6. Analysing network data: Exploring DSI Network effect (WP2) 58 6. 1 Network analysis Methods 58
Innovation (DSI) activities, â€oea type of social and collaborative innovation in which final users and communities
was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled networking platforms†This report is focused mainly on the output of WP3.
diffusion of ICT, the Internet and the rise of social media, the emergence of new global innovators such as
1) the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation
labs, including Fab labs, Living Labs, Hackerspaces and Makerspaces (4) the open data and open knowledge
the www. digitalsocial. eu website, which engages, builds and maps the DSI community The project†s most substantial challenge is to develop a crowdmapping facility based on open and linked data
with visual identity functionalities that the that attract the DSI community and increase the engagement in
Tanks to the open data mapping facility, in combination with our hybrid iterative strategy of case study interviews, workshops,
analyse the relationship data from the mapping, we are adopting social network analysis to detect patterns
of relations and argue that the causal success of DSI located in the social structure. By studying behaviours as
embedded in social network structures, we will be able to explain macro and meso-level patterns that show
which has been used to capture data on DSI organisation via www. digitalsocial. eu. We highlighted 6 areas that capture key dimensions of the phenomenon
Data is aslo categorised by tï¿""ï¿UZQPMPHZÏ¿PGÏ¿PSHBOJTBUJPOT (e g. Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academia and
USFOET the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks open knowledge, open hardware
tï¿5ifï¿BSFBÏ¿PGÏ¿TPDJFUZÏ¿UIFÏ¿PSHBOJTBUJPOTÏ¿BOEÏ¿UIFJSÏ¿BDUJWJUJFTÏ¿PQFSBUFÏ¿BOEÏ¿TFFLÏ¿BOÏ¿JNQBDUÏ¿
of strong and weak DSI network in Europe, based on the open data set on organisations captured on www
understand the DSI community through events, workshops, social media blogs and articles. Highlights of activities include 640 organisations with 695 projects mapped on www. digitalsocial. eu;
@Digi si twitter account; 15+events and workshop on DSI including workhops at the international Fablab
Conference in Barcelona and Participation Practitioners Forum in Warsaw and more than 25 blogs and articles
in the generation of potential ideas through a more user-centred approach to policy-making. The workshop
for open data distributed repositories, distributed cloud, distributed search, and distributed social networking The Future of privacy, data protection, trust & ethics, emphasising the need for privacy-aware technologies
0qfoï¿ï¿ï¿##JHÏ¿EBUBÏ¿GPSÏ¿UIFÏ¿4pdjbmï¿( (PPE, by defining sensible governance modalities for big data thorugh a large
collaboration between public and private actors; Public federated identity management for the entire EU Open access, open standards, and Copyright reform;
continue our social network analysis to better understand the needs and opportunities to nourish and scale DSI in Europe.
Innovation (DSI) activities, â€oea type of social and collaborative innovation in which final users and communities
was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled networking platforms†The potential in using digital technologies to enable better
process, taking advantage of the â€oenetwork effect†caused by the spread of the Internet and the Web throughout
these actors are difficult to identify using traditional means due to the tendency of the Internet to be used
diffusion of ICT, the Internet and the rise of social media, the emergence of new global innovators such as
The development of open data infrastructures, knowledge co-creation platforms, wireless sensor networks decentralised social networking,
and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness 7 However, to date it has failed to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems, and the growth
of digital services has resulted in an imbalance between the dramatic scale and reach of commercial Internet
models and the relative weakness of alternatives. These alternatives mainly fill marginal niches and are unable
to gather a critical mass of users that can adopt the services The main question is,
the open hardware and free software communities,(2) the community of developers,(3) innovation labs,(4
the open data and open knowledge community,(5) smart citizens, and (6) the open democracy community
data mapping website •&ohbhjohï¿UIFÏ¿%%4*ï¿DPNNVOJUZÏ¿ï¿an overview of the engagement strategies to involve the DSI community
the open source community, the developers†community, the innovation labs community, the open/big data community, the smart citizen
/civic society community, and the open democracy community •.¢BDSPÏ¿BOBMZTJTÏ¿PGÏ¿DPNNVOJUJFTÏ¿ï¿In this section we conduct a macro analysis of the identified
A emergent analysis of the network data, looking at the type of DSI communities, the distribution of DSI in Europe,
We have redesigned the crowdmapping website and increased the numbers involved in the DSI network. Â At
 In the DSI Network Data-Set, there are a total of 590 organisations with 645
Internet or are enabled highly by new technology trends such as open networks, open hardware and open
data infrastructures The new front page has been redesigned to inspire visitors to learn about DSI and join the map..
In time, the site will be an open database of relational links between DSI organisations and projects, case studies and potential funding opportunities
mapping facility in a user friendly way, through the improved UI and visualisation interface. We also clearly
We then created a new visual layout for the 36 DSI case studies that are showcased in on the website and also
Users are able to filter organisations, projects and case studies with a new improved and easy to visualise filtering interface.
visualisations showing all the relevant dimensions in the data, such as EU countries with most DSI projects
we don†t have the resources to do get the developer to do a translated version of the survey on the site, we
We will then create a profile on the site for The french or Spanish organisation using
the survey data Figure 1. A view of the European section of the map. At this scale organisations are clustered to show how many exist in
screen which contains a visualisation of the organisations DSI activities and the organisations network is dsplayed on the
One way of doing that has been through guest blogs and articles-where we have placed a DSI related blog
on another network†s or organisation†s blog tï¿4bngvoetbhfoebï 3fbmjtjohï¿UIFÏ¿1pufoujbmï¿JOÏ¿%%JHJUBMÏ¿
4pdjbmï¿**OOPWBUJPO tï¿4pdjbmï¿**OOPWBUJPOÏ¿&vspqfï¿&6ï¿XJEF ï¿ï¿ï¿8ibuï¿IBQQFOFEÏ¿BUÏ¿UIFÏ¿%
Nesta and D-CENT website In addition to the guest blogs we have done a large number of blogs,
communicating the project on the Nesta blog and digitalsocial. eu blog. A sample of these include
tï¿%%JHJUBMÏ¿TPDJBMÏ¿JOOPWBUJPOÏ¿ï¿HSPVOEÏ¿VQÏ¿QPMJDZÏ¿NBLJOH 1. 000+readers to date tï¿)) PXÏ¿
on Nesta website) 6. 000+readers to date tï¿ï¿ï¿ï¿%%JHJUBMÏ¿4pdjbmï¿**OOPWBUPSTÏ¿UPÏ¿
web/Isuu (combined figures from www. waag. org and www. digitalsocial. eu sites 16 Social media+other Media outreach
Twitter tï¿5pï¿EBUFÏ¿XFÏ¿IBWFÏ¿EPOFÏ¿UIFÏ¿NBKPSJUZÏ¿PGÏ¿PVSÏ¿FOHBHFNFOUÏ¿XJUIÏ¿UIFÏ¿%%4*ï¿
The twitter account has proven an effective channel for both engaging new organisations and projects to join the map
Waag (8. 000+followers)  twitter accounts Your Priorities Platform •To support the further development of policy ideas for DSI following the outcome of the DSI policy
the Iceland Your Priorities platform for crowdsourcing policy ideas to develop a bespoke platform for
crowdsourcing DSI policy ideas-https://dsi-workshop-2014. yrpri. org /Direct email and newsletter mentions
tï¿//FXTMFUUFSÏ¿NFOUJPOTÏ¿ï¿Ã We have promoted the project and project content through the Nesta (44.000
sending out an email to offer an insight into the project†s objectives and inviting them to map their organisation at Digitalsocial
Where possible we connected also by telephone or via social media Given the focus on digital collaboration,
meet, such as the Open Data community at the Open Knowledge Conference and the Maker community at the
part in panel session and presented project ambitions with the aim to engage the ICT community in the
There was a strong focus on privacy, decentralization, and data protection. Harry Halpin IRI) presented a lightning talk on Digital Social Innovation to an audience of nearly one hundred, which
makers, practitioners and big telecommunications companies made the case for embracing the smart citizen and highlighted  how DSI can address current issues with the top down driven Smart Cities agenda
to open data and also in  encouraging more women to participate in learning to code through open
The DSI mapping website and the overall research was presented during a dynamic debate about policy
We demonstrated how the website worked and how organisations could be added, and went over some of the high points of the final report regarding the potential of digital social
DSI research and the often low tech or offline activity currently used by the majority of Civic Participation
and findings from the DSI research and how data analysts from Lodz University of Technology could
access and analyse the open data set on US DSI organisations and projects hosted on www. digitalsocial. eu
engaged extensively with other related research projects to both engage their networks and access the data
The Chest project website (www chest-project. eu/)has a description of the DSI project along with the project logo and a link to www
Research project and website which list 100 short case studies of social innovations using digital technologies
and the redesign of the website has been successful in helping us map 500 organisations and establish the research project and the term Digital Social Innovation within the
Social media In addition to continuing our ongoing work on engaging DSI organisations via twitter we will more actively
tap in to and promote www. digitalsocial. eu in relevant Linkedin and Facebook groups working on digital
social innovation. pcoming events 8fï¿XJMMÏ¿CFÏ¿BUUFOEJOHÏ¿Bï¿OVNCFSÏ¿PGÏ¿FWFOUTÏ¿JOÏ¿UIFÏ¿DPNJOHÏ¿
NPOUITÏ ¢0qfoï¿-JWJOHÏ¿-BCTÏ¿TVNNFSÏ¿TDIPPMÏ¿ï¿ï¿ï¿ï¿ï¿ï¿""NTUFSEBN ï¿//FUIFSMBOETÏ¿
working on Open Data, Open Networks, Open Hardware and Open Knowledge need to overcome to scale their work
and how they can do this •$spxetpvsdjohï¿8ffl ï¿$pqfoibhfo ï¿%%FONBSLÏ¿0dupcfsï¿ï¿
a session at the Crowdsourcing week Scandinavia event, focusing on Digital Social Innovation to an audience of corporate executives, government officials and entrepreneurs
broadband in rural areas or setting up cross-border regional projects to shorten the digital divide Although European union interventions in the innovation field have been considerable and diverse, their
should invest in user-driven innovation The recently launched Open Data Strategy for Europe9 established a level playing field for open data across the
EU10 that should encourage disruptive innovation by unlocking the value of public data. Since then, Mrs Neelie
Kroes launched the â€oeno Disconnection Strategy†11 to support decentralised infrastructures for the Internet as
a means of effectively empowering citizens and democratic participation. EC-funded research has made also many steps in the direction of distributed and citizen-centric innovation.
development of Future Internet platforms, thereby shaping the evolution of the Internet and of social spaces
including envisioning different kinds of Internet infrastructure in the future Internet programme Considering the level of complexity that the Internet Ecosystem has reached,
and the potential significance of the interactions between Internet and societal developments, a systemic, holistic and multi-disciplinary
approach is needed. 14 Only by adopting a multidisciplinary research approach that encourages researchers from various disciplines to work together,
Future Internet developments should, therefore include technologically-led research, together with business models and socially and environmentally
as reflected in the Internet Science Network of Excellence funded by the European Commission. 15society in Future Internet development to achieve these goals is one of the main goals of this
study %ï¿$0//&$5 activities in this area can be summarised under two broad approaches, encompassing several
Partnerships16, Smart Cities17, the Future Internet Public-Private Partnership Programme (FI-PPP) 18, and the
European Cloud computing Strategy19. Their main goals are to promote and standardise pan-European technology platforms,
The development of the Future Internet is mainly addressed through a number of mainly technical objectives and projects,
a EU Big data strategy is becoming a priority for the competitiveness of European industries, and it
presents a strong focus on fostering a European Data-driven Economy26. In this framework the EC is
open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aimsâ to help SMES set up supply chains, and to get access to
cloud computing and legal advice. Further support, investment advice and funding for SMES and young companies is also available through the Commission†sâ Startup Europe programme for web and tech
entrepreneurs. Other activities are happening in the Internet of things (Iot) arena, where theâ IERC -26 23
Internet of things European Research Cluster27 coordinating the different  Iot projectsâ funded by the European research framework programmes
•Bottom up and grassroots approachesï¿A counterpoint to the top-down strategy is the bottom-up
At a time when the Internet has become so central in our societies, it is important that bottom-up approaches (based on the involvement of
users) more often complement traditional top-down approaches that can help build resilience through user empowerment;
One of the risks of Future Internet is that big industrial players (mainly US-based) will reinforce their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,
computing, data storage and service provision according to the cloud paradigm there is a risk of closing the innovation ecosystem in favour of incumbents or dominant players,
user-driven innovation. There is tremendous potential value in the emergent Digital Social Innovation sector. 28 Relevant initiatives that employ a bottom-up approach towards SI are The Collective Awareness
29, Web entrepreneurs, young entrepreneurs in the field of active and healthy ageing, digital champions, innovation camps and so on.
and exploring the potential of open data, open Access, and the digital commons. In particular it is the forthcoming research area in DG CONNECT that addresses the need to facilitate SI
The potential for crowdsourcing, community-based innovation, or collaborative innovation in the Internet domain should be explored thoroughly.
These platforms can gather and integrate information in order to allow participation and citizens†feedback, as well as integrating peer information to improve social
Core competitive differentiation and collaborative partner management Innovation success metrics Increased margins/revenues, reduced time to market, market share within
Today information technology is opening up new opportunities to transform governance and redefine government-citizen interactions, particularly within cities
Behavioural, design-led and data-driven Network structure Centralized and hierarchical Decentralized and digitally connected
and interdependent environments where companies, scientists, policymakers, governments, users, developers citizens, and other communities can interact productively to promote radical change.
and competences shared among the various actors form the core of ecosystems and define their innovation potential.
co-developed with users and communities, free and not free, empowering entrepreneurship, driven by innovation, stimulating growth
In this section, we will refer to six specific communities that have a core role in the European innovation
innovation space (e g. open data, open knowledge, open hardware, open networks), and identifies the key
The open hardware and free software communities The open source community is a broad-reaching community of individuals who share an open source
philosophy/culture, described by Wikipedia as the creative practice of appropriation and free sharing of found
and created content. The open source culture is therefore one in which fixations (works entitled to copyright
protection) are made openly available. Participants in the culture can modify those products and redistribute them back into the community or other organisations
Although in the beginning of the movement, a difference between hardware and software did not exist nowadays, we distinguish between the open source software community and the open source hardware
community. The individuals who participate in the former support the use of open source licenses that
make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is made available. The open source
software community is formed by programmers who support the open source philosophy and that contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development.
There are several examples of software that have been developed under an open source philosophy. Some of them
are Mozilla, Apache, Openoffice. org, or PHP The open source hardware community is formed by individuals that design hardware (that is, tangible
artefacts: machines, devices, or other physical things) and make it publicly available so that anyone can study
modify, distribute, make, and sell the design or hardware based on that design. Often, individuals gather
around specific organisations or projects. This is the case for Arduino, an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use hardware and software,
which is intended for artists, designers hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interacting objects or environments
The community of developers Developers are individuals who develop a new IT product or service.
They come up with an idea of an IT -based product or service and want to commercialise it.
That is why, often, this community is considered also as a community of entrepreneurs or start-ups. Because they are usually very small, developers that frequently
gather around innovation clusters or events, such as Silicon valley, the F6s network, or Fest-UP, Barcelona†s
in the quest for articulating user involvement, from support to entrepreneurial lead users to needs-finding or
user experience services. Actually, their goal could be described as the creation of â€oeinnovation arenas†where
The open data and open knowledge community Torkington (2010) suggests five types of people that are interested in open data:
1) governments who want to see a win from opening their data, 2) transparency advocates who want a more efficient and honest
government, 3) citizen advocates who want services and information to make their lives better, 4) open
therefore, government data should be available for free to the people, and 5) people who are hoping that releasing datasets will deliver economic benefits to the
In this report, the open/big data community refers to the set of governments, usually at the local level, that
decide to open their data. Their goal is usually twofold: on one hand, they aim at being more transparent;
accepted premise underlying these objectives is that the publishing of government data in a reusable format
There are many examples of cities that have opened their data. One of the most interesting is Helsinki, which
has become the most successful open data city in the world. Through and entity called Helsinki Region
Infoshare37 Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in formats that make it easy
for software developers, researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into web-based or mobile applications that citizens may find useful.
There are other local governments around the world that are successfully developing open data portals. In the United states, the cities of Chicago, San francisco
Philadelphia, and New york are only a few examples worth mentioning. British columbia in Canada, the region of Piedmont in Italy,
and Metropolitan Rennes in France have also set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices
Crowdsourcing is distributed an online problem-solving and production model that has grown in use in the past decade.
While many of the successful cases of crowdsourcing have been related to companies, cities are also beginning
to benefit from crowdsourcing methods to gather input from residents and apply the information they receive
initiatives led by the private sector through web-based platforms. Others are taking the initiative to license tools
Smart citizens are those individuals who take part in crowdsourcing initiatives to improve policies or to co
Beyond crowdsourcing (and co-producing/co-creating/co-managing g/†for that matter) public services citizens and organiszations can also get involved in the political decision-making process (that is, in the policy
be known as e-participation is referred now to as open democracy or crowdsourcing democracy. Within this
Crowdsourcing was used in Iceland in 2010 and 2011 in the constitution reform process. Participatory budgeting is a process of democratic
have become stronger by means of intensely using social media and civic digital platforms 28 4. 4 Macro analysis of communities
Open source hard -ware and software Open source activ -ists Firms supporting open source activists Communities Open source plat
-forms Peer governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of conflict-resolution mecha -nisms Tension between hierarchy and
equality Developers Developers Entrepreneurs Tech events Accelerators/incuba -tors Venture capital firms Tech blogs and mag
-azines Decentralized Cluster governance High entry barriers (technological skills Lack of interconnection between developers Lack of visibility
Innovation labs Innovation labs themselves Networks Networked Formal enabling/ser -vicing structures Lack of interconnection between dif
-ferent types of labs Cost of being a network member Difficulty to involve the community
Open/big data (Local) govern -ments Competition organ -izers Networks of develop -ers Open data evange
-lists Top-down (govern -ments decide what when and how to open Lack of standardization Lack of reuse
Use of social media platforms Lack of interconnection between citizens and between initiatives Lack of awareness
Use of social media platforms Lack of interconnection among groups Table 6 Macro level analysis of the innovation ecosystem
The open source hardware and software communities Within this wider community, two movements can be identified: the open source software community and
the open source hardware community. In both cases, the focal actors are the activists: either they support the
use of open source licenses that make software available for anybody to use or modify as its source code is
made available (open source software activists) or they support the open source philosophy and contribute to the community by voluntary writing and exchanging programming code for software development (the open
source hardware activists Firms, organisations, and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers
within the open source community. For example, Canonical40 was created alongside Ubuntu to help it reach a wider market.
They ensure that Ubuntu runs reliably on every platform from the PC and the smartphone
to the server and theâ cloud. Along the same lines, the development of Arduino41 has taken place around
a community of Arduino enthusiasts that includes region-specific groups and special interest groups. The community is an excellent further source of support on all Arduino-related topics.
The P2p Foundation42 is a third example of an organisation that supports the open source community and is,
therefore, an enabler. It focuses on studying, researching, documenting and promoting peer-to-peer practices in a very broad sense
Among some of its guiding ideas, the P2p Foundation supports the principles developed by the free software
movement, in particular the General Public License, and the general principles behind the open source and open access movements.
It believes that these principles provide for models that can be used in other areas of 29
social and productive life. One last example is that of the Open source Initiative43, a Californian public benefit
corporation, founded in 1998, aimed at educating about and advocating for the benefits of open source and at
building bridges among different constituencies in the open source community Open source platforms are also enablers within the open source community.
The best example of them is Github44 a web-based hosting service for software development projects that use Git, an open source version
control. It is home to over 13.1 million repositories, making it the largest code host in the world.
Other technological tools get developers in touch and facilitate the exchange of resources and information.
It is the case of the Arduino Playground (http://playground. arduino. cc/),a wiki where all the users of Arduino can
contribute and benefit from their collective research Regarding governance, the open source community works under the principles of peer governance, a bottom
-up mode of participatory decision-making. According to Coffin (2006), openness, networking, participationâ and transparencyâ appear as the main characteristics of peer governance.
In open source projects, equipotential participants self†select themselves to the section to which they want to contribute.
Bruns (2008) also characterizes open source communities as heterarchies, meaning that they operate in a much
According to Fogel (2006), the possibility to fork45 is central to the governance of any open source community
although the author particularly refers to open source software communities. The shared ownership of open source projects allows anyone to fork a project at any time.
Finally, Stadler (2008) submits that leadership in open source projects is not egalitarian, butâ meritocratic. In this
the leader being the founder of the project, such as Linus Torvalds for Linux or Jimmy wales for Wikipedia
Despite its many benefits, open source communities also experience some drawbacks. The following are some of the most significant
anyone can be part of an open source hardware or an open source software community but in order to be engaged actively,
texts and documents refer to individual open source activists as programmers committed to the open source philosophy.
matter that much because as previously stated, there is equipotentiality in an open source community •Lack of conflict-resolution mechanisms:
The case of Wikipedia, and its internal struggle between deletionists and inclusionists, has been studied widely and analysed as an example of an open-sourced
like Linux, invest one developer (or a subgroup of developers) with the authority to accept
Entrepreneurs and developers also use social networks to get in touch with one another. Some of the most popular social platforms include Entrepreneur Connect48 and Startup Nation49.
They read blogs and tech magazines as well. Some of them belong to entrepreneurs themselves like Steve Blank†s50, Joel Gascoigne†s51
Wikipedia defines it as financial capital provided to early-stage, high-potential, growth start-up companies.
attend events or join social networks to interact with other individuals or they might gather around other
tech (software/Internet), biotech, clean tech, natural foods, and lifestyles of health and sustainability. Feld (2012) states that these clusters can be considered as networks for their members do not
Despite gathering around certain events and activities or participating in social networks, they usually are disconnected and, at any rate, they cluster round specific topics.
the quest for articulating user involvement, from support to entrepreneurial lead users to needs-finding or user
Another type of living lab is the fab lab. According to Wikipedia, a fab lab (short for fabrication laboratory) is
computer-controlled tools that cover several different length scales and various materials with the aim to make
community, it is the living labs themselves that provide structure and governance to individual users from
labs organise users in needs finding exercises contributing to ideation, support them in acting as entrepreneurs
organise user contribution in incremental innovation through localisation exercises, or promote societal involvement for a certain platform, product or service.
of finding and involving lead users and to capture users†attention. They believe the living labs†business
The open/big data community It has already been stated that the open/big data community includes a set of governments, usually at the local
level, that decide to open their data. Governments are, therefore, the focal actors of this community.
Their goal is usually twofold: on one hand, they aim to be more transparent; on the other, they pursue an increase
businesses and individual developers to use their data, engaging with the local community is key.
Innovation is the result of using the data governments open and offer for free The open/big data community†s enablers connect (local governments with those who are potential users
and who will boost innovation. One example is that of competitions. Particularly, competitions†organisers make sure developments and innovation takes place by means of using government open data.
This is the case of the Open Data Challenge74, one of Europe†s biggest open data competitions.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros
Prize Idea, Prize App, Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award
for Linked data. In total, 13 awards were given. There are many other competitions, some of them organized
Apps4finland75, for example, is an open data contest that has been running since 2009. It encourages the public sector
and other actors to make their data accessible to citizens and 33 developers. The competition has welcomed new data sources, applications, visualisations and ideas as entries
Apps4ottawa76 is another open data contest organised by the City of Ottawa in Canada. Apps for Amsterdam
has also been analysed widely. It was promoted an initiative by the City of Amsterdam, the Waag Society
and the Amsterdam Economic Board, to make accessible as much data of the City of Amsterdam as possible
open data among the members of the network. It also backs up open data individual requests to governments
Usually, networks of developers are virtual. In this respect, social media networks play a significant role. They
are a great place for developers to learn from colleagues, find solutions to problems, and improve their own
Of particular interest are also those sites devoted to developers†interaction that are embedded in open
data portals. Data. gov. uk77 the open data portal of the United kingdom, has an â€oeinteract†section, with blogs
and forums. At the local level, the open data portal of Chicago is worth mentioning;
it has aimed a section at developers78 Open data evangelists are also enablers within the open/big data community.
There are organisations that encourage the use of open data. In the private world, Socrata79 is one interesting example.
Building on the experience of open data portals developed throughout the United states, it offers an open data field guide
that is particularly aimed at government and elected officials. The Open Knowledge Foundation80 is another example, from the nonprofit field, that advocates and campaigns for the open release of key information.
It has published an open data handbook that anyone can use but that is especially designed for those who are
seeking to open up data. It has developed also an open data index, which assess the state of open government
data around the world. Individuals can also be considered open data evangelists: Andrea Di Maio (VP
Distinguished Analyst at Gartner), David Eaves (open data innovator and thought leader), Tariq Khokhar (open
data evangelist at the World bank), or Jay Nath (San Francisco†s Mayor Chief Innovation Officer) are only a few
examples PWFSOBODF of the open/big data community is top down, that is, governments decide what, when and
how to open. Some Governments do not interact with other stakeholders and there are many differences
between them, both in terms of speed and pace and commitment. As a result, the success of open data
portals regarding innovation is very diverse. This does not mean the open/big data community does not have
references. There are outstanding good practices, such as the case of Helsinki, to which we have already
referred in section 3, other local governments turn to and followbut there is not a formal network of local
governments, connected to each other on a regular basis around open data issues. In terms of governance therefore, we can only refer to the governance of relationships with stakeholders (users, first data providers
the information environment), such as Helbig et al (2012) do, but still in this case, it is each government which
Lastly, a lot has been written on open/big data failures. Huijboom & Van den Broek (2012) identified several barriers for open/big data initiatives to progress.
After reviewing open data strategies in several European countries, they describe a closed government culture, privacy legislation, limited quality of data, lack of
standardisation (due to individual decisions), security threats, existing charging models (some government charge for the data), and uncertain economic impact (it is still not clear
what the use/reuse of open data gives rise to Other authors have referred also to some of these pitfalls,
such as data quality and lack of reuse, two topics that are related very. According to the United kingdom Public Accounts Committee (2012), businesses
and developers are being hindered in making open data products and services due to the poor quality
of information being opened up. In this respect, the release of incomplete datasets such as patchy price and performance information for adult social care, plus factors such as inconsistent reporting across local
authorities, mean that the data quality does not help developers. Dawes (2012) adds that data quality is
generally used to mean accuracy, but that research studies identify multiple aspects of information quality
that go well beyond simple accuracy of the data: intrinsic quality (it includes accuracy and objectivity, but
also involves believability and the reputation of the data source), contextual quality (it refers to the context of
the task for which the data will be used and includes considerations of timeliness, relevancy, completeness sufficiency, and value-added to the user), representational quality (it relates to meaning and format), and
accessibility (it comprises ease and means of access as well as access security Actually, according to Kitchin (2013), it is not clear that open data is leading to innovative products that create
new markets. This may well be the case with high value datasets such as mapping and transport data, but
much less likely with most other datasets. He mentions De vries et al (2011), who reported that the average
34 apps developer made only 3, 000 USD per year from apps sales, with 80%of paid Android apps being
downloaded fewer than 100 times. Â In addition, they noted that even successful apps, such as Mycityway81
what has been known as crowdsourcing. Coined by Jeff Howe in the June 2006 of Wired magazine, it describes a web-based business model that harnesses the creative
solutions of a distributed network of individuals through what amounts to an open call for proposals.
and has argued that crowdsourcing is a problem solving model that can have profound influence in the way we solve our world†s most pressing social and environmental
In that spirit, the business model of crowdsourcing is already being applied in nonprofit and government projects. The crowd in those projects are the smart citizens
Geological Survey†s Earthquake Program, a US multi-agency programmme, has a crowdsourcing site, â€oedid you
mechanisms to achieve specific project-related goals by effectively facilitating user participation. Some of the
One of them is Goteo85), a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, microtasks,
For crowdsourcing to work, one needs the â€oeright†crowd. For example, if technical or scientific knowledge is required,
million users around the world. Its mission is to empower people everywhere to create the change they want
a website where he posts articles and news. Chris Quegley is another one. He is the cofounder of Delib90
online crowdsourcing projects and platforms. He previously worked for Obama†s team in Washington on the
No matter the type of initiative, social media platforms play an outstanding role as a way of organizing
The digital divide 36 and its implications for political equality are potential danger areas for open democracy.
One final example is the use of social media platforms. The nature of government decision and policy making problems (that increasingly become â€oewicked problemsâ€) necessitate stakeholdersâ€
and the web 2. 0 social media can play an important role in this direction, and enable the application of crowdsourcing ideas in the public sector. However, the collection of a large amount
of citizen-generated content from various social media on a particular decision or policy making problem is
not easy to deal with and necessitates the development of appropriate decision support systems 4. 5 Micro analysis of communities
Open source hardware and software Government contracts and procurement Creating fast growing plat -forms (companies Reducing costs (companies
Capturing value (companies Reputation/skills/signalling developers Scalability Less cost Increase of profit Contracts/employability
Open/big data Organization of competi -tions Support for networking Knowledge sharing and dissemination New services
The open source hardware and software communities In terms of instruments, usually, open source products are free. However, related-services might not be
For example, open source software and its supporting code are generally free of cost to download, use and
modify. However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing
new extensions of the core code. For instance, R is an open source environment and programming language for statistical computing that is also free of cost.
While R offers no cost access to its software and source code Revolution R Enterprise92, a proprietary spin-off, markets a faster version of R. The company can process very
large data sets and offers, for a fee, training, consulting, and technical support services. Though the services
cost money, the cost may still be smaller than what legacy commercial products charge and,
if an R user does not need the additional services, then, s/he does not have to pay for them
In this respect, governments might be interested in signing contracts with open source developers for 37 governments are, more and more,
turning to open source. This has clearly been the case regarding open source software. In January 2011, the Australian Government released an open source software policy
and guidance documentation for Australian government agencies to inform their use, modification and development of open source software.
In April 2012, the United kingdom released the second version of the document â€oeopen source software options for governmentâ€.
In December 2013, the Italian government issued final rules implementing a change to procurement law that now requires all public administrations in the
country to first consider reused or free software before committing to proprietary licenses Open source hardware is not that popular among governments although there a few interesting examples.
We have referred already to the Flok Society in Ecuador93. Working with an academic partner, the Government of
Ecuador has launched a major strategic research project to â€oefundamentally re-imagine Ecuadorâ€, based on the principles of open source:
networks, peer production, and commoning. Ecuador has been the first country in the world which has committed itself to the creation of an open commons knowledge based society.
The Public Laboratory for Open Technology and Science (Public Lab94), a community which develops and applies
distributed 3, 000 open hardware kits (the Civic Information Starter Kits), open hardware and software packages
for citizen-led environmental data collection supported by a small data platform for analysis and advocacy.
tool enables civic-minded groups to empirically verify government data and inaugurating a new generation of
In summary, because of governments†interest in open source, contracts and government procurement are important tools within this community
A lot has been written on the motivations of members of the open source communities. Most literature on motivations is based on empirical surveys (Vainio & Vadã n, 2006.
Intrinsic motivations include open source politics (working on open source to limit the power of large companies, particularly software companies, and because
individuals think software and hardware should not be proprietary goods), community identification (for open source development communities are not communities only in a technical sense of the word but also in terms
of identity: being part of the community is sometimes part of the developer†s identity), and peer-recognition
and respect. Extrinsic motivations include user needs (developments take place as a result of a personal need for a tool and, then, it is shared
because somebody else with a similar need will probably enhance it and fix its problems) and signalling (being a contributor to the community increases reputation and, eventually, leads to
and contributing to open source and do not subscribe to many social motivations that are, by contrast, typical of individual programmers.
According to the authors, promoting innovation by and small companies seems to be the most important motivation
Vici (2008) also analyses firms†motivations to participate in the open source community and states that, at the beginning,
and in general, supporting open source was justified merely by the need of answering to the increasing requests of improved quality products.
and feedbacks from the open source community allow a reduction in R&d costs and an enlargement of the
Adopting open source principles also increases the likelihood of attracting skilled developers and thereby achieving a higher pace of technological
Avenali et al (2010), in their study on open software and hardware innovation platforms, point to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit),
In this respect, government attitude towards the open source community is fundamental and may have an effect in terms of scalability for governments are in a unique
In the field of software, public services, organisations and territorial administrations collectively represent a major software user with great impact on the software market:
when an agency adopts open software, it also forces its contractors to adopt the government†s platform of choice so
they are eligible to work for them The community of developers The community of developers (mainly apps developers) and entrepreneurs have several instruments that are
six months to research, test core assumptions and iterate before building out an entire project
In India in March 2014, Vodafone launched its developer platform to empower the community of developers
It allows developers to use the Vodafone platform to offer content and customised services to users.
It serves as a new monetisation channel for app developers. In the past, Gaana. com, Cleartrip, Vserv, Reverie Language
According to Wikipedia, seed funding is a form of securities offering in which an investor purchases part of a business.
2014, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, IBM promoted its Watson Mobile Developer Challenge
IBM would choose three winning teams and provide seed funding for their businesses Building and growing a company
apps developers and states that the explosive growth in smartphone adoption has created opportunities for 39
that invest in mobile are in fact looking for a return on their investment In this respect, the report explores the two main types of business models that are in place:
product, which calls for direct monetisation, via paid downloads, in-app purchases, or contract development
such as user confusion, privacy concerns, premature scaling, the competitive landscape) but the most important reason is that start-ups were not able to monetize their product/service.
There is quite a lot of consensus about the fact that a living lab is driven a user open innovation arena or
users to take an active part in the research, development and innovation process Public funding is an important instrument at the initial stage of a living lab
as the user. One of the goals of the activity is to support the creation of new exportable products and services
that promotes use of multimedia technology among people over the age of 50. Seniorlabs are actually quite common in living labs
and reputation in order to attract users to their buildings and platforms. According to Almirall & Wareham (2008), this is relevant because the innovative capacity of a society
In addition, because the reward users capture from the process is explained mostly in terms of reputation and a sense of belonging
future user participation will also be affected by the level and success of wider societal awareness.
The open data and open knowledge community As was the case with the community of developers,
the open/big data community†s instruments are very similar to the so-called enablers in section X. In particular, in this section we will refer to the organization of
aim to bring together the data sets, made available by (local governments, with the app developers or the
community of open data users. Competitions are aimed at developers, researchers, journalists and anyone who has a keen interest in the reuse of open data,
as their main goal is to promote the use/reuse of data sets 41 Many open data competitions have been organised throughout the years by (local governments themselves or
by other organisations. In November 2013, for example, the Energy department of the United states launched a competition to encourage the creation of innovative energy apps built with open data109.
Several hackathons have been organized since them across the country. In Queensland (Australia), between February and March 2014, the Science for Solutions open data competition took place
in order to encourage data visualisations application development or other unique treatments of the science datasets provided by the Department of
Science, Information technology, Innovation and the Arts of the Queensland Government. In Europe, the City of Stockholm organized in April 2014
what is said to be one of the biggest competitions of open data in the region:
the Open Stockholm Award110 Competitions award participants with monetary prizes but they are also an important tool for developers†to
respect, many open data portals include a section for developers. These same sites can also be an interesting
tool in order to share examples of using/reusing open data. Some of them list the apps that have been
developed by companies or the public administration itself by means of suing the open data sets.
It is the case of Open Data Euskadi in Spain111, Open Data Vienna112, or Open Data Toronto113
Regarding motivations, there is a need to differentiate between (local) governments†motivations and open data users†motivations.
We have approached already the latter when analysing the community of developers Thus, we will now focus on the former.
Local governments have three important motivations when launching open data portals. First of all, most of them aim at being more transparent.
For them, open data enhances transparency because it shows what the government is doing. Increased transparency also relates
to other benefits that open data could contribute to, namely increased participation in political life, stronger
democracy or e-governance. Much literature and many policy reports are actually based on the assumption
that open data is a tool to enhance transparency. In addition, it is argued often that transparency could lead
opening data will result in transparency and the idea that transparency automatically leads to more trust in the
Research has shown that the assumption that open data automatically results in transparency is too simple.
which we believe influence open data transparency: 1) the type of data opened, 2) what one can do opened with the data
and how they are displayed, 3) the undesired effects of opened data and 4) the costs of open data transparency apart from the systems, resources, capabilities and
other means to make sense out of data Offering better and new services is another motivation to engage in open data initiatives.
According to Berners -Lee (2012), opening up data is fundamentally about more efficient use of resources and improving service
delivery for citizens. More and more, citizens expect city services to be available online. Reusing public sector data can lead to the development of improved, more efficient online public services.
Also, merging data and information digitally leads to improved collaboration between city departments and more efficient
internal information sharing. This can also lead to improved e-government services being developed by public
administrations. What†s more, local authorities are actively pursuing open data strategies to collaborate with citizens and the private sector in developing services from this data.
Co-created or co-produced public services better meet the citizens†demands. Also, local governments can use their data to provide (real time) information
to address issues from traffic congestion to peak load electricity management. Other services such as reporting
tools can allow citizens to report local problems to the council just by locating them on maps
public data, creating services and applications from those free data. This means a new market niche, based
Indeed, according to the Eurocities Statement on Open Data, opening and reusing public sector information can potentially create economic gains of up to 40 Billion euros annually in
Incentives for the open/big data community should take into account the instruments†flaws and the needs of the community in terms of motivations.
Thus, if it is true that opening data does not necessarily lead to more 42
transparency, efforts are needed to enhance the links between opening data, increasing transparency and increasing trust and legitimacy.
Technical support in order to address the make the most of opened data is another incentive. There are some
Open Data Support, for example, is a 36-month project of the DG CONNECT of the European commission toâ improve the visibility
on local and national open data portals in order to increase their reuse within and across borders.
1) data and metadata preparation, transformation and publication servicesâ that will enable them to share the metadata
services in the area of (linked) open data, aiming to build both theoretical and technical capacity to European
Union public administrations, in particular to favour the uptake of linked open data technologies, and 3
information technology advisory and consultancy servicesâ in the areas of linked open data technologies, data and metadata licensing,
and business aspects and externalities of (linked) open data. Â Certainly, monetary incentives also matter.
Funding open data projects may encourage the release of public data. The Cabinet Office and the Department of Business, Innovation and Skills, in the United kingdom, are
for example, supporting organisations who want to improve their data publication. In this respect, they are helping to unlock data from public bodies by awarding 1. 5 Million pounds to projects as part of the Release of
Data Fund and the Breakthrough Fund Smart citizens Two are the instruments mainly used by those citizens who want to take part in crowdsourcing initiatives
projects and platforms. Both of them are related, assome crowdsourcing platforms revolve around specific projects and others (mainly crowdfunding platforms) display a list of projects that need citizens†input.
In section 5. 4, we have referred already to online platforms for both crowdsourcing and crowdfunding initiatives
There are several classifications of types of platforms, although there is some overlap between them. One of them is related to the organisation that sets up the platform:
a business firm, a public sector organisation and a nonprofit sector organisation. Howe (2009) also classifies platforms depending on the crowdsourcing
approach. He refers to 1) crowd-creation (leveraging the ability and insights of a crowd of people to create
new products and services), 2) crowd-voting (where the community votes for their favourite idea or product
global leader in crowdsourcing innovation problems where people compete to provide ideas and solutions to
Finding what motivates the so-called crowd is essential for success in crowdsourcing activities because it
Some potential users will participate in a system not for any returns from the system,
The other reasons for crowds to support crowdsourcing systems are much more self-motivated It is interesting to mention money.
-crowdsourcing: the number of people to pay. Also, self-benefit from the content created by the crowdsourced
an individual and provides benefit to the crowd member who contributes to the actual crowdsourcing task.
Finally, Pilz & Gewald (2003) state that motivations are paid different in and nonprofit crowdsourcing communities.
Crowdsourcing sites fall into one of two categories in terms of their compensation: pay-on-task or contest
The pay-on-task sites offer a nominal level of compensation for a completed task.
Contest/prize sites pay significantly more money or offer job contracts, product prototypes and royalties
crowdsourcing projects: 1) pay for professionals skills and ask for amateur contributions on a volunteer basis 2) pay for extraordinary skills
Leaving aside portals that display public open data, previously analysed, governments use transparency portals as well,
which give information about different topics, and not only raw data. Transparency portals are very popular in Spain.
aim at evaluating the data and the information public organisations publish on their transparency portals
be more informal (such as movements that revolve around different social media platforms. Also, Wikipedia refers to specific initiatives/activities such as town hall meetings, opinion polls,
participatory budgeting referenda, protests or voting. More individual engagement may take the shape of e-mails to government
facilitated by specific participation platforms, wikis, social media, and blogs Legislation is another significant tool that is used by governments.
using the internet to gather instantaneous real world data from which knowledge is extracted and used to dynamically (re) shape policy actions
A more user-centred approach to policy-making, if you will The workshop brought together over 70 DSI practitioners, researchers, experts, and policy makers from
digital social innovation is enabled often by open data, free software, and open hardware platforms. In many
cases, new services cannot be envisaged at the time that these open tools are developed, but they are often
The afternoon of the workshop began to crowdsource policy ideas from participants. This focused not just
might be used such as digital human rights and data as knowledge commons 49 1 2 3 4 5
making available open data, ubiquitous broadband Enabling some of the radical, disruptive innovations emerging from digital SI †new approaches to money
Your Priorities is a web app that allows people to submit new ideas, debate and discuss ideas and vote up
are represented equally in the user interface and this is highly effective in facilitating consensus and in the
Open Standards for social, identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and
payment data. There is a need to require the European Public sector and EC funded projects to not fall into this
trap and provide open data sets on social, identity and payment Many US companies have patents on identity
social and payment data. There is a need to re -quire the European Public sector and EC funded
data sets on social, identity and payment Public data sets available to encourage innovation By ensuring there are open data sets available
from the European public sector and EC funded projects will remove barriers from social innova -tors who often rely too much on Facebook, Twitter
ect. for data. It will create more space for innova -tors to build easier and better tools
Impact and Measurement Implement social value model into all policy measure -ments Put in place new guidelines that create a new social
Timefunding, crowdsourcing with time We are studing the way to allow pople to use their time
Powers of companies such as Google and Fa -cebook have a lot of control over an individual†s
data available online which threatens individual privacy and freedom. By having set guidelines and rules on this data and helping individuals
maintain control over their own data will prevent infringements on privacy Citizens engagement and feedback
Democratic and distributed social network Social network based on open source code to promote the most interesting news decided by the people,
send -ing links and voting. Based on the open source code of Meneame. net, but with a new user interface more similar
to actual social networks like Facebook or Twitter I would call it Yups. com: Yups for the positive votes and
Oops for the negative ones I†ve started right now the nonprofit project, but all help is
welcome to spread the news important for the people instead other interests Enabling infrastructures Funding a Public-Private-People Partnership
PPPP) on distributed architectures in order to create an open decentralised digital ecosystem including open data distributed repositories, distr
buted cloud, distributed search, decentralised social networking, public identity management and encrypted email service The internet ecosystem today is highly centralised
The current Internet is dominated by a handful of mainly US companies that control all the lay
-ers of the tecosystem (app store, cloud, machine learning, devices), and are imposing their rules of the game.
Europe needs to invest in future infrastructures that reflect the European values support SMES and civic innovators and deliver
public good. Distributed, privacy-aware enabling infrastructures can also reestablish trust Ecosystems and Innovation labs
Net Neutrality and banning software patents Banning software patents and continue to campaign for the internet to remain a neutral space
Keep bottom-up innovation feasible and affor -dable. Software packages that are patented can be expensive making them less accessible and
not affordable to potential individual innovators Also the internet needs to continue to be a neutral
space where creativity can continue to flourish Gender Equality in DSI Promote gender equality in DSI by tackling things such
as criteria for funding, visibility ect Improve diversity in DSI. DSI disproportionately males dominated. Less diversity can hinder inno
the internet, the R&d funding at CERN led to the invention of the Web) Encourage people to think
about Who could implement it (Europe -an Commission, national govern -ments, municipal etc Who will benefit?
them we†ll email their pledge back to them after six months this keeps people on their toes
DSI, there are a number of perceived future Internet threats (such as concentration of power and surveillance
A main Internet trend-threat in the current and future Internet ecosystem is recognised today: an increasing
concentration of power in the hands of a few data aggregators (e g. over the top players), none of which is
located in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search market and 98%of the mobile search
market, Facebook dominating the Social networking and Identity Ecosystem, whilst Apple, Amazon and Microsoft controlling the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms
Furthermore, the Digital economy is now mainly based on business models that aggregate, analyse and sell personal data, turning personal data in what has been defined as the â€oeoil of the Internet economyâ€.
Most users have accepted exploitative business models based on privacy infringement and often hidden surveillance mechanisms in exchange for free services.
This bargain not only undermines privacy and weakens data protection but also commodifies knowledge, identity, and personal data.
European SMES, developers and social innovators are innovating with cheap open hardware, open source software, open knowledge, open data and
analytics faster, and are producing valuable data about people, the environment, biometric and sensor data (as
shown in the DSI map129 but these data are used not yet to enhance the public good at a systemic level
What needs to happen is to channel more resources and coordinated policy actions to support grassroots
and social innovation. There is a common sentiment that a strong public intervention at EU level is needed
to properly support these areas of developments which, far from being within the short-term interests of big
This includes the need for open data distributed repositories, distributed cloud, distributed search, and distributed social networking.
It can also include the development of new mobile platforms alternative to Apple or Android) as a kind of â€oeregulated monopoly†able to ensure some basic services at
European level, on top of which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish
in a participatory innovation model, based on open source and open hardware developments 2. 5ifï¿''VUVSFÏ¿PGÏ¿
Users should be able to set the terms for controlling their personal data, including data portability.
In the Iot there will thus be a social contract between people and objects with ethical implications.
An alternative framework is also needed to provide an open architecture for managing online identity, security, and personal data
in an integrated fashion and based on democratic and participatory processes. The EU data protection reform packageï¿
ï¿ï¿currently being discussed by Member States is moving in this direction, trying to build a single and comprehensive data protection framework to develop tools
and initiatives to enhance citizens awareness, and ensure that businesses receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation
3. 0qfoï¿ï¿ï¿##JHÏ¿EBUBÏ¿GPSÏ¿UIFÏ¿4pdjbmï¿( (PPEÏ¿ï¿The main questions in a data-driven society emerge around new
governance modalities for Big data, collective ownership of data, data portability, and how to valorize data as knowledge commons.
Citizens should trust the institutions that control and negotiate their data and take decision on their behalf.
Users†social graphs (personal attributes, friends and relationships) and â€oeinterest graphs†(what people like and do) are harnessed
and sold to advertisers to extract and †mine†targeted market information. The question is how to assure user control over personal information in
an ocean of commercially valuable Big data. Technical Solutions do not work by themselves, therefore legal and commercial solutions have to be based in technology and integrated with the appropriate
policy framework. Defining sensible governance modalities for big data will requires a large collaboration between public and private actors
56 4. 1vcmjdï¿GFEFSBUFEÏ¿JEFOUJUZÏ¿NBOBHFNFOUÏ¿GPSÏ¿UIFÏ¿FOUJSFÏ¿&6ï¿ï¿Identity Management is becoming a very
important issue in the digital economy, since social interaction and relations are mediated increasingly by the network and their instruments.
The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities what companies define as â€oesocial graphsâ€)
and behavioural patterns of the user, is mined continuously and analysed with the main objective of maximising value extraction (e g. for marketing, economic
competition, and surveillance. A broader investigation and the understanding of the implication of such mechanisms are crucial for the understanding of future bottom-up digital economies.
The agency that public or private providers have today on identity is mainly at device level.
or plastic with a chip) into an open source mesh-networked device (a chip with a screen.
The device allows talks to only EU platforms (Iot-A, Fi-wareâ€) and the platform will offer interoperability to preferred non-EU partners.
positions between citizens and institutional users on one side and right holders on the other.
and services that adds value for users and strengthens overall European added value. Innovation should no longer be the result of top-down push technology strategies but of a
certain issues as open access, open data, open standards, and public sector information reuse, topics already tackled by the European commission (see, for example, the Guidelines on Open Access to
Scientific Publications and Research Data in Horizon 2020 or the PSI Directive, the Directive on the reuse
social innovation is a lot about open knowledge and open data policies. Therefore, regulating open data
standardization across Europe or setting up a European open data agency would be interesting ideas
Funding is critical as well. The analyses of communities have shown that the lack of money hinders innovation
6. Analysing network data: Exploring DSI Network effect (WP2 In order to analyse the relationship data from the mapping,
we are adopting social network analysis to detect patterns of relations and argue that the causal success of DSI located in the social structure.
By studying behaviours as embedded in social network structures, we will be able to explain macro and meso
-level patterns that show the dynamics in which DSI organisations and their initiatives create scalable results
open-ended field such as DSI is how to direct the multiple diverse streams of data from interviews to social
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types
The data collected at http://data. digitalsocial. eu network represents DSI organisations and their social relationships mapped in the form of graph that is a collection of nodes and
In the case of the DSI social network collected in this study, the nodes in a graph are
This social network analysis examines the structure and composition of DSI organisations ties in a given network and provide insights into its structural characteristics
visualization of the DSI network, embedded in our website, is interactive and aims at engaging the larger DSI
This means we can use this ever-expanding visualization and network database as a tool for
One of the tasks of this second interim report is to both determine how the current data can help to answer a
with such a framework can data and hypotheses be interpreted in a sensible manner without projecting pre
assumptiosn onto the data-Set in particular in the longer term, this requires both an unbalanced sample, in which we assume the data adequately reflects the empirical phenomena at hand
and TJHOJMDBODFÏ¿UFTUJOH, as network-based data often assumes a non-Gaussian distribution such as a power
-law Phrasing both the null hypothesis and alternative hypotheses in terms of network theory must be done with care.
There must then be enough data to adequately test the hypotheses, using mathematical techniques that
can statistically quantify the level of confidence in the proof of the data for any given hypothesis. For non
-Gaussian distributions such as power-laws, traditional t-tests against Gaussian distributions and even traditional statistics around averages and means are scientifically invalid134.
due to the small and mostly disconnected data-set we currently have gathered where it seems there is a large bias towards the United kingdom
broad-stroked analysis of the data. From this analysis will come a number of hypotheses that we will more
We still have concerns that the data-set is biased heavily towards English speakers due the lack of translation of the website into languages outside English.
We still believe that many more actors in countries such as Italy, France, or Spain where fluency in English is not to be
Howver, the website was not designed using standard internationalisation techniques and adding them is outside of the budget allocated
We would argue that future work after the end of the DSI project should allow the website
so that the data-set will be a more representative sample of digital social innovation in Europe. We earlier estimated that we need approximately
Currently we still have only half the data we need for a full analysis. However, we can â€oeeyeball†the results of the data-set
and determine general trends, as well as commence with a basic quantitative analysis 6. 2 What is the distribution of social innovation across Europe
the data is disconnected mostly. There are only 136 organizations with connections to other organisations (23%.%It appears that the vast majority of DSI
Indeed, if we graph the data-set of only connected organisations, we can see a clear â€oepower-law†style
organisations (89%of entire data has three or less links, including zero links). In the final version of the
report, we will do significance testing on this hypothesis with a larger data-set. The distribution of links is
Community detection algorithms can be used to find dense substructures (often called â€oecommunitiesâ€) within a larger and often sparse network.
be the case in a graph of links to and from Wikipedia, for example. In detail, there is a clustering coefficient
of. 887, signalling a fairly high density of interconnections in existing communities (Latapy, 2008. The way
to interpret a clustering coefficient is that it is the measurement of how likely it is that the organisations
If we take our data at face value, for the most part that does not seem to be happening organically
not part of the core DSI study team and yet have very dense roles in the super-community.
when data has been added, given that otherwise the experiments will be very hypothetical and possibly erroneous †for example, it is likely that there are other networks that have not been captured yet in this
we muct (1) still collect more data and to take into account the fact that (2 our hypotheses,
we have doubled approximately the data we gathered in the first phase, we will need to almost double that
existing data and research from other sources Level 2 You are gathering data that shows
some change amongst those using your product/service At this stage, data can begin to show effect
but it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as: pre and post survey evaluation;
cohort/panel study regular interval surveying Level 3 You can demonstrate that your product /service is causing the impact, by showing less
standardisation of delivery and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point for your customers
and Crowdsourcing week. Both workshops will help us test policy recommendations and ensure further engagement from the DSI community
media presence (500+twitter followers. In addition to the research we will work with the European Commission on developing a sustainability plan for the DSI website and community before the final event
on December 16th 2014 66 Endnotes 1. http://www. nesta. org. uk/develop-your-skills/challenge-prizes
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9. Competitiveness is defined as the capability of an economy to maintain increasing standards of living for
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