Synopsis: Ict:

European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 45 Best Practices in Universities†Regional Engagement. Towards Smart Specialisation Cristina Å ERBÄ NICÄ

cpantelica@yahoo. co. uk Abstract The aim of this paper is to highlight universities†contribution to the success of innovation systems in

using secondary sources form OECD, Erawatch and the European Regional Monitor database The European Regional Innovation Scoreboard (2012) provides a comparative

assessment of innovation performance across 190 NUTS 1 and NUTS 2 regions of the European union, Croatia, Norway and Switzerland, using 12 indicators that describe the

Given the fact that the data available at regional level remains considerably scarce, the 2012 RIS does not provide an absolute

The data have been normalized using the min-max procedure, the maximum normalised score being thus

which is a Leader high region (Regional Innovation Monitor: Denmark 2012. Much of the success in regional cooperation was due to the Danish University Act that has

Regional Innovation Monitor: Denmark, 2012 A lot of literature has also been devoted to highlighting the merits of a very successful

Each platform is organized around core competencies in the region and the main activities are linked to networking, strategic

regional actors into the dialogue (Regional Innovation Monitor: Sweden, 2012 Similarly, the PRIM project (2008-2011) in Ostra Mellansverige (Process and Relations

region†s universities (Regional Innovation Monitor: Sweden, 2012. Finally, the Knowledge Navigator programme in Stockholm (2008 †2011/2012) involves different

Innovation Monitor: Austria 2012 Finally, in The netherlands, there is a legal requirement for higher education institutions to engage regionally.

companies (Regional Innovation Monitor: The netherlands, 2012. There are also some very successful initiatives in The netherlands aimed at fostering the cooperation between

orientation, especially with regard to SMES (Regional Innovation Monitor: the Netherlands, 2012 4. Conclusions. Towards Smart Specialisation

SME€ s (Regional Innovation Monitor 2011 Annual Report, 2012), but also a further need for regional coordination.

According to the Regional Innovation Monitor conclusions, †the underlying characteristics for world-class performing regions is that most programmes focus on

Monitor 2011 Annual Report, 2012, p. iv-v). This approach is integrated also in the â€oesmart specialisation†concept that represents the new paradigm at the EU level.

%20innovation-executive%20report. pdf Boucher, G.,Conway, C. and Van der Meer, E. 2003: Tiers of engagement by universities in

553 en. pdf European commission (2011: Supporting growth and jobs †an agenda for the modernisation of

PDF European Journal of Interdisciplinary studies 53 European commission (2011: Connecting Universities to Regional Growth: A Practical Guide

en. pdf European commission (2012: Guide to Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisation. March 2012.

http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ris-2012 en. pdf Melin G.,Fridholm, T.,HÃ¥KANSSON A.,Jansson, T.,Stern P,

***Regional Innovation Monitor (2011: Annual Report 2012. Governance, policies, and perspectives in European regions. A report produced by Fraunhofer ISI in association with UNU

***Regional Innovation Monitor (2012: Baseline profiles (Denmark, Sweden, Austria Netherlands). ) Available from: http://www. rim-europa. eu/index. cfm?

Data represent SMES compared to Large firms. In the present analysis we consider sectors defined as â€oeall Core NACE rev 2

-Private, nonfinancial activities†related to innovation1 The table below (see also Figure 1a in Appendix) shows proportions of product and

1 All Core NACE activities related to innovation activities (B c, D, E, G46, H, J58, J61, J62, J63, K and M71

The data suggest that SMES innovate less than large firms across a range of categories including product innovation, process innovation, non-technological

of advanced machinery, equipment and software for innovation; purchase or licensing of patents and non-patented inventions, know-how and other types of knowledge;

In a study employing Community Innovation Survey data over 16 countries, Holzl (2009 found that high-growth SMES are more innovative

2 All Core NACE activities related to innovation activities (B c, D, E, G46, H, J58, J61, J62, J63, K and M71

Although increasing institutional efforts to harmonize data for the understanding of the relationship between innovation and SMES performance, comparative exercises at the EU

Despite our analysis was bounded by data availability, it is relevant to remember that to increase SMES competitiveness other elements should be considered.

A system†s review of UK and international innovation data, NESTA Report, London (UK Baumol William J. 2002), The free-market innovation machine:

No 39261 (http://mpra. ub. uni-muenchen. de/39261/1/MPRA PAPER 39261. pdf European commission (2011), Competitiveness Report on SMES (2011), European

http://ec. europa. eu/research/innovation-union/pdf/competitiveness -report/2011/executive summary. pdf#view=fit&pagemode=none

European commission (2013), Innovation Union Scoreboard http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/ius-2013 en. pdf

Griffith R.,Elena Huergo, Jacques Mairesse, and Bettina Peters (2006), Innovation and Productivity across four European countries, Oxford Review of Economic policy, Vol. 22

CIS III data for 16 countries, Small Business Economics, Vol. 33 pp 59†75 Kakati M. 2003), Success criteria in high-tech new ventures, Technovation, Vol. 23

but this outlook â€oefrom the knowledge supply side†does not guarantee â€oevoice. †The second condition alludes

or the characteristics of the users were not carefully taken into account and they will not be able to incorporate the would-have been

The unaffordable alternative was importing a special software The passage from the problem to demand was mediated by actors who are not directly

obtained is free software so it does not require material investment or large-scale logistics for implementation.

The software developed was transferred directly to the PCE for use in patients, while the research group made contacts with members of

or â€oethe one laptop per child†program implement in Uruguay since 2007; and the needs and demands present in two poor neighborhoods in

commercial stores to buy plasma television, from violent robberies for food at the time of the first call to different types of security problems associated now with

desafã os para el contrato social de la ciencia en contextos de subdesarrollo. Buenos aires: VIII Jornada ESOCITE

http://www. ces. uc. pt/myces/Userfiles/livros/125 wp1-%232 final. pdf ECLAC. (2010. Time for equality.

-SES-33-3-Time for equality doc completo. pdf Elster, J. 1983. Sour grapes: Studies in the subversion of rationality.

and interpreting technological innovation data. Oslo Manual. European commission, Eurostat. Retrieved from http://www. oecd. org/dataoecd/35/61/2367580. pdf

Ostrom, E. 1996. Crossing the great divide: Coproduction, synergy, and development. World Development 24 (6), 1073†1087

or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission

However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use

30 september 2014 Case study analysis report of online collaboration and networking tools for social innovation Deliverable 8. 3 of the

FP7-project: TEPSIE (290771 2 Abstract This deliverable constitutes Deliverable D8. 3 â€oecase study reports of online collaboration and

x Robin Murray (Member of Tepsie†s independent Advisory Panel x Niels Christian Nielsen (DTI, Denmark

information access and data usage; social choices; service models; financing and much more. In this context, Work Package 8 examines the impact of ICT on,

like Web 2. 0, Web 3. 0 and even Web 4. 0. Deliverable D8. 1 also argued that ICT in an historical

apt comparison with the current impact of ICT and internet might be 17th century England when

which final users and communities collaborate through digital platforms to produce solutions for a wide range of social needs that have failed to be met by existing solutions

unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled collective platforms. †1 Tepsie includes in its

that, for example, it is assumed not that â€oefinal users and communities†necessarily themselves use digital tools,

internet, the world-wide-web, social media and smart phone apps, new ways of carrying out social innovation have become possible

possible more than ever before using the internet or mobile apps to link, almost instantaneously and regardless of distance, people with a social need to others who can meet that need.

and analyse data of what social needs are being experienced by which people in different places at different times.

For example, using the internet to send algorithms for 3-D printed prosthetic limbs designed for war victims in developing countries for local production and use

/2 †Big data†refers to the vast amount of data that can be collected from the internet,

by the public sector as open government data and as contributed by ordinary people through †crowdsourcingâ€

This means that development costs are shared amongst all users, thus keeping the price low. It is also implies that the ICT is generally easy to use as it is can often become a standard

supplier of the user) prior to or during use to include very specific features only required by the

user. This means that development costs are borne largely by the user alone, thus the price

tends to be high. It is also implies that the ICT generally requires special training for use as it is

TV, radio, the telephone, etc x Physical activities: refer to activities or processes which are physical, such as human face-to

/4 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/files/epsis-2013 en. pdf Note, the European PSI categories are in

The adoption of this societal challenge approach has also been endorsed by Tepsie†s Advisory Panel

x be logistically amenable to data and information collection and analysis, including suitable material accessible in the public domain,

Given that this database of 30 cases, together with the accompanying desk research, constitutes a

Surfen zum Job (DE) Tackling youth unemployment, low job skills and the digital divide Jobbanken (DK) Supporting people with a mental illness (back) into work, giving them self-esteem,

Eastserve, Manchester (UK) Tackling local digital divide, low skills, high unemployment and poverty, improving engagement and social cohesion

Making the corporate world transparent via open data to citizens civil groups, journalists to create new content & knowledge & hold

channels over a broadband Internet link Diabetiva (GER) Reach high-risk patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 who have displayed symptoms or developed illnesses & blood complications

8 http://ec. europa. eu/employment social/eie/chap1-5-2 en. html 18 people, despite the economy picking up again in the last few years.

11 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zero-hour contract 12 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting-entrepreneurship/social-economy

highly skilled individuals selling their talents in a global market place over the Internet, playing off

relationships, they merely Skype and leave aside â€oeall the restâ€), and the overall †mechanisation†of

which manipulate, match and mine data, and which require access to information and systematised intelligence, will become codified

machines do best, especially in the context of so-called artificial intelligence, and what people do best is constantly shifting,

x Networks such as Linkedin allow people to stay in touch with potential work partners much

a particular website/app, more a technological shift that enables the social innovation of flexible working

x Services such as Skype have made global videoconferencing free and made it easier for people to form work partnerships across countries

Internet. The Internet can also be used to match work or tasks which people need doing with those

willing and able to do them in real or very quick time, for example the US-based Taskrabbit which also recently launched in the UK. 16 ICT can assist in finding work in two main ways

web-design, app development, software programming or any other types which need ICT or are in

digital divide -Improve digital search skills for all types of unemployed with focus on low qualified, and help in finding a job

-80,000 users, 13. 7m potential, 9 FTES, across UK Eslife (ES) 19 Flexible work matching for

-Private funding, civil partners & users, private operation -Neighbourhood-based, can be used anywhere, thousands of users

Creating and doing work Mission Leben (DE) 21 Providing people with a mental illness with work, improving their

zum job operates a database of 8, 000 institutions providing ICT facilities and support which is

databases and tools), and for matching assets (the job seekers and their skills and competences) with the needs of prospective employers

offline knowledge communities amongst the service operators and to some extent with job -seekers and employers,

Eslife has a website with simple navigation in 3 steps: i notification of work or a task which needs doing,

Eslife also provides a database of the task provider†s skills and requirements which are evaluated,

matching, and also runs a blog with news, information and practical tips. As in the other two

cases, Skillandar provides a database of the task provider†s skills and conditions, which if

service itself, offline communities also develop because in these finding employment cases matching is mainly fast, often urgent and thus local.

bridging types) amongst user communities. All three cases also started as mainly small world networks in specific localities,

at the user interface in the Mission Leben case targeting disadvantaged users, though this is less critical in the Soe case aimed at graduate students.

This example uses databases, terminals RFID23 tags with barcodes or transponders on items of laundry,

RFID readers, both handheld and batch, and automatic laundry sorting devices, washing machines, dryers, laundry folders, etc.

Each step of the laundry process has its own software module, and all required human supervision is kept simple and user friendly.

For example people with a mental illness do not have to read or write to operate the system, but only need

to steer the mouse to the correct part of the screen. In some contrast, the student start-ups at

based on freeware programs which can also be adapted and further developed. There is an online screening tool for new student start-ups capturing ideas, strategies, key features

mainly by social media (Facebook and Linkedin with Mailchimp for newsletters. ICT is used alongside physical and traditional training workshops, mentoring, brainstorming and general

Mission Leben uses an ICT Internet of things e g RFID barcodes or transponders on all laundry items and equipment which digitally inter

-communicate and are controlled both by automatic programs and the operators. In contrast the CSE case uses in principle all types of online platform from content creation, to matching

The student start-ups are also members of both online and offline start-up communities, with strong mutual reinforcement between the two,

offline knowledge base for new start-ups. CSE initially exhibited a small world network configuration, and is now starting to become part of a scale-free network by learning and

internship (255 in private sector), with very low dropout (2011-2013 data 26 x Eslife: promotes initiative and autonomy amongst unemployed, underemployed and

internship (255 in private sector), with very low dropout (2011-2013 data x Eslife: provides benefits of legal and insured work compared to informal work

data entry and stewarding with flexible labour supply x Eslife: Over 1, 000 unemployed, underemployed and volunteers looking for work, in 7

cities and growing to over 25 in 2014 (latest two months of data show 600-700 tasks

because such online interaction can directly support offline communities as the service is geared to fast and often urgent,

the sharing of knowledge, ideas and experiences both online and offline Barriers and drivers In the following the barriers and drivers reported by cases are summarised by focus area

The main barrier for the Mission Leben case is that the bespoke ICT needs backup systems and

very simple at the user interface, can be challenging for people with a mental illness. In the CSE

typically as complements to existing offline communities or enabling the latter to be developed as knowledge communities which also build social capital.

community or knowledge network can also spin-off offline communities if the function timewise supports fast and urgent,

capital amongst user communities. All three cases also started as mainly small world networks, but

-and offline knowledge communities -Social capital both bonding & bridging -Starting as small world scaling to

offline communities and builds social capital (both bonding & bridging -Starting as small world scaling to

-and offline knowledge communities -Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging -Starting as small world scaling to

needs ICT backup -Even simple interface can be difficult for low ability group -Lack of space for

â€oeevents, conferences, training, blogs, webinars, newsletters, books, films, guides, tweets, and more†â€. 27 The Transition Town Network is seen as a socioeconomic movement based on fiscal

helping authorities improve public transport by establishing a platform where users can submit their ideas for change, 29 maintaining public property on a platform where people can show which

use of mobile phones by a large number of citizens to geo-locate industrial, including nuclear waste left over from the Soviet period

virtual worlds, there may seem to be a mismatch between online activities and traditional physical reality.

data and data analysis, speed, connectivity, information, global reach and the long tail, virtually zero cost of forming online communities, dramatically reduced

x How to guard against decisions being taken about peoples†lives based purely on big data, data

analytics and closed algorithms x How to mitigate the digital divide, in terms of access, affordablity, skills and use, whereby some

individuals, groups and localities are disadvantaged 27 https://www. transitionnetwork. org /28 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Transition towns (network

29 As in the ZBILETEMTANIEJ example 30 for example in Russia: www. otmenta. ru 31 www. lipsva. com

x How to balance data privacy, protection and misuse with openness, transparency and the benefits of big data

People live their private and public lives in physical localities, although most are today more or less

digital information will have a growing influence on how they see the physical realm and how they act within it and move

Many technology trends (such as ambient intelligent space, artificial intelligence and intelligent agents, cloud based services, the semantic web and the internet of things, mobile and mobile apps

social media, and augmented and virtual reality) are enabling us to better contextualise our physical interactions with people, things and places. 33 For example, the so-called †geoweb†of data

linked to geogrpahic places provides †digital overlays†of different types of data related to physical

locations and things, thereby †augmenting their reality†so that, for instance, pointing a smart phone at a building instantly provides information about it. 34 According to the Economist (2012

the â€oegeoweb is growing thickerâ€, i e. there is an increasing number of features of the physical world

e g. buildings, businesses, schools, parks, public facilities, etc. with information attached to them The thickest geowebs are in Scandinavia, then Western europe, North america.

The digital overlay will, in effect, allow people to see through walls (what†s in that shop), what†s around the corner (is

focused, and the majority of applications for mobile phones (especially smart phones) people use as they move around are based locality.

which locate the data to specific points in space or specific geographic areas. This characterises much of the so-called †open data†made available by

as well as proprietary, private or personal data which might be added or mashed together either as open or protected data to solve specific problems and/or

analyse specific issues or situations. Much ICT also supports activities (including social innovation which is not in itself new (e g. complaining to the local council,

many more numbers than would be possible offline, as well as much faster including in real-time. It is also enabling new peer-to-peer models of action, completely new types of functionality such as

34 This relates to the so called †internet of things†and †internet of everything††see also Tepsie D8. 1 section 3. 2. 3

data and data analytics to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of local systems (like transport, utilities, etc.

and make sense of their own and each other†s data and through this their interconnected lives. The

is concerned especially with using data and coordinating resources to improve the lives of the neighbourhood†s inhabitants in terms of improved physical environments and mobility.

http://www. wired. co. uk/news/archive/2012-04/17/potential-of-smarter-cities-beyond-ibm-and-cisco

-Enabling real-and quick-time online (web & mobile) reporting of problems to authorities & community dialogue

-Public, insurance & user funding, initiated by private sector, public -private-civil & university research partnerships, many local volunteers

-ICT web/mobile for matching supply & demand, managing system social fora, awareness raising; local currency to exchange work and

-Online crowdsourced campaigning tool using website, mobile and social media to collect data and organise, increasing civic engagement

on issues, community voice and agency -Public lottery fund, many civil organisations, with public & private

on website for project registration, finding, donating and volunteering plus social media -Started in 2008 by 3 grassroots activists in New york,

rapidly gained funding from many foundations & other donors, remains civil operated -£740, 000 donated;

Given that many residents use mobile phones rather than fixed telephone lines, a 100mbps licensed wireless broadband backbone network was installed (at affordable

social networking, including information and interactive services from the City council, national government departments, the police and local community networks.

access and training sites in 17 local schools, eight UK-Online community access centres and 10

also have some spillover into offline knowledge and participation communities. Users can also take and send photos to illustrate the problem

if it is tangible. The service enables dialogue and 45 discussion to take place around the problem both with the local authority as well as with other

Also in both cases complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, directly by the Eastserve case and more indirectly by the Naprawmyto case, which

(which provides free software and assistance for anyone to â€oerun a website like Fixmystreet in your country or city, for freeâ€. the

Fixmystreet Platform is for citizens who want to run their own sites. â€), 46 as well as the

American Seeclickfix. com47 forerunners Local community development x ICT used: The Viedome case uses mainly relatively standard ICT

for personalising home care for older persons based on flexible infrastructure, hardware and software components fully open for other suppliers,

as well as Mextal (the firm owning and commercially selling the concept), to build upon. Viedome can combine all functionalities and

and service types, ranging from infrastructures, TV, touch screen, PC, mobile, sensor, cameras, etc. as well as appropriate software and content

Viedome is broadly applicable in houses as well as in institutions, and has a modular building block set†up so can be implemented in unique ways as desired for individual users.

Viedome is a community platform specifically designed for each individual municipality, local society as well as for the individual care recipients who live there.

The ICT is configured to ensure the user can live as independently as possible as well as integrate into the community, but

personalising the package around care, comfort, safety, information, support and advice communication, entertainment and commerce.

solutions for both web and mobile as open source e-platforms, but these are used very specifically to match the supply and demand for the exchange of local goods, services and tasks

and via social media for ensuring transparency to combat corruption, promote discussion and raise awareness alongside a large number of

case and mostly organised by the user and his/her community themselves, although often in

Also in both cases, complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating

website, mobile and social media) to create a multidimensional campaign to gather stories and raise awareness of the impact of housing benefit changes in Hackney.

a free blogging platform †to create a website that includes information on the changes, shows

and Facebook †the most popular online social networking tool †to reach more residents of Hackney.

These free online tools meant that Hackney CAB Crowdmap could reach the community and gather

crowdfunding (mirco-finance) based on website for project registration, finding, donating and volunteering, plus social media (Facebook, blogs, Twitter, Flickr, Vimeo) for constant updating

and following up projects, people and places. This is supplemented by traditional and physical activities, given that of course all projects are physical and tangible projects in the

-and offline targeting journalists and politicians, amongst others, and so bring a national issue with adverse local effects to the

complementary online and offline knowledge communities, with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter, and where important social innovation benefits arise

course it facilitates offline communities around the neighbourhood projects. In terms of networks, both the civic engagement and activism cases mainly exhibit

over the medium-term to capture data on where, when and what type of problems occur

them over the medium-term to capture data on where, when and what type of problems

organisations to gather impact stories from service users, local community activism and participation was increased, and 64 reports have been collated online to date

†from digital divide to digital dividend†in which people have a real personal stake in digitally

collectively, to become stakeholders in new online and offline social networks, encouraging strong and positive relationships between people from different backgrounds in the workplace, in

-services based on user journey mapping using ethnographic techniques such as observing what people actually do. Critical is developing a clear †sense of place†through a strong geographic focus

and this also encourages offline initiatives to be setup and/or supported around the same

generating and analysing data and campaigning through citizen advocacy. The main purpose of gathering impact data stories was to increase the voice of local people,

campaign against the changes by providing reasoned evidence of negative impact, and hopefully influence decision

and all were were added to the map on the website to provide an easily accessible and illustrative visualisation of the housing benefit problems in Hackney.

published research findings on the website. The results of a mystery shopping housing exercise and

the online impact map were shared through social media and used by other organisations to supplement their own findings.

site-based projects, all of which are conceived, designed, and run by neighbours. This ensures community buy in, long-term caretakers and daily reminders of what†s been achieved.

citizens†PCS connected to the Internet which requires a lot of support especially concerning viruses, firewalls and malware.

Drivers for Eastserve include conducive national and regional policies during most of the 2000s, and European networks like Eurocities and Telecities, plus

at least until the user is fully competent and confident. The drivers for the Viedome case include joining the commercial TKH

internet at home. Where they did, directing them to the website was difficult. In addition, people could be somewhat apprehensive about sharing their details online,

worried that they were identifiable. To overcome this, and to ensure the campaign reached as many people as possible

support from web developers who provided further support. But the dedication and commitment of one champion volunteer to develop the campaign

capturing user needs and involving users in the design and delivery of new services. Also important

is that the actors in the project, especially the public sector, need to demonstrate a long term

in the process of decision making, providing data and knowledge about local problems and areas of concern. Collecting such data and knowledge over the medium-term on where, when and what

type of problems occur also makes it possible to plan and use their maintenance, repair and other

social media discussion and to raise awareness. In both cases, ICT is deployed alongside physical and traditional activities,

generate real social benefits in collaboration with users. This also involves innovation and taking calculated risks,

-making about how care budgets are used to local authorities and the individual users. Building on this, the Mextal company†s complementary bottom-up vision, approach

The transition from services at a distance to user-generated functionalities and content in intelligent homes actually means the transition from supply-oriented services to demand-driven

a multidimensional user network. This kind of approach is embedded also within a community concept where multiple organisations are active in supplying both services and technology

These concepts work only if the user fully integrates the community technology and services into his/her life pattern,

if they have a positive effect on the user, and if they are focused individually and controllable by the user.

Again, the TEM case is somewhat different given its bottom-up, small and informal nature, so that the absence of a countervailing and

facilitates gathering information and data, assists in analysing the data, and increases the efficiency of managing and organising campaigns and advocacy.

It also supports many of the traditional and physical activities associated with such campaigning. By sharing data, stories and research findings

online and via social media, ICT makes it easier for research findings to be found and accessed by

interested parties. This has led to articles in the mainstream press and trade press, along with political discussions.

many sources and locations via the crowdsourcing and crowdmapping applications on residents†56 and activists†smart phones.

It also allows linking to other databases and other groups, as well as data and information sharing across all partners

and volunteers in real-time. ICT enables the experiences of those who are heard rarely or listened to be shared widely beyond the immediate

locality, reaching unexpected parties. By sharing experiences and data on the issue, it also has the

potential to help others generate social innovation related to housing. The IOBY case without ICT would not be able to match assets and finance to needs so accurately as well as quickly, nor track

The two cases show how relevant data, information, finance and volunteers are needed and can be identified

in some cases also matching local financial assets to needs (as in the IOBY case), as well as data

to facilitate social media discussion and to raise awareness, and in most cases ICT is deployed alongside physical and traditional

fine-grained data and information which can be used to improve policy overall. In some of the

offline knowledge communities -Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging -Starting as small world scaling to

offline knowledge communities -Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging -Starting as small world scaling to

offline knowledge communities -Social capital mainly bonding, some bridging Mainly small world, with some scaling to

collecting data matching local assets & finance to local needs -Enabling: instant accurate matching & data map

-ping/analysis, & widespread sharing Mainly civil financed & operated. Local campaigning action & advocacy rely on

Bottom-up data & information collection analysis, campaigning, advocacy and action can fill the gap in evidence on policy

developments, especially the internet and mobile devices. ICT can very efficiently match idle assets with new forms of demand, not otherwise possible, thereby enabling these outputs to be realised

At its core, the sharing economy is aimed social innovation at transforming how some of the

Businesses built to enable the sharing of assets among their users in different configurations, and businesses that make assets available for sharing.

responsibilities with users and volunteers. What has become the sharing economy movement includes all these types of actors,

centre hotel guests, they become community catalysts, just as their welcome into the community becomes an added value to their travel experience.

by Gansky (2010) is that data, information and possibilities are widespread, whilst trust is relatively

ICT connectivity, via the Internet and especially mobile, is now making all the difference, driving the massive growth and impact of the

sharing economy now possible on a scale never seen before. ICT also enables scaling, diversification

full price users. Both economic and social gains are manifold: the cost of owning the asset is lower

opportunities for new companies, often with early users as co-investors In this context there are two social innovation outcomes examined for this focus area

57 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Fab lab 66 Case analysis Social needs addressed and summary

-ICT web/mobile free platform for matching supply & demand managing system, social fora, traditional media, awareness

-Civil funding (free software), civil partners and civil operation -Athens, copied from elsewhere & copied by others & spreading

1, 800 members, 1, 200 on Facebook, 500 exchanges at any one time Cookisto (EL and UK) 59

-Online internet and mobile platform for all contact for swapping and exchanging homemade food, social media, traditional media

-Civil start-up in Greece, small private sponsorship to start in UK sometimes â 4 per meal payments between Cooks and Foodies, all

-Online internet and mobile platform for all contact for sharing assets, linked to traditional media

-Online internet platform and social media for promotion, news contacts, discussions, advice, manuals and starter kit

open data to citizens civil groups, journal -ists to create new content & knowledge & hold corporates to

-Global database of companies, web scraping, reconciliation function, analysis and visualisation tools, also spinning off physical

events like hackathons where data are created and shared sometimes leading to new product and services

incubated in Open Data Institute, some foundation funding, other civil partners and civil operated -from 3 to 75 jurisdictions by 2014,60 million companies in

database, small fees given to people providing data 58 www. time-exchange. gr 59 www. cookisto. gr;

The Athens Time Bank case has adopted standard ICT solutions for web and mobile as free of charge open source e-platforms, based on the Cyclos online banking platform

developed by a Dutch NGO based in South america. Cyclos is a pioneer in the field of

Social media and social communication tools (like Skype) are used also. The ICT operates together with traditional and physical activities, such as workgroups and

The Cookisto case similarly uses standard online internet and mobile platforms for all contact, in this case for swapping,

It also uses social media like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to take pictures of the dishes.

the meals provided by the Cooks through the social media which is used also to communicate and create a community

Non-ICT tools like television, radio and the press also run stories and provide publicity

mechanical services, business administration, computers, education, entertainment, event organisation, food, gardening, health and healing, household services, legal, transportation

Also in both cases, complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created with the former facilitating

The Streetbank case uses online internet and mobile platforms for all contact for sharing assets.

version of the website, and will also soon join forces with 55,000 members of another neighbourhood sharing scheme.

The website provides a variety of offline tools for encouraging participation, such as fliers, custom posters, customised neighbour invitations or even making

Thus, complementary online and offline knowledge communities are created, with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter, and where

The Repair Cafã s case uses standard technology in the form of an internet platform

It uses Facebook and Twitter to support discussion and raise awareness, using text, photos and videos,

enabling members to illustrate discussion and show problems, making it easier to find solutions and volunteers to help.

data database of over 60 million companies in 75 jurisdictions, together with web scraping reconciliation functions, analysis and visualisation tools, all in open format for anyone to use to

support an open data community. The main activity is to collaborate with Scraperwiki, a platform for doing data science on the web,

to help get corporate data by scraping it from the web. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal entities to

company names. The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools and then to visualise the data which is mainly from company registers, but

also from a wide range of other published datasets, both national and global. For example every night data is imported from the London Gazette, the Belfast Gazette and the

Edinburgh Gazette, which is where official insolvency notices are published. Every day 63 Interview with Kate Groves, Director of Marketing and Communications, Streetbank. com, 2014

70 there is a search for the latest Health and Safety Executive enforcement notices and the

latest world trademark registers are downloaded. The case also sources data from the UK€ s Financial services Authority, the US€ s Central Contracting Registration system, and a wide

variety of companies. This data is used often by Opencorporates, as well as independently by third parties, in physical hackathon-type events where data are created and shared, sometimes

leading to new products and services x Online platforms, communities and networks: In the Repair Cafã s case, all online platforms

used are used, except matching finance to needs: creating content through manuals, advice and discussion; issue or problem identification, based on the content and discussion, agreed

issues or problems to be addressed are articulated and described, for example how to maintain or repair and electrical appliance;

online platforms are used with the exception of matching finance to assets, but the user decides what to use

open data to the tools they themselves wish to deploy In both cases, this means that complementary online and offline knowledge communities are

created, with the former facilitating and significantly enhancing the latter. Both cases also facilitate important social innovation benefits especially in the form of social capital with both

starting to resemble some aspects of a random network as many potential users hear about the service

online platform supporting offline repair workshops as new physical shared assets able to save money collectively through self-and collective repair rather than

online open data and open data communities create new content and knowledge for developing new products and services in for example hackathons and other

online communities in a virtual space support offline communities and develop cooperation, trust, participation, empowerment and a sense of community

online open data and open data communities, also supporting offline communities, create new content and knowledge for making the corporate world more

but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. The platform and its physical activities fosters trust, reciprocity and mutualism which

data community has been developed and this is spinning off many groups in many countries, as well as physical and other events like hackathons.

Opencorporates provides sophisticated data and tools which are then applied in many other contexts by a wide variety of disparate groups,

created and exchanged very fluidly resulting in a very dynamic ecosystem of users, who are

Another barrier is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy which can preclude people from participating on the online platform

Ironically, those with a distinct lack of these skills are usually poorer households which would most

The Opencorporates case has, alongside many open data portals, barriers like technology scale problems when handling huge amounts of data.

There are also significant challenges in establishing and nurturing a demand-side ecosystem of users which,

although this is growing, is not expanding sufficiently to match the supply-side offer, so doubts are expressed sometimes

the Repair Cafã s case is lack of computer skills and Internet literacy which can preclude people

There are some related challenges for Opencorporates around issues like data quality, ownership, data updating, provenance, who is responsible for mistakes

if something goes wrong (e g. if data errors lead to wrong conclusions) and the potential misuse of data

In terms of drivers, the Repair Cafã s case was started and is sustained by its active members and

For Opencorporates, the main driving trend is seeing corporate data as well as government and other data as a source of income.

There is also increasing interest in corporates and their activities because of their importance and their role in the economic and financial crisis

but generally leaves communities to use the site without interference. Thus, trust and ethics are driving features both to make the system work in a

hackathons and other events use the open data and tools provided, so in both cases new shared assets are created both physically and virtually.

Users of the Repair Cafã s develop trust through interaction and the value of the exchanges they

experience and the answers they receive, both online and offline. Although equally enabling and essential, ICT in the Opencorporates case is both standard and bespoke and used on a larger scale

and by a much larger and diverse set of users. Opencorporates inspires a social sharing concept to

people who use its data, which is made openly available under the share-alike attribution of the

Open Database License. In return, any product of that data must also be open for others to use.

For users who do not give back data, they pay Opencorporates a fee. Data from Opencorporates is also

used in physical events such as hackathons to create new shared assets in the form of new

products and services or other content Strategic and operational considerations The Repair Cafã s case operates in a relatively small, informal and very democratic, transparent and

On-and offline forums like Repair Cafã s work because everybody can be an expert in

Opencorporates†data. This links the creation of intangible and virtual shared knowledge assets to the creation of tangible and physical shared assets, mutually supportive of each other, and

In the Opencorporates case, the strategic output is capturing data in searchable maps and visualisations of complex corporate structures with multiple layers of control below the

data from public filings and company registrations in the U s.,New zealand, the Cayman islands Luxembourg and the UK.

The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables, exemplified by the Opencorporates and the Repair Cafã s cases,

to huge †big data†initiatives with an enormous variety of potential user groups and very significant

and extrapolate something that is already at work in terms of offline community building, activism and campaigning, rather than innovating something completely

Opencorporates case collates huge amounts of data on global corporates for open interrogation and use.

for example, hackathons and other events enabled by Opencorporates data 2. Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation

fairness and equity of the service are other members or users of the platforms. In the two

Opencorporates data. This extends the creation of intangible and virtual shared knowledge assets to the creation of tangible and physical shared assets,

The promotion of new types of open data and the shared knowledge creation this enables, exemplified by the Repair Cafã s and the Opencorporates cases, shows that this

initiatives with an enormous variety of potential user groups and very significant impacts Overall, all six social innovation outcomes examined in the sharing economy theme, as well as

It is a feature of all cases that many of the users have become †pro-sumersâ€,

The second are the social networks that are emerging which enable the leverage of existing trusted networks or the building of trust between

67 http://www. marketingmag. com. au/blogs/collaborative-consumption-and-the-sharing-economy-shaping-the

offline knowledge community -Social capital bonding some bridging Starting as small world & random scaling to

offline knowledge community -Social capital bonding some bridging Starting as small world & random scaling to

offline knowledge community -Social capital bonding & bridging Starting as small world & scaling to

-Potential data knowledge & IPR challenges when co -created, data quality & responsibility -Demand side eco

-system often weak -Vision of enthusiasts -Open data as income source -Social trends to DIY, partic

-ipation, scrut -iny of large organisations -Crisis as catalyst -Supporting: creation of traditional & physical

-Data and knowledge creation and manipula -tion vary hugely from small to big data depending on case

-Civil, voluntary finance & operation -Flat, informal, open bottom-up, self-regulate -Creation of both virtual

and include the broader social network (with family and community contributing significantly to individual health and well-being.

improvements in quality in recent years, the experience of many users is not good. Too often services are delivered in

This model will also encourage the inclusion of the broader social network (i e. family and community as significant contributors to individuals†health and well-being.

x There is a lot of health related data created in different settings †in hospitals, outpatient clinics, social care

However, there is no agreed procedure for analysing the data for scientific and policy related issues

x How to address the big data challenges, knowledge generation and use x How to ensure access to relevant data for the use of social enterprises and the potential for Social

enterprises to feed back into the loop of formal health and social care x Is there a digital divide issue?

Amongst practitioners? Patients? Volunteers x How to balance data privacy, protection and misuse with openness, transparency and the benefits of big

data These key trends can be summarised as follows x The rise of integrated, patient-centred health care models †In broad terms, future models of health and

social care have to be integrated more and patient-centered. The future consists of getting actors from

x Big data and healthcare-Health communication and health information technology (IT) are central to health care, public health,

x Social media enriched healthcare (Health 2. 0)- Health 2. 0 strategies have been formulated and discussed for the past years all over the world.

It includes the use of a specific set of Web tools (blogs, Podcasts tagging, search, wikis,

principles of open source and generation of content by users, and the power of networks in order to

x mhealth-With ICT, mobile platforms and the storage capabilities of cloud computing, transmission and processing technologies,

and computing power it is now possible to deliver health care in fundamentally new ways (OECD (2013.

70 See for example http://www. rcpsych. ac. uk/pdf/The%20public%20health%20outcomes%20framework. pdf

71 http://www. who. int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/index2. html 87 industry with a raft of devices, sensors, apps and other programs being developed that target chronic

conditions, telemedicine and remote monitoring, patient data capture, electronic records, e-prescribing and the parallel industries of fitness and wellness. mhealth holds promise for improvement along the value chain

stakeholders create user confidence through adequate privacy and security protections will play a key role

monitoring devices to self-screen for health risks such as diabetes or heart attack, or online enabled calorie-tracking solutions.

One can also observe a trend of platform-based health-related websites that focus on the provision of

73 See for instance-http://www. npr. org/blogs/health/2013/07/03/198065436/one-mans-quest-to-make-health-care-accessible-and

74http://www. forbes. com/sites/jenniferrooney/2013/03/26/the-opportunities-that-exist-in-the-market-of-well-being-mequilibriums

This is still a rather unexplored area particularly outside of the formal website domains Finally, platform technology is also enabling internet users to volunteer to improve health outcomes.

For instance the Bemyeyes app83 allows users to support blind people in telling them what label they want to read in everyday

situations such as cooking. Often referred to as micro-giving, ICTS combined with social innovation are enabling the

smartphone enabled data aggregation, medical situation awareness and analysis (risk classification, root cause analysis and risk triggers

and context-aware coaching that enables solutions for converged disease risk management and patient behaviour assistance toward prevention care or prediction of diseases for better disease risk control.

agencies to turn data into information insights, so they can deliver higher quality care to more patients and citizens

x Tools which enable patients to share data regarding their experiences with particular health providers e g

emerging both based on crowd sourcing of data analysis or clinical information and in remote telehealth Examples include Cellslider92, Click to Cure93;

x Game-changing technological innovations in production (3d printing, new trends in imaging technology for diagnostics, new materials such as lenses

85 https://www. facebook. com/nayajeevan/info 86 http://www. centreforbetterhealth. org. uk /87 http://www. derbyshirehealthunited. com

/88 https://www. facebook. com/Pendahealth 89 https://medicallhome. com/Medicallhomeweb/index. php 90 clinic in a boxclinipak

91 http://drfosterintelligence. co. uk /92 http://www. cellslider. net /#/93 http://www. clicktocure. net/#sthash. tg56mktr. dpuf

Internet link -Cooperation between the public and private sectors, originally supported by public innovation funds (both European and Danish) as well as private

-Medisat places strong focus on user-friendliness and making it easy for patients to be admitted †to hospital†in their own homes

With the rise of tablets and ipads and cheap apps, its underlying technology has become has become obsolete

-Computer-based advisory service for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes -Patients use a glucose measuring device for home use, where the values

PHTS) via the internet -44 diabetes specialists, 299 medical practitioners, and 799 patients 97 www. patientslikeme. com

100 www. shl-telemedicine. de/index. php/diabetiva/?/page=betreuungsprogramme/diabetiva /91 Focus area Case

introduce Internet users to the approach and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with projects/organisations to be funded.

-Mobile phones (or the widespread telecommunications services) are the main driver for social enterprise clinics. This tool gives to the people access

existence of telecommunication -Review of various initiatives -Penda Health †Pilot phase. Two facilities. Personnel:

-Cell Slider is an interactive website that encourages members of the public to engage in cancer research

-While Cancer Research UK is based a United kingdom charity, the web tool can be accessed by people around the world

research, crowdsource analysis or provide a direct service to patients. Most cases stress that the beneficiaries of

the Citizen Science Alliance, a network of scientists, software developers and educators developing, managing and utilising internet-based citizen science projects to further science and the public understanding of science and the

scientific process. Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work †researchers to provide images of cancer cells

developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.

data collection, organisation, or analysis. Moreover Penda sends SMS messages once a week on Mondays to

patients via phone conversations, to check on their health status. Besides communicating with patients Penda leverages the phone to make payments more convenient for patients.

Penda is mainly a cash-based business, but it has begun offering patients the ability to pay via M-PESA.

x Lifespring, India-Lifespring chose Red hat Enterprise Linux, JBOSS Enterprise Middleware, and a number of

Red hat certified, enterprise-class, open source software solutions to build its entire IT infrastructure Increased flexibility and choice by freeing the organisation from vendor lock in,

providers and patients outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or

Mobile phones are ubiquitous in Kenya and Access Afya capitalises on this, with each patient receiving an SMS follow-up after their visit.

outside of traditional doctor visits and to improve data collection, organisation, or analysis. Theclinipak automates and standardises primary health care workflows and data collection, health assessment forms

and patient records in a suitcase. It contains a solar powered touch screen laptop and other health

assessment tools that allows a nurse or a midwife to do a high quality assessment of patients in a rural

The team modified an Open Data Kit (ODK) Collect, an open-source tool for mobile data collection and loaded it onto an Android Smartphone that the Community Health Workers

CHWS) carry when visiting patients. The completed surveys are uploaded then to a Vecna-hosted server

where the data is available for download and reporting. This has been a vast improvement over the paper

and pen survey collection method. Vecna Cares upgraded the Clinipak software at Enoosaen and Olereko

clinics with new features for improved patient outreach, data capture and reporting capabilities Most of the described examples are already in the post pilot phase

and are fully operational. In those examples thousands of people already received medical help and

mobile phones. The Buddy app is primarily a form of digital diary. When the client has agreed to use the service

in addition to her regular talking therapy sessions, the therapist submits her profile by use of her mobile phone

process, they generate data about the real-world nature of disease that help researchers, pharmaceutical companies, regulators, providers and nonprofits develop more effective products, services and care.

global communities and do not build complementary offline communities. The aim is to provide a health

demonstrate diverging network effects †whilst the platforms display all network effects depending on disease type and level of support requested,

the apps only indirectly create network effects by providing big data of interest across all users

Personalised health and smarter patient environments x ICT used †The main drivers behind personalised healthcare solutions and smarter patient environments are the

builds on standard ICT with emphasis on telecommunications solutions such as the internet, mobile apps and so

allows for data derived from proprietary devices carried by the patients to be transmitted to an online platform

or extracted it in a user friendly format to provide to their supporting physician. By definition, this is a complementary system to the practice of medicine.

In reality, telecommunications and information sciences play an equally important role in how they facilitate the connection between this state of

the art data aggregation system and the end-users'device. This is a â€oematching assets to needs†platform.

103 http://www. diabetes-service-center. de/en/ueber-uns. php? lang=en 95 addresses the lack of reliable patient data, timely monitoring of patients condition and availability to the

medical professional handling the patient's case. The platform is the core element that seeks to revolutionise

patient health care in that it creates a searchable, sharable history of all the patients past readings which are

since opinions can be made based on concrete, long term data, and not patient observations, often affected by personal embellishments, the patients†emotional condition or inability or unwillingness to share

platform hosted by DIABETIVA can motivate patients to share data and knowledge on how to better understand

it and use it to better monitor their condition. This will in time have two effects

A as DIABETIVA users become better able to use their DIABETIVA generated data and use it as leverage to

b) DIABETIVA users would be more likely to splinter-off from the general group of patients,

Any groups spawned by DIABETIVA users will be prone to being an informal one and, consequently, any

practitioners able to apply the data to some uses, but unable to promote a cohesive and intelligent analysis and

infrastructure in the world, the Internet, dothiv is a profoundly far-reaching approach. Nevertheless, there are also some more â€oedown to earth†implications and opportunities.

-Shape the structure of the Internet, thereby anchoring the HIV/AIDS problem on the Internet†s highest

-Make users allocate donations -Follow up on funded projects/organisations -Raise nonfinancial support (smart capital) to support social innovation

domain owners, domain users, Intermediaries, Registrars, Google, facebook, Twitter, etc. dothiv itself -Raise awareness and de-stigmatise

x Online platforms, communities and networks-Both examples †dothiv and Cellslider operate as crowdsourcing

Cell Slider is the online element of a much larger offline process. Initial activities take place offline in the

laboratory, where scientists add stains to cancer cell samples. The next stage, where scientists would usually analyse the samples under microscopes,

Following this, results are analysed then further, offline, by scientists and researchers to develop new cures and

However, the approach is almost 100%Internet-based and thus makes use of networks effects

104 A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain name System of the Internet.

http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Top-level domain 97 projects/organisations will be spread via random networks using social media.

That is likely to lead to additional awareness, de-stigmatisation, more clicks, etc. †in the best case the approach or at least

As these measure are developed to give the service user an increased sense of independency and

the Internet and social media developing vastly and unpredictably x Patient Briefcase-The case is a good example of successful cooperation between the public and private

This user-centred therapy-assisting tool contains several elements of reflection and behavioural activation. As a result a service user is

likely to become more aware of her own process and learn to understand her situation much better.

Furthermore the service user might begin to feel more independent as she starts to take

but it has also proven to increase attendance among service users. In fact it is quite a problem that patients fail to show up at scheduled therapy sessions;

Buddy gives service users the ability to govern their own treatment, set own goals and get timely reminders of the small things they need to change.

Eventually, more tech-savvy patients will find new methods of using their data, thus leveraging the benefit

As these initiatives are set up currently and in the context of the sensitivity of health data, knowledge generation

and to the individual user and eventually to the small community of users who will

come together to share and make the most of their experiences and their scarce and extremely focused knowledge

There will be little benefit to be had outside the tight community of connected users. More likely this relatively

Relatively new technology will be used to introduce Internet users to the approach and to give them the opportunity to familiarise themselves with

projects/organisations to be funded. An intended side-effect is that they learn about problems and issues as

crowdsourcing analysis platform and taken through a tutorial which introduces the different types of cells that

Buddy does not require a smartphone; and will not in the foreseeable future. This makes it cheap and attainable across social groups

design and the fact that it can be used on most mobile devices, including pre-smart phone mobile phones

Personalised health and smarter patient environments Technological advances, such as mobile internet tablets, smart phones, better broadband foundations and so forth

in combination with advances in the medical field are the primary driving force in relation personalised health and

increasing acceptance of IT solutions and IT skills among core target groups such as the elderly, and increasing

Internet bandwidth at a suitable price, both in terms of setup and operational costs. More recently, the availability

•The problems associated with the release of commercially sensitive information and data which potential

•Dissemination barrier is new and cheaper technology like the ipad and other Tablets with cheap apps-that

is a commercial supplier of an Internet service, and one is a charitable organisation dedicated to solving a distinct

and the associated websites may be very much in conflict or opposing the views of dothiv as a charitable organisation;

manage and support Internet sites that conflict with the views and objectives of dothiv g. e. V. However,

which does not even require a smart phone supports ongoing therapy processes for mental illnesses. One can easily imagine the potential in with symptoms such as â€oestressâ€, â€oeburn out†and

activated and online & offline community building enabled Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation

generate data about the real-world nature of disease that help researchers, pharmaceutical companies, regulators providers and nonprofits develop more effective products, services and care.

now has access to Patientslikeme†s full database for five years. Patientslikeme is an online network of some 250,000 people with chronic diseases who share

relevant when it comes to the use of data that users inevitably leave when using such portals or apps.

as the data displayed is potentially highly sensitive and personal, yet can potentially support transformative medical

which combine telemedical support and computer based advice will need to be expanded further with the latest technological breakthroughs.

is in fact being developed by major mobile phone developers such as Apple and Samsung. Currently, Apple iphone and ipad users can connect Lifescan blood glucose meters to their phones via Glooko†s meter synch cable.

So a safe assumption that mobilising accessibility, monitoring, and possibly intervention methods would be a natural path

106/www. technologyreview. com/view/526266/patientslikeme-gives-genentech-full-access /104 that telemedicine could follow.

example where the power of crowdsourcing potentially can save lives by spotting cancer earlier. Whilst different in

participation in crowdsourcing activities to help scientists understand cancer cells and develop treatments. Dothiv raises awareness for AIDS, crowdfunds micro-donations, sells the TDL domain to raise funds.

Then the relationships between domain users/visitors and that same community will also be established or enhanced.

crowdsourcing potentially can save lives by spotting cancer earlier. Whilst different in setup and scale dothiv would

an innovation to that infrastructure. dothiv and Cellslider operate as crowdsourcing platforms and both demonstrate huge innovation potential in very different ways. dothiv combined crowd, funding with participatory

the Citizen Science Alliance, a network of scientists, software developers and educators developing, managing and utilising internet-based citizen science projects to further science and the public understanding of science and the

scientific process. Cell Slider relies on a number of actors to work †researchers to provide images of cancer cells

developers to maintain the website and researchers to interpret results in order to develop cures and treatments.

-and offline knowledge communities -Social capital Starting as small world scaling to scale-free with some

amongst users In theory -Supporting improved matching and flexibility -Enabling new business & service models New strategic

-and offline knowledge communities -Social capital Online small -world support network issue iden -tification scaling to

the information technology paradigm and they are very different from current schools (UNESCO, 2002; Bereiter 2002;

world access to top education through courses offered on web-based teaching platforms and by the world†s leading

user and limited access to open education resources 110 Figure 7. 2: The future of learning108

social networks is required still, but the core technology of a †badge backpack†has already been refined

b) Learning analytics-Learning analytics involve the collection, analysis and reporting of large datasets relating to learners and their contexts.

rather than just querying data collected from online systems. The relation of learning design to learning analytics is also being considered,

data storage, appropriate levels of access, and providing the necessary infrastructure for storing and querying large data sets

c) Crowd learning-Crowd learning describes the process of learning from the expertise and opinions of

others, shared through online social spaces, websites, and activities. Such learning is often informal and

carry out a controlled intervention if appropriate, collect data using desktop and mobile technologies as research tools,

collecting and sharing local data e) Gamification-There is increasing interest in the connections between games and education.

When implemented as †edutainment†or †gamification†of learning, teaching practices can gain superficial elements

f) Tangible Computing †Whilst this is still a very experimental and future oriented trend area, tangible

computing includes â€oeembedding computation to the physical via intelligent objects, the internet of things and connectivity with a profound impact on learning mechanisms. â€

110 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Personalized learning 115 Vignette: Assessment and Teaching of Twenty-first Century Skills:

web (see also www. atc21s. org ATC21S has been initiated and is sponsored by Cisco, Intel and Microsoft; the companies have a long history of

supporting education initiatives and believe that, as employers of tomorrow†s talent, they share a common interest in

pdf Particularly in the context of innovation of education with new technologies, multi-partnership approaches have

society, professional development and training institutions, technology and telecommunication providers educational content and ICT application developers, teachers, parents and learners to work towards

111 http://www. gesci. org/educational-management-and-icts-including-mande. html 116 Case analysis

open access for everyone with a computer with internet access -Coursera (Coursera. org) is currently the biggest MOOC platform with over 600

-In April 2014 7. 1 million users were registered -Coursera is collaborating with 108 of the most well-known

-Professor-Why combines computer generated images with real images and introduces users the world of science,

which can be explored both at school and at home -It also offers the possibility to do virtual experiments

PC or on mobile devices -Currently approx. 200 users, but only launched in May2014 Multi -partner

approach to education MONDEY Mile -stones of Normal Develop -ment in Early Improve early fostering

scientists with monitor -ing & documentation of everyday situations -Advanced training for pedagogical personnel & parents in diagnostic skills

-It can be used via the Internet or in paper form (Kurzskalen/short scales) by the public, by professionals and by experts.

document the development of a child for themselves offline or use the interactive online database

112 www. q2l. org 113 http://izonenyc. org/in New york 114 www. professor-why. pl

>1. 000 users Social needs addressed All six cases examined use ICT as an important tool to innovate in the education sector.

a Stanford experiment with a course on artificial intelligence and Professor Why is a private sector initiative.

the internet in the case of the MOOCS and gaming technologies for the Quest to Learn example.

everything online and only digitally accessible from a computer. Quest to Learn uses technology in a pedagogical

the Common Core standards While the Quest to Learn partnership isn†t an organised online network,

such as the Google suite, Algodoo116, Brainpop117 and Dragon Box118. In the area of new learning environments

example, SMALLAB (Situated Multimedia Art Learning Lab) aims to bring learning to life by using motion-capture

It creates and produces data by collecting data on the children monitored. Giving information on

The website informs about the project and its aims, too. This example has a strong focus on content creation and issue identification

hierarchical, the data collection follows a bottom-up approach. MONDEY combines codified knowledge and tacit knowledge existing among researchers worldwide (who can be seen as acting within a network of practice) into

At the same time, users help to verify and further knowledge by providing new data. They are doing so by sharing their tacit knowledge filling in the data on the MONDEY

platform or making the filled in short scales available for the MONDEY team or giving feedback during training

sessions or online (contact form on the website. Ideally this creates a circulation and improvement of spoken

-about knowledge available on all sides and also the improvement of codified knowledge in the long run MONDEY operates in a scale-free network with the day care providers as influential hubs.

Data from the Department for Education shows that, in 2013, Q2l†s average score on The english Language Arts

because each user is interested in a different form of learning and a different context x Quest to Learn:

either by visiting the website, reading the book or using the short scales to monitor one child or several children.

Also, professionals and parents can get training in diagnosis of early childhood development by MONDEY trained lecturers.

Also, in the future data generated by MONDEY allows for an evidence-based approach in the development of early childhood education

April 2014 7. 1 million users were registered at Coursera and the number of Courserians (people signed up at

In the future data generated by MONDEY allows for an evidence-based approach in the development of early childhood education

conversely, researchers gain new knowledge by getting new and representative data for future research. Awareness on important steps in childhood development is increased.

but also to gain new data for future research. One of the basic ideas of MONDEY is to create a win†win†situation

future research it is paramount to get good data in the first hand. This means,

data parents generally hesitate to submit. It is important to have representative data and samples to give realistic

feedback to the parents and to advance research. The long term objective is a large data base for research projects

which makes creating different subsamples as well as control samples possible. To reach this goal it is also important

of the public often believe that students and teachers at Q2l â€oeare playing video games all dayâ€, while many teachers

Q2l is â€oebounded by the barriers placed on public schools, such as firewalls which Q2l has had to work round for

innovation †as with any pilot, processes of how to ideally involve all user groups such as students and teacher for

users to be a sustainable business model to achieve significant outcomes in terms of higher achievement of its

It needs to be cheap, state-of the art user friendly and attractive to a demanding target

and thus data needs to be highly secure. Further all of the systems require a high degree of ICT support particularly as such initiatives often operate with less tech-savy user groups such as

pedagogues or teachers and often involve additional change management processes. For instance the barrier described in the MONDEY case, not unknown to the sector of advanced learning and especially in early childhood

computer with an internet connection. Whilst there have been based paper concepts for open universities/open education, ICT are considered widely as a game changer for education.

computer and Internet and digital literacy. Also, the rise of MOOCS potentially allow for a different value for money

In April 2014 7. 1 million users were registered at Coursera and the number of Courserians

internet and because the courses are free Coursera contributes to society with a widening of education possibilities

higher educated as demographic data for Courserians shows that 75%have a Bachelor†s degree or higher.

question or review education policy as whole and review core indicators of â€oegood educationâ€. As a wider debate

At the same time it collects data on real developments of young children to establish a database that can be used by researchers.

MONDEY is an example of an ICT-enabled and supported social innovation. It uses the internet to disseminate knowledge on early childhood development.

But at the same time it uses the internet to gain knowledge when MONDEY receives data on the monitoring of babies and

toddlers. This is definitely innovative. MONDEY is dynamic and interactive. This would not be possible in this way

127 without ICT. MONDEY is supported by ICT as well as it offers a way to promote the book and to order MONDEY short

To connect MONDEY with social media in a controlled way is discussed but not yet planned Strategic and operational considerations related to ICT in social innovation

and offline communities in creating better conditions to enable better educational outcomes. Coursera, currently the biggest MOOC platform, was launched as a for-profit company in

April 2012 by the two Stanford computer science professors Andrew Ng and Daphne Koller. Four months later

7 million users, offering over 600 different courses and partnering with 108 universities. As of December 2013

and other questions it takes data gathering decentralised and bottom up. This is only thinkable and possible by the use of ICT

particularly if data is used further for research about learnintg processes. But without getting this sensitive date no reliable data will be won for research

Conclusions and reflections Drawing directly on the above analysis, conclusions regarding the three generic research issues, introduced in the

education, and make the best education in any topic available to anyone with a computer and Internet connection

and has in the subgroups of programmers and coders who design such learning environments but has less importance for the actual innovations.

or whether they become core elements of the curriculum but organised in a new way.

access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy. MONDEY specifically also highlight the importance of requires a good framework for data security

and data protection 129 Concluding, education for all is one of the most significant social innovations in itself,

Internet & platform technol -ogy crucial -Content creation -Issue identifi -cation -Online knowledge communities All types

access to a computer and Internet and digital literacy Personalised education & new learning environment

s Standard ICT solutions as well as bespoke techno -logical solutions for instance gaming -Content creation -Issue

offline communities and builds social capital Starting as small world scaling to scale-free -Building

APPS/Mobile -Experimentation with new learning approaches using digital gaming -Can provide solutions for special needs

-and offline knowledge communities -Social capital Online small world support network issue depending scaling to

policies regarding data security 131 References Bertot, J. C.,Jaeger, P. T, . & Hansen, D. 2012).

The impact of polices on government social media usage: Issues challenges, and recommendations. Government Information Quarterly, 29 (1), 30-40

Web 2. 0: New Challenges for the Study of E-Democracy in an Era of Informational Exuberance

Dixon, J. & Keyes, D. 2013) The Permanent Disruption of Social media. Stanford Social Innovation Review, Winter

†Assessing User Centric egovernment performance in Europe †egovernment Benchmark 2012†European commission (2014) â€oemapping smart cities in the EU€, Directorate-General for Internal Policies, Economic

How local authorities can use social media to achieve more for lessâ€, NESTA, IDEA 2010. http://www. nesta. org. uk/sites/default/files/local by social. pdf

Golbeck, J.,Grimes, J. M, . & Rogers, A. 2010). Twitter use by the US Congress.

our understanding of civic engagement in a digital eraâ€, The Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard

http://trustedadvisor. com/public/White-paper-Trust-and-the-Sharing-Economy. pdf Harford, T. 2011) â€oeadapt:

-rev1. pdf Hill, C (1972) â€oethe world turned upside down: radical ideas during The english Revolutionâ€, Pengiun Books, London

http://youngfoundation. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/AMPLIFY-WEB. pdf Hothi M (2012) â€oelocal 2. 0:

-communities-May-2012. pdf 132 Hothi M (2013) â€oelisten, Participate, Transform: A social media framework for local government.

A local 2. 0 think piece http://youngfoundation. org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Listen-Participate-Transform-A-social media

-framework-for-local-government-June-2010. pdf Innes, J. E, . & Booher, D. E. 2004). Reframing public participation:

strategies for the 21st century. Planning Theory & Practice, 5 (4), 419-436 IPTS (2009) â€oemigrants, ethnic minorities and ICT:

IPTS (2013) â€oecrowdemploy Crowdsourcing Case studies: An Empirical Investigation into the Impact of Crowdsourcing on Employabilityâ€, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European commission, Joint Research Centre

Sevillle, Spain IPTS (2014) â€oeexploratory Research on Internet-enabled Work Exchanges and Employability: Analysis and synthesis of

qualitative evidence on crowdsourcing for work, funding and volunteersâ€, Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, European commission, Joint Research Centre, Sevillle, Spain

Kavanaugh, A l.,Fox, E. A.,Sheetz, S d.,Yang, S.,Li, L. T.,Shoemaker, D. J,

Social media use by government: from the routine to the critical. Government Information Quarterly, 29,480-491

A Review of Social media Use in E-Government. Administrative Sciences. Administrative Sciences, 2 (2), 148-161

The Transformational Effect of Web 2. 0 Technologies on Government. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn. com/abstract=1412796

m. tepsie. pdf Millard, J.,Nielsen, N c.,Thaarup, R. K. 2013. â€oereport on the role of communities and networks in social innovation

Millard, J (2014a forthcoming) â€oethe digital divide and the global post-2015 development debateâ€, In Andreasson, K

) Digital divides: the new challenges and opportunities of e-Inclusive. The Taylor & francis Group Millard, J (2014b forthcoming) â€oeopen governance systems:

Impact of Web 2. 0 on Political Participation. In Proceedings of epart 2010 Conference. Lausanne, Switzerland

The Dark Side of Internet Freedomâ€, Perseus Book Group, New york. Shirky, C 2008) â€oehere comes everybody †how change happens

The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Agesâ€, IBM 2004 Annual Report Perez, C (2009) †Technological revolutions and Techno-economic Paradigms, †TOC/TUT Working paper No. 20,2009

the internet of things, the collaborative commons and the eclipse of capitalism. Palgrave Macmillan: New york Schmidt, E. and Cohen, J (2013)" The Saturday Essay:

Governance, public administration and information technology for post-2015 development United nations: New york Wenger, E.,White, N.,Smith, J. D. 2009) â€oedigital habitats:

which ICT is used (e g. communicate with beneficiaries/partners, collect data, etc. etc.),), and how is this

Internet sources x list 138 ANNEX Working definition of SI: both 1) outcomes (i e. real positive changes in wellbeing and/or prosperity of beneficiaries

data usage; social choices; service models; financing and much more. Although this report has no

networks collect and share peer produced and crowdsourced data from communities in order to uncover

these approaches and processes are undertaken by crowdsourcing or co-creation methods vi) Action on problems:

both online and offline action and support for a given cause or social need, by matching

and the latest news virally via Facebook and Twitter, encouraging all recipients to pass the

internet to spread the idea and the model for running nonprofit childrens†playgrounds across the USA by targeting community leaders and other local champions and opinion

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