diï €erent usage drivers specified by theoretical work influence consumption decisions using revealed -preferences data on product usage
this theoretical work primarily used qualitative approaches to examine the diï €erent needs that are
and work place distribution  The World Competitiveness Yearbookâ the most famous Annual Report on the competitiveness of nations which examines 60
work places will come by innovation, and new discoveries will give birth to some new entrepreneurial adventures
rovided the original work is cited properly ing the competitive advantage currently found in the family business literature
The final model also leaves the same control variable (AGE remaining significant in the model, with a negative beta of â'0. 12,
and how it†s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life New york: Basic books Gedajlovic, E,
innovative potential of regions and for making innovation strategies such as RIS3 work, especially in the
development work: â€oewith Ivoclair it works like this: I make a sample, I send it,
I go there, I give them the idea. Ivoclair takes 6 months to make it and within 1,
work with one of Ivoclair†s competitors I have a patent, but I do not wish to do that.
â€oeeveryone works with †opinion leadersâ€. In dental technologies, which have an amazingly fast growing market
everyone works like that. Others: I don†t know. Here, in one year you are already
it enabled them to think more deeply about the uniqueness of their work. As one health-services company
adjust their work, both in terms of research activities and human capital development, to better meet the
local firms and universities to work collaboratively; and •ensuring the sustainability of Smart Specialisation Strategies beyond the structural funding timeframe
in order to develop approaches that can work in the different institutional contexts The sections below summarise the speakers†contributions and workshop debate.
if it is to work. Universities can benefit not only from the receipt of EU Structural Funds,
The ACS Automotive Centre is a platform for development work and knowledge transfer between automotive manufacturers, suppliers and universities with the aim of promoting weight reduction in the
by the Department for Work and Pensions. Universities for the most part were excluded from the ESF programme as a result of its concentrating funding on training only up to level 3
The results of EUA€ s work are made available to members and stakeholders through conferences, seminars, website and public ations
viii http://www. youngfoundation. org/our-work/ventures-and-investment/health -launchpad/portfolio/neuroresponse/neuroresponse
widespread use of the internet has transformed the way we live, work and communicate; globalisation and migration have helped to provide a myriad
generation is more labour intensive and therefore job creating than non -renewable investment Social Innovation and EU 2020
focusing primarily on labour market changes Instead of these we have adopted a simpler and sharper alternative.
while older children combined work and secondary school. In addition to schools New Lanark set up a crã che for
laws, protections against rape and sexual harassment, maternity leave and skills programmes for mothers returning to the labour market
Norway†s ruling Labour Party†s recent proposal that big companies should be required to have 40%of their boards made up of women
more the system appears to work, giving people security and prosperity the more its norms will become entrenched as part of peoples†very sense of
works on a larger scale †establishing working prototypes of the new system, for example the low carbon housing in Hammarby Sjã stad in
seeking new types of skills (e g. better ability to work in teams, or software programming
work in distinct ways by comparison with innovation in the private sector This is especially the case as both push and pull factors within the public
really works. Effective demand refers to willingness to pay. Both are needed †but sometimes the first priority is to prove effectiveness while in other cases
extrapolate information directly from these proxies because much of the work of non profit organisations and the social economy does not necessarily fall
because social enterprises in Finland are work integration organisations (†social firmsâ€)- that is, organisations which focus on
Their work is based on four main principles •Collaboration †with users, front line staff and other stakeholders
as user-observation, video diaries and group work) and †indirect research†which explores the policy context and the current state of public service
Department for Work & Pensions, to design new services to improve the quality of life and well-being of older people.
to †work insertion†organisations and companies limited by guarantee. Social enterprises also work across a range of social and environmental fields-in
work insertion organisations; in France and Sweden, childcare services make up the bulk of social enterprise activity;
The second is †work integration†or †work insertion†integrating the long term unemployed or disadvantaged
and marginalised groups into the labour market. lxviii A study of the WISE sector in Europe carried out by research
system, and on the use of volunteer labour. †lxxi As a result of these relationships, social enterprises are embedded often within their local
-PESA application is installed on SIM CARDS and works on all handsets M-PESA has revolutionised money transfer in Kenya and significantly
Work Insertion-Diakoniewerk Arbeit & Kultur, Germany Diakoniewerk Arbeit & Kultur ggmbh (or the †deacon†s activities for work
and cultureâ€) in Mà lheim is a fairly typical example of a German Work Insertion Social Enterprise (WISE.
It was set up in 1985 to run a small number of employment measures funded by the regional labour office
but has since expanded into a social enterprise which provides wrap around services for social welfare in the community.
marginalised job seekers back into work; to buy, restore and sell low-priced 46 second hand recycled products (including clothes and furniture) to those on
programmes were run by the regional labour office. It is now an independent nonprofit company limited by guarantee employing approximately 250
the other innovative aspects is that those who work for a Koispe may earn a
labour practices, cause harm to people and planet and so on. Instead, their portfolio of investment funds will cover a range of more than profit
Barka works to assist the socially vulnerable including the long-term unemployed, homeless persons and those suffering from substance abuse, as
combination of hard work and human interaction has proved for many individuals to be a miraculous recovery from addictions and many residents
highly, The Halfway Foundation works with those who are willing to recover providing daily clinical care assistance and education, as well as teaching
Projecto Geracã£o (The Generation Project) works to combat truancy and school dropout by providing education, training,
Geracã£o range from work and play provision for the very young, enabling parents to stay in full time employment (60 pre school children are currently
support, policy work, media and PR and internal/external evaluations. While the franchisees are responsible for fundraising,
Diagram 6. Housework, paid work and leisure (Minutes per day and person, latest year available
economy into the mainstream economy by valorising voluntary labour. In many of these cases, these innovations have been generated explicitly outside
time-based credit which aims to make voluntary work visible and accountable. The third element is a service vouchers, given by the public
and sustainable ways of work (example: APDC€ s initiative on Next Generation Services paved the way to a â 70 million public fund
The practical work of supporting innovation is undertaken often best by bodies that are both inside and outside
work towards policy reform in line with Estonia†s developmental vision based on innovative thinking. xcix Social Innovation Fund, USA
for an intensive programme of work with young offenders, and would be repaid according to the numbers who achieved educational qualifications
units work within organisations, either within or across departments, some have been established to encourage collaboration across departments and
whether the solutions developed will work for citizens in practice Mindlab's mission is to involve citizens and businesses in developing new
5. Visibility-Communicating Mindlab†s work and how our parent ministries experiment with new methodologies and forms of
are also carrying out work on climate change, gender divisions in the labour market, breaking down barriers to employment faced by young immigrants. c
Region works as a laboratory for the 26 French Regional Councils and its goal is to foster creativity, social innovation and sustainability in public
lessons about what works and what does not in the social sphere. In the 79
Its work is based on the belief that the third sector is teeming with good ideas but too few of them change the world because of the lack of
In its work to 31 march 2010, the Exchange is aspiring to demonstrate the effectiveness of brokerage in supporting third sector innovation.
and social security benefits to work for the park†s enterprises without losing their benefits and;
establishing healthier work environments and ways of working, and Gigahertz Centrum †a centre developing energy-efficient electronics and
works to change the culture of an organisation so that innovation becomes a natural part of its ethos †not a barrier to success
employees to make suggestions about working conditions and practices. The kinds of suggestions elicited may include, for example, the introduction of
flexitime, better parking facilities, recycling and so on Recently, there have been some attempts to capture and then adopt the best
volunteers to cover the work. While a majority of employers formally assess whether individuals have gaps in their skills
who have difficulties in finding work, this focussed support for innovation within the work place, for life long learning and adaptability, and the
facilitation of mobility within sectors (particularly NGOS), not only benefits the employees, but also contributes to a better relationship between the
in the Stiglitz Commission†s work for President Sarkozy in France which has led to a radical overhaul of GDP measures
•It provides a framework for learning about what works over time Conclusion Our specific recommendation is for the European commission to move
•Coordinating universities, civil service colleges etc to work collaboratively through the development of a network of institutions to
facilitate work-life balance and contribute to environmentally sustainable ways to work and learn. EU
evolution of workplaces, identity and conflict, crime and violence, exploitation and cooperation. They are different in nature,
/xl This section draws on very useful work by Timo Hämã¤lã¤inen (2007), †Social Innovation
lxix Spear, R. & Bidet, E. 2003) †The Role of Social Enterprise in European Labour
I. Bode, A Evers and A. Schulz,(2002) †Work Integration Social Enterprises in Germanyâ€, Working papers Series, no. 02/04 Liã ge, EMES European Research Network
such as work, social connections and relationships, the environment, and (economic and/or physical) insecurity cliv Hoegen, M. 2009) Statistics and the qual ity of life:
we want this work to grow and develop. Your comments, thoughts and stories are welcome at the
and quickly reflect on what works and what doesn†t 10 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
work best (such as the discovery that giving computers to two children to share is more effective for education than giving them one each.
label †social marketingâ€) †where policies and programmes that work well for one group may fail for others.
started as a research and development project and now works with a wide range of service users across the UK
what works, including many counter-intuitive findings. 7 The circuit of information New needs can also be brought to the fore through effective feedback systems
work alongside the policy team to create lateral comments on the issues Making problems visible and tangible
or why a group of young people don†t find work. These models have to use multiple disciplines
38) Redesigning services with users and producers such as the work undertaken by design consultancies like IDEO, thinkpublic, Participle
and Live/Work or the Hope Institute†s citizen teams formed around public service improvements. One recent example is IDEO€ s work with
the SPARC centre at the Mayo Clinic (see-plan-act-refine-communicate which involved turning an internal medicine wing into a laboratory
and the work of consultancy firm What If 42) Forum theatre is a form of theatre developed by Augusto Boal in Brazil
One example is the work of †activist architectâ€, Teddy Cruz. Cruz uses †waste†materials from San diego to build homes, health clinics and other
is the work of Children†s Express in feeding children†s views into the design of ideas for estate regeneration (and into influencing public policy
2002) †Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison. †London: Do Tank Ltd 2. See Boal, A. 1979) †Theatre of the Oppressed. †London:
innovation is that it often works best by moving quickly into practice, rather than spending too long developing detailed plans and strategies.
been used increasingly in fields such as welfare to work. They are often seen as a gold standard for evaluation,
Business models that work are themselves a prime area for social innovation. They are as diverse as business models in commercial
and of influencing the way the sector works 107) Incomes and outcomes. There are a range of social business models
attention to the many elements that combine to make a business work †any one of which could be the decisive weakest link
communities in which they operate, providing work, services, and support. Examples include Japanese food consumer co-ops, and the
which specialises in work-based mentoring projects. Based on the idea that †everyone remembers their
more directly in the work of a venture, both directly, and through representation on the board.
127) User orientation and autonomous work groups. Large commercial organisations have moved away from hierarchical organisations to
structures but in its operations †how it works with others, uses technologies or works in partnership
131) Socially-oriented supply chains. Transparent supply chains that reflect the values of the venture are often a key element in sustaining
poor labour records. It often takes time to build up robust supply chains of this sort,
on the basis of its ideas and the way it works to realise them. This creates
of their work, the stories of those involved in it, and the range of people
A workplace should provide a clear and engaging insight into the work that goes on and culture that rests within the
organization. Some ventures go further and make their workplace into a working gallery or museum.
They demonstrate much of their work visually, through photos and graphs. Some arrange tours and generate
income from them. For example, Vauban in Freiburg, Germany, and Bo01 in Malmo, Sweden, are examples of low-carbon communities which
as well as see the work of the employees and staff. It is always a useful exercise for a venture
to consider how it could best present its work and its social purpose tangibly as if it were a gallery
a wide variety of people in the work of the organization. They are an occasion for experiencing the venture†s culture.
then the experience of the work and of contributing to a social goal has to be powerful enough to persuade them to continue.
proof that a particular model works) and effective demand (mobilising sources of finance to pay for the idea or service
is to find out what works and scale it upâ€. There are many methods for growing social innovations †from organisational growth and franchising to
works. Effective demand refers to the willingness to pay. Both are needed †but sometimes the priority is to prove effectiveness while in other cases the
example is the work of ASA (the Association for Social Advancement or Asa meaning hope in Bengali) to develop an alternative to Grameen
It works with councils in developing good practice through a network of online communities, web related resources and
But it can only work if operations can be codified under enforceable rules. Without codification, it is difficult to ensure quality and continuity
fair trade company that works with artisan cooperatives and NGOS in Bangladesh. Image courtesy of Sheenagh Day
technical support, policy work, media and PR, and internal/external evaluations. While the franchisees are responsible for fundraising, they
Metrics to show what works and what deserves to be grown There are many metrics for judging
a great deal of work has gone into the design of measures of social value A recent survey found 150 different metrics in use in the nonprofit sector
Our Work •Portfolio M&e The Work of Others •Global Health Agenda •Girls Database/Scorecards
•Girls Count Task force Reports •Partners & research initiatives measure girls more broadly Demand Driven System Change
Foundation†s work to develop the ability of adolescent girls in developing countries to deliver social and economic change to their families and
of when you should work, learn and retire. This idea leads to a range of innovations in everything from employment law and pensions to
workplace. This involves a wide range of issues from the use of the web to the nature of technology and the design of distributed systems which
Examples include bans on smoking in workplaces in part of Europe, and on advertising billboards in SãO Paolo, Brazil
changes, including paying attention to non-paid work, rethinking the contribution of finance to prosperity, and properly accounting for
These individuals can work within, or across, organisations They can be involved in adopting or adapting existing innovations.
Some work within organisations either within or across departments, some are set up to encourage collaboration across organisations,
They are shared much more than work spaces. They are places where social entrepreneurs, community activists, nonprofits, and
284) Innovation hubs are shared work spaces which are specifically designed to promote collaboration and innovation †such as CAN
theory underpins much of its work. This theory is based on a pyramid with three levels:
and action research collaboratives such as the Young Foundation†s work with local authorities on neighbourhoods and wellbeing
who come together on a regular basis to reflect on their work, support each other, and learn from formal evidence as an aid to both innovation
and NGOS, exemplified in the work of Philips in developing new models of The State The Market
325) Crosscutting budgets that support broad programmes which leave space for experiment and innovation, such as those For sure Start
ensuring the work continues even after government funding stops in 2010. Image courtesy of Andrew
methods for getting unemployed people into work, with payment linked to outcomes rather than inputs and outputs
Toyota†s methods of work organisation that has spread to manufacturing and service industries over the past 25 years.
393) Tithes of working time to generate collaborative public innovation †an extension of the Google model where engineers are encouraged to spend
and enterprises works best, or how to stage funding to maximum effect We anticipate rapid evolution in this space as philanthropists develop more
416) Intermediaries for contributions in kind provide labour and skills matching for volunteering, such as the Taproot Foundation†s Service
The students work Processing bamboo as part of Prosperity Initiative†s plan to transform the bamboo sector in Northwest Vietnam.
It works at the local, national and regional level, with organisations including non-governmental organisations, trade unions, faith-based
from community/voluntary associations to †work insertion†organisations and companies limited by guarantee Social enterprises can generate income in a myriad ways.
members, such as the service consortia in the, Third Italy, or Work Ventures in Australia 444) Consumer co-ops such as the Japanese food co-ops which have
are responsible for exploitative labour practices, cause harm to people and planet or are at odds with the values and mission of the investing
Paid work Unpaid work Leisure Housework, paid work and leisure Minutes per day and person, latest year available
Note: Using normalised series for personal care; United states 2005, Finland 1998, France 1999, Germany 2002, Italy 2003, United kingdom 2001
of working time, the valorisation of voluntary labour, the content and channels of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services
by enabling them to retain some rights over their works. Examples include: Creative Commons, Free Documentation, and Open Publication
publish works online for free Valorising the voluntary Another set of methods have tried to give formal value to time in the
voluntary work and support through, for example, public tax credits community commissioning and grant supported projects 504) Policies that create productive time in the household such as social
such as the right to request flexible working time 4 SUPPORT IN THE INFORMAL OR HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY 201
that represent a specified quantity of labour time. With Ithaca Hours a unit is valued at $10,
and while most work is valued as one unit, certain professionals like dentists are allowed to value their hour more highly
works for an hour helping an old person with shopping or housework If they work outside the hours of 9am to 5pm they get one and a half
If they undertake body care work they get two hours. The time dollars they receive can
teachers to work in schools 518) Producer-consumer collaboration, such as Community Shared Agriculture, in which consumers advance finance to farmers to fund
Live Work 31 London Climate Change Agency 158 Mapping 17-19 Margolis Wheel 47-48
Workplace as Museum 75 Work Ventures 183 Working Rite 66-67,220 World bank 19,38, 89 Worldchanging 178
WRAP 135 X-Prize 39 Young Foundation, The 2, 17,126, 133 137,147, 160,176-177,220, 221
His recent work has focused on new waste and energy systems and on projects in the social
Work by scientists such as Walport 1 as well as by thinkers such as Schã n 12, Galimberti 8
. & Whittle, J. 2014) Imaginative labour and relationships of care: Co-designing prototypes with vulnerable communities.
organisations that work with SMES to facilitate the change process A recent assessment report4 launched by the European commission, Directorate
When groups of organisations adopt networked methods of cooperative work, make associations for exploiting the market opportunities,
comprised of work teams inside departments inside divisions inside businesses inside industries. †16 â€oethe new paradigm requires thinking in terms of whole systems †that is,
within them coevolve capabilities around innovation and work cooperatively and competitively to support new products,
elements of precursor works by Lowe (1982) and Sábato and Mackenzi (1982), interprets the
behaviour and specific contributions to a complex division of labour in the production and use of knowledge for innovation (see the analysis of MIT in the 1930s in Etzkowitz, 2002
work centralization, limited mobility of workers, rigid and inertial institutional boundaries, low interaction with entities of another institutional sphere, etc
work effectiveness. Subsequently, boundaries between the job categories involved in these hybrid structures become looser
financial capital, delocalisation and globalisation of production sites, labour and social relationships, etc. Elements like generation and internalization of new skills and abilities
required for integration into dynamic work environments, access to both information and knowledge, uneven development of scientific and technological (including organisational
changing in the Knowledge Society, in line with the changing nature of work, workplace and organizations (Heerwagen, Kelly and Kampschroer, 2010.
towards a vision of work that is defined as a lifelong process of education and cognitive
inexpensive labour. It was in this context that MIT moved to the next stage of regional development, from supporting existing industries to playing a role in the
raw materials and cheap labour. After initial attempts to attract branch plants and renew SMES in dying industries, the Council turned to the region†s unique resource and
factors, such as strong knowledge base, skilled labour services and proximity to sources of knowledge and expertise, are much more important than cost reductions, especially for high
better work conditions to attract distinguished researchers rather than develop young researchers 16 The Brazilian popular cooperative incubator model was invented bottom-up by a university incubator and a
importation of organisational innovations work and when do they impede development What methodology should be developed for such an analysis,
Work and Workplace (downloaded on 8 april from http://www. wbdg. org/resources/chngorgwork. php Hekkert, M.,Suurs, R. A a.,Negro, S.,Kuhlmann, S.,Smits, R.,2008.
http://andrewspittle. net/2010/02/18/the-changing nature-of-work /Steinmueller, W. E. 1994. Basic Research and Industrial Innovation.
on Publication Ethics (COPE) and also works with Portico and the LOCKSS initiative for digital archive
Organization of work (teamwork, job rotation, etc Organized communication in the firm Spontaneous communication in the firm
and strongly dependent on the work contribution of the entrepreneur and that of his or her family.
Labour and taxation policies are national, not EU competences. Some Member States have not yet carried out the necessary reforms,
social dialogue in commerce works well and deserves continued support Eurocommerce has provided detailed comments on impact assessment and stakeholder
ï Labour reforms ï Tax simplification (VAT Are targets useful? Please explain Measurable targets are helpful;
It is a dynamic and labour -intensive sector, generating 11%of the EU€ s GDP.
29 million Europeans work in commerce, which is one of the few remaining job -creating activities in Europe.
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