During the 1980s, one in about 25 workers lost a job, and in the 1990s the figured has risen to one in 20 workers
9. Much of the policy debate about globalisation has revolved around a trade-off between maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
yet the number of workers who can contribute to producing and commercialising new knowledge is limited to a few areas in the world.
new economic knowledge include a high degree of human capital, a skilled labour force, and the strong
and other knowledge workers †as agents endowed with new economic knowledge 34. When the focus shifts from the firm to the individual as the relevant unit of observation, the
a knowledge worker may choose to exit the firm or university where the knowledge was created initially.
and in a worker. The firm is created endogenously through the worker†s effort to appropriate the value of his knowledge through innovative activity
which are made easier by the mobility of workers and technicians, the activity of technical consultants,
educated labour force. Public agencies have strong incentives to adapt their strategies to meet the needs of
even the sectors that employ highly educated workers are affected by structural problems Regional human capital needs to be upgraded
accounting also for large numbers of self-employed workers in the construction and tourism industries In part it also suggests a degree of buoyancy in the construction sector
Secondary education as%of labour force (2008) 20.7 16.8 Tertiary education as%of labour force (2008) 29.8 24.9 High-tech manufacturing as a%of employment (2008) 4. 8 2
Knowledge-intensive services as%of employment (2008) 28.9 26.9 Active population (thousands)( 2008) 31 143 5 562
influx of low-skilled migrant workers, but also a consequence of the growth of low added-value
workers employed The R&d system Andalusia underperforms Spain as whole in most R&d-related indicators.
Higher levels of human capital create returns not only in terms of worker productivity but also of higher wages (Becker, 1965.
expertise, resulting in rising demand for college-educated workers relative to their supply (Katz &
bid up for those workers who possess high levels of human capital while, due to falling demand
wages fall or stagnate for less educated workers. Yet, institutions also play a role: national policies
significant opposition to loosening immigration laws for workers, particularly among less-skilled Spaniards (Martã nez i Coma and Duval-Hernã¡
workers, and low productivity. Although the overreliance of the region on the construction industry †and the subsequent collapse of the housing bubble †clearly contributes to these factors, even the
sectors that employ highly educated workers are experiencing structural problems. Andalusia presents an example of †badly used human capitalâ€:
as the educational attainment of resident workers has increased, this is not employed appropriately enough to contribute significantly to economic growth
from a region from which uneducated workers out-migrate to one which attracts immigrant workers to
work in unskilled occupations. The immigrant population has increased from less than 1%of the total population in the early 1990s (mostly British and German retirees) to 8. 8%in 2009, mostly Latin
unemployed and employed workers (Formacã on Profesional por el Empleo †FPL), entrepreneurship education (partly),
and integration of immigrant workers Figure 8. Regional Agencies involved in human capital development Source: Personal elaboration based on the competencies of the three regional ministries as listed in www. juntadeandalucia. es
either dislocated or incumbent workers. Initially conceived as an employment policy, it is now managed by the Regional Ministry of Employment in coordination with the Ministry of
Unions also collaborate in the training of workers with the Ministry of Employment 6 Recently, the government has created a new institution to regulate vocational training in the
an initiative of the Regional Ministry of Employment to train more than 1 000 students, workers and
redundant workers of the aeronautic sector 7 Spanish Minister of Education discourse in the Congress on February 2010, available at
the university offerings focus mostly on connecting high-tech workers and start-ups to entrepreneurship skills, a variety of other programs help traditional businesses and low-skilled workers
While hiring Phd-level workers might be key for highly innovative companies in IT or biotechnology sectors, the reality is that most SMES in Andalusia are highly dependent on
workers trained in energy efficient technologies. Bolstering the production chain of the cluster via training strategies will allow the expansion of the local market for these services and products †a
Training workers can take months or years, while firms need quick and flexible access to labour to compete in the global market
wages and advancement potential for workers, but also try to change internal labor market practices such as management and mentoring in order to make workers more productive (Giloth 2000
Because they focus on a single sector, these types of programs offer economies of scale and scope They organize groups of firms that require similar worker skill sets,
obtaining economies of scale by working across a variety of different firms in one industry. Additional synergies come from bringing
employment broker, introducing workers to prospective employers. An impressive set of evaluations has shown that these initiatives have significant and positive impacts on the employability, wages, and
Use or renting of facilities 8. 1 Training of firm workers by the Universities 15.2 Other types of collaborative
9. Improve the adaptability of workers and enterprises, and the flexibility of labour markets 10. Invest more in human capital through better education and skills
forms of traditional skill and knowledge of products embodied in the workers and owners of SMES
Maskell, 1998): 80 percent of workers are in trade unions while members of employer associations account for 55 percent of private sector employees (Anderson and Mailand, 2005.
area, but again the effects of the crisis might change the scenario and prompt more redundant workers
Highly skilled labour force Strong focus on collaboration between top -research and leading corporations Strong focus on design(>50 percent of
Highly skilled labour force Generation of successful entrepreneurs is about to retire leaving a gap Market demand Research activities very application oriented
mainly SME€ s (as 80 percent of Walloon companies account for less than 50 workers employs around 10,000 people (40 percent of employment of the Walloon chemical industry
technologies (skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers). ) Adjustments to AMT may as a result lead to adjustments to the product produced
dealing with new technologies (skills of workers, coordination among departments integration of suppliers and customers
in-house capabilities for dealing with new technologies-skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers-may be missing and cannot
An essential success factor for KETS is skilled a highly labour force and a thick labour market Wolfe, 2008.
In all clusters that have been analysed, the quality of the labour force was emphasised as being crucial to success,
-skills of workers, coordination among departments, integration of suppliers and customers -may be missing and cannot be built up in short term.
 workers    Smart  spaces  and  cool  co- †working
 workers  is  not  lost  or  diluted  as Â
availability of highly-educated workers; venture capital; state-of-the-art knowledge. Furthermore, the author concludes that the resulting changes in NSI stimulated
states, a high-quality labour force is one of the major prerequisites of OI as it allows knowledge to spill over to other organisations
Developing and maintaining a skilled labour force requires governments to deliver and implement high-quality education at
retirees, graduate students, professional workers in various disciplines, ordinary citizens, and research-based and proï t-seeking
Finally, OI hinges on the supply and mobility of highly-skilled knowledge workers Hence, education and training need to be linked closely to innovation policies
knowledge workers. Sixth, policy-makers may need to move away from funding innovation in single ï rms and towards networks
displaced Talk Talk workers. The specific actions to be progressed are set out below C1. IDA actions underway
EI is progressing a number of actions to support the Talk Talk workers impacted. Initiatives to
educational attainment within both the labour force and the unemployed compared to the national average. The fall off in opportunities in construction and traditional manufacturing
support workers in redundancy situations In October 2011 Skillnets announced an investment of â 250,000 for the immediate provision
 Continue to progress the application for workers who have lost employment to benefit for training and other support under the European Globalisation Fund
to close its contact centre in Waterford City is a devastating blow to the workers concerned
scale, physical extent and labour force catchment Table 1: Principal urban centres in the South East region, 2002-2011
Labour force participation rates have dropped from 62.7 percent in 2007 to 58.1 percent in 2011 (below the State average
educational attainment in the labour force within the South East (34 percent of those in the
Figure 4 Labour force by Highest Level of Educational Attainment-South East, State Source: FAS SLMRU/CSO QNHS Data
lower than average labour force participation rate. This presents a number of challenges for the region including reduced disposable income and its impact on the
though this cohort only accounts for 38 percent of the total labour force in the region
account for 39 percent of the labour force Labour market Activation 2010 Labour market Activation Fund A number of education and training providers from the South East were successful in
contraction in the number of new employment permits issued to workers in the South East
the permits were issued to workers in the personal services occupations, agriculture related occupation, sales and healthcare.
attainment within both the labour force and the unemployed compared to the national average. This cohort is generally harder to reach and engage
workers. Although the South East is home to some major BPO/SS/SSC activities such as Rigney Dolphin
assist the displaced Talk Talk workers, and these are set out at the end of this chapter This review of the BPO/SSC indicates potential for growth and transformation for the sector
training programme to healthcare workers and its co-ordination of a series of master classes
displaced Talk Talk workers. The specific actions to be progressed are set out below C1. IDA actions underway
EI is progressing a number of actions to support the Talk Talk workers impacted. Initiatives to
educational attainment within both the labour force and the unemployed compared to the national average. The fall off in opportunities in construction and traditional manufacturing
 Continue to progress the application for workers who have lost employment to benefit for training and other support under the European Globalisation Fund
significant contraction in the number of new employment permits issued to workers in the South East region between 2004 and 2010 †the number declined from approximately 940 to
Most of the permits were issued to workers in the personal services occupations, agriculture relayed occupation, sales and healthcare
Manpower Dublin Conduit Dublin Sportingbet. com Dublin CPL Managed Services Dublin Reed Recruitment Dublin Meridian Global Services Dublin
ï§There has been a reduction in the number of †unskilled†within the labour force over the
ï§Productivity levels (using GVA31 per worker as an indicator) are considerably lower than the State average
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 59,774 â 76,799 â 103,104 GVA per person â 26,566 â 36,606 â 51,596
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 58,922 â 76,799 â 103,104 GVA per person â 27,469 â 36,606 â 51,596
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 53,216 â 76,799 â 103,104 GVA per person â 24,496 â 36,606 â 51,596
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 91,366 â 76,799 â 103,104 GVA per person â 42,961 â 36,606 â 51,596
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 66,098 â 76,799 â 103,104 GVA per person â 31,859 â 36,606 â 51,596
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 57,864 â 76,799 â 103,104 GVA per person â 26,735 â 36,606 â 51,596
%GVA per worker (productivity) â 103,104 â 57,871 â 76,799 GVA per person â 51,596 â 28,387 â 36,606
Productivity Levels as measured by GVA per worker (State=100 %Source: CSO National Accounts, Database Direct
labour force to take greater advantage of an economic up-turn when it arrives The principal actors in such interventions will
labour force Of paramount importance will be the role of third level educational providers in the region
workers whose skill sets are less in demand. Again, the Iots in the region will have a key role
considering innovative delivery/access)- focusing on people in the labour force with basic/sector-specific qualifications who are seeking to broaden their potential
immediate Industrial Age where information workers were prized In 2014 education is at the dawn of a third paradigm of education.
and therefore hiring, more workers than in the other Nordics and than most European countries more generally
statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey), which could evolve
rely on a trained local labour force and a history of cooperative relations with other regional actors.
and workers should all be taken on board of the design process of RIS3. In other words this means that the governance model includes both the market
worker, etc 1) Indicators should be selected to reflect the programme's objectives and intervention logic
scientists and qualified workers in third countries To capture the growth opportunities notably in developing countries and emerging economies
and territorial-that will have a major impact on employment, in particular for some groups in the labour force or
•Workers lay an oil pipeline, Kazakhstan  Oleg Nikishin/Epsilon/Panos Pictures •Iridimi refugee camp in Eastern Chad for Sudanese people fleeing the violence in
through SMART Padala, a service offered jointly by SMART and TRAVELEX to Overseas Filipino Workers
for help transitioning workers into new positions, for example displaced auto workers in Detroit or furniture
workers in North carolina Other MIC offerings include basic business training; â€oesoft skills†training in presenting, teamwork, and other
well as manpower) to innovation activities than the aver -age However, it is not only the lack of relations with inno
Third, manpower bottlenecks seem to be most serious in the case of firms engaged in
Manpower effects: funds for personnel 44.9 11.5 Manpower problems: lack of qualified personnel, lack of
time Strategic effects: market information, support for 9. 0 9. 0 Strategic problems: marketing and commercialization, no
manpower. Surprisingly, bottlenecks regarding human resources †lack of qualified personnel, technical know -how, and time †were indicated rarely by the firms.
the need for a skilled labour force on both high and intermediary levels, as both levels of qualification are needed for companies
These include, for example, a well-educated labour force and professional labour markets (Simmie et al. 2003), attractive and †fashionable†places to live with high social
which help in attracting knowledge workers and leading-edge high technology industries (e g.,, Florida 2004, 2005a), places which
process by enhancing learning abilities of workers, firms and †systemsâ€. This philosophy also is the basis for the more recent concept of territorial innovation systems, which
share a need for a uniquely skilled labour force, regardless of their business struc -ture Each cluster might take a variety of generic structural forms, based on either power
high qualified working population (†cadresâ€) made a shift from a traditional conservative dominated society to a modern, dynamic and visionary one possible.
-ments and workers compared to the 1980s. In terms of turnover and industrial em -ployment Prato†s local system ranks second in Tuscany after the Florentine area and it
the source of growth in the competitiveness of the economy, labour force and in the quality of life.
They also recognize that it is not enough to just have IT workers who are trained in one
rather workers must be engaged constantly in learning and upgrading their skills profiles. About one third of the TLS companies (representing 45%of the sector
while skilled jobs for educated workers are being created at a faster pace in most countries (Pianta, 2004.
high levels of worker skills have better firm innovation performance. Thus, the following hypothesis can be formulated
which manages the timetables of all individual workers and automatically links these data to the payroll application.
The system has had some implications for the company's office workers (about 50 employees). ) As processes and applications are now running in remote mode (and no
10 of them internal IT workers and 10 external workers. The project is very profitable, and a proof of this is that ALSA is going to create the 4th generation website
and professional workers who are capable of taking full advantage of the ICT systems. Sometimes this point is also a challenge for
For this task, ALSA used both internal and external workers. The development and maintenance of certain parts of the system,
i e. the workers. The planning tool is adopted highly in the company, and it has a lot of users.
Workers do need not to take the manager away from his/her primary job. Rather the Warehouse management system directs the employee's actions based on the
individual worker to work at home or at a teleworking center that is nearer the worker†s
-ondly, the number of healthcare workers is expected to diminish relative to the total population (without changes to the healthcare system, 25%of the working population
would be needed to provide today†s level of care by 2040 in a typical western coun
or manpower utilization or improve inventory management or enter the international market. The relative rankings of innovative SMES are given in Table 6. It is clear that the
Manpower utilization 7 7 4 15 14 11 12 12 11 2. 1 1. 8 2. 3
A more skilled labour force...45 Ambition 3: Better economic infrastructure...61 Ambition 4: Industry policy that fosters innovation and entrepreneurship...
2. a more skilled labour force 3. better economic infrastructure; and 4. industry policy that fosters innovation and entrepreneurship
businesses and workers equipped with the skills and incentives to adapt to changing economic conditions and able to seize new opportunities
•a more skilled labour force •better economic infrastructure; and •industry policy that fosters innovation and entrepreneurship
2 LABOUR FORCE 3 Infrastructure To meet our country†s economic infrastructure needs for the 21st century
A more skilled LABOUR FORCE The Government is committed to increasing the skills of our workforce to better prepare for the
while maintaining protections to ensure that businesses do not bring in foreign workers where Australians are able to do the job
improving programme integrity, to ensure that sponsored workers on 457 visas are a supplement to,
and workers must be free to negotiate working arrangements that suit their personal ambitions and circumstances.
ensure that the scope for workers and employees to negotiate individual flexibility arrangements is limited not unduly;
workers, and goods and services, has been critical to the growth and development of Australia†s economy.
This highlights the need for a nimble economy, with workers and businesses equipped with the
2. a more skilled labour force 3. better economic infrastructure; and 4. industry policy that fosters innovation and entrepreneurship
safety, transport workers, compensation, gas and others (Boral Ltd. 2009 TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
Competition also gives workers a greater array of employment options. In a competitive jobs market, businesses must reward effort and
and workers In the petroleum industry, for instance, some companies have reported they no longer sell crude oil domestically due to the high costs and regulatory uncertainty associated with
A more skilled LABOUR FORCE To make Australia more internationally competitive, the Government will increase the skill level
workers in decisions about training provision, and maintains the quality and relevance of training The Business Council of Australia (2014a) has called for improvements to Australia†s science
employers who take on a new worker, aged 18†24, in regional Australia and areas where youth unemployment is high.
for Australian workers too. Skilled migrants also often bring capital, or can help to attract it, and
these workers have a great many choices about where they work. Australia needs to maintain a welcoming attitude towards
concerns that large inflows of foreign labour could place pressure on wages, conditions and jobs. This is of particular concern for those with low skills
emphasised the importance of skilled migration for increasing the skills of Australian workers and for the viability and competitiveness of operations in Australia more generally
hire Australian workers as it is cheaper and faster to fill skills requirements locally where there are suitable workers.
But the 457 visa programme is very important for filling roles with temporary skilled migrants where there are genuine skills shortages
workers. The Review heard that the current design of the programme delays and limits the ability of businesses to fill skill gaps
the programme to ensure that Australian workers have priority. The Government will •streamline the processing of sponsorship, nomination and visa applications around
assisting employers to find workers to fill vital positions where they have been unable to find local workers
TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia Industry Innovation and C om petitiveness A
workers is less cumbersome and expensive. At the same time, the Government will improve employment opportunities and outcomes for Australians
and workers must be free to negotiate working arrangements that suit their personal ambitions and circumstances.
our businesses and workers will be left behind. The Government is committed to returning the workplace relations system to the sensible centre
productivity in key parts of the industry and better management-worker relations. The new ABCC
The Bill provides workers with fair flexibility by ensuring IFAS can be made in relation to a minimum of five key conditions
action can only happen after there have been genuine and meaningful talks between workers and business during enterprise bargaining
labour force and GDP, and this will be supported by the proposed Paid Parental Leave (PPL scheme and informed by the Productivity Commission review of Childcare and Early childhood
The gap between women†s and men†s labour force participation rate is 16.7 percentage points for those aged 25 to 34 years and 11.9 percentage points for those aged 15 years and older
by businesses and workers. Better economic infrastructure can also reduce or eliminate travel time and job search costs, allowing workers to access more distant workplaces.
These benefits are particularly important for Australia due to its geographical size, dispersed population and distance from overseas markets.
Upgrading the skills of all types of workers including managers, is central to firm performance in knowledge-based economies
•creating a more skilled labour force •building economic infrastructure to drive productivity; and •fostering innovation and entrepreneurship in our industries
A more skilled labour force 9. Increasing the focus on STEM and innovation in schools The Department of education will
Labour force, cat. no. 6202.0. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Canberra Commonwealth of australia TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
Labour force, Detailed, Quarterly, cat. no. 6291.0.55.003. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia ABS. 2014k. Managed Funds, cat. no. 5655.0.
Labour force Statistics by Sex and Age †Indicators (Stat Extracts. Paris: OECD OECD. 2014c. OECD Economic Surveys:
•Page 49 †Construction worker-Michele Mossop, Engineers Australia •Page 63 †Road under reconstruction-istock
manpower with sound and relevant competency. Private research investments must be strengthened in order to safeguard long-term knowledge development in industry. at
Has any worker on the assembly line the au -thority to make changes that he thinks will improve its efficiency?
workers, under the supervision of a foreman. They met one hour every week. After one year
For workers to comply with their tasks the company has to plan the volume of need for employees and their qualification level and com
-ager of the enterprise through successive layers of management to the individual worker who touches
workers Negotiation and pur -chasing training for purchasers Negotiation and purchasing training for purchasers Working ses
ï Request for qualified workers increases, higher education becomes a decisive factor in com -petition ï Technical based professional skills lose against qualifications to adapt activities permanently
that employ less than 500 workers and whose annual turn over does exceed not 50 million euros (Ifm, 2007a
sales and employ hundreds of thousands of workers, SMES are equipped per definition with much lesser resources.
•Liberalise the hiring of qualified foreign workers •Enhance co-operation between schools, entrepreneurs and branch organisations
scientists and qualified workers in third countries To capture the growth opportunities notably in developing countries and emerging economies
Figure 1. Female employers and own-account workers Percentage of total employers and own-account workers
Source: United nations Economic commission for europe, Gender Statistic Database %50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
â Increase the ability of women to participate in the labour force by ensuring the availability of affordable child care and equal treatment in the workplace.
-workers capable and committed to the firm†s mission, which can have a larger influence on the
When workers experience autonomy, they feel less constrained to explore opportunities and to generate ideas.
During the 1980s, one in about 25 workers lost a job, and in the 1990s the figured has risen to one in 20 workers
9. Much of the policy debate about globalisation has revolved around a trade-off between maintaining higher wages at the cost of higher unemployment versus favoring higher levels of employment
yet the number of workers who can contribute to producing and commercialising new knowledge is limited to a few areas in the world.
new economic knowledge include a high degree of human capital, a skilled labour force, and the strong
and other knowledge workers †as agents endowed with new economic knowledge 34. When the focus shifts from the firm to the individual as the relevant unit of observation, the
a knowledge worker may choose to exit the firm or university where the knowledge was created initially.
and in a worker. The firm is created endogenously through the worker†s effort to appropriate the value of his knowledge through innovative activity
which are made easier by the mobility of workers and technicians, the activity of technical consultants,
educated labour force. Public agencies have strong incentives to adapt their strategies to meet the needs of
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