societal objective of the common good is the reason for
This network has been set up by the Workers'Educational Association in the East midlands of the United kingdom with European Social Fund support.
social enterprise Fusion 21 in the UK46 places apprentices and other workers from Merseyside†s
The types of trades comprise mason assistants, carpenters, painters, building workers pavers, green space maintenance staff, plumbers, metal workers, plasterboard, and external
cleaners The city has encouraged also the development of support structures for individuals. The †Entreprise
Obstacles to this goal include the significant worker-time invested in social and training support to clients before and after delivering loans
modern management techniques that involve workers. Workplaces with flatter hierarchies and possibility for workers to contribute are more creative and ultimately more productive and open to
addressing both social and technological challenges In The netherlands and Belgium, workplace innovation is called †Social Innovation†and has been
The types of trades comprise mason assistants, carpenters, painters, building workers, pavers, green space maintenance staff, plumbers, metal workers, plasterboard, and external cleaners
The city has encouraged also the development of support structures for individuals. The †Entreprise d†insertionâ€
-troduce modern management techniques that involve workers. Workplaces with flatter hierarchies and the possibility for workers to contribute are more creative and ultimately
more productive and open to addressing both social and technological challenges. Work -place innovation concerns not only the private sector but also large parts of the social
The mediators also play a fundamental role as integration outreach workers. Because they are immigrants themselves
working population and social welfare systems, health services and pensions in terms of demand and expenditure Regarding immigration patterns
•Earnings/gains from productivity growth tend to be concentrated heavily among high-income workers. At the
permanent joblessness among young people without secondary training and older workers who cannot retrain to meet requirements for new skills.
which have made it difficult for industry, innovators, workers and consumers to ful -ly exploit the benefits that an economy can generate.
-sumers and workers. These twelve priority projects range from worker mobility to SME finance and consumer protection, via digital content, taxation and trans-European net
-works, as well as social entrepreneurship As a response to the wide interest shown in the consultation process for the Single Mar
contribute to the 20%climate mainstreaming target by supporting the labour force transition towards low-carbon skills, jobs and working methods, with a view to safe
number of workers in this sector aged 15 to 64 stood at 22.3 million, i e. 10.5%of the total in all sectors
disadvantaged workers; and, the minimum required percentage of disabled or disad -vantaged employees is reduced from 50%to 30%.
disadvantaged workers who can benefit from the measures to support their recruitment and extends the list of costs that are eligible for aid for compensating the additional
costs of employing workers with disabilities 3. 1. 5. 7. Employee financial participation Employee financial participation (EFP) can be defined as the participation of employees
relevant business sectors, for enterprises, their workers and other stakeholders to make public commitments on the CSR issues relevant to each sector and jointly monitor pro
the same time, businesses will benefit from better skilled young workers and society will have unemployed fewer young people.
margins †to the local managers and workers on the shop floor, as well as to the consumers themselves
degradation and invisibility of garbage workers. 12 She set out to do the 1 PROMPTS, INSPIRATIONS AND DIAGNOSES 23
husband mistreating his wife/factory owner exploiting the workers etc Boal called this and other types of participatory theatre, the †Theatre
front line workers, who are placed often best to identify problems. This approach was pioneered by Toyota and plays an important step in their
of front line workers, professionals, and citizens. Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of
Taking innovative front line workers out of service roles and putting them into incubators or prestigious time-limited roles
as consumers, or workers or participants, but their culture is social, are committed to the communities in which they operate, providing work, services, and
and engaging individuals as workers. In some cases, firms have used the particular relations that characterise households as a channel for selling.
from managers to front line workers 323) †Top slicing†departmental budgets for innovation, for example, 1 per
manual workers have resisted innovations (particularly ones involving changes to demarcations. However, in other cases, unions have helped
392) Supporting front line workers as innovators such as the joint IDEO /Kaiser permanente (KP) project in the US.
sector workers to volunteer for socially innovative projects 394) Secondments of public sector employees into †skunk worksâ€, innovation
collaboration between public service workers and civil society, and make the boundaries between them more fluid
worker cooperatives and employs over 100,000 people. The network†s bank, the Caja Laboral, provides credit to the co-ops that it helps to set
-nological†for example, using the mobile telephones to support frontline workers or using cable television or the Internet to strengthen local communities.
Finally, the name of the employing workers indicator set has been changed to labor market regulation, and the
on benefits provided to workers. The labor market regulation indicators continue to be excluded from the aggregate distance to frontier score and ranking on the
formerly employing workers) are included not in this year†s aggregate ease of doing business ranking, but the
redundancy of workers and the rigidity of working hours This year, for the first time, the indicators measuring
regulation indicators (formerly the employing workers indicators) with the letter and spirit of the International
http://www. doingbusiness. org/methodology/employing-workers Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor
economies, several assumptions about the worker and the business are used The worker ï Is a cashier in a supermarket or a grocery store
ï Is a full-time employee ï Is not a member of the labor union, unless membership is mandatory
grant workers more benefits than those mandated by law, regulation or (if applicable collective bargaining agreements
Employment laws are needed to protect workers from arbitrary or unfair treatment and to ensure efficient contracting between employers and workers.
Many economies that changed their labor market regulation in the past 5 years did so in ways that increased labor
wage to the average value added per worker. The average value added per worker is the ratio of an
economy†s GNI per capita to the working-age population as a percentage of the total population
Minimum wage applicable to the worker assumed in the case study US$/month 1140.02 Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker 0. 31
Source: Doing Business database 84 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index
workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10 years of tenure
Paid annual leave for a worker with 1 year of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave for a worker with 5 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0
Paid annual leave for a worker with 10 years of tenure (in working days) 22.0 Paid annual leave (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure, in
working days 22.0 Source: Doing Business database 85 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index
Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(i what the length is in months of the maximum
disallowed as a basis for terminating workers;(iii whether the employer needs to notify a third party (such
worker;( (iv) whether the employer needs to notify a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(
v whether the employer needs approval from a third party to terminate 1 redundant worker;(vi) whether the
employer needs approval from a third party to terminate a group of 9 redundant workers;(vii) whether the law
requires the employer to reassign or retrain a worker before making the worker redundant;(viii) whether
priority rules apply for redundancies; and (ix) whether priority rules apply for reemployment Difficulty of redundancy index Data
Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law? Yes Third-party notification if 1 worker is dismissed?
Yes Third-party approval if 1 worker is dismissed? No Third-party notification if 9 workers are dismissed? Yes
Third-party approval if 9 workers are dismissed? No Retraining or reassignment obligation before redundancy? No Priority rules for redundancies?
No Priority rules for reemployment? No Source: Doing Business database 86 Spain Doing Business 2015
LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice requirements, severance payments and penalties due
when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary. The average value of notice requirements and severance payments applicable to a
worker with 1 year of tenure, a worker with 5 years and a worker with 10 years is considered.
One month is recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 2. 1
Notice period for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 9 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 5 years of tenure 14.3
Severance pay for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 10 years of tenure 28.6 Severance pay for redundancy dismissal (average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years
of tenure 15.2 Source: Doing Business database Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes
Doing Business collects data on the existence of unemployment protection schemes as well as data on whether employers are required legally to provide
or for their workers to find affordable homes Running or hosting Makerspaces, Hackerspaces, Living Labs or Urban Labs:
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website with -out again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs or from a neighbouring city.
wage for workers assembling the devices Research: As described above a cornerstone of the Fairphone model is
-es are distributed amongst workers.  It†s all about opening up the supply chain, creating transparency
-rative tool for academics, legislators and government workers. Â Since any open-licensed project can be hosted on Github for free,
or for their workers to find affordable homes Running or hosting Makerspaces, Hackerspaces, Living Labs or Urban Labs:
so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website with -out again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs or from a neighbouring city.
wage for workers assembling the devices Research: As described above a cornerstone of the Fairphone model is
-es are distributed amongst workers.  It†s all about opening up the supply chain, creating transparency
-rative tool for academics, legislators and government workers. Â Since any open-licensed project can be hosted on Github for free,
Job opportunities will be broadened as the networks require workers with new skills and integration across new technology areas
Europe is skilled not short of technical workers Schools and universities produce a steady flow of graduates trained in software programming, network
and A. Kicinger,"Population and labour force projections for 27 European countries, 2002-052: impact of international migration on population
Labour force by qualifications (in 000s), EU27+,"European Centre for the Development of Vocational training (Cedefop) website, 2012b.
crises",International Journal of Manpower,(2012), Vol. 33 (1): 76-95 Christensen, Henrik Serup,"Political activities on the Internet:
The Mismatched Worker. New york: W. W. Norton & Company Keck, Margaret E, . and Kathryn Sikkink.
men and women participating in the labour force RAND Report, RR-348-EC, Cambridge: UK. Report prepared for Justice DG, European
A Comparison of Older and Younger Workers. †American Journal of Industrial Medicine 47: 104†112,2005
healthcare workers to exchange ideas and provide medical solutions to various problems Mbarika, 2004. Healthnet uses low earth orbit satellites and phonelines to provide email
Users mainly physicians and medical workers connect to the network through Enhancing healthcare delivery through ICTS 147
•Levels of motivation of health workers which is associated with level of facilitation remuneration, workload, provision of quality training which includes number of trainers
availability of equipment, promotional activities and number of skilled health workers and proper management •Effectiveness of monitoring of immunisation activities which involves the following
motivation of health workers Figure 2: Causal Loop Diagram for Healthcare System Two balancing loops B1 and B2 where a balancing loop is a negative feedback system that is
An increase in demand results in increased workload which reduces health worker motivation resulting in reduced level of service
and reporting as well as well-motivated health workers Insights from the causal loop diagram In order to reduce the disease burden, eventually to the point of eradication,
2. Health worker motivation. The provision of immunization services requires highly motivated health workers who are trained well,
remunerated, facilitated and with acceptable workload 3. Effective monitoring of immunization activities by carrying out regular supervisions of
practices, transport, management of human resource (health workers) and vaccine wastage •Monitoring and reporting of immunisation activities which involves carrying out reviews
delivery of vaccines to avoid stock outs, training of community workers. The majority of health
facilities (5) stated that they needed to increase the number of health workers as well as training.
the health workers. The tally sheets are forwarded to the health district level for entry into a
Health workers will use the PDA to access immunization information (diseases, vaccines, side effects, immunization schedule, stock management) from the immunization content management system.
children, health workers as well as preparing requisitions and facilitate distributions of vaccines to the various health sub districts and health units.
administration, storage, side effects through online accessibility to the medical workers as well as the public improving their attitude towards immunization
for operational level health workers. UNEPI/TRA Borooah, V. K.,(2003. Gender bias among children in India in their diet and immunization
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