-sons who are preoccupied with day-to-day work, diffi -culties in adopting high technology, a lack of advanced
-tine and administrative work. Market research, for example, is very rare in Upper Austrian SMES (17
-works. Technology intensive firms are usually more involved in innovation networks, both on local and inter
SWP) and Research and Training Centre for Labour and Technology Steyr (FAZAT. The other four †Incu
The Research and Training Centre for Labour and Technology (FAZAT) is located in one of the old indus
-ners†(trade union, chamber of labour, chamber of commerce) and major Austrian companies Basically, the FFF pursues a bottom-up strategy which
International Institute for Labour Stud -ies, Geneva Saxenian, A.,1994. Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in
-works, Innovations and Local Development in Industrialised Countries†(edited jointly with E. Bergman and G. Maier
This report is part of the work undertaken to realise Work Package 2 within the CRIPREDE project.
The work package†s main objective is to identify current regional policies fostering innovation and technology transfer as well as †good practice†policy
-work for identifying good practices on RTD and regional development, outlining dimen -sions of RTD, factors and processes influencing regional RTD and current policy initia
2 As outlined in the description of work of the CRIPREDE project, originally we aimed at identifying and
These include, for example, a well-educated labour force and professional labour markets (Simmie et al. 2003), attractive and †fashionable†places to live with high social
qualified labour and a generally good infrastructure of business support institutions However, although infrastructure can create the context for an innovative region, infra
-works, while simultaneously providing shortcuts to information and knowledge (Elfring and Hulsink 2003. Uzzi (1997) pointed out that strong ties contribute to †economies of
In this context, the works on the creative milieu suggest that high communicators play an important role for network development at re
-works to legitimate themselves To sum up, with regard to regional R&d, key actors are an important factor for a re
being overcritical of Florida†s works, their policy framework offers valuable insight into how regions might go about fostering RTD. 13
on a pool of qualified labour; they can obtain a good overview of customers†needs
motion picture industry, where climate and cheap labour played a triggering role; pools of specific expertise,
Not only price for labour is an advantage but also the quality of the work -force: The Indians are seen as ambitious and capable people who are international
-works) that supported the settlement of foreign enterprises. In Bangalore subsidies were given on an enterprise level (e g.,
-dents†project work, have created skills highly demanded in product development inten -sive firms†(Dalum et al. 1999: 184.
-perienced an extraordinary increase of the number of establishments and textile work -ers based on the foundation of numerous new SMES and a constant inflow of
-side the district, often from countries with a lower level of labour costs. Furthermore the firms reacted to the crisis by upgrading
cheaper production cost due to a lower level of labour costs for Tuttlingen†s producers But on the other hand this could foster increasing competition and the danger of loos
Tuttlingen†s employees work in lead and growth sectors compared to only 33.7%in overall Germany (Prognos 2006;
skilled labour Policies for up -grading skills R&d policies policies for up -grading skills Attitude to
by policies aimed at attracting highly skilled labour. This could include remigration policies as in the case of Bangalore, where the Indian government fostered the remigration of
-works highly dependent on each other, the potential problem of reciprocal ties that stronger firms might have to back up weaker firms
-tute for Labour Studies, Geneva, pp. 37-51 Becattini, G. 1991: The industrial district as a creative milieu.
-stitute for Labour Studies, Geneva, pp. 10-19 Cainelli, G. and R. Zoboli (eds.:The Evolution of Industrial Districts:
Qualified Labour Migration and Regional Knowledge Economies. In: R Hayter and R. Leheron (eds.:Knowledge, Territory and Industrial Space.
-works: A Comparative Study of Success and Demise. Administrative Science Quarterly 45 (2), 327-65
Sebw continues the successful work of the E-business W@tch which since January 2002, has analysed e-business developments and impacts in manufacturing
4. 1. 3 ICT impact on labour productivity growth...99 4. 1. 4 Summary: ICT impact on output
reorganisation of work processes. It appears that the availability of qualified personnel with specialised skills is limited quite in the transport
Chapter 4 assesses the impact of the developments described in Chapter 3 on work processes and employment, innovation and productivity,
In parallel to the work of the Sebw, the"Sectoral Innovation Watch"(see www. europe -innova. org) analyses innovation performance and challenges across different EU sectors
8 The 2006 ICT Standardisation Work Programme complements the Commission's"Action Plan for European Standardisation"of 2005 by dealing more in detail with ICT matters
developed by standards communities to underpin their practical work Examples include Business:""a series of processes, each having a clearly understood
NSIS were available (e g. for hours worked by labour type. Various series were linked in order to bridge different vintages of the national accounts according to a
shows that in the transport and logistics industries, high-skilled labour is more important than either medium-or low-skilled labour for productivity increases (see Section 4. 1
To a large extent the demand comes from SMES, which often face substantial difficulties in attracting qualified ICT and e-business professionals in competition with larger players
The delivery of e-skills training can benefit from the development of work-based training
technology is used actually in business processes to innovate work processes and business routines with support of ICT.
2003-2004 Work programme of FP6 82 The European commission has taken several strides towards encouraging the development of
standard, work still need to be done to achieve this end-goal Results from the present Sebw survey show a very limited use of RFID technologies yet
between the different internet access and usage by employees at the work place clusters and different variables
composition and the demand for labour, most importantly with regard to knowledge and skills. All these characteristics determine the level of competition in the industry
influence the demand for labour and its composition. It may also further shape the relationships with suppliers and customers, for example with regard to collaboration
found to have positive effects on labour productivity and total factor productivity (Pilat 2005). ) An important finding is,
i e. on a company's ability to innovate its work processes and business routines with support of ICT.
growth accounting, such as labour and intermediate inputs. Therefore, it can be expected that total factor productivity growth jointly accelerates with higher investment in ICT
towards skilled workers, reducing demand for unskilled labour and increasing wage 111 TFP is a measure for disembodied technical change in a production process.
for skilled labour and decrease the same for unskilled labour (†digital divideâ€. The analysis will therefore focus on the interdependence of ICT investments with skill
ICT and high-and medium-skilled labour have a positive impact on TFP growth in the transport and logistics sector
-capital and non-ICT-capital, working hours and labour quality by means of growth accounting
2. Section 4. 1. 3 looks at the overall development of labour productivity growth in the
-capital investment on labour productivity growth (in terms of gross production value per total hours worked), based on an econometrically estimated stochastic production
Hours Worked Labour composition ICT Capital Non ICT Capital Total factor productivity Source: EUKLEMS database, GGDC;
4. 1. 3 ICT impact on labour productivity growth Labour productivity growth in the transport and logistics sector
The EU KLEMS data contains consistent annual data for a subset of the EU-27 (typically
Data on labour input are available in terms of labour productivity employment, average hours worked per employee and total working hours.
Exhibit 4. 1-3 shows that pattern of labour productivity growth varies a lot across the EU
Labour productivity growth in the transport and storage sector in the EU-15,1980-2004 annual average growth rates in%,various sub-periods
acceleration in labour productivity growth similar to that reported for the U s. Gordon 2004; Jorgenson et al.
) High average growth in labour productivity can virtually only be detected for Greece (with remarkably high average labour productivity growth
regarding common labour productivity growth patterns in the transport and storage sector Exhibit 4. 1-4 reports the employment growth figures.
The impact of ICT on labour productivity growth Based on the secondary intermediate inputs and the two primary input factors (i e
and labour input measured in working hours, broken down into three different types of skills),
except of the ICT capital stock and medium-skilled labour intensity, all other parameter values in Exhibit 4. 1-6 are significantly different from zero at the 5%significance level. 116
Low-skilled labour and non-ICT-capital intensities are included not here since we found them to be insignificant even at the 10%-level
intensity (0. 22) and the high-skilled labour intensity (0. 21) are found to be a key
components of labour productivity growth. With respect to skill levels, high-skilled labour has a positive impact on productivity increases in the EU transportation sector
while both, medium-skilled and low-skilled labour does not have a significant impact. 117
sectors, we found that labour skills play a more important role in influencing productivity in the transportation sector than in the steel industry,
In contrast, physical ICT-capital investment does not have a significant impact on labour productivity.
2000) who found a high impact of ICT capital on U s. labour productivity growth. 118 Finally, no significant average annual rate of technical progress for the common
117 For medium-skilled labour the estimated coefficient is not only insignificant but also exhibits a negative sign
High-skilled labour intensity and intermediate inputs intensity are found to be key drivers for labour productivity growth (measured as gross production value per
working hours No significant average annual rate of technical progress towards the estimated production possibility frontier was found
intermediate inputs as key drivers of labour productivity growth. Ã ICT by itself is not
Only high-skilled labour had a positive growth impact à indicates a skill-biased technological change with ICT-capital as its
possibility frontier revealed that, due to greater detailed structure on the labour inputs decomposed on skill-classes and the inclusion of intermediate inputs, the direct positive
link between ICT-capital investments and labour productivity growth is probably much weaker. Rather, the share of high-skilled labour and the intermediate inputs intensity
appear to be of higher importance With regard to Hypothesis P. 2, the growth accounting analysis in section 4. 1. 2 has not
of work, such as banking (Mcafee, 2006. ICT facilitates firms†innovativeness by propagating innovations that are structured less than business processes.
between) ICT capital in terms of boosting labour productivity growth Little evidence for convergence of the EU Member Countries in terms of common
patterns regarding GVA and labour productivity growth With regard to the hypothesis formulated, we can make the following two conclusions
linkage between ICT investment and labour productivity may actually be much weaker than the evidence from more aggregate studies suggests.
The main changes concern tasks and responsibilities of the personnel, internal work processes, and some personnel changes.
Due to these improvements in work flows and information management, and the resulting improvements in cost efficiency, the system contributes to the competitiveness of AISA
The elimination of manual processes and duplications of work has improved greatly company operations, planning and decision making.
also it gives real-time information to the drivers, coordinating the work with the traffic chiefs.
these complex systems are used actually in the daily work is more important than the mere adoption of the technology itself to achieve positive impacts
ALSA managed to increase the labour productivity through the use of these ICT systems. The resource planning system in particular has led to a big resource
optimisation and spectacular productivity increases, in specific work areas of 200%(i e one employee can now accomplish the work
which required three employees before the system was introduced. This productivity gains translates into an increase in
conditions and significantly reduced manual work. For example, all selling points have been equipped with new furniture and air condition.
Another benefit is the reduction of manual work and the optimisation of working process which leads to a more efficient production mode of the ticket selling
sizable labour efficiencies ICT has contributed in increasing the competitiveness of logistics companies in significantly reducing operational costs, optimising the efficiency of warehouse
Nevertheless, even if the technical solution works well, it is important to outline that this solution is dependent on the availability of the GPS and network.
which disables users from carrying out work for customers who have a bad credit record 5. 9. 3 Impact
This creates a lot of additional work. One employee is assigned to manage the supplier relationships on a full-time basis
Since Saima Avandero works with a multitude of small suppliers (sometimes up to five suppliers for one single transport) it is very difficult to get them engaged to provide the
Another important issue is the additional work generated by the solution. The manual work generated by the data collection from suppliers
The best would probably be to deploy a solution that works independently on the different suppliers,
Trafikanten and their habit to work with them, the project went very smoothly The project is considered to be a great success and the citation of this case in the media
The company does not own any vehicles but works with different transport operators that own the vehicles.
It has been observed that ICT together with high and medium-skilled labour has a positive impact on TFP growth.
the ability to empower the work force is a necessary complementary measure to ICT adoption.
The European commission is supporting the work on ICT standards and interoperability, including the interoperability of networks,
Oxford Handbook of Work and Organisation, ed. Ball, R.,Tolbert, P. and Ackroyd, S.,Oxford university Press, Oxford
impact factors on labour productivity. However, through modifying the variables, i e through dividing them by total working hours (TWH),
allows to draw conclusions about the contribution of single variables on labour productivity If, given the factor input set, the produced output level stays below the potential maximum
Gross Value Added, Labour Input and Labour Productivity in the transport and logistics sector (1980-1995,1995-2000 and 2000-2004
able to perform unpredictable tasks and work semi -autonomously, will reduce the physical commitment needed from human carers.
The system developed works indoors, with small and low cost changes needed in the user†s
and for citizens to study, work reside and retire anywhere in the EU. Key to this strategy is the development of large
of goods, services and works by the EU public sector is estimated to be almost 20%of EU GDP (2010 figures.
give advice and work bi-directionally), near-zero energy buildings and more energy-efficient transport systems.
Hospilot works in two main areas: lighting and HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning), which account for nearly 80%of all energy use in hospitals
and works with existing logistics. It has been designed to work for any data centre, Computing style, Monitoring and Automation
flow volume and work with the resulting rate of accidents per million miles traveled or some
residence than his/her usual work place. As obvious as this should be as a way of eliminating
impacts (substitution of work travel by not-for-work travel and moving further to work E-office (internet, e-mail, portable
computers, tele-servicing Possibly reduces travel during work. May cause increase of long distance travel because of more on the move-move working
options E-meeting (tele-and videoconferencing) Reduces travel needs to a limited extent, cannot substitute key
non-work purposes by teleworkers, and 2) long-term effects, like relocation at a greater physical distance from work
The lateral control task works by infrared sensors that measure variation in reflection of the standard markers on the road surface.
supported that work The lack of standardised systems restricts our ability to deliver information where it†s
resources, and a more satisfying work environment for the staff. Such a system should ICT€ s Role in Healthcare Transformation
Section 5 concludes the paper providing directions for future work 2 ICT innovation in Healthcare
An example of indirect method is proposed in 8. This work aims to identify hy -pertensive patients who do not adhere to prescribed medication using an ontology
This work has been done in the context of the THECS project which is supported by the Dutch national program COMMIT
training centre and started work in Helsinki, Finland in 1985. The Institute undertakes applied research and policy analysis on structural changes
Work is carried out by staff researchers and visiting scholars in Helsinki and through networks of
Internal factors could be self-motivation, technical education background, work experience, and innovative ideas of entrepreneurs.
both internal factors such as self-motivation, technical education background, work experience, and innovative ideas of entrepreneurs on the one hand, and external factors
and labour would depend more on how far they have been able to satisfy their customers†needs and requirements rather than on the nature of
well as that of labour, has a significant influence on the rate of growth of sales turnover of innovative SMES
Similarly, Kg and Lg are CARG of capital and labour respectively, during 2001/2†2005/6 and ISP is average percentage of innovated products
variables of labour and capital, we have not used any interaction term for the present analysis
important is the increase in capital as well as labour. Thus if an innovative SME could expand the scale of production in terms of capital
and labour and achieve an increase in innovation sales, it will be able to experience a significant improvement in the growth of
-Work experience -Innovative ideas External Factors Market Pressure -Customer demand -Market opportunities -Suppliers of equipments
identify good practice and work to coordinate domestic and international policies The OECD member countries are:
the European communities takes part in the work of the OECD OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation†s statistics gathering
This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-general of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the
Headquarters in 2007 under the OECD Labour Management Programme The authors would like to express particular thanks to country experts
assisted the Secretariat as an outside expert consultant on background work for the chapter on monitoring
sheets, were developed to guide daily work, and substantial efforts were made to foster self management The most frequently cited effect of ICTS on efficiency is related to
ICTS can reduce some of the work involved in collecting patient information and getting it to where it is needed.
since labour typically represents the lion's share of dispensing costs in community pharmacies. This could improve customer
Claims that cost USD 5. 00 to submit in labour costs per CHAPTER 1. GENERATING VALUE FROM HEALTH ICTS †41
care is a labour-intensive and time-consuming process and generally occurs retroactively Case studies show that automated data collection
Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing www. oecd. org/els/health/workingpapers Rosen, B. 1989), â€oeprofessional Reimbursement and Professional Behavior
Beaulieu, N d. and D. R. Horrigan (2005), â€oeputting Smart money to Work for Quality Improvementâ€, Health Services Research, Vol. 40
Committee in the United states (Certification and Adoption Work Group meeting of 14 july 2009) 5 recently noted the issues listed below pertaining
applications in their clinical work, and this propensity may in turn, be linked to the level of skill and competence of providers, as well as to incentives
Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social affairs, OECD Publishing, Paris OECD (2009), OECD Health Data 2009 †Statistics and Indicators for 30
deliverables of value to all the potential beneficiaries, engaging physicians in the work of jointly pursuing primary care renewal and better care for patients in the North
to work. Central to the programme, Ib-Salut†s Hospital Son Dureta in Palma ANNEX A. COUNTRY CASE STUDIES †143
The work of locum GPS is demanding because of patients with a wide range of problems and needs and of the
overlapping work streams. Activity on work stream 1 has focused on collecting information on how OECD countries are monitoring health ICTS
specifically on surveys or data collections that are considered useful from a policy perspective and the most common indicators used today
On work stream 2, the project has proceeded in several phases. First, a scoping paper was commissioned to review the strength of the available
and consider how the work could best be carried out. Given the dearth of data, the workshop concluded that
established to help guide the work, the development of a framework for the selection and analysis of case studies and interpretation of results.
been guidance to the different work packages and structuring the relation between the work packages
The IPF has been organised in six work packages, each headed by one of the consortium members.
VINNOVA has coordinated and managed the project. Five of these work packages have focused on identifying
and developing better practices to support SMES (the WP2, WP3 and WP5), or to identify
future work. It presents -IPF as a learning platform that facilitates collaboration and learning among organisations
organisation of the work This is followed by presenting the main lessons learned from the network/learning platform, the
that has governed the work processes. It presents the definitions of the model and the key processes
work packages, with a description of experiences from the processes and recommendations, both with regard to the tools in themselves and with
to the different work packages, structuring the relation between them. These relations are illustrated in figure 1
a way to structure the relation between the work packages of the IPF and the organisation of the
Work packages Identification and analysis of good practises of policy initiatives Service Delivery System Design
The IPF has been organised in six work packages each headed by one of the consortium members
The work has been conducted with an approach to facilitate and maximise networking and exchange of
and contribute to the work and to incorporate positive group dynamics in to the processes All groups have worked with the challenges
Five of these work packages have focused on the identification and development of better practices to support SMES (the WP2, WP3 and
the synthesis of the results of the work package The common framework and the segmentation
1. Work package 1 has allocated responsibilities with regard to the management of the INNO Partnering Forum Council
2. Work package 2 included peer reviews of European agencies and programmes in order to identify and to analyse good practises
3. Work package 3 included twinning, i e. working with transferring good practices from one policy context to another policy context (e g
4. Work package 4 included evaluating, testing and elaborating new quality management systems that have the purpose to improve
5. Work package 5 included peer reviews of good practices at innovation agencies outside of Europe
6. Work package 6 included improving delivery of innovation support services to SMES The consortium has held regular meetings
working actively in different work packages and also used IT-tools such as Linkedin (www. linkedin
or work processes that guides users on how the language should be applied when analysing and transferring good practices between
•The work processes have also been positive in generating new networks and broadened the
used in Work package 2 focused on reviewing policy instruments, but also in Work package 5
and 6 •A twinning method used to redesign good practices from one policy context to another
in Work package 3, focused on transfer of good practices between policy contexts •EFQM has been adopted to identify and assess
agencies, mainly used in Work package 4 on efficiency and effectiveness in agency operations •Guidelines for design of service delivery
systems, mainly done in Work package 6 on service delivery systems •The Conceptual Framework and the
Segmentation method developed in Work package 1 can also be regarded as part of the IPFTOOL set
obtained in the work with identification and analysis of good practises. However, assessment and description of transferability need further
template driven process that works well. The questionnaires, templates and other documents that supports the peer review have been very
The work package has established a model for the conduct of peer reviews •However, there are areas for improvement
•In the future one should perhaps work more with Twinning advanced, involving learning between experienced actors.
•The work package has developed tools and guidelines so that other agencies can start implementing the EFQM model by themselves
At the same time the experience of the work package is that it is beneficial to work with other
foundation to work from and such funds must be able to commit themselves to companies with a high growth potential
SMES to work with innovation management and not only in R&d and product development. This involves broadening the innovation concept to
pick which work packages to be involved in. In this approach external experts can be included when needed.
•Work with capacity building in less developed countries and regions The remaining issues should be discussed and
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011