innovation, †available for download from<http://www. youngfoundation. org > 2006 Tagore LLC innovations/spring 2006 145
much greater than are cars, telecommunications, or steel. These growing social sec -tors are all fields in which commercial, voluntary,
-terns developed in sectors such as information technology or insurance Thousands of recent examples of successful social innovations have moved
Wikipedia and the Open university; holistic health care and hospices; microcredit and consumer cooperatives; the fair trade movement
The institutions pioneered new social models such as phone-based health diag -noses, extended schooling, and patient-led health care. 2 This tradition of practical
and the leaders of social innovation have included politicians, bureaucrats, intel -lectuals, business people, as well as NGO activists.
or the Internet to strengthen local communities. Indeed the Internet is now generating a host of new business models that are set to have
enormous impact in the social field. 7 Other possibilities may derive from new organizational forms,
(which combined the telephone, nurses, and diagnostic software; magazines sold by homeless people; the linkage of gay rights
to marriage; applying the idea of rights to animals; and the use of swipe cards for
-ious methods involving users used by the design company Ideo, and the consultan -cy What If?
The web-based com -pany Innocentive, for example, offers cash rewards for innovators who have work
-phones and a tiny contract with the neighboring police station A key virtue of quick pro
as with the telephone); what became Wikipedia was a failure in its first outing In business, people talk of the â€oechasm†that innovations have to cross as they
pass from being promising pilot ideas to becoming mainstream products or serv -ices. There are likely to be quite long phases
printers, which have made it easier to turn ideas quickly into prototypes; parallel methods are being developed in the social fields to crystallize promising ideas so
Internet, innovations can spread very quickly, and indeed there can be little point in doing local pilots
because the economics of web-based pilots may make it as inexpensive to launch on a national or continental scale.
In business, the experiences of companies such as Microsoft, Procter & Gamble, and Amazon suggests that pioneers that create markets through radical
-tion around a few core principles that can be communicated easily. Then as the idea is implemented in new contexts,
than just a telephone counseling service; the ECT Group in the U k. started as a
where users have choice (so that they can choose a radically different model of school or doctor rather than having it forced on them;
users have choice; and where expectations are carefully managed The Process of Social Innovation ow other revenue sources for many innovations.
in sectors such as microchips, software, cars, and retailing. Yet in most social fields, monopolistic governments sit alongside small units that are usually too
venture units (like Nokia; some grow through acquisition of other innovative companies as well as their own innovation (Cisco for example;
for user networks in business innovation is emulating longstanding practices in NGOS (Michael Young pioneered patient-led health innovations a generation ago
GDP than information technology or cars†will require very different approach -es, partly because they are shaped so deeply by public policy, and partly because
they depend so much on co-production by the user, patient, or learner We have proposed some of the new mechanisms
Email<editors@innovationsjournal. net >The Process of Social Innovation 5. CIDA believes itself to be the world†s only â€oefree, †open-access, holistic, higher educational facili
Andrea Vinassa writing on<http://www. workinfo. com/free/Downloads/243. htm>(accessed May 24,2006
<http://www. jimcollins. com/lib/articles. html #>7. For details about the open-source business model, see the Economist, â€oeopen,
9. See Global Ideas Bank,<http://www. globalideasbank. org/site/home/>./>The top 500 ideas that
will change the world are at http://www. globalideasbank. org/site/store/detail. php? articleid=178
Laboratory<http://www. psych. unimelb. edu. au/research/labs/soc actionlab. html>;>Affirmative Action Laboratory<http://www. naledi. org. za/pubs/2000/indicator/article4. htm>;
/MIT Community Innovation Lab<http://web. mit. edu/cilab/>;/>ETSU Innovation Lab http://www. etsu. edu/innovationlab
http://www. gsb. stanford. edu/SPEC/index. html (accessed May 25, 2006; and the Wharton School†s
For a thorough analysis of open source methods and their great potential, see G. Mulgan and
The Potential of Open source Methods (London, U k.:Demos and the Young Foundation, 2005 19. In the U k.,the In Control pilots delivered under the government†s policy Valuing People and
ship between user and suppliers. Prime Minister†s Strategy Unit, Improving the Life Chances of
attractive outlook 3 Sources: Reuters, FT, IHS Global Insight Growth driven mainly by developing regions or focussed strategies
send an important email You indicate you want to take the quickest most expensive route
Location aware smartphone detects 10 o†clock meeting and calls driverless car to pick you up
social media give them the access to their world that would once have been associated with cars. â€
panels, they'll be solar panels, making electrified vehicles almost free to charge Folding car Based on MIT€ s City Car, Basque Hiriko
In-car data services Increased safety V2i, V2v, †New revenue opportunities Partnerships European ecall initiative
software Help car owners earn extra money by renting their unused cars out to strangers Capture new
Formal languages that Evolve and Proliferate Social Constructivism Multiple and Subjective Descriptions Open source in Digital Ecosystems 17
Open Knowledge, Open Governance and Community 18 References 20 Table of contents •••6 Introduction
-sized enterprises (SMES) in several regions of Europe in the adoption of state-of-the-art business modelling, software
in the production processes brought by networks of users/producers (Benkler, 2006), which have clariï ed the
The interaction between research strands in philosophy of science, epistemology, ï oe cybernetics, information theory linguistics, and communication theory brought to a revolution in the studies of human behaviour, interaction, and
and which organisations and processes can foster innovation and dense communities of users, leading to a vibrant
software industry and socioeconomic stakeholders, we hope this simpliï ed map will help the readers keep their
Open source tools and processes for the collective representation and formalisation of knowledge Economic development ICTS
however, SMES are networked heavily in a web of business and social links with their suppliers, clients,
the technical infrastructure, based on a P2p distributed software technology that transports ï nds, and connects services
and information over Internet links enabling networked transactions, and the distribution of all the digital †objects†present within the infrastructure.
and processed (by computer software and/or humans), e g. software applications, services, knowledge, taxonomies folksonomies, ontologies, descriptions of skills, reputation and trust relationships, training modules, contractual
model between biological behaviour and the behaviour of the software, based on theoretical computer science implications and leading to an evolutionary, self-organising,
5) Now Networked Enterprise and RFID Unit, Directorate General information Society and Media 6) Inspired by work of Thomas Kurz, Salzburg University of Applied sciences
descriptions, digital contracts, software services, ontologies, dynamic semantic networks and taxonomies, folksonomies, tag clouds Evolutionary Environment
example, research conducted in the context of the DBE IP has highlighted the importance of Regional Catalysts
and other intermediary actors such as professional associations or volunteer open source communities. This has led to the broadening of the conceptualisation of the term †businessâ€.
ICT networks, social networks, and knowledge networks. The networked connections enabled by the Internet and the World wide web grew along
the links of the preexisting and underlying social, professional, collaboration, and business networks between governments, researchers, businesses, companies, and friends.
from the single computer to the local area network (LAN) at ï rst, and eventually to the global Internet.
Networked computers motivated the development of distributed architectures and shared resources, culminating in the peer-to
-peer (P2p) model. The faster and more pervasive communications enabled by the technology reinforced the already
order to understand how we could succeed in developing practical software technologies that reï ect the social and
social networking with a process rather than an event. This required the integration of the technological approach
It asks questions about Open source and the Linux phenomenon in the same breath as Schumpeter†s (ï oe942) oversubscribed creative destruction from IBM to
Microsoft to Google. It looks at new institutional and transaction costs economics (Coase, ï oe937;
Williamson, ï oe975 Benkler, 2002) as well as at the economics of sharing (Benkler, 2004) and community currencies. ï oeï oe Perhaps most
ï oe0) Crowdsourcing is deï ned as new business model in which a company or institution takes a job traditionally performed by a
over the Internet. Crowdsourcing has been used the ï rst time by (Howe 2006 ï oeï oe) http://www. openmoney. org.
Work currently being done in the OPAALS project: www. opaals. org ï oe2) In the private sector this refers to fewer IPR restrictions,
combining an open source shared middleware infrastructure with software services, models and information that compete on the revenue models
An open source ecosystem -oriented architecture provides, indeed, a distributed middleware that acts as a new ICT commons,
or as a public road that lowers the cost of ICT adoption and maximises the reuse of models.
and the tactic of using Regional Catalysts) as an eï €ective methodology to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development at the regional scale.
become better able to see ourselves through the eyes of others, reaching surprising conclusions such as, †Software
autopoiesis is used as the ultimate model of interactive computation, but it is used also as a metaphor for a generalised
and therefore also to the Internet and its applications/services. It was remarked by Lessig when he observed that â€oethe code is the law of cyberspaceâ€
The Internet†s structure determines how the Internet is regulated. The Internet†s role in innovation, based on
â€oethe remarkable social impact and economic success of the Internet is in many ways directly attributable to the architectural
The Internet was designed with no gatekeepers over new content or services The Internet is layered based on a,
end-to-end model that allows people at each level of the network to innovate free of any central control.
the Internet has created a platform for innovation. Cerf, 2005 In a similar way, the eï €ort in developing the architectural principles upon
by computer software and/or humans; potentially any description of the economic and social actors, their capacities, skills and the
Since the digital ecosystem is coupled structurally to the socioeconomic system of its users, its architectural design
The open source initial implementation is freely available (http://swallow. sourceforge. net/,http://dbestudio. sourceforege. net, http://evenet
or database and there is no node/actor that has privileged a or full view of the ecosystem.
the (references to the) formalised knowledge and the software services where there is a greater probability of their use
which is represented through a variety of continuously evolving (natural and formal languages and protocols  the architectural infrastructure that enables the desired â€oeautopoietic†mechanisms
is fundamentally an extension and a conceptualisation of the evolution of the Internet and of the Web
Computer science is concerned with the construction of new languages and algorithms in order to produce novel desired computer behaviours.
The Web is engineered an space created through formally speciï ed languages and protocols Berners-Lee, 2006
Formal languages that Evolve and Proliferate The issue of how distributed knowledge should be represented -and created-is one of the main research topics
related to semantics of today 2ï oe) The business ecosystem includes the socioeconomic players, the material transactions,
whether computer processes, humans, or a mixture thereof •••18 In the Web, due to the pressure of user needs, we see a continuous evolution of the protocols and artiï cial languages
The evolution operates at the level of the speciï c languages/protocols: some languages are initially rudimental, but
evolve, expanding their expressive power and increasing the processing they can support,(e g. HTML/XHTML;
URL /URI). ) New languages and protocols keep emerging, allowing the representation of other facets of the world.
focus of many scientists in recent years has in fact been to develop formal languages that have the expressive power
semantic web stack of W3c. 23 In the ecosystem metaphor this research activity can be described as the phylogenetic
tree24 of formal languages: new and more complex languages appear in the digital ecosystem, whilst the older ones
The cathedral of the Semantic web is replaced by a bazaar of descriptions and formalisms. The Digital Ecosystem can support such a bazaar of fragments of knowledge at
Semantic web Stack and how to express business deï nitions for business use (to represent policies, practices and
¢perceive to exist is mostly what exists in the media or on the Internet. The information,
of the ecosystem, shapes the user perception of the business ecosystem. The more rich and more †populated†a digital
and we apply these insights to the digital world and to formal languages, we gain powerful
the business models and interactions and of their formalisation into software services on their socioeconomic and
infrastructure and middleware, the software services and applications, all the attendant web technologies, and all the software development, requirements capture,
and business modelling tools up to the boundary with natural language. Clearly, the closer one approaches natural language, the easier it is to see the relevance of an
automating the generation of the software to interface to the underlying mediating technology through appropriate transformations
The software engineering approach and the Semantic web approach are based on the description of some aspect of
reality through formal ontologies and imposed by experts mediating on behalf of the users. The formal languages used have a high expressive power,
but due to their complexity the codiï cation requires mediation by experts. As a consequence, due to the scarcity of human resources, very limited aspects of the †real world†have been described
represent the user experience in organising online information, in contrast to the approach of establishing
cooperation among users. Through collaborative tagging users do need not to rely on intermediaries to describe their business activities, needs, they can participate directly in the modelling of reality.
The descriptions made by the users through collaborative tagging are less expressive and detailed than the descriptions made with
formal languages; however, being much easier to write, they are made eï €ectively by the users, and the ecosystems
are populated (Halpin, 2007 The point of view of social constructivism, which until a few years ago would have seemed radical or simply strange
in most technological ï elds, is actually rather obviously the basis of the Web 2. 0 phenomenon.
In fact, we can now say more conï dently that most of the evolutions in the Information Society do not depend on the advances in technology
The translation of this power into a mode of economic production is the central question of open source research
Open source in Digital Ecosystems Two of the three26 deep trends due to which, according to Dalle et al.
one of the most promising strategies to reduce the digital divide between SMES and large enterprises.
The Open source approach has thus been the only possible choice for the Digital Ecosystem infrastructure, not only
Access to code allows the growth of social networks able to build and transform their business/economic environment
many factors that inï uence the uptake of open source by companies, such as their connections in the open source
community, or the know-how of the way the open source process works and the implications of diï €erent types of
licences. Digital Ecosystems can then be seen as the structure that connects and mobilises such knowledge and that
Open source communities are epistemic communities28 (Edwards, 200ï oe) organised as a distributed network of agents
The key actors in the development of an open source product are the individual contributors companies (for proï t and non-proï t) and researchers.
respond to the legal incentives embodied in open source production Up to now economic theory suggests that long-term incentives are stronger under three conditions
programmers will want to work on software projects that will attract a large number of other programmersâ€. Lerner, 2006
26) The third reason is simply the very large amount of empirical data on open source communities and software production, which
latest software and web technologies, with social systems and social processes, and with the construction of a shared
29) â€oethose who have been waiting for a new and economically viable freestanding business model for free and open source software
or, Linux and The Nature of the Firmâ€, Yale Law Journal, Vol ï oeï oe2, pp 369-446
Software Technology Model Community Language Organisational Structure P2p Open Source Mediationpower Open Governance & Institutional Innovation
â€oea Framework for Web Science†Foundations and trends in Web Science, Vol. ï oe. No ï oe (2006.
ï oe-ï oe30 Bessen, J (2002. â€oeopen Source Software: Free Provision of Complex Public Goodsâ€, SSRN-id588763. http://citeseer
ist. psu. edu/bessen02open. html, last accessed ï oe/7/07 Burr, V (2003. Social Constructionism, 2nd Ed.,Routledge
Castells, M (2000. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture volume ï oe: The rise of the network society
8. ï oeï oe. 2005 http://googleblog. blogspot. com/2005/ï oeï oe/vint-cerf-speaks-out-on-net-neutrality. html last visit
and Open-source Software Mode of Productionâ€, in How Open is the Future? M Wynants and J Cornelis Eds
Towards a Critique of the Political economy of Free/Open source Software and Peer-to-peer File sharing Networksâ€, Cornell University
http://www. shaydavid. info/indexpapers. html, last accessed ï oe/7/07 Dini, P, Darking, M L, Rathbone, N, Vidal, M, Hernandez, P, Ferronato, P, Briscoe, G,
and S Hendryx (2005). The Digital Ecosystem research Vision: 20ï oe0 and Beyondâ€. Position paper following the cycle of workshops 2005 and
http://www. digital-ecosystems. org/events/2005.05/de position paper vf. pdf last accessed 30/5/2006 Edwards, K (200ï oe.
â€oeepistemic Communities, Situated Learning and Open source Software Developmentâ€, Working Paper, Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, Technical University of Denmark
internal report, Bruxelles, February 2006. http://www. digital-ecosystems. org/doc/fp7-de-shortintro. pdf last visit
http://europa. eu. int/information society/topics/ebusiness/godigital/sme research/doc/dbe discussionpaper. pdf last visit 30/5/2006
The Hard Problem for Artiï cial Lifeâ€, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Halpin, H (2006b.
/halpinpaper2006. html Halpin H (2007. â€oethe Complex Dynamics of Collaborative Taggingâ€, IW3C2 session e-communities, WWW 2007
Cybernetica Web (Principia Cybernetica, Brussels), http://cleamcï oeï oe. vub. ac. be/SECORCYB. html last visited
â€oenature-inspired computing technology and applicationsâ€, BT Technol J, Vol ï oe8 No 4 october Maturana, H and F Varela (ï oe998.
Articulos y Conferences â€oediez Aà os de Post-Racionalismo en Chile†(Instituto de Terapia Cognitiva Web, Santiago) http://www. inteco. cl/articulos/006/doc ingï oe. htm last visited ï oe/6/2007
Maynard-Smith, J (ï oe982. Evolution and the Theory of games, Cambridge university Press Moore, J F (ï oe996.
An Introductionâ€, Berkman Center for Internet and Society, Harvard Law school. http://cyber. law. harvard. edu/bold/devel03/modules/episodeii. html
Nachira, F (2002. â€oetoward a network of digital business ecosystems fostering the local developmentâ€, http://www
The Economic and Social Implications of Information technology, Edited by William H. Dutton, Boston: MIT Press
Telecommunications and Post, The hague, August Schã N d A (ï oe973. Beyond the Stable State: Public and private learning in a changing society, Harmondsworth
cfpm. org/ï oe998/vol2/wilkins js. html last visit ï oe/6/2007 Williamson, O (ï oe975.
â€oeunderstanding Computers and Cognition, A new foundation for Designâ€, Noorwood Newyersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation Magnibh feugait vercipismodvolobortin ulla conulla
2013) identify six types of online social networking platforms with the potential to enable social innovation.
apply fundamental concepts from Actor Network theory (Latour, 2005) to the study of social innovation. The authors conclude by arguing that a common process underpins both social
technologists and users, and the interfaces of the artefact with the wider technical infrastructure. Such configurations are shaped by the dynamic socio-technical structures (i e
and exchange data using discrete representations A provisional framework Having developed conceptualisations of social innovation and digital technologies, we now
energy efficient technologies (including digital technologies such as open source energy management systems. Conversely digital technologies can be viewed as integral components
as Wikipedia, can democratise the processes of developing and managing technology and knowledge. Conversely, digital technologies are also an integral part of the socio-technical
developing open source technologies to support more sustainable consumption practices (e g Open Energy Monitor; and secondly, online free reuse communities (e g.
Freecycle and A provisional framework for analysing relationships between social innovation and digital technologies Freegle) which enable people to directly give unwanted items to others in their local area
The Young Foundation and the Web: Digital Social Innovation The Young Foundation 2012. Social Innovation Overview:
Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www. worldbank. org All rights reserved 1 2 3 4 17 16 15 14
This work is a product of the staff of The World bank with external contributions. The findings
guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other
fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail pubrights@worldbank. org ISBN (paper: 978-1-4648-0351-2
Resources on the Doing Business website...91 4 Spain Doing Business 2015 INTRODUCTION Doing Business sheds light on how easy
The data set covers 47 economies in Sub -Saharan Africa, 32 in Latin america and the Caribbean, 25
provides data for other selected economies (comparator economies) for each indicator. The data in this report are
current as of June 1, 2014 (except for the paying taxes indicators, which cover the period January†December 2013
are used in the data collection, comparisons and benchmarks are valid across economies. The data not
only highlight the extent of obstacles to doing business they also help identify the source of those obstacles
The data, along with information on ordering Doing Business 2015, are available on the Doing Business website at
http://www. doingbusiness. org 5 Spain Doing Business 2015 CHANGES IN DOING BUSINESS 2015 As part of a 2-year update in methodology, Doing
than 100 million, data for a second city have been added to the data set and the ranking calculation.
These economies are Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Russian Federation and the United states. Third, for getting
obtaining a landline telephone connection For more details on the changes, see the â€oewhat is
on the data and methodology, please see the â€oedata Notes†chapter starting on page 114 of the Doing
data are presented in this year†s economy profile The aggregate ranking on the ease of doing business
captures the effects of such factors as data corrections and the changes in methodology. See
the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report for sources and definitions
Doing Business database Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT For policy makers, knowing where their economy
For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities
Doing Business database 9 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Figure 1. 3 Rankings on Doing Business topics-Spain
For the economies for which the data cover 2 cities, scores are weighted a population average for the 2 cities
Doing Business database 10 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Just as the overall ranking on the ease of doing business tells
allows users to assess how much the economy†s regulatory environment as measured by Doing Business has changed
See the data notes starting on page 114 of the Doing Business 2015 report for
Doing Business database 11 Spain Doing Business 2015 THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT The absolute values of the indicators tell another part of
factors as data corrections and changes to the methodology. Trading across borders deflated and non-deflated values are identical in
For a list of these economies, see the Doing Business website http://www. doingbusiness. org
Doing Business database 16 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Formal registration of companies has many
To make the data comparable across economies Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the procedures.
1 For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added
to data collected by Doing Business, starting a business there requires 6. 0 procedures, takes 13.0 days, costs 4. 6
which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to
website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter
Doing Business database 18 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189
Doing Business database 19 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS Economies around the world have taken steps making it
Doing Business database 20 Spain Doing Business 2015 STARTING A BUSINESS What are the details
collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators measure STANDARDIZED COMPANY
Doing Business database 23 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Regulation of construction is critical to protect the
To make the data comparable across economies Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the warehouse, including the utility
100 million, data for a second city have been added. is owned domestically and operated ï Has 60 builders and other employees
According to data collected by Doing Business, dealing with construction permits there requires 7. 0 procedures,
economy, except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest
Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the
Doing Business database 25 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS Globally, Spain stands at 105 in the ranking of 189
Doing Business database 26 Spain Doing Business 2015 DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS What are the details
collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover BUILDING A WAREHOUSE
•Project design of installation of telecommunications infrastructure Real Decreto 346/2011 •Project design of the use of solar energy for heating (either as an
inspection is provided on the official website of the Municipality of Madrid, www. munimadrid. es. The legal basis is Agreement of the Local
Doing Business database 30 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY Access to reliable and affordable electricity is vital for
data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used The warehouse ï is owned by a local entrepreneur, located
population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added ï Is not in a special economic zone where
According to data collected by Doing Business getting electricity there requires 5. 0 procedures, takes 85.0 days and costs 242.0%of income per capita (figure
which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to
getting electricity indicators, see the Doing Business website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected
Doing Business database 32 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY Globally, Spain stands at 74 in the ranking of 189
Doing Business database 33 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING ELECTRICITY What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on a set
Data are collected from the distribution utility, then completed and verified by electricity regulatory agencies and independent professionals such
data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover. The procedures, along with the
Doing Business database 36 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Ensuring formal property rights is fundamental
make the data comparable across economies several assumptions about the parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are
2 For the 11 economies with a population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added
According to data collected by Doing Business registering property there requires 5. 0 procedures, takes 12.0 days and costs 6. 1%of the property value (figure
which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to
website (http://www. doingbusiness. org. For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary at the end of this chapter
Doing Business database 38 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Globally, Spain stands at 66 in the ranking of 189
Doing Business database 39 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY Economies worldwide have been making it easier for
Doing Business database 40 Spain Doing Business 2015 REGISTERING PROPERTY What are the details The indicators reported here are based on a set of
collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover STANDARD PROPERTY TRANSFER
internet is valid. This document is an â€oeinformative Land Registry Extract†containing the same information as an Ownership and encumbrances
Doing Business database 43 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT Two types of frameworks can facilitate access to
Credit information systems enable lenders†rights to view a potential borrower†s financial history (positive or negative) †valuable information to
collateral (for more details on each case, see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 report
more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added WHAT THE GETTING CREDIT INDICATORS MEASURE
3 For the legal rights index, 2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected to assess the overall legal framework for
4 For the credit information index, 2 new points are added in Doing Business 2015 for new data collected on accessing borrowers†credit
How well do the credit information system and collateral and bankruptcy laws in Spain facilitate access to credit
Doing Business database 45 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT One way to put an economy†s score on the getting credit
Doing Business database Economy scores on depth of credit information index Note: Higher scores indicate the availability of more credit
Doing Business database 46 Spain Doing Business 2015 GETTING CREDIT What are the details The getting credit indicators reported here for Spain are
The data on credit information sharing are collected through a survey of a credit registry and/or credit bureau
The data on the legal rights of borrowers and lenders are gathered through a survey of financial lawyers and
Are data on both firms and individuals distributed? Yes Yes 1 Are both positive and negative credit data distributed?
No Yes 1 Are data from retailers or utility companies-in addition to data from banks and financial institutions
-distributed Yes No 1 Are at least 2 years of historical data distributed Credit bureaus and registries that distribute more
than 10 years of negative data or erase data on defaults as soon as they are repaid obtain a score of 0
for this component No No 0 Are data on loan amounts below 1%of income per
capita distributed Yes No 1 By law, do borrowers have the right to access their
data in the credit bureau or credit registry Yes Yes 1 Can banks and financial institutions access borrowersâ€
credit information online (for example, through an online platform, a system-to-system connection or both
Doing Business database 49 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Protecting minority investors matters for the ability of
data comparable across economies, a case study uses several assumptions about the business and the transaction
Doing Business database 51 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS One way to put an economy†s scores on the protecting
Doing Business database Figure 7. 3 How extensive is the liability regime for directors Extent of director liability index (0-10
Doing Business database 52 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 4 How easy is accessing internal corporate documents
Doing Business database 53 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS Figure 7. 5 How extensive are shareholder rights
Doing Business database Figure 7. 6 How strong is the governance structure Strength of governance structure index (0-10.5
Doing Business database 54 Spain Doing Business 2015 Figure 7. 7 How extensive is corporate transparency
Doing Business database 55 Spain Doing Business 2015 PROTECTING MINORITY INVESTORS What are the details
see the Data Notes section of the Doing Business 2015 report). ) The summary below shows the details underlying
Doing Business database 58 Spain Doing Business 2015 59 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES
To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions are used ï Taxpayerco is a medium-size business that
Collecting information and computing the tax payable Completing tax return forms, filing with proper agencies Arranging payment or withholding
which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities. See the chapter on distance to
Doing Business database 61 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES Economies around the world have made paying taxes
Doing Business database 62 Spain Doing Business 2015 PAYING TAXES What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on
Business in collecting the data (see the section in this chapter on what the indicators cover.
Doing Business database 64 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In today†s globalized world,
To make the data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the business and the traded goods
population of more than 100 million, data for a second city have been added ï Is a private, limited liability company
According to data collected by Doing Business, exporting a standard container of goods requires 4 documents
economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest business cities.
Doing Business database 66 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS In economies around the world, trading across borders
-based inspections and electronic data interchange systems. These changes help improve the trading environment and boost firms†international
Doing Business database 67 Spain Doing Business 2015 TRADING ACROSS BORDERS What are the details
Doing Business database 69 Spain Doing Business 2015 ENFORCING CONTRACTS Effective commercial dispute resolution has many
a standardized case study, it collects data relating to the time, cost and procedural complexity of resolving
data comparable across economies, Doing Business uses several assumptions about the case ï The seller and buyer are located in the
100 million, data for a second city have been added ï The buyer orders custom-made goods
According to data collected by Doing Business, contract enforcement takes 510.0 days, costs 18.5%of the value of the claim and
except for 11 economies for which the data are a population-weighted average of the 2 largest business
Doing Business database 71 Spain Doing Business 2015 ENFORCING CONTRACTS What are the details The indicators reported here for Spain are based on
Doing Business database 76 Spain Doing Business 2015 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A robust bankruptcy system functions as a filter
Monetary fund, supplemented with data from central banks and the Economist Intelligence Unit In addition, Doing Business evaluates the adequacy
The data are derived from survey responses by local insolvency practitioners and verified through a study of laws and regulations as
to data collected by Doing Business, resolving insolvency takes 1. 5 years on average and costs 11.0%of the
an economy, except for 11 economies for which the data are weighted a population average of the 2 largest
According to data collected by Doing Business, Spain scores 3. 0 out of 3 points on the commencement of
Doing Business database 79 Spain Doing Business 2015 Figure 11.2 Recovery Rate (0-100)- Spain
Doing Business database Figure 11.3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0-16)- Spain Source: Doing Business database
80 Spain Doing Business 2015 RESOLVING INSOLVENCY A well-balanced bankruptcy system distinguishes companies that are distressed financially but
Doing Business database 81 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business measures flexibility in the regulation of
Doing Business collects data on regulations applying to employees hired through temporary-work agencies as
Doing Business 2015 presents the data for the labor market regulation indicators in an annex.
Detailed data collected on labor market regulations are available on the Doing Business website http://www. doingbusiness. org.
The data on labor market regulations are based on a detailed survey of employment regulations that is completed by local
lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to ensure accuracy. To make the data comparable across
economies, several assumptions about the worker and the business are used The worker ï Is a cashier in a supermarket or a grocery store
economies the data are collected also for the second largest business city ï Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if
Doing Business database 83 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION What are the details The data reported here for Spain are based on a detailed
survey of labor market regulation that is completed by local lawyers and public officials. Employment laws and regulations as well as secondary sources are reviewed to
Difficulty of hiring index Data Fixed-term contracts prohibited for permanent tasks? Yes Maximum length of a single fixed-term contract (months
Doing Business database 84 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Rigidity of hours index Rigidity of hours covers 7 areas:(
Rigidity of hours index Data 50-hour workweek allowed for 2 months a year in case of a seasonal
Doing Business database 85 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Difficulty of redundancy index Difficulty of redundancy index looks at 9 questions:(
Difficulty of redundancy index Data Maximum length of probationary period (months) 2. 0 Dismissal due to redundancy allowed by law?
Doing Business database 86 Spain Doing Business 2015 LABOR MARKET REGULATION Redundancy cost Redundancy cost measures the cost of advance notice
Redundancy cost indicator (in salary weeks) Data Notice period for redundancy dismissal for a worker with 1 year of tenure 2. 1
Doing Business database Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes Doing Business collects data on the existence of
unemployment protection schemes as well as data on whether employers are required legally to provide health insurance for employees with permanent
contracts Doing Business also assesses the mechanisms available to resolve labor disputes. More specifically, it collects
data on what courts would be competent to hear labor disputes and whether the competent court is
Social protection schemes and benefits & Labor disputes indicator Data Availability of unemployment protection scheme?
Doing Business database 87 Spain Doing Business 2015 88 Spain Doing Business 2015 DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING
third year after data for the indicator were collected for the first time. For legal indicators such as those on
extreme outliers in the distributions of the rescaled data for most component indicators (very few economies
score from the previous year using comparable data Selecting the economies that implemented regulatory reforms in at least 3 topics and had the biggest
RESOURCES ON THE DOING BUSINESS WEBSITE Current features News on the Doing Business project http://www. doingbusiness. org
Data All the data for 189 economies†topic rankings indicator values, lists of regulatory procedures and
details underlying indicators http://www. doingbusiness. org/data Reports Access to Doing Business reports as well as
subnational and regional reports, reform case studies and customized economy and regional profiles http://www. doingbusiness. org/reports
Historical data Customized data sets since DB2004 http://www. doingbusiness. org/custom-query Law library
Online collection of business laws and regulations relating to business http://www. doingbusiness. org/law-library
Entrepreneurship data Data on business density (number of newly registered companies per 1, 000 working-age
people) for 139 economies http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/exploretopics/ent repreneurship Distance to frontier
Data benchmarking 189 economies to the frontier in regulatory practice http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/distance-to
-frontier Information on good practices Showing where the many good practices identified by Doing Business have been adopted
http://www. doingbusiness. org/data/good-practice Doing Business Iphone app Doing Business at a Glance†presenting the full
report, rankings and highlights for each topic for the iphone, ipad and ipod touch http://www. doingbusiness. org/specialfeatures
/iphone 92 Spain Doing Business 2015
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