According to Taylor†s (1911) approach, each worker is specially trained to perform a single movement or subtask in the manufacturing process.
for costs of material and other accessories as well as costs of manpower involved in developing new products and services at the firm.
prepared for the OECD Directorate for Social affairs, Manpower and Education†GERI. (IUI w. p. 350b, Stockholm
worker than others? Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (1), 83†116 Hannan, M. T. and Freeman, J. 1977.
morale among railroad workers. Ann arbor, Michigan: Institute for Social Research University of Michigan Katz, J. A.,Safranski, S. R. and Khan, O. 2003.
Management and the worker. Cambridge Massachusetts: Harvard university Press Romano, C a. 1999. Identifying factors which influence product innovation:
Fabrica Ethica hinges on the respect for workers, consumer rights and the environment. It encourages an approach based on continuous improvements which anchor
workers, consumer rights and the environment. It encourages an approach that is based on continuous improvements which anchor CSR in SME strategies and management systems.
specialisation focus on social policies such as unemployment and increased worker (retraining, smart specialisation arguably offers an opportunity to foster a dynamic economic process that accelerates
If United kingdom firms and workers can adapt to the shift in production to ultra-low carbon vehicles, the potential market in the United kingdom and abroad
and attracting leading management and research staff workers to the region through lifestyle benefits such as quality education, healthcare and recreational
closed down their manufacturing facilities and left thousands workers unemployed. The incentive system was adjusted subsequently to target FDI involved in higher value added operations (high-tech
workers being a challenge for growth, and underlined that in some key areas in within the IT field there
i) GVA per worker; ii) Employment rate; and iii) Happiness and Health The PCTI has selected 25 Performance Indicators based on its own strategic objectives of the PCTI
share of researchers per Working population and iii) Innovation Innovation expenditure as a share of GDP
customers, motivation of management and labour force, less bureaucracy, little filtering of proposals with strong interest in product development and technological change as part of the
ï The professional qualifications of the workforce ï Various kinds of technological effort which induce further accumulation of techno
and labour force, less bureaucracy, little filtering of proposals with strong interest in product development and technological change as part of the characteristics and strengths of an
workers 33%40%12%10%0 Results were aggregated in the agreeing and disagreeing range. From the respondents
SMES required more than just having the professional qualifications of the workforce. The results also suggest that on the job training is required equally for innovation to succeed in
manpower Indeed, our results show that a design office facili -tates the use of extensive information networks.
This open model has been gaining support due to several factors, such as worker mobility, short product life cycles
They work from home, with casual workers generally sitting outside on small chairs or on the ground.
Number of workers at subcontractors 311 32 68 Staff in-house and subcontractors 393 48 93
†5 workers I trained really well. I also give them an opportunity to express themselves.
their workers. I just give an idea and design, and workers can add ideas that fit in better with their
technique. We are a team. I know the technique, but I can†t really do it.
indicators, such as ownership, turn over, age of the firm and number of workers in subcontractors have no significant impact
Our workers were thinking that the low IKEA quality is viable for all our clients.
pay workers piece-rates. For some buyers, such as IKEA and the Body shop, limited control of
I still consider myself his worker, but at home I am the boss. †And later he adds:
maintenance workers Some 37%of serious accidents involving such persons occur in conditions of darkness or fog.
workers ages 55-65 are employed, while only 55 percent of European workers are. 22 Moreover, a greater share of the EU population is above age 65.23 In 2013,18. 2 percent of
the population of the EU-27 nations was 65 years and older, compared to 13.8 percent in
that after-tax worker incomes continue to rise. However, if Europe†s current low productivity growth rate persists,
surplus for workers who would see no income growth. 24 BOX 1: PRODUCTIVITY, INNOVATION AND COMPETITIVENESS
is typically an hour of labor, a single worker, or a combination of workers and
physical capital. Using hours of work or the amount of workers as the denominator yields labor productivity (the measure used in this report unless
otherwise specified), while using the combination of workers, physical capital and other inputs as the denominator yields total factor productivity (TFP;
TFP is also called multi-factor productivity, or MFP, when using only workers and physical capital
Productivity is the main determinant of national income per person, because over the long term a nation can consume only what it produces
in non-traded sectors where productivity gains go directly to European workers and consumers. Moreover, productivity gains in traded sectors help EU
by adding more workers. While demographic shifts are important for the absolute size of the economy, they do not affect productivity or income per capita
workers employed by large firms than all European countries. Figure 15) In particular Italy, Greece, and other Mediterranean countries stand out as having an unusually high
-worker threshold. 135 Land use regulations, as also described above, can also constrain both firm size, by preventing the entry of more efficient franchise-style firms, and establishment
productive, pay higher wages, injure their workers less, are more innovative, and export more. 174 This is not to say that small firms do not add value.
Switzerland, and the UK have the smallest proportion of workers in small firms and have
firms have under 20 workers. 177 Larger firms are usually more productive, in part because
20 percent of its jobs with average value-added per worker with jobs having a value-added of over 50
mechanisms to develop the capacity of health workers; and options to ensure the continuity and sustainability of the effort
efficiently and accurately guide low-skilled health care workers through the diagnosis and treatment of patients following national protocols.
improved quality of care and a high level of acceptance by clinical workers EMR systems are available from both closed proprietary systems developed
-prises and workers through lifelong learning as well as innovation within organisations. It concerns all regions that are included not in the Convergence objective
more than 300 volunteer village malaria health workers were trained to test for malaria and directly observe the treatment
worker and expatriate populations. Data from household surveys show that the actual number of people using a mobile-cellular phone is
i e. including expatriate/transient workers. Data from United arab emirates are estimated by ITU based on base data excluding the transient worker population
12 Reported in activated external capacity 13 http://www. ofca. gov. hk/en/industry focus/telecommunications/facility based/infrastructures/submarine cables/index
1) Labour force Survey 2013.2) Cambodia Inter-censal Population Survey. 3) Refers to PC, laptop or a tablet. 4) Data
1) Labour force Survey 2013.2) Corresponds to all type of internet connections. 3) Data correspond to dwellings (not
1) Individuals aged 15 years and over. 2) Population age 16-74.3) Labour force Survey 2013.4) Individuals aged 6 and over
workers legacy technology innovation fatigue Politics sidebar: intel Gets urgent 10/Executing the Change •making a Case for digital
our workers Improve internal communication Expand our reach to new customers and markets Launch new
workers are with the pace of digital transformation at their organizations. A third of C-level executives
Attitudes of older workers Responses to the sur -vey suggest a deep-rooted perception that older people will have trouble reframing.
having clear structures makes it risky for workers to push for digital transformation Executing The Change
The mobility of the manpower towards other states, due to the attractive compensation systems and to the superior
statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey), which could evolve
the requirement to demonstrate professional qualifications and good repute, to provide specific financial guarantees, or to obtain a licence and meet the conditions for that
and mobility of knowledge workers, making it increasingly difficult for companies to control their proprietary ideas and expertise.
employment protection and incentives for worker training (3). In addition to provide liquidity to the market, the government launched its major fiscal
companies retaining workers (3), under the tripartite agreement between government, workers†unions and companies In the past, the Chilean government conducted
of tax reductions to companies retaining workers For the success of this policy, Chilean government
of labour force, and consumer price inflation (CPI In addition, tangible (GDP per capita ppp) and intan -gible (national intellectual capital, NIC) co-develop
of workers. Australian central bank has cut inter -est rates repeatedly to spur weaker sectors of the
shed thousands of workers as a result. Australian Figure 7: Co-development of GDP per capita (ppp) and NRC for Australia and Chile
-Granted workers to undertake training out -side their own firms Infrastructure Early December 2008 Large-scale infrastructure projects amounting to
poor migrant workers who are denied services and benefits when they move. With high levels of cor
the money and the manpower to create and bring new products and services to market on its own
worker, we are more and more likely to be work -ing with people influenced by attitudes and val
mechanical engineers, metal workers, footwear producers, sports equipment technicians, electrical engineers, bricklayers and manufacturers of refrigeration. Twelve of the interview partners are
specialized workers, and small innovation port folios such that risks associated with innovation cannot be spread.
SMES is hampered by lack of financial resources, scant opportunities to recruit specialized workers poor understanding of advanced technology, and so on.
which these knowledge workers are motivated to continuously search for new ideas In addition, firms that embark on open innovation should stimulate inter
and the involvement of non-R&d workers in innovation initiatives Venturing is deï ned here as starting up new organiza
-nities to recruit specialized workers, and small innovation portfolios so that risks associated with innovation cannot
marked by recruiting specialized workers, and introducing managerial layers, rules and procedures (Greiner, 1972 Once a critical size is reached,
workers, abundant venture capital, widely distributed knowledge and reduced product life cycles, most enter -prises can no longer afford to innovate on their own.
non-R&d) workers. For technology exploration, by far most SMES somehow try to involve their customers in
and the involvement of non-R&d workers in innovation initiatives Venturing is deï ned here as starting up new organiza
-nities to recruit specialized workers, and small innovation portfolios so that risks associated with innovation cannot
marked by recruiting specialized workers, and introducing managerial layers, rules and procedures (Greiner, 1972 Once a critical size is reached,
workers, abundant venture capital, widely distributed knowledge and reduced product life cycles, most enter -prises can no longer afford to innovate on their own.
non-R&d) workers. For technology exploration, by far most SMES somehow try to involve their customers in
specialized workers, and small innovation port folios such that risks associated with innovation cannot be spread.
SMES is hampered by lack of financial resources, scant opportunities to recruit specialized workers poor understanding of advanced technology, and so on.
workers and/or by lowering real wages. There is historical evidence from the literature discussed in
and a critical mass of qualified technical and managerial manpower. As Rowen et al. 2006) note about the
and a critical mass of qualified technical and managerial manpower. As Rowen et al. 2006) note about the
The value of goods and services produced per worker in 2007 was significantly below the national value (73.4
and services added per worker is significantly below the national average. The two key challenges facing the region are to enhance the rate
a consequent reduction in the proportion of the labour force employed in the agricultural sector Table 2. 3 Changing Employment Profile of the Southeast Region 2002-2006
and labour force mass by integrating Waterford and the main urban centres around the Gateway along the economic and transport corridors of the region
-edge workers and a lower capacity to generate research and development, stimulate private sector investment and innovation
investors and HPSU Principals in promoting and developing training/education models for workers in high value industrial activities
-ployed workers in the region will need to gain the skills that can help them regain employment.
-cation as a positive step towards advanced training and reskilling of the labour force. The development
reskilling of the labour force 4. 7 Retail Strategy The Regional Authority would encourage preparation of a Joint Retail Strategy for
and empower the workers within the industry to contribute to the development of that sector
Specific regional initiative on upskilling-focussing on people in the labour force with basic or redundant qualifications and innovative delivery/access.
For this reason, it is vital to promote incentives to enable workers at existing companies
and use of tacit knowledge acquired by workers ï§To decrease legal barriers to entrepreneurship
English skills of today†s pupils is to train the workers of the future. Public actions to promote English
For this reason, it is vital to promote incentives to enable workers at existing companies
and use of tacit knowledge acquired by workers ï§To decrease legal barriers to entrepreneurship
English skills of today†s pupils is to train the workers of the future. Public actions to promote English
â Significant labour force with a low educational level â High unemployment â Unbalanced productive structure and consequent inertia
rely on a trained local labour force and a history of cooperative relations with other regional actors.
and workers should all be taken on board of the design process of RIS3. In other words this means that the governance model includes both the market
expenditure per worker, etc 1) Indicators should be selected to reflect the programme's objectives and intervention logic
Ireland†s labour force capacity Discover Programme The Discover Programme (formerly Discover Science and Engineering), managed by SFI, aims
Ireland†s labour force capacity Discover Programme The Discover Programme (formerly Discover Science and Engineering), managed by SFI, aims
share of the working population is employed in services, but at just under 40%it is far below the
Comparison Of value-Added Per Worker (2010) in West Region's Main Clusters...30 Figure 23-Exports Per capita (2007,2009, 2011)..31
of output per worker amounted to 15%in the 2000-09 period. Moreover, there are important signs of
The average compensation per worker in the West Region grew by 13 percent annually between 2000 and 2009 versus 12.2 percent for Romania as a whole and less than 11 percent
Over the previous decade, the West experienced the highest growth in output per worker among the comparator regions, coinciding with one of the highest levels of growth in gross fixed capital
formation (Figure 3). 17 Despite this, in 2009 fixed capital stock per worker in the West stood at only 57
and output per worker was still only one quarter of the EU average. This suggests that
Romania, however, the West faces a problem both with older workers retrenched due to restructuring of traditional industries like coal and metals (particularly impacting Hunedoara and Caras-Severin) as
well as younger workers that leave school without qualifications. Participation rates among workers with the lowest education levels is less than half that of those at the highest (tertiary) levels in the West
Region, while unemployment rates are almost four times higher (Figure 8). This is broadly in line with the experience of peer regions
Comparison Of value-Added Per Worker (2010) in West Region's Main Clusters Source: Calculations based on data from Structural Business Survey
through human capital (i e. through workers), through supply relationships, and through competition and demonstration effects (via market competition and joint activities.
workers, and consumers in the region to benefit from access to a larger market. Overall, the region is
In addition, transportation of workers is problematic for large scale manufacturing activities. A large proportion of blue collar or low skilled workers commute to the production plant from
difficult to find young workers interested in the business. This will force firms to increase wages which
younger, better-educated workers in highly-skilled occupations such as managers professionals and technicians have greater access to training opportunities than less
educated â€oeroutine†(i e. involved in routine tasks) and older workers. One of the problems is that externally-provided entrepreneurship training approaches for managers and workers
are geared not sufficiently to the â€oehow to†nature of competences that firms require The smart use of Knowledge Intensive Service Activities (KISAS) by SMES can nevertheless
older and routine workers. These problems need to be addressed Finally, Chapter 5 examines social innovation and social entrepreneurship.
workers and managers between companies within the local labour market are some of the clearest examples of â€oepassive†knowledge transfers.
workers, levels of R&d, enrolments in graduate programmes and the potential creation of growth-oriented businesses by immigrants.
A number of factors affect the ability of a locality to attract a skilled labour force.
workers of the foreign affiliate to set out their own business. As to university spin-offs the gap between technological invention and commercial innovation should be
of highly-skilled foreign labour Notes 1. Innovation systems may also have a sector dimension, and part of the literature is devoted to
Also in the case of workers in existing SMES, data confirm the existence of a skills and training problem holding back innovation.
-building measures have little take-up among low-skilled SME workers In the future there will be a need for new types of skills matching new types of jobs, as
informal entrepreneurship learning at work through the involvement of workers in knowledge-intensive service activities and entrepreneurship training by SME support
Apprenticeships represent 3. 5%of the working population, one of the highest rates of contracted training in the developed world.
policy measures should target both workers and enterprises, not providing financial incentives alone but also allowing freedom of choice and market transparency
younger, better educated workers in high-skilled occupations (such as managers, professionals and technicians) have greater access to
training opportunities than less-educated older workers and workers involved in routine tasks (OECD, 2003; 2008a
One of the reasons that SMES undertake less formal training than large firms is cost
different workers involved, constituting a critical nexus of today†s networking economy Alternatively, internal projects can be undertaken,
attention of policy makers has tended to be on the contribution of knowledge workers to entrepreneurship and innovation.
workers can also make an important contribution to transforming SME activities to a context of increased knowledge intensity and innovation activity.
moving towards recognising the important contribution that routine workers can make both in innovative outputs and in skills acquisition for the firm.
floor workers with engineers in activities oriented to find new uses for old machinery The skills acquired in the process range from analytical, problem solving and
competitive advantage for these routine workers in the labour market. Working with engineers also helps routine employees to further analyse their own activities and how
both workers and enterprises; limit administrative burdens; increase transparency and clarity of objectives and information to employers and employees;
11 million paid employees, equivalent to about 6%of the working population of the EU These aggregates underline the fact that this is a reality
would train the childcare workers, guaranteeing quality standards; Bancaprossima grants loans with no personal guarantee required.
Moreover the cooperative aims at employing local disadvantaged workers, thus contributing to the local employment of individuals from groups who may find it difficult
workers in service delivery areas Financially supported by local credit cooperatives, other cooperative support organisations and small contributions from local residents, the Health and Social Care
is the capacity-building opportunities offered to healthcare workers and scientists, with a possible further impact on economic development
capacity by training healthcare workers and scientists in clinical drug development, which in turn stimulates new avenues of economic development
workers through regular physical activity exercises in the workplace With the help of strong national and local networks and allies, SIEL Bleu has been able to
employment (for disabled and disadvantaged workers) and individual development accounts are all examples of recent and important social innovations (Phills, Deiglmeier
Programme workers also maintain close personal contact with clients to provide counselling and encouragement. The programme sponsor is responsible for
while representing only 38%of the Labour force in the region A vision for the Southeast
s study into the region found that Waterford City has underperformed as a Gateway with the city exerting a limited influence within the region in terms of its relative scale, physical extent and labour force catchment
%Labour force and Employment (Southeast region) †Q1/2013  In Labour force In Employment Unemployed Unemployment rate (State 13.7
%Participation Rate (State 59.5 %GVA Per capita (State=100) Â Â GVA Produced by: footnoteref: 12
The unemployment rate in the Southeast region in the second quarter of 2012 stood at 18.7%of the labour force,
that Gross Value Added (productivity) per worker and per person are lower than the State average,
Table 4. Labour force and Employment in the Southeast-Q1/2013 In Labour force 228,600 In Employment 186,500
Unemployed 42,000 Unemployment rate (State 13.7%)18.4 %Participation Rate (State 59.5%)58.3 %Source: http://www. cso. ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/labourmarket/2012/qnhs q42012. pdf
and re-skilling unemployed people as happened in the case of former Waterford Crystal and Talk Talk workers
Those still in education should be encouraged strongly to obtain minimum level qualifications before entering the labour force
Developing basic skills among the labour force has a significant economic benefit and impacts directly on employment and employability.
Tourists, workers, or new businesses cannot fail to be struck by the Southeast†s air quality, relative lack of traffic,
There also other opportunities in this sector for former construction workers, particularly in terms of retro-fitting homes and businesses to make them more energy efficient
and retraining TÃ s workers to insulate homes and businesses, including local authority houses, where funding is limited currently very
Since The argentine crisis, over 200 failing businesses have been rescued by their workers and reopened as worker cooperatives;
none of these have gone out of business and they employ over 15,000 people Cooperatives are established generally
and/or by the care workers providing the service; a fishery co-op is owned by the people who catch the fish
and their workers becoming unemployed, as no agency had the imagination to step in and save the company or use the workers expertise
If the Government and State agencies had acted quickly, the workers left behind by these industries could have been supported to form co-ops to take over where the company had left off.
This was something both Waterford Crystal and SR Technics workers had requested from the Government at the time of their redundancies
Ireland still lacks legislation prescribing specifically for the cooperative model The Southeast Economic Development Forum should actively support the development of the cooperative sector in the region.
While some unemployed workers have left the labour force due to emigration or early retirement, for example, DKM suggests it is likely that the majority are being counted as unemployed
and other construction workers have opted to emigrate. While this trend implies a loss of design and construction skills,
The situation now is skilled that many construction workers, professionals and trades persons have to emigrate to secure employment.
There are considerable policy implications arising for unemployed construction workers who will require new skills to find employment in other sectors.
EU would lack 700,000 workers in the ICT sector by 2015 Since then the consultancy Empirica
are not providing the ICT sector workers that suit the industry needs, making them unemployable in the worst case
will need 900,000 skilled ICT workers by 2020. To address the issue, the SEPE together with Digital Europe on Tuesday
Changes attributed to this technology include new patterns of work organization and worker productivity, job creation and loss, profit and loss of companies,
those of other inputs, dispensing increasingly with the sweat and the old craft skills of workers in the fields and
being indicated by the presence of workers with high formal educational attainments and skill qualifications, company run on-the-job training programs,
reorganization linked with computerization and worker retraining. Taking those into account statistically leads to substantial elimination of the apparent â€oeexcess†of the estimated returns ON IT capital vis-Ã-vis the returns on
intangible investments in the retraining of workers and the reorganization of business operations that, as as been
workers. The environmental niches in which these devices were able to achieve a foothold were ones where the
trajectory of ICT development that will impinge directly upon the specific task performance of workers equipped
as a percentage of total unemployment,(3) the percentage of the regional labour force employed in the
ratio of 2: 1 of workers to retirees. This will lead to an increase of costs
the sector employed 39.5 million full time equivalent workers which means that civil society employs, on average, 10 times more people than the utilities
over 11 million people, equivalent to about 6%of the working population of the EU. In the accession member states, 4. 2%of the wage earning population
Kafka Brigades gather together all involved front line workers, managers and policymakers around particular cases. The Kafka Brigade's unique research
well as migrant workers who come back home to Poland and find themselves without anywhere to live.
Integration Programme, helping destitute East European migrant workers either to return home or settle into their new society.
sector front line workers. There is little equivalent to the angel finance that plays a critical role in technology,
and support within businesses and NGOS to help workers to adapt to change. Whilst ESF programmes will continue to support those
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