Synopsis: Ict:

Digital Social Innovation Interim report Contract no. 30-CE-0531673/00-86 Main Author: Francesca Bria (Nesta

Contributors: Esteve Almirall (ESADE Peter Baeck (Nesta Harry Halpin (W3c Jon Kingsbury (Nesta Frank Kresin, Sacha van Tongeren

Waag Society Julian Tait (Futureeverything Editors: Kelly Armstrong, Jo Casebourne Nesta Case studies: Peter Baeck (Nesta

What is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe?

Data collection 19 Chapter 3-Defining DSI †Interim Findings 22 An emerging typology of the DSI field:

†a type of social and collaborative innovation in which innovators, users and communities collaborate using

This research aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (activity i e. the service

Indeed, the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to maximize social good

The development of open data infrastructures, knowledge co-creation platforms, wireless sensor networks decentralized social networking,

and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness However, today it stills fail to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems,

and the growth of digital services has resulted in an imbalance between the dramatic scale and reach of commercial Internet

models and the relative weakness of alternatives, mainly filling marginal niches and unable to gather a criti

-cal mass of users and exploit the network effect Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet.

One of the motiva -tions underpinning this research is need the to investigate the key role that civil society organisations and

grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet

In the DSI Network Data-Set, there are a total of 285 organisations with a total of 178 activities as of 13 december 2013.

and open hardware projects like Arduino that is recoluzionising open design and manufacturing;(ii) Participatory mechanisms and open democracy featuring new projects

transparency and accountability, participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress devel -oped by the OECD that facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions

likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest open source data platform

-mental data, and Safecast †a project that enables citizens to capture and share measurement on radiation

new practices in Open Data and open sensor networks; and mesh networks projects such as Guifi. net

infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and

open hardware. Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social networking, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,

and the promotion and diffusion of knowledge systems in the Public domain, such as Com -munia Most, if not all of the above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet or

are enabled highly by new technology trends such as open networks, open hardware and open data infra

-structures. The selected organizations have been classified into four types •Different typology of organisations (e g. Government and public sector organisations, businesses, academ

•The main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks

open knowledge, open hardware; and •The area of society the organisations and their activities operate

The Internet is approximately 40 years old, and its capacity for generating societal and economic value is

the last 20 years or so have seen the commercialisation of the Internet take prece -dence.

†a type of social and collaborative innovation in which innovators, users and communities collaborate using

the  user/co-producersâ and all the other participants to the initiative, taking into account the transforma

-tion of the role of the consumer into active users as co-creators and their deeper motivations to participate

distributed networks, knowledge co-production platforms, open data, open hardware, open content, and open source software

Crowd-Mapping DSI organisations and their activities: The types of organisations working on DSI in Eu

added value of the innovation enabled by the Future Internet, and focuses in particular on Digital Social In

effect of the Internet and merging novel technology trendsâ such as open data, crowd-mapping, open hard

communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels

-structure and promoting the generative web-enabled survey. Key activities were conducted also as part of WP4,

-gagement work across social media and community channels to spread the survey and the crowd-mapping

Rob van Kranenburg Cofounder of Bricolabs/Founder of the Internet of things Council /Community Manager of SOCIOTAL

Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge

This research aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (i e. that the benefit of a

network and its critical mass of users grows larger than its cost), emphasising the characteristics of Inter

A primary example of Digital Social Innovation is the Web itself. As it was based on open digital technol

the Web was able to reach a critical mass of connectivity and exploit the â€oenetwork effectâ€oe described by the Metcalfe†s Law,

 The Internet and the Web are the technical underpinnings that represent a densely intertwined techno-social fabric of our societies,

the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to

The development of open data infrastructures, knowledge co-creation platforms wireless sensor networks, and open hardware, can potentially serve collective action and awareness.

How -ever, today it still fails to deliver anticipated solutions to tackle large-scale problems. The early years of ex

-pansion of Internet-based services has generated a great economic wealth. However this growth has result

-ed in an imbalance between the dramatic scale and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative

and unable to gather a critical mass of users and exploit the network effect There are many cases of DSI being spread throughout society that we attempt to define

across Europe, linking them with the Internet of things and Smart Cities activities. Most, if not all of the

above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet or are enabled highly by

the Internet. The intention of this research is to carry out an honest analysis of the field,

•The ways in which grassroots civic innovation might lead to systemic innovation †user-driven innova

•How to accelerate innovations that better align the capacities of the Internet to social needs †The

-ties and users •How to transform individual and collective behaviours to shape a more sustainable society, by leveraging

big data with collective awareness, while taking into account privacy concerns. The objective would be to

Internet in Europe The attempt to define a successful DSI model for Europe is contextualised in the broader debate around

European Innovation models and the Future of the Internet, since if Europe wants to implement a systemic

it needs to bring citizens, users and society on board linking industry competitiveness with excellence in science and research and societal

ICT and the Internet are critical to help Europe sustain long-term eco -nomic growth and create new jobs

While the original advent of the Internet and ubiquitous digital technologies led to a speculative bubble

now the Internet seems to have more deep inroads into all parts of manufacturing and

However, the Internet by itself seems to unable to drive innovation out of the crisis of 2008

More than 5 billion additional people will connect to the Internet globally in the next 10 years

To fully exploit the potential provided by Internet services a high-speed Internet access is required for all

If we observe the evolution of the Internet, principles, such as network neutrality, equitable service, and peer-to-peer architecture were crucial to build a universal, open and distributed infrastructure

because the Web was built on a set of royalty-free open standards decided through an inclusive and transparent process that, via standards

allowing the Web to be implemented by anyone over different underlying systems, avoiding proprietary systems and vendor lock in

The emerging cloud model,(proprietary social networks, big data providers, the Internet of things im -plementation), are currently following a different model that allows us convenience but at the expense of

social data held on third-party sites. The lack of standards forces developers to create multiple versions of

Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010), we see two opposing innovation models that could emerge (see Figure 5

A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the â€oebig Brother†scenario, showing that big industrial players (mainly US based) will reinforce their dominant

appropriating users data, and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud),

and by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The -Top (OTT) and largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more

closed, favouring incumbents and, in general, dominant players, thereby in time constraining user-driv -en innovations, particularly ones that don†t involve monetary payment.

of the Internet ecosystem •Open ecosystems to foster grassroots digital social innovation and entrepreneurship:

to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs, and that decen

Indeed, the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early phases as well.

The development of open data infrastructures and citizens-controlled wireless sensor networks, and the long-awaited deployment of the semantic web, can potentially serve collective

action and awareness. The Web is today increasingly more enmeshed with our daily lives, forming a uni

-versally distributed intelligence constantly enhanced, coordinated in real time, and resulting in the effec -tive mobilization of skills and tools for â€oecollective intelligenceâ€.

-tion plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. Honest competition based on open

standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data, devices, services and networks.

Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. One of the motiva

grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet

Adapted from â€oetowards a Future Internetâ€, the Oxford Internet Study 2010 in Sestini, F. presentation

and for all users in an age of †combinato -rial†innovation Collective intelligence may be defined as

data and knowledge, such as crowdsourcing platforms, and novel research metrics. They include analytical tools that allow vast amounts of complex data, often from different sources,

to be mined and understood Innovations, such as those which draw on the expertise of data scientists around the world to develop algo

-rithms to solve large-scale problems, would have been impossible a decade ago 15 The main question is

and digital data accessed via the Internet Digital Social Innovation can deploy collective intelligence by connecting multiple individuals and groups

In this way, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its in -creasing ubiquity and its massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge

Looking forward, collective intelligence is necessary for social innovation to tackle the problems facing a so

collectively tackling problems via platforms based on crowdsourcing and new phenomenologies based on data visualisation. This type of innovation was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled platforms

In this way, simply labeling images with the â€oeesp game†of Von Ahn is digital innovation,

but it is not socially innovative as it does not aim to change society, but simply makes it easier for Google to index

and search through images (von Ahn and Dabbish 2005. However, if we can imagine a new process of

crowdsourcing to tackle of crisis of climate change, a process where people collectively identified their own

high-carbon intensive behavior via data-collection and visualisation, and then collectively brainstormed and then implemented the changes necessary to reduce their carbon emissions,

and in this era must be enabled Internet digital social innovation †are needed to create new arrangements between the social

Our research starting point proposes that democratized ICT and open digital infrastructures, data, knowl -edge and hardware not only provide tools for people to collaborate in virtual space

but also facilitate the formation and diffusion of novel collaborative solutions offline in the â€oereal worldâ€.

In this process, social networks of the engaged communities are reinforced. This research will investigate in what conditions the

network effect of Internet collective platforms strengthen the social networks of offline communities and amplify their collective intelligence.

and use of their data and contents. This research will look into the type of regulations that can strengthen enabling frameworks for free

knowledge, contents, software, and data, such as enhancing public domain and making digital contents and information more accessible and reusable by all citizens

At a socioeconomic level the study will assess new business models and socioeconomic mechanisms †be

-yond GDP€, based on the valorisation of social data and common information resources for collective use

by open data gathered though a generative European-wide survey. This mixed methodology was selected because of the exploratory nature of the study.

social phenomena in real life settings, gathering tick data and asking the ††how††and ††why††questions (Yin

†a type of social and collaborative innovation in which innovators, users and communities collaborate using dig

unimaginable before the rise of the Internet. †What is important to note about the above definition is that the focus of this study is strictly on those

innovative combinations of the selected technology trends (open data, open source and open hardware developments), leveraging social networks (or distributed social networking, sensor networks and the

Internet of things, and knowledge co-creation networks •Aims at empowering citizens, for individual and collective awareness, relying on collaboration and or ag

-gregation between users and/or their data •Demonstrates of a clear network effect â€

i e. it becomes more powerful when more people use it •Driven by grassroots or â€oebottom-up†communities of users

•Organisations and activities selected were scored then in this long-list against the technology trends and the social domains they were affecting, such as health, economy, energy governance, education, and

•the main technological trends the organisations and their activities fit under (open data, open networks

open knowledge, open hardware; and •the area of society the organisations and their activities operate

All data captured about organisations and organisational relationships is made available as an open data set

on the website for users to download and investigate, just as any custom code developed in the course of

developing the Website, Database and Dynamic Visualisations will be shared back with the relevant open source communities

Open data about the mapping of organisations include •Geographic map featuring filters that can be manipulated to reveal information trends or patterns

•Dynamic network/relationship map of key organisations that can be manipulated to reveal patterns in

relationships •A series of interactive, embeddable data visualisations to demonstrate key features of DSI in Europe

19 Data collection To enable the mapping of organisations and their activities we considered three different methods with

which we could capture the relevant organisational data •Generative Survey •Inclusion of already existing datasets

•Scraping In the context of this study, network analysis was applied to better understand networks of DSI innovators

Through an early assessment of the three options it became clear that capturing data through a survey

as the other two options would not result in good data. Existing datasets such as the Social Innovation Exchange (SIX) membership database, had issues with typologies,

structure and coverage and were incorporated, therefore, not into the map. Similar challenges arose around the possi

-bility of scraping data, in addition to a number of technical, validation and provenance issues surrounding scraped data.

Since this field of practice is unexplored relatively, there is a lack of relevant existing data to

help in the mapping process. The dynamic mapping tool will, however, have the functionality to integrate

existing or scraped data should this become relevant for future iterations of the mapping Mapping networks through a Generative Survey (ENDNODE

The data captured and its structure determines the mapping capabilities of the website. Therefore the sur

-vey has been designed so that it captures the relevant data needed to understand the different types of DSI

organisations and their activities. It also includes a generative function, which is needed in order to capture relational (network) data

The survey has been broken down in to three sections •Capturing organisational data •Capturing data about projects and activities

•Capturing data about networks and relations between organisations First phase: The first section †Put Yourself on the Map†asks organisations a short series of questions to

self-identify as a DSI organisation, and provide information on geographical location, size and type of or

-ganisation (e g. government and public sector, business, academia and research, social enterprise, charity or foundation, or grassroots organisation or community network.

The data on organisational attributes will generate a dot on the geographical map Second phase:

data will be determined through mapping the DSI activities that the different organisations collaborate on 20 Third phase:

mapping infrastructure and social networking tool. These can evolve organically together with the growth of the DSI innovators community

These were asked then to enter data regarding their organisation and to enter information regarding partners who have worked with them on projects.

Based on our understanding of the DSI community as the primary users of the system, we have designed

A digest email encourages users to complete any missing data in respect of this. Therefore, any organisation can exist on the map

but to †be DSI€ they need to evidence their collaborative behaviour with other organisations.

Overall, the website survey provides the foundation for the empirical results that are to be used in the rest

Care has therefore been taken to make the website as easy to use as possible with the aim for it to go viral across the European Digital Social Innovation community.

over two hundred organisations that have registered with the website. However, to date, the survey is only available in English,

Thus, the next stage for the website will be to consider how to produce a multilingual version

Data visualisation To understand the DSI landscape in Europe, the mapping and visualisation takes three main forms

-vey data set. The mapping and visualisations are designed around the data that is acquired through the

processes listed above. The proposed approach to mapping and visualisation exploits the flexibility of linked

data. All data points will have their own URIS that will allow mapping to Open Street Map objects.

-tively, different types of data can be layered on top of these URIS to create a more robust and extensible

database. The diagram above reflects this approach with an Open Street Map base layer with actor location

data, network relationships, communication density and user generated data applied. Currently the web -site is focused on the geographic mapping of organisations.

Over the next stage of the DSI report, various info-graphics that highlight important aspects of the data will be added

22 Chapter 3-Defining DSI †Interim Findings An emerging typology of the DSI field:

as the difficulties in detecting the most effective combinations of online and offline organisations and

of sharing and collaboration at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet, and their abili

-search, uses the beta data to show how the generative element of the survey has begun to create initial

to date, a provisional thematic clustering of DSI organisations is emerging, grouping activities into 5 macro

some on business to business transactions (e g. in Nantes or Ven -ezuela), some on particular sectors such as care (e g.

In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial pay -ment system born out of social innovation) has become an avenue for nine million people to gain access to

or linking currencies to data 25 2. New ways of making A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.

-ing tools (3d printers, CNC machines), free CAD/CAM software like Blender, 123d or Sketchup and open

of the Open Hardware and Makers movement, which implies a combination of different design and tech

 The Open Hardware is the backbone of the sharing economy, since it shifts the attention away from consumption and resource

The open hardware movement in particular is about how you share knowl -edge, skills and tools,

Source Hardware are creating new organisations such as the Open source Hardware Association, to open new research avenues and coordinate projects, open source cars such as Wikispeed, building farming tools

new fabrication machines like the Reprap and open objects. These products are open source and free;

and you can use, copy and improve as much as you want with a worldwide community of peers helping you and

business, open government or open data. Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a bigger shift to

-wards a more sustainable lifestyle and society. The Makers movement is thus showing how live experiments

are emerging at the intersection between open hardware, DIY culture, open source software and open data

Projects like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit, and open wearables are showing inter

-cal driven developments such as sensor networks and open data connected with a sustainable user-centric

through crowdsourcing legislation such asâ Open Ministryâ orâ Liquid Feedback are transforming the tra -ditional models of representative democracy.

-ty, participatory web platforms such as Wikigender and Wikiprogress developed by the OECD facilitate the linking of National statistics to actual individual living conditions;

likeâ Fixmystreetâ allowing citizen to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in

-tices in open data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services

are beginning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment in order to

Many activities in this area exploit the power of Open Data, Open APIS, and Citizens Science such as Open

Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens better public services, wile Citysdk is defining inter

decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open

software, and open hardware. Finally, Github †the collaborative service for open software developers †is

revolutionising the way code is built, shared and maintained by a variety of projects around the globe.

For instance, distributed social networking projects such as Diaspora, Status. net or easy-to run servers like arkos,

which makes it easy to run your own secure cloud, and decentralised media publishing platforms such as mediagoblin are gaining new momentum.

Internet infrastructure Furthermore, there†s no denying that the ability to access knowledge and bottom-up infrastructures has

These kinds of projects are able to combine open hardware technologies with new learning methods to ex

Data Wiki -progress Open Corporates Ushahidi OHM Festival Cell slider Vienna Open CKAN Citysdkcrisis -commons

Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino Smart Citizen Kit Fairphone Makerfaire New ways of making

Participatory mechanisms Sharing economy Awareness networks Open Access 28 Who are involved the organisations in supporting

-ing up public data sets Delivering or partnering with DSI services Open Vienna Meiraha Citysdk

Chaos Computer Club Table 5 29 The spread of organisation types across organisations on the map are represented in Table 6 and visualised

•The work by Your Priorities in Iceland and Open Ministry in Finland on bringing DSI to the core of gov

-ernment by crowdsourcing legislation is another •Data and access to data is the fuel that drives much digital social innovation.

Through opening up and sharing public data sets national and local government have enabled citizens and organisations to create

public good services that were not previously in place. The work by the local government in Vienna on

Open Government Data Vienna led to citizens developing a raft of innovations, such as the Fruitfly, a

and the Estonian Government on opening up and visualising government budget data, created more transparency around public spending

delivering DSI services that enable users and developers to come together and collaborate in new ways.

driven by a community of users and the health data they create, and the organisation behind Github, the

collaborative service for open software writers Academia and research institutions Universities and other research-driven organisations such as think thanks,

Arduino, the open hardware circuit board was, for example, original -ly developed by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy

Knowledge foundations work on developing CKAN, one of the most widely used open-source data portal platforms is an example of a not-for-profit providing a service that enables more DSI to happen by making

it easier for large institutions to open up their data. Adding to this, foundations such as the P2p foundation

Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of Hackers, is the most prominent example of grass

the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infra

Advocacy and advisory or expert bodies IOT Council La Quadrature du net European Digital Rights (EDRI

to capture data by filtered the DSI map by †Activity typeâ€. The full distribution across the 289 activities not

Delivering a web service 73 Research project 49 Education and training 31 Network 29 Event 27

If we analyse these data based on all 289 organisations, and looking at in the light of the case study work

that takes place every four years, organized by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC)( GE), an informal associa

Theâ Chaos Computer Clubâ (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker con

and Internet connections for groups and individuals to collaborate and socialise in projects, workshops hands-on talks, panels.

These assembly spaces, introduced at the 2012 meeting, combine theâ hack center -project space and distributed group spaces of former years (https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Chaos commu

-nication congress Maker Fairs are very interesting expressions of this new form of networking events that emerged out of the

The Open Data Institute†s ODI start-up programme, which has supported organisations like Open Corporate and Provenance to grow their Open Data projects,

is an -other. Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their presence in aiming to address

Digital Social Innovations by hosting small-scale workshop spaces often with digital tools and 3d printing facilities (often referred to as maker and hacker spaces), for digital fabrication and hacking data that entre

-preneurs can access freely. There are now 96 known active hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United

on open source, design, digital fabrication, and micro enterprises An example of increasing interest is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs within city contexts.

worldâ€, or the Open Data Institutes (UK) open data training sessions for charities. Real empowerment

partners got together to explore the development of collaborative web projectsâ and bottom-up broadband technologies.

-lence on Internet Science (EINS) that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understandings about Internet networks and their co-evolution with society,

or the Knowledge and Innovation Communities KICS) promoted by the European Institute of Innovation and technology that are coordinating research on

and engage a large number of citizens and end users for a variety of causes: The majority of DSI services directly engage citizens

on developing and advocating for Web standards, the P2p foundation that works on promoting peer to

and the Iot Council promoting an open Internet of things vision are good examples of this Expert bodies are essential for providing expertise,

grouping is based on the classification towards creating a data-driven Ecology suggested by MIT (Bollier

open Wifi, bottom-up-broadband, distribut -ed social networks, p2p infrastructures Tor Confine Guifi. net Smart Santander

Open Data innovative ways to capture, use, analyse, and interpret open data coming from people and

from the environment Open Vienna City SDK Open knowledge co-production of new knowledge and crowd

mobilisation based on open content, open source and open access Goteo Communia Open hardware new ways of making

and using open hard -ware solutions and moving towards and Open source Internet of things Arduino Smart Citizen Kit

Safecast Table 9 36 Through case study analysis we have sought to build up an understanding of to what extent these emerg

Safecast, for example relied on Open Hardware to build the first Geiger counter sensor kit, on crowdfunding (open knowledge) to fund the development of kit, and

on Open Data to share and analyse the data captured across all of the Geiger counters Figure 10

The chart above shows the †Tech focus†of those on the DSI map to date.

Open Data 175 Open Networks 159 Open Hardware 49 Table 10 Within these broader technology areas, we have been identifying a variety of more specific tech methods

and digital services adopted by DSI activities such as social networking, social media, crowdsourcing crowdfunding, big data, machine learning, 3d printing, online learning, e-petitions and so on

Open networks The ability to build bottom-up networking capabilities in every corner or the world and in people†s everyday

lives has become a key enabling factor for the spreading of the digital society. Here we describe some of the

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed wireless sensors to monitor physical conditions, such as temperature, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,

and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated data-processing location.

Open Sensor Network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed and stored, as it uses public data from different sensors

and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a wireless environment Sensor networks are used widely in the fields of mobility, transport, environment, geography, meteorology

They are key infrastructures of a smart city by providing basic data on the usage of energy

be fed by Open Data from the OSN A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density and some initiatives to

in order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data Community networking (also known as bottom-up networking) is an emerging model for the Future Inter

networks from either commercial telecom companies or by local governments tend to follow a well-known centralized network architecture and operation model, community-owned open local IP networks are an

-ternet networks have become a key infrastructure for the development of the digital economy due to the

The work by Tor on creating a secure and privacy-aware service that bounce Internet users†and websitesâ€

or the location of the user, is one example of open networks enabling citizens to protect their digital rights online.

informing users of all of the strengths and weaknesses of the network. Such tools are powerful in the hands

diverse, and combine successfully different wireless and wired (optical) link technologies, fixed and ad hoc routing schemes,

and users. The test-bed is a resource for the research community to address the limits and obstacles regard

-ing Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks 38 The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,

open and neutral, mostly wireless telecommunication commu -nity network, that started in Catalonia in 2004,

Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an Autonomous Sys -tem (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6

Open Data The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no longer only govern

-ment or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data. By making data open

governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have

the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for what it spends, the contracts it gives

and the assets it holds When the European commission published its Directive on the reuse of public sector information (PSI

in 2003 many member states, including France, the United kingdom, Germany, Netherlands and Spain began to promote

and implement open data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels, to begin opening data.

The European commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum.

Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data in a

social, from this data Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies

and driving forward the open data movement. The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased

transparency and accountability, as well as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions and the public. Open data (both static or available in real time) favours the transformation of city authori

-ties into ecosystem orchestrators that are able to shape and foster the innovation process, whilst engaging

Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by breaking the competitive ad

-vantage gained by proprietary access to data and data lock in. Innovation is most likely to occur when data

is available online in open, structured, computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse

as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved and that communities are entitled to share the value

and social benefits of public assets. Thus, open data, together with open and standardised APIS is crucial for innovation,

as developers are able to access and use public data and mesh it with other

sources of data produced by the crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility and produce

public good For instance, with its Open Data in Vienna programme the city of Vienna has demonstrated the potential

in opening up its data. The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific com

-munity. Released data ranges from statistics and geographic data on traffic and transport to economic fig

-ures. It then invited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data, which

to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not for profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,

which focuses on opening up and visualising the Estonian budget. The Citizen Science project Globe at Night is yet another

example of this, where citizens †through using the camera and geo tagging function on their smartphones

†help the research project measure global levels of light pollution, thereby effectively coupling open data

and citizen science. The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few

years through projects funded by the European commission, such as City SDK. This is a European consor -tium of partners helping cities to standardize their interfaces

Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the Mobile Internet and the increasing

number of mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller, faster smarter, more networked and personal.

An unlocked Android phone with touch screen, Wifi and GPS that sold for $300 four years ago now costs $30,

a price that is continuing to drop. As they proliferate, mobile devices are generating ever-larger streams of personal behavioural data that have many potentially valuable

public, personal and commercial uses. Data-flows are also burgeoning as the Internet of things integrates a vast universe of network aware sensors, actuators, video cameras, RFID-tagged objects and other devices

that see, hear, move, and coordinate and â€oereason†with each other. And on the horizon: the automated

driverless car; the â€oesmart house†with interconnected sensors and appliances; and the â€oesmart city†that co

-ordinates mobile cellular and GPS data to dynamically allocate resources and direct traffic Open knowledge

Ordinary people today use blogs wikis, social network and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,

solve so -cial challenges and business problem, and participate in e-campaigns, crowdfunding, crowd-mapping and

crowdsourcing. Furthermore, the ability to access, use, and reuse without financial, legal, contractual, and technical restrictions (aligned with the Budapest open access initiative, released as creative commons or in

Various public institutions and organisations have acknowledged crowdsourcing as a tool to improve the re -lationship to their citizens by integrating them into political decision-making.

Crowdsourcing is used increasingly by public authorities, as a method to solve the lack of trust in the policy institutions,

Crowdsourcing is used also in cities as a tool to improve on (partially) flawed datasets and can be built into innovation projects

Clearly, crowdsourcing processes also present challenges that are often related to managing †the crowdâ€, quality or limitations of ideas, public commitment from policy

It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.

In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for Cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu.

The platform crowdsources opinions on city legislation, with the most popular ideas being debated by the city council.

social network of peers living with similar conditions 40 Open Hardware Open source hardware consists of hardware

whose blueprints are made publicly available so that anyone can study, modify, distribute, make, extend, and sell the design or hardware based on that design.

The hardware†s source, the design from which it is made, is available in the preferred format for making mod

-ifications to it. Ideally, open source hardware uses readily available components and materials, standard processes, open infrastructure, unrestricted content,

and open-source design tools to maximize the ability of individuals to make and use hardware.

Open source hardware gives people the freedom to control their technology while sharing knowledge and encouraging commerce through the open exchange of designs

The work by organisations like Raspberry Pi and Arduino illustrates the potential in open hardware

Core to Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on an open-source design, armed with a

microprocessor, which can be programmed with simple, open-source software tools by the user. The idea is

that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic device. Building on these open hard

Another big trend related to open hardware is the evolution of the Internet of things (Iot. People, places

measure data about real-world activity. These data streams can be location reports from objects, people and

cars, environmental measurements from sensors embedded in buildings or in the streets, and other sorts

Activity is embedded then in software and interpreted by algorithms through highly normative processes This smart infrastructure is also increasingly â€oegetting to know people†by aggregating personal and social

data in massive data centres with little privacy and security. The hypothesis of this model is that people

will change their behaviours based on personal statistics. We know instead that the process for changing

In Iot with full traceability and transparency, the very notion of what or who is †important†changes.

diffusion of Iot as following •The increasing number of more and more powerful smart personal devices,

-where/anytime access to the Internet and to the services it will provide •The Internet of things,

which will guarantee access through the Internet to the physical world, to its devic -es and, most notably, to its services

•The emerging of an Internet of People, i e.,, a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social comput

-ing, and that promotes Internet as a fundamental channel for allowing an increasingly active role of users

individuals, groups, communities) as providers of data, content, and services •Cloud computing as a virtualisation infrastructure that offers unique opportunities to reduce the costs of

delivering services over the Internet, thus extending this possibility to much wider classes of actors

What are we learning about the impact of digital technologies on Social Innovation Analysing network data:

Exploring DSI Network effect In order to analyse the relationship data from the mapping, we are adopting social network analysis to

detect patterns of relations, arguing that causation is located in the social structure. Social networks are formally defined as a set of nodes

(or network members) that are tied by one or more types of relations Wasserman and Faust, 1994.

By studying behaviours as embedded in social network structures, we will be able to explain macro and meso level patterns that show the dynamics in which DSI organisations and their

initiatives create particular outcomes. Currently, as we are still collecting data, it would be premature to do

a conclusive data-driven analysis. However, in this section we explain the methodology 41 The emergent network represents DSI organisations

and their social relationships mapped in the form of graph that is a collection of nodes

and edges between them. In the case of the DSI social network that is emerging from the map,

the nodes in a graph are communities, and the edges represent joint projects Social network analysis will examine the structure and composition of DSI organisation ties in a given net

-work and provide insights into its structural characteristics, such as the centrality of actors in the network

prestige); ) the number of individual connections (influence; the number of incoming connections (promi -nence); ) the least connections (outlier;

multiple diverse streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving

Through our approach of mixing open data analytics with human-centric interviews/case-studies, we can

-more, this visualisation of the DSI network, embedded in our website, is interactive and aims at engaging

if the data-set is currently able to answer those questions. The network of concepts that deter

Only with such a framework can data and hypotheses be interpreted in a sensible manner with

and often wrong, opinions onto the data-set. Phrasing both the null hypoth -esis and alternative hypotheses in terms of network theory must be done with care.

There must then be enough data to adequately test the hypotheses, using mathematical techniques that can statistically quanti

-fy the level of confidence in the proof of the data for any given hypothesis

In particular, this requires significance testing, as network-based data often assumes a non-Gaussian distri

-bution such as a power-law. For non-Gaussian distributions such as power-laws, traditional t-tests against Gaussian distributions and even traditional statistics around averages and means are scientifically invalid

In the DSI Network Data-Set, there are a total of 285 organisations with a total of 178 activities as of 13

However, a snapshot of the data on the 1st of December indicated we have 243 organi

as the website currently supports only English) into French and then launching that call to

hypothesis over our empirical data, the model with the larger likelihood fit is the better model, and so em

case, the likelihood ratio is given under two distributions fitted by the Kolmogorov-smirnov test algorithm and it is simply the likelihood of the first ratio over the second ratio

maximum likelihood fitting of distributions representing hypotheses to the empirical data. In other words the Likelihood ratio is R=ln (L (H N)/ L (H†N)).For hypotheses involving different datasets, different

hypotheses (Hâ€) could be tested over different data-sets and compared (N†as opposed to N in the denomi

How much data is given necessary, (N we are assuming a non-Gaussian distribution, to do the network analysis?

Using our current data from the survey, we can run the above algorithms on it to determine if the

data is sufficient. The MATLAB code developed by Aaron Clauset at the Santa fe Institute was used (http

//tuvalu. santafe. edu/aaronc/powerlaws/./The results were, at this stage, not significant for the fitting of

-ed by simulating data distributions with a large enough N from two different distributions (in this case, a

power-law versus a log-normal) that would then be matched against the Monte carlo data and likelihood

what amount of data is necessary and what likelihood ratios match with p<.1. For our simulation, it required approximately N=300 for the power law to be ruled out

tail with small data-samples 43 2. What communities of social innovation exist in Europe

Community detection algorithms can be used to find dense substructures (often called â€oecommunities†within a larger sparse network.

If the data-set is of reasonable size (less than 10,000 organisations) we will use the Newman algorithm to identify communities.

We will also find especially dense networks, called â€oecliques†where every node is connected to every other node.

New clustering and categories will then emerge from the empirical data Within each community, there will be certain organisations that have a high centrality, the â€oemovers and

shakers†of social innovation. These organisations have a high amount of connections, which can be count

scarcity of data or many European social innovation actors are unconnected to each other, as there is only

network †more data is needed to find out, since we are at the very early stage of engaging DSI communi

We can also reverse the algorithm and find communities that need a bridge to other communities (see Fig

-lect more data and that (2) our hypotheses will have to be quite broad and care must be taken to distinguish

This means for the second phase of the report we need approximately double the data we gath

involving (possible mutually exclusive) different kinds of subsets of the network data, such as comparing two different kinds of communities (such as â€oeitalian†vs. â€oenon-Italian†organisations or â€oeopen knowledgeâ€

top-down technology-push approaches (e g. supply-side approach to Big data & Big brother. Â Unlike traditional innovation actions, DSI and Collective Awareness Platforms are motivated by the vision

heavily invested in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the formerly nationalised telecommunications companies as well as national research institutes and traditional universi

-ties. This is somewhat predictable, as these institutions, and social structures, have reproduced successfully over the generations, and so are not facing any kind of crisis over their long histories that predate the

However, even now these institutions are facing crisis due to the ubiquity of the Internet, as

rise of the Internet itself 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new

digitally native companies such as Skype and Google. Likewise, national research institutes such as INRIA or CNRS are threatened by the research divisions of companies like Google, Yahoo, Microsoft †who now

increasingly dominate premier academic conferences such as the World wide web Conference. The institu -tional infrastructure necessary for cutting-edge research no longer requires state investment, and in fact

private institutions have near-monopolies over social networks and search engine data, giving them nearly exclusive access to the data and algorithms needed for innovative digital research.

Yet, perhaps surprising even as these digitally native companies are reaching the state of what appears to be permanent platform

oligopolies, these companies are challenged still by new digital actors such as Facebook and Twitter It is key to distinguish between invention and socialisation as part of the wider process of innovation in

a technical system such as the Internet and the Web. The Internet and Web have intrinsic architectures

defined by their open standards that offer themselves as a series of constraints such that †the choice of pos

-sibilities in which invention consists is made in a particular space and particular time according to the play

of these constants, †although ultimately innovation lies in the ability to give these choices technical flesh

Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the Web 2. 0 economy and the emerging Internet of

However, before the advent of the Internet their social innovation was limited in its reach, but with the

advent of the Internet suddenly these new digital social innovations had a rapid network growth.

Crowdsourcing nonfinancial and financial resources Empathic networking care, and support between peers Harness collec -tive intelligence

-working, users con -trol personal data Mobilising critical mass to achieve social & institu -tional change

New instruments to mobilise re -sources for DSI organisations Building strong ties, behavioural change Table 11

increases as individual users or clusters of users engage with it. In Arduino, the open hardware approach

means that products developed by one part of the community are accessible for all other Arduino users

who might not have played any role in the original development of the products. This is also the case for

Furthermore methods such as crowdsourcing, or Challenge Prizes, can mobilise the innovation capacities of communities for solving problems and for experimenting new sustainable

the best example of how the Internet enables users grow the value of a network with a social purpose

sharing of Internet between devices •Large scale mobilisation, advocacy and campaigning around common causes Crowdsourcing platforms

for ideation, E-Petitions (i e. Causes and Avaaz), Crowdfunding, and Crowd mapping, social network -ing and democratic decision making tools, are technologies that allow for the quick identification (and

dismissal) of issues. Mobilising people though these platforms allow citizens movements, activists, and entrepreneurs to raise issues

Open data such as the Open data Vienna initiative allow for citizens to mine previously closed sources of knowledge for

problems and new opportunities •Crowdsourcing nonfinancial and financial resources towards a specific cause: while the type of collabo

-ration described above relies upon indicating support and backing, many of the services we are examin

where users are involved in de -veloping or crowdsourcing content. As an example, users of the Your Priorities platform collaboratively

work on and prioritize proposals and thereby grow the value of these before they are represented to the

48 city council. The same is the case for crowd-mapping services like Crisis commons or Ushahidi platforms

Shifting from Closed innovation models to Decentralized Innovative Social networks The proposed vision is to facilitate the creation of a bottom-up Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem that

can exploit the European added value in the digital economy. Digital means that any data exist in binary

form and in standardised formats so that can be aggregated and analysed in real time. Digital innovation today focuses mainly on data â€oemash-up†process,

which synthesize new information by connecting, re -using, combining, and semantically aggregating and elaborating disjointed information extracted from a

plethora of sources, in particular information generated by users (e g. through social networks) or captured from sensors (Internet of things.

Interoperable, customised, and modular services and applications can be built in a dynamic and flexible way, plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures.

An â€oeecosys -tem†means that there is an interdependent and dynamic constellation of living organisms acting within a

A network between communities of users and DSI innovators is essential in order to both develop inno

the innovator shares the same social horizon with their community of potential users who benefit from

remaining in rapid feedback cycles with their users: sketching user interfaces, asking questions, coding small demonstrations, and the like.

As the feedback is elicited continually, the innovator makes sure their creation remains attuned to the world they are trying to change.

By linking differing communities and innovators via a social network, the innovators can more easily find

be more effective than so-called â€oeindependent†private contractor in determining how to best unify a web

This commission of experts should not simply solidify their position as experts in creating websites

so that the public service workers in London can maintain their own website with -out again gathering all the experts from the various boroughs or from a neighbouring city.

although filters are in the process of being implemented they are not yet live on the site The challenge of balancing quality and quantity within the data set is an aspect that we are constantly mon

-itoring and making small changes to ensure that we get what is needed to make a reasonable assessment of

The next stage of Work package 2 will include the Task 2. 2, the development of the website.

website and survey is stable, there will need still likely to introduce minor adjustments in response to us

the block in getting more input seems to be the fact that the website and survey is only in English, a mul

Lastly, Task 2. 5 will create infographics based on the data that can help visualize the most salient

-ganisations and the linkages between them, has the potential to become an international social network of

Digital Social Innovation web platform www. digitalsocial. eu Crowdmapping DSI organizations, projects, and resources to engage

the user and the community, the engagement experience will be improved and the resources for the com

-Basic taxonomy by technology trends (open data, open knowledge, open networks, open hardware -What impact they have (what domains,

-We just develop a more compelling visualisation of organisational information and relational data 2. Mapping Resources and Founding for DSI in Europe

Code and data Full information on the development so far and open source code can be found on the Github page here

https://github. com/Swirrl/digitalsocial /The website is a Ruby on Rails app, but uses Tripod and Mongodb instead of Activerecord.

It has an RDF backend created with the Jena RDF engine. All public data is stored in a Fuseki triple store,

and accessed via the ORM-like Tripod API. All private data is stored in Mongodb. The current homepage visualization

has been created using Openstreetmaps. Access to the Open Linked Data is provided in multiple formats http://data. digitalsocial. eu/data

The following list is a priority list for future development •Improve the UI •Allow organisations entering data to self-tag descriptions of their organisations/activities and for these

to feed into a Tag cloud navigation UI •Add another Taxonomy, allowing to brows and cluster the initiatives present on the map according to

the 5 categories we define in the study: New ways of making;(ii) Participatory mechanisms and open

In this manner, the website would become not only a data source but also a kind of learning tool to understand what digital social innovation concretely means

•Create better visualisation with the current relational data that can be exported (see here an example of

•Addition of social network functionalities to the DSI mapping, so to allow creating and visualising dy

•Adding Twitter login option and other social plugins •Improve organisational profiles (they can add pictures,

opportunities etc from other sites •Add a section to the site that shows and visualises funding opportunities for organisations.

N. B. these are likely to come from EC grants and crowdfunding projects such as CHEST

As the platform matures, data and in -formation can be validated by the community through recommendation and reputation mechanisms.

Exploring the potential of different mechanisms such as open data, crowd -sourcing/crowdfunding, Living Labs, etc. and comparing these to more traditional approaches

Zooniverse (citizen science web portal of CSA) 213 Case studies 56 57 Arduino At a glance Type of Organisation:

Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, Operating a DSI service Key facts:

Website: http://arduino. cc /Organisation Name Arduino Short description The core to an Arduino is a simple, ultra-low-cost circuit board, based on

an open-source design, armed with a microprocessor which can be pro -grammed with simple, open-source software tools by the user.

The idea is that anyone should be able to turn an Arduino into a simple electronic

open-source hardware board. The software consists of a standard pro -gramming language compiler and a boot loader that executes on the

micro controller. The project first started with 3, 000 euros for the pro -duction of 200 units,

but when IDDI bought only 50 units, the Arduino team decided to put the remaining units up for sale;

hardware hobbyists and tinkerers. A quick survey of the multitude of diverse projects demonstrates how it has enabled a spin-off of collab

-ware to open-source hardware. Arduino has been described as â€oelego for electronics†in its easy-to-use approach. Furthermore, Arduino has

to the product†s low cost and open source business model. The Arduino designers freely share the specifications for anyone to use, and third-par

Importantly, the social impact of creations developed by Arduino users themselves has been notably wide-reaching †an interesting example

scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equip -ment using more readily available components in developing countries

-no†s hard and software. This is very likely the result of Arduino†s clear organisational focus on collaboration and sharing amongst its communi

programming language (based on Wiring) and the Arduino development environment (based on Processing. Arduino projects can be stand-alone

or they can communicate with software running on a computer (e g Flash, Processing, Maxmsp 59

software can be downloaded for free. The hardware reference designs CAD files) are available under an open-source license,

and users are free to adapt them to their needs. While the hardware used to power Arduino

is open-source, Arduino software is also open-source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro

controller libraries are licensed under the LGPL What technological methods and tools is it using, and

what did these enable that was not previously possible? During a TED Talk on Arduino, Banzi said Arduino has been a significant

catalyst in the †Makers†Movement. †Arduino has in many senses her -alded a paradigm shift from open-source software alone to open-source

hardware. Correspondingly, Arduino†s low economic threshold has removed a lot of potential barriers to users previously excluded from get

-ting involved in D. I. Y. hardware and robotics †the availability of Arduino hardware design blueprints for download has meant users who ordinari

-ly might not have been able to afford or order the boards have been able to build the boards themselves by hand

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The other way in which Arduino demonstrates technological collabora

-tion is the way that Banzi has relied upon preexisting advances made by the Arduino community when trying to find particular technological

solutions: For example, take the case of a Spanish team called Com -plubotâ composed of two kids:

Nerea and Ivã¡n. Together with their coach Eduardo, they competed for †and won †the Soccer B category at the

on its site and social networks with links to documentation and tuto -rials. This helps ensure that partners†brands are marketed to the right

of these Arduino@Heart is the Smart Citizen Kit †a hardware kit to gather environmental data,

which itself is the subject of one of the case studies in this report How is funded the organisation?

On its website, it posts all of its trade secrets for anyone to take †all the schematics, design files,

and software for the Arduino board. Arduino design plans can thus be downloaded and man -ufactured by anyone;

open source hardware, free for anyone to use, modify, or sell. Banzi and his team have spent precious billable hours making the thing, yet unlike

model considering the entire basis for Arduino relies upon open source technologies (in fact, the only piece of Intellectual Property (IP) the team

away all the data required to build Arduinos completely free Some commentators have gone further to suggest that Arduino has also

files (Eagle CAD) for the Arduino hardware. These files are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike license, which allows for

Open source Software †Not only the Arduino hardware is open; the Ar -duino software is also open-source.

The source code for the Java environ -ment is released under the GPL and the C/C++ micro controller libraries

are under the LGPL 61 Avaaz At a glance Type of Organisation: Not for profit

Aim: Participation and Democracy Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: Operating a DSI service

Key facts: Approximately 28 Million Users Worldwide. has taken 155,896, 453 actions since January †07, in 194 countries

Website: http://www. avaaz. org Organisation Name: Avaaz Short Description Avaaz is an independent, not-for-profit global e-petitioning and cam

-paigning network that works to ensure that the †views and values of the world†s people inform global decision-making. †Avaaz relies entirely on

History and core mission Avaaz †which literally means â€oevoice†in several European, Middle east -ern and Asian languages†launched in 2007 with a simple democratic

Avaaz website, their â€oemodel of Internet organising allows thousands of individual efforts, however small, to be combined rapidly into a powerful

by a small core team of 52 full-time staff worldwide, has thousands of volunteers in all 192 UN member states, including Iran and China, and

-lar groups on the Internet may benefit from the strategic opportunities offered by e-petitions,

numbers of supporters, critics of this form of crowdsourcing, like Inter -net theorist Evgeny Morozov, have claimed Avaaz promotes a form of

Similarly, their site encourages the use of both online and offline channels to generate the greatest impact of members†campaigns

Computing sites such as Avaaz, is the potential for adoption by a large number of organisations belonging to the so-called third-sector (char

increasingly adopt Social Computing applications to manage, promote and run their activities, and change their ways of organising,

In fact, Social Computing is seen even to challenge the established mode of operation of the third sector, by favouring light structures of

-ing and Social Computing. This is critical in the context of informed poli -cy implications. According to the IPTS, the most urgent need is certainly

for new metrics to address the emergence of new social media, and in general, for systematic measurements and internationally comparable

data. These would enable better assessment of the long-term importance of Social Computing trends in terms of their socioeconomic impact

and the quantitative and qualitative differences between the EU and the rest of the world.

With specific regard to Avaaz, comparative data would enable researchers to identify which regions have had greater successes

According to the Avaaz website, the organisation employs a technical team to make sure the website is constantly secure.

The site is also verified by Geotrust, a world leader on Internet security verification The Avaaz donation pages have addresses beginning with https://rather

than http://thus signalling they are secure pages 64 The site is integrated well with other social media platforms,

allowing users to easily share online petitions or campaigns. According to Matt Holland†Avaaz†s Online Director, like other high-capacity web services

Avaaz†s hosting platform is complex and includes a physical server farm a content distribution network,

and some resources served through Amazon†s cloud services Avaaz†s ability to quickly mobilise citizens to pressure relevant targets to

act on crises and opportunities anywhere, within as little as 24 hours, is something that could not have been possible without the Internet.

It can do this well beyond the bounds of a particular country, to draw global

As part of this half a million emails were sent out imploring its members †those who have signed previous petitions

Petitions is â€oea new web platform that gives people around the world the power to start

It is â€oea crowd-sourced part of Avaaz, the largest-ever global web movement bringing people-powered politics to decision-making every

Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a â€oemassive†persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government or

-tion made a public appeal on its website, revealing that a 44-hour distrib -uted denial of service (DDOS) strike hit the organisation†s IT infrastruc

times Avaaz†s highest traffic in its history, taking the site down for a total

security audits of the site†s servers) and Arbor networks (who provid -ed defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported

the organisation throughout the attack, Avaaz were advised to further upgrade their IT SECURITY in the event of similar future attacks.

asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade Avaaz†s site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this cam

and upgrading capacity of firewalls. In addition, the fundraiser will also have a wider range of objectives, such as

First, users enter basic information about the an -ticipated campaign (such as the campaign†s goals, targets, as well as the

Following this, the user is pro -vided with a preview of the campaign and then given the option to make

users are encouraged to disseminate and share their campaign. All this means that within minutes, community members can start getting the

Website: https://www. yrpri. org /Organisation Name Citizens Foundation (including the Your Priorities platform Short description Your Priorities is based a web platform developed by the Icelandic Citi

-zens Foundation. The platform enables groups of people to develop and prioritize ideas and together discover which of these ideas are deemed

and the open source platform is available free of charge to any group, city or country around the world interested in using the

Type of Organisation The Your Priorities software is open source and the product of the Icelan

design and functionality of their websites, products and services might be thought of as an attempt to redesign democracy itself.

websites is participation. Without participation there is no democracy†Created in 2008 in the wake of Iceland†s economic collapse, Citizen

the site, 43%of voters viewed the site, and over 1, 000 priorities were created.

Better Reykjavã k website, which is built on the Your Priorities platform What does it do,

The Your Priorities website enables citizens to voice, debate and pri -oritize policy ideas, budget decisions

For example on the Better Reykjavik website each month the top ideas in all categories are gathered by city officials

They hold that the Internet is the best way to reach out and motivate this younger generation to participate in democracy, and that

website was because of its perceptible impact †in 2011, at the time of the award, the site involved 40%of Reykjavik†s citizens and obtained

direct implementation of many proposals in political programmes 69 What is the role of the organisation

Through making the Your Priorities platform available as open source to other organisations, the Citizens Foundation is actively facilitating the

Open source and Open Collaboration: The platform is open source and free for anyone to download and use,

which has led to the spread of the model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the

software that powers Your Priorities. As well as being made available on Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve

this coding, users are encouraged also to translate the site†s contents if they are able to do so

Integration: The fact that Citizens Foundation†s website, Better Reykjavik is integrated well into the official political structure †means that citizens

can observe how their opinion has the capacity to shape real political de -bate. This demonstrates how e-democracy has the potential to improve

democratic accountability (and therefore legitimacy Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect As an organisation, Citizens Foundation remains resolute in its com

While users can use the website totally free of charge, the website features an integrated tool to make donations to the Your Priori

-ties project. As a nonprofit organisation, donated funds ensure continual development and maintenance of the Your Priority software

Social Enterprise services: Cities, countries and groups can also pay to use some of the Your Priority services.

-tingent upon how many users they have What are the main barriers to innovate? Official political incorporation:

and websites like Better Reykjavik to operate properly 70 Marketing and PR:  â€oeif you build it they will come†is a famous quote

from the early days of the Internet †this was never quite true and cer -tainly is not today.

 Marketing and promoting a website is a lot of hard work and costs money. As †democracy nerds†the Citizens Foundation

-pany, Facebook. But as entrepreneurs they point to a tendency to always try to turn problems into opportunities.

exploit Facebook, finding that it is one of the best ways to attract people to electronic democracy both via sharing and Facebook advertisements

User interface: There needs to be as little friction as possible for taking part. Therefore, the team have made,

for example it possible for people to login and participate using their Facebook login. The user interface

has been simplified in every generation of the software to enable more people to participate more easily

Incentivising engagement: To make taking part fun and rewarding, Citi -zen Foundation websites enable people to earn †Social Points†for writing

up points for or against ideas that many people think are helpful †these can be used to buy promotions for ideas that appear as banners at the

top of the page. Another potential initiative in this category that the team are considering is that users could be offered cash prizes for partic

-ipating: †You might, for example, have an idea drive to find the best ideas to save money in a given category

-ities nor the Better Reykjavik websites were Citizen Foundation team†s first attempt at creating an †electronic democratic†web platform.

Rather these websites are a †better iteration†of their pilot project, Shadow Par -liament†a project which aimed to document and scrutinise the actions

of the government. Founders Gunnar Grã msson and RÃ bert Bjarnason report that Shadow Parliament never gained the critical mass of users re

-quired for it to work effectively, but it served them well as a pilot project for their later projects

-zen Foundation Web tools which they used as a guide for their policy focus. The decision to integrate,

categories on the website. Citizens involved in supporting a particular 71 proposal are given regular updates from the city council regarding its via

Iceland, using the most popular ideas on the website as a guide for ques -tioning the government,

a wider international community of users How to achieve better European collaboration? The Citizens Foundation was awarded for their efforts with Better Rey

Open Network, Open Data, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A Network Key facts: Citysdk consist of 23 partners, 9 countries, 3 open source APIS

Website: http://www. citysdk. eu /Organisation Name City Service Development Kit (Citysdk Short description City SDK is a European consortium of partners helping cities to open

data, while giving developers the tools they need to develop applications that scale. It focuses on three types of urban domains:

participation tourism and mobility. For each of those domains, an open software API is developed in one of the participating cities or regions,

which is then put to use also in several others. The API€ s help developers make applica

an easy, open source, standards based way to publish real-time open data Type of organisation Citysdk is a European Consortium consisting of 23 partners in nine

countries, led by Forum Virium, Finland. The consortium is made up of eight cities and city regions, six private companies, three development

purpose of helping cities to open their data and giving developers the tools they need,

the world looking at open data as a kick start for their economies Citysdk aims to provide better and easier ways for the cities throughout

Europe to release their data in a format that is easy for the developers to reuse

along with links to the open data from the various partner cities, and developers will be encouraged to work with this to create new

Open Data made available by public or private entities •Dissemination activities (lead: Manchester City council

-other is the Open Data Globe, showing the dynamics of European cities based on the available open data.

There are several applications related to mobility, such as the Greater manchester Realtime Scheduling appli -cation, the Park Shark City Platform and the City Navigator, a fully Open

and attracts users from both sides. It bridges the very real gap to enable them to work together,

the Internet, as a way to collaborate, disseminate knowledge and data Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the

software by the development community forgoing stifling discussions on IP and closed development silos Open Data,

as it builds software to publish Linked Open Data in stand -ardised formats that enables app developers to make royalty-free appli

-cations that scale Open API€ s, that provide a nonproprietary way for data-owners to pub

-lish (real-time) datasets use those in applications Agile Software Development, by way of SCRUM tools and methodologies

Next to these, standards are used like GTFS (General Transit Feed Speci -fication) and Open 311,

and languages like JSON and RDF API€ s written in Ruby and Sinatra. Data stored in Postgresql/Postgis database

Collaboration using digital technologies is done mainly using e-mail, vid -eo conferences and Google docs for communication and Github to share

code and specifications Citysdk itself would not have been possible even five years ago. It is

technically and organisationally state of the-art-the art project combining the 76 above mentioned technologies in previously unimaginable ways

Standards and implementations have become so user friendly that the potential user base is large. The Open Data policies implemented by the

EU and individual countries facilitate the building of Citysdk as well as its rapid spreading and uptake

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Through the apps and services it is developing Citysdk aim is to build

smart services where user generated data make up the core activity of the service How is funded the organisation?

high quality data that is in high demand, e g..real-time traffic data Governments and civil servants demand results too quickly.

It takes per -severance as well as investment in time, money and relationships before good outcomes happen Business cases for implementing the resulting API€ s are currently miss

data, implementing API€ s and working with the local development com -munity Visual applications of technology (like http://dev. citysdk. waag. org/build

A lot of effort is spent is connecting data owners, technicians and do -main experts. This pays off in the end

well for the development community and data owners alike. This opens a whole new market for developers and businesses in terms of spatial

Open Data; Open Networks; Open source DSI activities: Operating a DSI service, Network Key facts: As part of the project the consortia developed Europe commons, a

catalogue of applications with demonstrable impact Website: http://commonsforeurope. net /Organisation Name Commons4europe/Commons4eu (consisting of Code4eu, Bub and

Europe Commons Short description ††A new wave of fostering innovation in cities and creating cutting edge

volunteer programmers that has sought to building bridges between the public and new technologies. †Inspired by this, Commons4eu aims to en

-able users †to provide real time validation for innovative methodologies and new applications arising from cutting edge technology in wireless

networks, sensors integrated in Wi-fi networks and other technologies based on fibre optics to the home (FTTH.

†The overarching Common -s4eu project focuses on networked collaborative projects for use online and with mobile devices, based on the experience of Code for America

which aims to be beneficial to all the participating countries. Their appli -cation is expected to reduce administrative costs, increase transparency

History and Mission The Commons 4 EU project was started in 2011 with an initial core team

They develop collaborative web projects fol -lowing the methodology of Code for America †based on principles rather

Projects should be based around web/mobile applications Applications should enable cities to connect with their constituencies in

engage and explore with users in †real-life environmentsâ€, using primarily 81 three new technologies:

†Super Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi net -works and fibre deployment as commons (both new techniques such as

is evidenced by the host of custom-tailored web applications that have emerged to address specific, †local†needs.

website with a broader scope than either the Bub or Code for Europe projects. Europe Commons is intended to catalogue applications which

into current technological trends such as open data, open source, as well as digital volunteerism (crowdsourcing), in a way that has a clear social

impact. The application was created to address a challenge presented to many museums around Europe, where countless cultural heritage

-sourcing metadata for the digital image inventory. The â€oetag. Check Score. †application was developed by Alan Meyer, Fellow of Code for

-data, checking and correcting existing tags and thereby scoring points Tag. Check. Score. Because digitization has presented a whole host of

challenges for many museums, libraries and archives, the aim was to also develop a reusable IT open source solution.

In the Berlin State Museums alone six million objects await to be recorded. Therefore, the Source code

of â€oetag. Check. Score. †available on Github, while the code is licensed under AGPL What is the role of the organisation

Wifi, Sensor integration into wifi networks and fibre deployment as commons†(which includes new techniques such as aerial as well as fibre

bandwidth management), to the web applications developed by fellows for Code for Europe †these smaller projects tend to be reflective of

with their own preferred web platform (using open source languages like 83 Python and Ruby on Rails) to build their open web applications

On a larger scale, this might be indicative of how Commons 4 EU looks beyond more traditional †big tech solutions†to offer a simpler, much

and reuse of good ideas, websites like Europe Commons and collaborative tools like Github offer a glimpse to

-vators on more specific challenges as part of an informal global network and conversation about how technology might be used to rethink the

of borrowing from one another and sharing of open source code. To this aim, the fellows work together on a joint Github account †and every

case of Europe Commons †the site†s open source coding is hosted on Drupal. org, where like Code for Europe interested civic developers can

that this is an opportunity to do more than simply upgrade technological products and service offerings, and to instead reflect more deeply upon

aspect of software coding, the culture of developers who simply favour building applications from scratch sometimes persists

Website: http://www. communia-project. eu Organisation Name COMMUNIA Short description COMMUNIA †The European Thematic Network on the Digital Public

•Open government data and public sector information: COMMUNIA policy paper on the proposal to amend the European Directive on re

•Open access to scientific publications and open scientific data: COM -MUNIA Position on EC Horizon 2020 Open Access policy

blog posts, participation in consultations, drafting of policy papers, amendments and statements COMMUNIA believes if they manage to change the law to recognize and

The Internet prompted the creation of the association Without the opportunities presented by the Internet, the association

would not exist. After decades of measures that have reduced drastically the public domain, typically by extending the terms of protection.

today, as the Internet and digital technologies enable people to access use and redistribute culture with an ease and a power unforeseeable

it has now over 30.000 users Website: http://confine-project. eu Organisation Name Confine Short description The Confine Testbed experimental facility supports experimentally-driv

-en research on Community-owned Open Local IP Networks. This inte -grated project offers a testbed for experimental research that integrates

-net and its possibilities, leading to a seemingly omnipresent Internet However, providing sustainable, cost-effective and high quality Internet

connection, with coverage for all citizens is still a challenge. Often this stems from economic causes,

as Internet provision in a metropolitan area is usually more economically attractive than providing access in ru

-ingâ€, is an emerging model for the Future Internet, where communities of citizens build, operate

services, including local networking, voice connections and Internet access CONFINE offers an open distributed infrastructure for researchers to

limits and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks. It supports an integrated and multi-disciplinary

-nity networking as a model for the Future Internet Five research projects: Confine is a project that seeks to expand research

Future Internet Research and Experimentation) community nourished by the EC. An open call for participation in the research was published in

Therefore, the project also wants to generate open data sets for research that will allow for outside participation and research collaboration, with

Actually, the open data efforts will be focused more on the Future Internet context of CONFINE, rather than the test bed itself

What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence of impact to date? The primary goals of a community network may include providing a

brings in additional users (researchers) with a common entry point and additional resources (nodes, servers, links) in sparsely populated areas

The CONFINE project targets the exploration and advancement of the community networking model, moving towards providing the right qual

sustainable Internet infrastructures. Since this aim requires contribu -tions from all social groups, the CONFINE project focuses on perform

The project makes uses of social networks to organize its activ -ities, to make the knowledge addressing,

accessible wireless IEEE 802.11 a b/n technology, using equipment from various manufacturers, with diverse dynamic routing protocols running

-works are built often with simple and low cost off-the-shelf hardware The nodes are usually running an open source distribution, such as Linux

Openwrt) or Freebsd. A Community-Lab node consists of two or three devices: the community device, the research device and an optional

streaming, instant messaging, remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing The project has also set up http://opendata. confine-project. eu/using

the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN) 23 software This central catalog points to open data available from the different

CONFINE partners. With CKAN, the datasets can be tagged easily and commented on (Braem et al. 2013

What did technology enable that was not previously possible? From a technical point of view, community networks are large-scale

hardware. The characteristics of heterogeneity, required network neutral -ity, openness and size of these networks are a great challenge to routing

remote backups and updates, file storage and file sharing. These services face enormous challenges due to the limited capacity of servers and links

93 and the structure of the network. Operating in this large and constantly changing environment requires the deployment of distributed service

Users should be able to cooperate in the network, while maintaining the privacy of their

data and the data they relay. This leads to different threat models and a new notion of trust between users

What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers? Community networks are an emerging field to provide citizens with con

the networks are the users themselves. Research on this field is neces -sary to support Community Networks growth and scope, and improve

Australia, Melbourne Wireless is a quickly growing community network Braem et al. 2013 94 95 Desis Network

Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: An event, A network, Running/hosting maker spaces and hackerspaces

Operating a web service Key facts: Members active in Europe, America, Asia, Australia, and Africa

Website: http://www. desis-network. org Organisation Name Desis Network Short description DESIS (Design for Social Innovation towards Sustainability) is a network

and website manage -ment 96 History and Mission The DESIS Network originates from three main international activities

DESIS UK website. This is just one instance that demonstrates how DE -SIS has forged useful alliances between academic institutes and govern

Open networks, Open data, Open knowledge, Open hardware DSI activities: Research project, network, operating web service providing education

& training Key facts: 3-year project EU funded with â 2. 1m Website: http://www. everyaware. eu

Short description The Everyaware project aims to empower citizens to engage actively in improving their own environment and making it more sustainable.

project does this by providing capabilities for environmental monitor -ing, data aggregation, and information presentation to users by means

of mobile and web-based devices such as smartphones, computers and sensors. The work on Everyaware is presently ongoing (the project runs

from 2011 †2014), therefore this short case study is shot a snap of the project†s ambitions and activities and does not purport to present any

final findings from the overall project History & Mission The Everyaware project was set up in 2011 as a collaborative research

platform is to develop an integrated hard and software platform which enables citizens to effortlessly capture information related to their

data and subjective opinions which will expose the mechanisms by which the individual perception of a known phenomenon is translated into its

A central server efficiently collects, analyses and visualises data sent from arbitrary sources. The Everyaware platform will handle both sensor

and subjective data acquisition. It will host a modular system based on two hardware components: a smartphone controlling the data acqui

-sition and a modular sensor box with several pluggable sensors. This approach guarantees high scalability of the overall system and allows

for an optimal distribution of sensors (e g.,, wearable sensors for air or noise pollution. At the same time, web-interfaces allow users to easily

upload their sensor readings, and equally easily tag these with subjective information Experimental Tribe is the first prototype of such platforms to be realised

It is a web platform for gaming and social computation. It helps research -ers to devise web games/experiments,

and offers a platform for others to join in, meaning the public can both enjoy

The web platform is built to engage social computation, letting the different organisers of projects collaborate

Users can run experiments, partake in experiments, share their experiences, and carry out research. Experiments range from urban

Or through gaming, users can con -tribute to scientific research. Since the games on the platform have been

The data storage system and the gaming platform are the two main components of the Everyaware web-based infrastructure, which comple

-ment each other by addressing specific goals in the context of collecting storing and analysing relevant environmental data

Case studies: Case studies concerning different numbers of participants will test the scalability of the platform, aimed at involving as many

Widenoise is an iphone and Android app that helps people to under -stand the soundscape around

and to help live a healthier life. Widenoise also has an online real-time interactive map,

data and indicates the noise pollution levels all over the world. At the same time, Widenoise also visualises the data to explain to users in a

more accessible manner how they might gain a deeper understanding of the problem Sensorbox, Airprobe, a dedicated Web server and Web application

together form a system that measures concentrations of pollutants in the air and localises them through a GPS.

This enables users to see the measurements in real time by using a Bluetooth and Airprobe app on

their smartphone, and also makes it possible for users to access the aggregate data gathered by the community, as personalised information

concerning personal levels of exposure to pollutants. Based on this sys -tem, there is also an international competition APIC (Airprobe Interna

-tional Challenge) organised between four cities: London (UK), Antwerp Belgium), Kassel (Germany), and Turin (Italy.

Users in the 4 cities compete to build the most complete map (in terms of time and space) of

air pollution for their city What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence

-bile and location-based technologies, as well as data visualisation Sensing technologies: Along with sensors, human beings can act as a

Mobile and location-based technologies: Cell phones and PCS incorpo -rate sensors of increasing accuracy:

GPS sensors, cameras, microphones accelerometers and thermometers are already a default equipment in most of the mentioned devices.

process, by expanding the availability of an Internet connection through -out daily life Online communication platforms:

-adigm to provide users with the opportunity of collectively categorising evaluating and filtering the content they browse

social networking tools, which allow effective data and opinion collection, and real-time information spreading processes In addition, theoretical and modelling tools developed by physicists

computer scientists and sociologists have reached already the maturity to analyse, interpret and visualize complex data sets.

The integration of participatory sensing with the monitoring of subjective opinions is novel and crucial,

as it exposes the mechanisms by which the local perception of an environmental issue, corroborated by quantitative data,

evolves into socially shared opinions, eventually driving behavioural changes Enabling this level of transparency critically allows an effective commu

Generating data and sharing opinion in a user friendly manner: The combination of sensor-based data generation and online sharing pro

-vides the possibility of gathering opinions in a user friendly manner Sensor-based gathering of temperature and noise-level information, for

example, allows collection of data on totally new levels of scale. Use of mobile phones for this purpose seems a particularly powerful way of get

-ting ordinary people involved, as it could integrate subjective data (such as moods or opinions) as well as scientific readings.

It is possible to make more sense of the collected data when they are displayed over a base

map of the local streets either via GPS readings or by captures through a map interface

103 Raising awareness and effecting decision and policy making: This fo -cuses on the question of whether †socially accepted†data gathered in

this way could induce widespread opinion dynamics leading to changes in behaviour. The idea is that the availability of locally relevant digital

data, together with their analysis, processing and visualisation should trigger a bottom-up improvement for social strategies.

and personalised representation of the collected data to users has the potential of triggering a bottom-up improvement of citizens†behaviours

The comparison between sensor data and subjec -tive opinions aims to expose the mechanisms by which the individual

for capturing new types of data across EU 104 105 Fablab Amsterdam At a glance

Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: A network, hosting makerspace/hackerspace, providing education &

Website: http://fablab. waag. org /Organisation Name Waag Society Short description Fablab Amsterdam is a Fab Lab (short for fabrication laboratory), fully

Fablab Amsterdam is also part of a global network of standardised open hardware setups Type of organisation Fablab Amsterdam is part of the international Fablab community (there

are now Fablabs in most parts of the world, from inner-city Boston through to rural India, South africa and the North of Norway.

History and mission One of the cornerstones of Fablabs is that users must learn to do it

Users learn by designing and creating objects of personal interest or impor -tance. Empowered by the experience of making something themselves

project on the Fablab website and share the designs with the rest of the community under a Creative Commons license

developed in line with open innovation principles, enabling end users designers, researchers and manufacturers to jointly develop the prosthe

Fablab Amsterdam uses digital fabrication to create an open hardware environment, and builds an open network based on that, in which open

-chine, 3d printer, Thermal Cycler, Microscope, Centrifuge, Spectrometer Incubator, Autoclave, Rotary Evaporator, etc. Different machines are

Teleconferencing system and digital communication: To Fablab Am -sterdam, it is very important to build and be part of the global Fablab

Open Hardware and Open philosophy: Much of the work in the Fablab relies and is based on open source design and open hardware such as

Arduino. One example of this is Alignment laser, which aims to engi -neer a low cost prosthetic alignment laser (P. A l.)system that meets

in the lab such as 3d printers and laser cutters. In addition to this, the low cost technologies that are experimented with in Fablab have created

The free or low cost access to open source hard and software means that Fablab communities both benefit from and contribute to the value

Open Hardware, Open Knowledge DSI activities: product and research Key facts: 25,000 phones sold in less than 6 months. 50,000 followers on

Facebook Website: http://www. fairphone. com /Organisation Name Fairphone Short description Fairphone is a start-up company producing the world†s first ethically

sourced smart phone, initiated at Waag Society in The netherlands History and mission Fairphone was founded as a social enterprise in 2010.

The organisation can†t be described as an ordinary smartphone manufacturer. It started as a joint project between Waag Society, Action Aid and Schrijf-Schrijf in

The netherlands as a campaign against the dire conditions endured by people working in sections of the global and often very complex elec

-tronics goods supply chain. This included attempting to shine a light on people working in the tin, cobalt and tantalum mines (materials used

in mobile phones) of the Democratic Republic of congo (DRC), many of which are controlled by armed groups, to the assembly lines in China

own smart phone. Through its own phone production, Fairphone sought to take the next step in uncovering the story behind the sourcing, pro

-duction, distribution and recycling of electronics, and demonstrate how a more transparent supply chain could be developed

creating an alternative in the smart phone market and raising the bar for the industry.

The project is not about the phone itself, instead Fairphone aims to open up the supply chain behind making the smart phone, and

create full transparency around how the product is made. The phone is a storytelling icon and the starting point of a conversation about trans

-parency in production processes and supply chains. By connecting the dots for consumers about the social and environmental impacts of the

mainly social media; anyone can step in and help crowdsource relevant information and follow each step in the development of the Fairphone

from individuals, businesses and organisations to funds and bloggers Production of a fairer smartphone: Fairphone aims to prove that it is

possible to build a reasonably priced, well-specified smart phone with a low environmental impact, sourced from the same countries mo

-bile phone companies would normally source material and assembly from, but by supporting independent miners and manufacturers who

guarantee basic standards to their employees. On November 13 2013 Fairphone announced that it had sold the first batch of 25,000 smart

-phones, using only social media for marketing. The Fairphone team sees this as a unique achievement,

to buy a phone that has not been produced yet from a company that has never produced a phone before, based on belief in the values and mission

behind the company. The organisation aims to deliver the phones by the end of December 2013

The tin and tantalum in the first edition Fairphone are sourced from conflict-free mines outside of the control of warring parties in countries

phone and to negotiate terms with manufacturers to ensure a living wage for workers assembling the devices

raw materials that go into the phone do not fund the warring parties in the country The research is coordinated by a lead researcher within the Fairphone

Through the online platform (50,000 followers on Facebook every step in the research and development is communicated. Fairphone has received many research requests

â€oeit†s not our aim to become the biggest phone company in the world, it†s

our aim to influence the biggest phone companies in the world, †Tessa Wernick, Fairphone communications director

However, it is important to note that Fairphone do not see the phone as a solution in and of itself,

through the revelation of its story, understanding how phones are made and producing an alternative Through mobilizing 25.000 potential consumers,

Fairphone grew from a community platform to the first open mobile phone manufacturer. It is a great case of the open design movement

creating grounds for new relations between product, manufacturers and consumers. The appealing story together with the careful commu

basically a large group of followers on Facebook and twitter Since this started as a very collaborative project Fairphone has depended

through social media. Every step in the development process, every decision the company makes, is being shared online for people to react

plans for the phone itself and the software, although there is some way to go on this

and produce its smart phone, it has received funding from Bethnal Green Ventures to participate in a startup Bootcamp and

The phone itself is being sold in a pre-sale model, and in batches of 25,000 at a time. 5000 people order

and pay for the phone before the company decides to go into production. This way a healthy relationship

Operating a web service Key facts: The platform has 4 million users worldwide Website: https://github. com

/Organisation Name Github Short description Github, a San francisco-based company, was started in 2008 as a way

for open source software writers in various locations to rapidly create new and better versions of their work collaboratively.

It has grown since to be the largest social coding repository in the world. Github has an ap

Source code management was historically a particularly asocial (and sometimes antisocial) practice. By shifting this once solitary

and code management for open source and private projects, by tapping into this community of collective coders

of Linux. Over time, Github†s mission evolved from offering a paradigm 116 shift in the way programmers had coded largely in isolation to some

-thing more. Since then the platform has gone through a rapid develop -ment and is now largest social coding repository in the world with more

At its simplest Github can be described as open source tool for people to come together online and collaborate around a project, in the majority of

websites and software solutions. As a project is developed Github stores and manages revisions to projects.

collaborate Git has developed a number of features such as a Web-based graphical interface, wikis and basic task management tools for every pro

This allows the copying of a repository from one user account to another possible because the code is open source.

This enables a developer to copy a code that he or she does not have writing

to make code run more smoothly with the MAC OS †was the most heav -ily trafficked project on Github in 2012.

and improve the Homebrew source code. While Homebrew is just one sample project hosted on Github,

on the site involving 3 million coders However it seems Github wants to stretch digital collaboration and

-eral Github users (carried out by the School of Computer science and the Center for the Future of Work, Heinz College and Carnegie mellon

Users combine these inferences into effective strategies for coordinating work, advancing technical skills and manag

servers inside a company†s firewall under the Enterprise plans ($5000 /year/20 seats. These Enterprise plans are claimed to be the Github†s

Github to live locally on their servers, and cost clients millions of dollars a year.

Enterprise clients include Lockheed martin, Microsoft, Livingso -cial, VMWARE and Walmart Another revenue stream is Github Jobs where employers can post job

programmers or companies can use the collaborative platform for free as a place to build open-source software,

or if they opt not to host their code in this way†favouring instead more proprietary

use of Github†s †distributed global network of talent. †In July 2012 Github received its first ever external funding, when the

Github expand its user base to over 3 million users (now over 4 million As of July 9th the company was valued at $750 million

more open source, open data, and open government. This portal is spe -cifically aimed at helpingâ governments all over the world to open source

datasets, legislation and information so that citizen programmers can help solve local problems What technological methods and tools

is it using, and what did these enable that was not previously possible? Github usesâ Git, a multi-platform version control application created for

use by developers of the Linux kernel, to coordinate collaborations and to manage uploads and downloads (pushes

and pulls) to Github. Though developed for software code, any types of files can be part of a Github

repository, and any text-based files (including plain text, Markdown HTML, Latex, andâ Lilypond music notation softwareâ files) can take ad

-vantage of Git†s version tracking and â€oemerging†features. Github is also a kind of social network, providing collaborators an easy way to discuss

issues in a project, and to follow other users and projects of interest 118 Furthermore, by making use of the latest HTML5 API, activities like nav

-igating through a code directory structure are enhanced greatly. As the system of record for software, it is natural that the rest of the software

development ecosystem (bug trackers, project management, continu -ous integration and testing tools) are now scrambling to integrate with

better quality software Github has remodelled how programmers engage with Source code Management (SCM) †a fundamental tool for programmers, that

stores, versions and branches source code being developed by teams of programmers. While traditionally SCMS have been a highly complex

esoteric and cumbersome systems to manage; they have also been notably asocial in their nature.

Github has thus radicalised this system†s approach in two ways Rather than forcing every development team in the world to deploy their

own SCM, Github runs one big SCM in the cloud and the management issues vanish

Because modern programming tends to be about assembling code†in the form of libraries, open source work, etc. †as well

as writing it, a great deal of code (over 3 million Git repositories) have been stored on Github,

In essence this people-centred approach to programming has meant Github has become a social networking site for programmers

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Github hosts open-licensed projects and is designed for collaboration

allowing any user toâ forkâ any public project. By clicking the â€oefork†button any Github user can almost instantaneously create their own version of

an existing project. That â€oeforked†project can be used as the basis for a new project,

software code, this same logic can be applied to any types of files that make up the Github repository,

what was closed in the past a, asocial aspect of software coding. By mak -ing its coding repository far more transparent, potential contributors are

when you require users to fill out forms or register for barely usable software before they too can get involved, etc

What were the main barriers to innovate? Open source vs. Closed: While Github has stood out as an outrider

of how e-businesses might operate in an open-source landscape; the cultural and operational change needed to accompany such a paradigm

intended to enable users to navigate through its site, and to choose the most suitable healthcare package.

Healthcare. gov †the â€oefrontend†of the site †was written by a Washing -ton, D c. startup (Development Seed) and a small team of consultants

Source code Management: According to Preston-Werner (a Github founder), the main problem is the site†s forbiddingly technical approach

Git, an eight-year-old source-code management tool that most users still manage via a command-line interface.

software program has specified a set of behavior), but senior develop -ers often assume the opposite.

a premium price to host their source code privately with Github) is un -derpinned by the fact that as the cost of computing, storage, and (most

importantly) bandwidth has fallen over the past few years. For these reasons, Github has been able to offer free project hosting to millions

of users. The marginal cost of each new project is likely less than $1 per year 121

Operating a web service Key facts: 14.000 registered users, launched 100 successful projects and sourced

more than 700 nonfinancial contributions Website: http://goteo. org /Organisation Name Goteo Short description Goteo. orgâ isâ anâ open sourceâ social network for crowdfunding as well as

distributed collaboration based in Spain. The explicit mission of Goteo org is to help finance

and support â€oethe independent development of creative and innovative initiatives that contribute to the commonâ good

Abiertasâ (Open source Foundation History and mission The explicit mission of Goteo. org is to help finance

micro credit site Kiva, P2pâ lending models and emerging crowdfunding platforms like Kickstarter. The aim of the exercise was to understand

how compatible crowdfunding was withâ crowdsourcing lessons learned from the open source world. In the initial development phases the team

organised workshops and meeting with the different communities of practice, potentialâ project leaders, backers and institutions which

features ofâ crowdfunding from other sites, but also adding new features such as optimum and minimum costs needed, petitionsâ for collabora

At its simplest Goteo can be described as a social network that helps facilitate both the collective funding of and distributed collaboration or

crowdsourcing of projects Crowdfunding: The crowdfunding platform features of Goteo follows the basic principles of most other crowdfunding platforms.

and/or open source. Unlike most other crowdfunding platforms Goteo operate with two funding windows for a campaign, each with a dura

-paign to create a mobile wifi connection unit for social movements and public spaces. In addition to raising well beyond its minimum funding

space for working, a 3d printer for prototyping, volunteer testers for their prototype solutions, as well as an offer to collaborate with local

follow the wrap as it is used on future presents with web geolocation was able to get support from app developers in addition to the reaching

A core criteria for Goteo is that all campaigns the platform helps have to meet a cultural, scientific, educational, technological or ecological objec

-fore projects are built on collaborative, open source and open design principles. As an example the Infinit Loop cloth mentioned above is for

the platform had more than 14, 000â registered users, with more than 9, 000 daily visits, and significant social media attention as well (the plat

-form has more than 8, 000 Twitter followers and 3000 Facebookâ likes Most importantly more than 100 open projects have been fully fund

-ed and supported to date via the platform, raising a total of nearly â 350,000, with more than 700 offers ofâ different types of contribution

ability of people to easily transfer money online, just as social media and networks such as Twitter, Facebook, Flickr and Youtube are a crucial part

of launching, promoting and engaging online communities of potential backers in Goteo projects. Goteo has used open coding platform Github

and have made the source code for the platform available for everyone to access on Github While not directly technologies, the project relies heavily on the open

hard and software standards developed by and for the open source community, such as creative commons to set the standard for how cam

open hard and software solutions to develop their products. The Nodo MÃ vil project campaign is built,

relies on open data How is funded the organisation? The Spanish Minister of Culture has helped co-fund (amount unclear

Operating a web service Key facts: Landshare has got 55,000 members worldwide Website: http://Landshare. net

Organisation Name Landshare Short description At its simplest, Landshare can be described as an open platform that

The landshare project was launched in 2009 through celebrity television chef, Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall†s Channel 4 television show River

by using its site as a social network where interested D. I. Y. growers can join forces to form a growing collective,

where users can enter their post code to explore their own locality to see what†s available

Having said that, the site boasts over 73,000 members, and claims to have a community of over 60,000 grow

-ing users in their efforts to secure land through local councils. Land -share†s Let†s Grow Campaign aims to assist in the matching up of grow

In August 2010, Landshare launched a free iphone app. The app featured a †landspotting†camera tool which incorporates geocoding technology

that enables users to photograph areas of unused land and plot them on a map.

The Landshare. net website includes some built-in social networking features such as message inbox, forums, and chat functions where users

can ask †vegetable doctors†for advice on particular questions, or consult other members for any advice they might need

Considering the project boasts over 70,000 registered users-as of November 2013, Landshare†s use of open networking and crowdsourc

DSI network effect Users can set up groups via the app, inviting friends or people living in

website The website also includes a number of sharing and support platforms that promote digital collaboration related to finding or sharing land

finding groups in a member†s local area, and advice for starting up a community garden or approaching local councils to try to secure an

website, members are presented potentially with a number of helpers sharers or growers in their area.

sister site the crowdfunding platform Peoplefund. it, which, like the Landshare website and app, was also set up by KEO Digital.

Peoplefund it works in a similar way to crowdfunding platform Kickstarter. As an ex -ample the platform was used to successfully raise £4, 401 (109 per cent

printing and office supplies; website fees; travel expenses and Welsh translation services Recently, Landshare. net has decided to run a trial to test the inclusion

of some †contextual advertising†to help pay for the continued develop -ment and maintenance of its website.

According to the site, the income from these adverts will help to fulfil the initiative†s primary objective

to connect as many growers with available growing space in the UK and beyond What really helps reach goals?

Operating a web service Key facts: Used by the pirate party in Germany to source policy from members

Website: http://liquidfeedback. org /Organisation Name Liquid Feedback Short description Liquid feedback is free open source software

which enables platforms for bottom-up political opinion formation and decision making Developed by the Public Software Group based in Berlin, Germany, the

platform combines aspects ofâ representativeâ and direct democracy en -abling participants in the platform to both vote directly on issues or by

Type of organisation The Public Software Group who developed the Liquid Feedback software is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany

History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by Public Software Group.

The software was used first by Germany†sâ Pirate Party that same year, and has, amongst others,

since also been used by the Five Star Movementâ in Italy. However the developers are fully inde

-pendent from the users of the software. The Liquid Feedback software is published under an open MIT license

and free for anyone or any organi -sation to download and use 130 At the core of Liquid Feedback sit an ambition to create a platform that

addresses the gap between representative democracies where people elect representatives to represent and vote for them on policy decisions

and direct democracy, where one person equals one vote. The problem Liquid Democracy identified was that

The basic activity of Public Software is to make the Liquid Feedback soft -ware freely available to organisations interested in using the platform

a platform that lets people come together online to crowdsource and prioritise ideas. This type of participation would arguably not have been

efficiently, before the advent of the Internet. Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above,

allows the platform to be adapted by organi -sations that are both diverse in type and their geographical base

Website: http://makerfaire. com /Organisation Name Makerfaire Short description Maker Faire is created an event by Make magazine to â€oecelebrate arts

include electronics, 3d printing, technological product demo, design craft, sustainability and domestic arts, as well as making in education

-ties in the Arduino open source electronic board and Raspberry Pi. Other events include presentations and workshops on collective innovation

and the diffusion of open innovation, social networks, crowdsourcing and 3d printing, and the benefit of participating in such open innova

-tion environments for DIY product designers In addition to showcasing opportunities for DIY making, Make also sell

The Maker Faire creates a real-time sharing platform that is offline. Lots of products or projects that will be shown in Maker Faire have a strong

-ware, but the faire provides an offline stage where makers can share their digital creation face-to-face.

hardware, some of the most popular and frequent of these include open hardware such as Arduino micro controller and personal 3d printing

Several advantages of open source hardware show its importance to the Maker Faire community Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs

on open-source hardware and taking advantage of a proven design that has operated successfully in the past. Thus, they can work from a known

starting point and easily see what†s there, what†s missing, and what is unnecessary. It saves development time

Giving back Open-source hardware is about sharing work with others for everyone†s benefit. It is beneficial for all parties to provide upgrades

and additions to the community whenever possible so that the next user can add other enhancements. When a user adds a function to hardware

it affects the software, which adds a reason to enhance and improve the overall performance of the software to take advantage of the new

feature Low cost access open hardware gives grassroots audience the ability to turn their ideas into products or services,

and even build business upon it. There are also many applicable business models for implementing some open-source hardware even in traditional firms.

For example, to ac -celerate development and technical innovation the photovoltaic industry has experimented with partnerships, franchises, secondary supplier and

completely open-source models How is funded the organisation? Maker Faire is made possible with a variety of sponsorships.

Equally some mini maker faires are financed partially through charging fees for attending What are the main barriers to

Open data; Open knowledge DSI activities: Advocating and campaigning; Operating a web service Key facts:

The Whatdotheyknow app has helped over 130,000 Freedom of Information requests. The Fixmystreet app has helped report more

Website: http://www. mysociety. org /Organisation Name mysociety Short description mysociety†s key mission is to help people become more powerful in the

Since 2004 they have launched various websites that made it easy to do tasks such as identifying which politician (s) represent you,

benefits†that e-commerce sites give people, but in the civic and dem -ocratic parts of their lives.

Building websites that make it easy for people to write to their politicians to get potholes fixed,

Providing consultancy, bespoke software development and software products to organisations keen to meet the expectations of digital na

Developing free and open source software for individuals and organisa -tions around the world who want to build copies of the sites mysociety

builds Some of the most prominent websites and software solutions developed by mysociety are listed below

Fixmystreet-Fixmystreet Platform is built open-source software to help people run websites for reporting common street problems, like

potholes and broken street lights. It has been used in many countries around the world, from Norway to New zealand to Georgia to Italy

-where versions based on the original UK Fixmystreet website have been built ALAVETELI-â€oemagnify the power of Right to Information laws in your

countryâ€. Alaveteli is the popular †Right-to-Know & Freedom of Infor -mation softwareâ€, designed for easy reuse in any country or jurisdiction

-now. com website MAPIT-Mapit Global†s API uses Openstreetmap data to †establish the

location of different administrative boundaries, anywhere in the world. †Boundaries data is essential for anyone creating geographic web and

mobile services that rely on locating a particular point within the correct country, district, county, city or region

-do, to relaunch Kenya†s independent parliamentary monitoring website The software created for this purpose is called Pombola.

It†s free, open source and available for use anywhere in the world. The core features of

this website are 139 A structured database that links people to places, organisations and roles.

It†s an accessible display all of the members of a particular house of parliament, all of the elected representatives of particular areas and even

all of the politicians who attended a specific college A database of parliamentary transcripts linked to the individual speak

-ers, making it easy to display how often a politician has spoken in parlia -ment and what they have said

Boundary information (stored in Mapit) allows users to search any loca -tion covered by the Pombola instance

and discover the elected represent -atives for that area Integrated tools allow users to comment on and socially share individual

pages Twitter streams on the home page and a blog for news items The Pombola code has been

since been used to run sites in Ghana, Nige -ria and Zimbabwe What is the social impact it is

seeking, including any evidence of impact to date? mysociety believe that strong democratic accountability and a thriving

because they believe that the Internet can meaningfully lower the barriers to taking the first civic or democratic

mysociety†s UK sites are the best showcases in terms of pure volume and engagement Fixmystreet: Over 250,000 problems reported, with 50%of users having

never reported a problem to their local authority before Theyworkforyou: Over 1. 5m unique users a year.

From surveys we know that three out of five users had looked never up information on

what their MP was doing in Parliament before using Theyworkforyou and about 90%of users said that Theyworkforyou had improved their

knowledge of their political representatives Whatdotheyknow: Over 130,000 Freedom of Information requests issued so far

Kenyan Election contacted the site personally to query the data behind their scorecard rating. mysociety emphasize the fact that, if Presidential

candidates care about how they are being represented on the site, then that is an indicator of impact †not least because awareness that they will

mysociety†s sites are all open source. Some of the mysociety codebas -es have been worked on extensively to make them easy to use for the

is also available on Github, another open source project which can be installed locally, and customised to user†s precise needs.

mysociety†s websites seem to have used technology to achieve their objective of holding governments more to account,

(which has over 1. 5m unique users a year) three out of five of their users had looked never up information on

what their MP was doing in Parliament before using Theyworkforyou and about 90%of users said that Theyworkforyou had increased their

knowledge of their political representatives. It is questionable how an organisation like mysociety could have had such obvious results in the

absence technological advances made with the Internet Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect mysociety actively encourages digital collaboration for its online coding

As mentioned above all of its sites and applications use Github Issues for tracking bugs and feature requests,

-tal NGO is that presently software development is globally a relatively lucrative profession. This means that for organisations like mysociety, it

ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge factory of staff After recognising in the period following 2006 that official government

solicit commercial requests to do software development or consulting In order to keep this activity within the bounds of UK charities law

software company that can solve problems that more traditional web companies can†t. †mysociety Ltd.

Realities of open source: Before accepting contributions to a project, the practical considerations around the overheads of testing, checking, and

many socially focused websites set up at similar times were expected to deliver immediately, and then were killed off by

organisation could afford to keep sites running for years at a time. They now consider longevity and sufficient development budget to be the

users ask for. Thinking about the minimum possible number of features your new project could have launched

mysociety has a strong culture of user-centered design, and a culture that regularly questions whether features or projects will actually have

To grow the open-source communities around some of their core web -sites and components so that they are of ever greater value to larger

numbers of people To upgrade their UK sites to make sure that they are always serving the

needs of local users as best as is possible, and to use the UK as a lab to

experiment with projects that have reuse value elsewhere To explore technologies that enable people to collaborate to put pressure

-tal systems that embed user-centred values, plus the values of openness and transparency To develop better impact metrics to gain a better understanding of how

or don†t impact positively on users 143 Open Government Wien At a glance Type of Organisation:

Operating a web service Key facts: has released 160 datasets which has lead to the development of more

Website: https://open. wien. at/site /Organisation Name Open Government Wien (Vienna henceforth Short description Open Government Vienna is part of the Smart City

and Open Govern -ment strategies of the City of Vienna. Open Government is defined as â€oethe comprehensive redesign of politics and administrative activities

seen the city adopt an open data policy and share data related to popula -tion, economics and science.

Relevant data also comes from around the areas of statistics, geospatial, transportation and economics. This shift

off web and phone apps emerge to enhance how citizens engage with the city Type of organisation The Open Government Vienna strategy is part of the Smart City strategy

2011 with opening up datasets on data. wien. gv. at. The main targets of the Open Government strategy for Vienna are:

Furthermore the data and spin-off apps that come about as a result of the Open Government Data strategy are hoped

to have positive impact on citizen engagement and participation; busi -ness and research; and administration in the city of Vienna

the open data generated to deal with the particular needs of citizens in the city,

â€oefruit Fly†an app that offers users a visual map that captures data on all fruit trees on public ground in Vienna.

Crowdsourced data is used also to index which fruit is ripe or in season. The result is a quirky app that citizens

In opening its data records to the public, the City of Vienna is taking an

-istration makes increased use of Internet technology. A summary of the city†s Open Government activities and the first edition of the Open Data

catalogue are available online, to be accessed via an all-new web portal Presently 109 apps and visualisations have been made that make use of

Open Government Data Vienna, and the community of over 500 users is made up by a diverse demographic of students, teachers and professors

professionals, makers and hackers Undoubtedly, initiatives like Open Government Vienna have played a part in Vienna being voted Europe†s most innovative city.

On a world -wide scale it ranks in third place just behind US cities Boston and New

-gic issues in the field of Linked Open Government Data (such as strategy forms and consultation

-enced by recent technology trends around open data and open networks As part of this citywide effort to make Vienna a †smart cityâ€, the City of

about 600 officialâ e-government web pages and a variety of adminis -trative services available online. †For instance, more than 180 different

In addition to this, the City of Vienna launched an Open Data portal and an Open Government Portal in 2011.

time the aggregated data has been made open to the public as an Open Data Catalogue. Lastly 109 apps and visualisations were created by the

community, some of which are of particular value to the citizens and tourists of Vienna A report produced by the City of Vienna, †Open Government Implemen

-tation Model†suggests that a †focused look at public sector data manage -ment has been missing so far In public Management†and that †a control

gap has become evident due to the trend toward the release of data in Open Government Data Portals. †It also concedes that the Open Gov

-ernment Data Implementation Model †is a contribution toward closing this gap†by producing †data catalogues,

implementing evaluations in the context of internal data monitoring and the planning and implemen -tation of approval cycles in the first stage of Open Government consti

-tute a contribution to Data Management and Data Governance as new disciplines of Public Management. †Yet advances in public management

of this sort would doubtlessly be impossible without the improvements in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, com

-munication and collaboration with the community in several ways while the Open Government project looks to more †conventional†digital

communication channels such as Twitter, Facebook and emails, there are public â€oelife platforms†where users can chat

or meet the experts of the City of Vienna, as well as an online forum. In 2012 two participa

Data quality: data management tools like CKAN are necessary to build up a range of datasets that are of a high standard,

and that can in turn generate useful cross-referenceable findings Data islands: transferring data over from older devices posed a challenge

for the Open Government†s push for open data What really helps to achieve goals?

Political buy in: the scope and breadth of what Open Government Vien -na has achieved would not have been had possible the city authority not

voted to make open data a major priority focus How to achieve better European collaboration? The model implemented in the Open Government Vienna initiative has

already been used by other Authorities in Austria (e g. Environment Agency Austria, small municipality of Engerwitzdorf, City of Graz

Operating a web service Key facts: Five citizen driven law proposal have reached support from 50.000

Website: http://openministry. info /The Finnish language platform is at http://avoinministerio. fi /Organisation Name Open Ministry (Avoin Ministeriã in Finnish

crowdsourcing of legislation, promoting deliberative and participatory democracy and citizens initiatives Type of organisation The Open Ministry utilizes crowdsourcing in the preparation of citizensâ€

initiatives and it is operated fully by volunteers independent of govern -mental organisations and political parties History and core mission The overarching purpose of Open Ministry is to help citizens and NGOS

with national citizens†initiatives, EU citizens†initiatives and develop the online services for collaborating, sharing and signing the initiatives

Ministry of Justice website due to be launched in Autumn 2012, Open Ministry came about to bridge this gap.

To gain 50,000 votes broad campaigning on social media and beyond is required, needing directed energy from many people

of crowdsourcing legislation, the Finnish parliament has for the first time been forced to tackle issues identified

the Ministry of Justice web platform by providing citizens with the tools and support to make potential citizen initiatives far more comprehen

crowdsourcing hardware What is the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem? The Open Ministry offers an interesting blueprint of how digital frame

-net penetration rate of 89.3 percent, according to data released by the International Telecommunications Union in June 2012) more needs to

be done to understand some of the potential barriers that might exist if other countries with less Internet penetration were to adopt or replicate

this model What technological methods and tools is it using and what did technology enable that was not

The Open Ministry website was developed using a YUI API †a free, open source Javascript and CSS library for building interactive web applica

-tions. Demographic metrics are gathered using Quantcast. The site†s source code is also available on Github †where anyone can fork the

project, contribute to it, or use it in other countries 150 As part of its aim to crowdsource legislation, the nonprofit organisa

-tion had been collecting signatures for various proposals in paper since 1 march, when the citizens†initiatives came in.

To ensure the site was compliant with security standards, the National Communications security Authority audited the site†s code

the people†s identity through the APIS offered by banks and mobile operators, so that people can sign the initiatives online with the online

banking codes or their mobile phones What did technology enable that was not previously possible? As mentioned above, Open Ministry†s model necessitates that it facili

-ly this would not have been possible in the absence of the Internet and the online platforms that Open Ministry has been built on

DSI network effect The Open Ministry aims to facilitate the crowdsourcing process and to provide collaboration tools that enable citizens to develop their ideas

-edge Finland Core Team, and more generally representatives of the Open Ministry team regularly participate in a number of open government

Part of the functionality of the website has had to be discontinued because not all banks were enabling Open Ministry

to use their ID verification for users. This meant that certain users were 151 able to use the site for free to sign particular initiatives, whilst others

from a different bank were not. It was thus not possible to continue this feature.

Instead users can now use the website to sandbox ideas, find support amongst the community of users,

and collaborate in partner -ship with voluntary legal and campaign experts. The Open Ministry also

encourages users to sign and support existing initiatives on the official Ministry of Justice website,

which is approved where initiatives are host -ed Technological Literacy: While Finland is networked a highly country, not

everyone has the same technical capacity. For this reason Open Ministry started collection of signatures for particular proposals in paper forms

Internet or not yet accustomed to e-Democracy What really helps achieve goals? Undoubtedly the Open Ministry†s success can be understood also in the

Open networks, Open data, Open Knowledgeâ Â DSI activities: Operating a web service Key facts:

Created open data sets with more than 60 million companies registered Website: http://opencorporates. com /Organisation Name Opencorporates

Short description Opencorporates is the largest open database of companies in the world It is a website

which shares data on corporate entities as open data under the share-alike attribution Open Database Licence.

It aims at creating a URL with such data for every corporate entity in the world, as well as

importing government data relating to companies and matching it to specific companies. The site also shows groups of companies that are

legally part of the same conglomerate, which helps provide transparency on networks of corporate subsidiaries and holding companies spread

around multiple jurisdictions. Basic company information is available as open data in XML or JSON format.

Today the site has grown from 3 territories and a few million companies to over 75 jurisdictions and 60

million companies, and is working with the open data community to add more each week Type of organisation Opencorporates is a for-profit company, based in the UK

History and mission Opencorporates was created by Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon under the auspices of their company, Chrinon Ltd,

and launched on 20 December 2010 154 The mission of Opencorporates is to make information about companies

and the corporate world more accessible, more discoverable, and more usable, and thus give citizens, community groups, journalists, other

companies, and society as a whole the ability to understand, monitor and regulate them. Opencorporates seeks to do this through opening up

data and providing tools for analysing it. To do this, Opencorporates is not only creating a general database,

but also a database that has certain focuses, and an open data community, to make the open information

sharing more open, and thus effective What does it do, and how does this activity enhance social innovation?

The core business of Opencorporates is to collect data on companies through web scraping tools and then visualize the data

Web scraping data: The main activity within Opencorporates is to collab -orate with Scraperwiki, a platform for doing data science on the web, to

help get the company data. The basics that are needed in order to create a company record at Opencorporates are the company number, the juris

-diction and the company†s name. People only need to write a scraper for a country if there is not standard data available for this already

The Opencorporates database has been built by the open data communi -ty, under a bounty scheme in conjunction with Scraperwiki, by offering

a small fee for new jurisdictions opened up (explained in more detail below). ) Web scraping (web harvesting or web data extraction) is a com

-puter software technique of extracting information from websites. The site also has a Google Refine reconciliation function that matches legal

entities to company names â€oea bounty schemeâ€: Opencorporates offered a small fee for new jurisdic -tions opened up,

in order to encourage people around the world helping them open up data sets. It offered £100 for any jurisdiction that had not

yet been done and £250 for those territories that Opencorporates saw as a priority (such as Australia, France, Spain.

There†s an initial cap of £2500 on the bounty pot. According to Scraperwiki, the scrapers can

often be written in a couple of hours, and neither the code nor the data will belong to Opencorporates,

but to the open data community Data visualisation: The main output from Opencorporates work on capturing data is searchable maps and visualisations of complex corpo

-rate structures with multiple layers of control below the headquarter of the organisation and it in some cases thousands of subsidiaries.

One example of this is how Opencorporates visualised the complex corpo -rate structure of Goldman Sachs†s based on data from public filings and

company registrations in the U s.,New zealand, the Cayman islands Luxembourg and the UK. This helped visualise how Goldman has 1, 475

subsidiaries registered in the U s. and 739 in the Caymans alone. Chris Taggart, one of the founders of Opencorporates has described the bene

have done as an academic study based on this data, but maybe half a dozen people would have read it.

founders and a number of other people in the open data community had around access to data,

whether it†s Government spending, subsidy info or court cases. As Chris Taggart has explained it in an interview with

opening up data. In 2011 it won the 3rd prize in the EU funded open

data challenge and was recognised by the vice president of the European Commission, Neelie Kroos as †the kind of resource the (Digital) Single

To date Open Corporates have managed to grow an open database with information on more than 61 million companies in it

Getting and Returning Data †Making open data more open: Opencor -porates inspires a social sharing concept to people who want to get data

from it. All Opencorporate†s data where the company has the right to share it,

is made openly available under the share-alike attributionâ Open Database Licence. In return, any product of that data must also be open

for others to use. For organisations that don†t want to give back data they pay Opencorporates a fee

Innovating data driven journalism: As part of the development of their offer Opencorporates is making a new open database of corporate

officers and directors available to the world. This will enable journalists to be able to search not just all the companies with directors for a given

name in a given state, but across multiple states What it the role of the

organisation within the DSI ecosystem? Not applicable What technological methods and tools is it using, and what

Open data: Open data sit at the core of all Opencorporates work. This is both a tool to scrape, capture

and analyse data, as well as a way for the organisation to release data to a community of collaborators

Open source: Opencorporates wants to make its product and the da -tabase accessible and scalable. It would not be possible without a huge

number of open source programmes, tools and resources, such as Twitter Bootstrap and Linux. It is mostly feasible to have the open data database

as well as the community accessible online. Within five years the data -base has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet

and the participation through Internet, this would not have happened Technical specs behind the website: Opencorporates is built on the Ru

-byonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers running Linux. Famfamfam icons and flags, Twitter Bootstrap, and

Justvector icons are used also. The Scraperwiki allows people to write scrapers in Python or PHP

156 How is funded the organisation? Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon started Opencorporates from their existing company Chrinon Ltd in UK.

The company is being incubated in the UK Open Data Institute, and has received also a grant from the

Alfred P Sloan Foundation Opencorporates licence the information and database under a share -alike attribution license, allowing free

and open reuse even commercially Organisations or companies that wish to use the information on a non

-share-alike basis will need to pay for a non-share-alike version (for the privilege of not releasing the resultant information to the community

thus ensuring Opencorporates has a sustainable business model and giving an incentive to release information back to the community

What are the main barriers to innovate? Access to data: The main driver behind Opencorporates is access to data

on the businesses whose corporate structures they want to capture and release data on. However, accessibility to good data varies significantly

from country to country, depending on governments†willingness and capability to release this. New zealand as an example have easily accessi

-ble data sets which Opencorporates with very simple coding can inte -grate into their data base,

where as others release data in pdf files, which makes scraping and accessing the data significantly harder

Linked to this is the varying quality of data available. When mapping US companies data from Theâ Federal reserve system is for example more

granular, structured and detailed than data from the Securities and Exchange Commission. To address issues around quality of Opencorpo

-rates assing data confidences†to links, with higher or lower confidence depending on data they were able to access

What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers? Just as lack of access to data can be a barrier, the easy access to open

data sets from countries like New zealand has helped Opencorporates grow their database Building on this it can be argued that the ability to access a global open

data community who as part of the bounty scheme helped Opencorpo -rates scrape data from countries around the world has played a big role

in their growth of the dataset Finally, the incubation within the Open Data Institute helped Opencor

-porates grow their business model and receive expert support from open data peers How does it achieve better

European collaboration? Not applicable 157 Open Garden At a glance Type of Organisation: Private business

Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends: Open networks, Open Knowledgeâ Â DSI activities: Operating a web service

Key facts: 3 million users in 2013, which is tripled from 1 million a year before

registered Website: http://opengarden. com Organisation Name Open Garden Short description Open Garden is based a San francisco start up,

focusing on innovating in Internet use, through its mobile app and network building, and creat

-ing new ways to grow the Internet. The simple mobile app enables users to connect to each other seamlessly and share their Internet connection

With the largest scale implementation of a mobile Mesh Network, Open Garden is pioneering work on exploring ubiquitous connectivity

Type of organisation Open Garden is based a San francisco for-profit start-up History and mission The Open Garden Mesh app was launched in Beta on May 21st 2012

during Techcrunch Disrupt in New york city Open Garden aims to change the way mobile users are using and sharing

the Internet. The business is based on an understanding that with the ubiquitous mobile Internet, mobile consumers have become data users

and data transfer activities are constantly taking place among mobile users. Skyrocketing consumption of mobile data is becoming curbed

by a finite amount of licensed spectrum and the capacity limitations of cellular networks. Capacity and spectrum limitations can impact the user

experience in very important †and very negative †ways. They can result in slower or incomplete downloads for content such as games or music

and video chat sessions that are intolerable due to poor quality or inces -sant buffering. They can produce inconsistent data services that leave

consumers wondering when and where they can access the network, and 158 how fast their connections will be.

Seeing all these limitations, entrepre -neur Micha Benoliel, Internet architect Stanislav Shalunov and developer Greg Hazel, decided to make the mobile web fit that could address this

challenge What does it do, and how does this activity enhance social innovation? The Open Garden App,

when downloaded and installed on a smart -phone, laptop, tablet or other compatible device, helps turn the hardware

into a router. Working with similarly equipped devices within a range of approximately 20 meters, the mesh app then discovers, shares and coor

-dinates access to any available Internet off ramp, optimizing users†Inter -net access. By crowdsourcing connectivity, Open Garden enables users to

connect to the mobile web more frequently and with better results The Open Garden App can be turned into an open network, which im

-proves the experience of mobile Internet users, optimizes the service of wireless carriers, as well as benefits the handset and tablet manufactures

The Open Garden app is free for anyone to install on his or her smart

-phone, tablet or computer, and it also licenses its technology to carriers device manufacturers and Organisations

For consumers this has the potential to offer Seamless and Free Hotspot: It enables users to access the most appro

-priate connection without configuring their devices or jumping through hoops. It also enables users to access the Internet as cheaply as possible

Faster Downloads: Users can find the fastest connection and most powerful signal without checking every available network, and can move

between networks seamlessly. Open Garden provides a way to access more data at faster speeds in more locations

Stronger Coverage: Consumers actually become part of the network sharing connections when and where they provide the best possible

access. This means higher quality streaming video and audio and faster downloads For carriers the benefits according to Open Garden are

Faster Downloads and Stronger Coverage: Open Garden provides a way to access more data at faster speeds in more locations

Use of Multiple Networks At once: 3g or 4g and Wi-fi: It enables seam -less handoffs and simultaneous use of multiple networks, providing the

strongest and fastest connection available Multi-Hop Wi-fi Offloading of Their Network: Its multi-hop Wi-fi

offloading solution crowd sources bandwidth via existing residential and business Wi-fi connections. Open Garden creates an overlay mesh

network using Bluetooth and Wi-fi connections across a range of mobile devices, from smartphones to tablets to laptops and desktops.

Operators can boost their offerings even as they offload traffic from their networks particularly in urban areas where cellular coverage can be inconsistent

What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence of impact to date? Open Garden believes that everyone should be able to access the Inter

-net easily. On the one hand, there are still places that people have poor Internet connection, on the other hand, there are also capacity and spec

-159 trum limitations, which requires the network provider to go beyond the traditional mobile data solution.

Open Garden therefore wishes to speed up innovation from both the technology perspective and social perspec

-tive, to create a new way of Internet sharing through users installing a mobile app,

and to build up a community network where more people see the need for innovation, so that it is then possible to gather wisdom

from the crowds Open Garden believe that Internet access is a critical component in the value chain,

which is why it dedicates its efforts and resources to ensure that everyone has access to it

Open Garden†s social impact consists in making mobile Internet access ubiquitous, providing everyone with a fair chance to access information

regardless of where they are. With its system Open Garden can measure number of users, shared access/karma metrics,

and user stories on how it positively impacted their community What it the role of the organisation

within the DSI ecosystem? Its mobile app directly and practically creates an open network, where

all users could share their Internet to make it much more accessible. To -gether with these benefits it is creating an ecosystem among consumers

wireless carriers, and manufacturers With its built-up community, it also functions as a central point in an

open network, where it provides the access to connect knowledge and communication What technological methods and

tools is it using, and what did these enable that was not previously possible? Open Sensor Networks:

Using technologies such as Multi-Hop, Channel Bonding, Bluetooth and Wi-fi Direct, Open Garden†s technology pro

-vides an opportunity for carriers to address the shortcomings of cellular networks even as they deliver a superior experience for mobile data us

-ers. It enables faster, more efficient data transmissions without requiring users to manually sift through available networks to find the best one

available. It minimizes network traffic without the use of data caps and network throttling, which consumers abhor

How is funded the organisation? No information available What are the main barriers to innovate and how are they i

n the domain? Open Garden had to overcome various challenges such as educating the market and industry players,

and accessing funding from partners who are aligned with the values In the meantime, Open Garden has created also solutions to a multitude

of challenges, such as: reducing power consumption, enabling Wi-fi offloading, channel bonding and multi-hop connectivity 160

What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers? Open Garden has built up an online forum, which with more and more

active users, is forming into a community, where everyone is granted the access to knowledge and tools for communication.

With more knowledge being shared there, it also enhances the value of the app and the compa

-ny, to overcome other obstacles such as financial ones When building trust with a community of users to use the app, Open

Garden benefited a lot from what they do, and from people who have the same belief as the company.

Since Open Garden aims at working on providing everyone everywhere fair access to Internet it motivates all

kinds of groups to join into the community and to experiment, especial -ly, people who live

or work in areas with poor connectivity, and travellers or professionals who are often on the go.

people becoming community users, such as mobile data costumers, mak -ers, hackers, the DIY community, urbanites and crowds, events attendees

and organizers. In addition large numbers of users are students, teachers and professors 161 Open Knowledge Foundation

At a glance Type of Organisation: Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other

Open networks, Open data, Open Knowledgeâ Â DSI activities: Participation and democracy Key facts: Developed CKAN

Website: http://okfn. org Organisation Name Open Knowledge Foundation Short description The Open Knowledge Foundation is a global movement to open up

such as the Ckan tool for releasing open data Type of organisation The Open Knowledge Foundation is a nonprofit organisation founded

promoting open data and open content in all their forms †including government data, publicly funded research and public domain cultural

content. The Foundation is sees itself as an international leader in its field and has extensive experience in building tools and community

Web and Software Development: Through developing software OKF are trying to create tools that support a global open knowledge and open

data community One of the most prominent of these is the Comprehensive Knowledge Archive Network (CKAN), one of the world†s leading free open source

data portal platforms CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and

available. CKAN also has a number of built-in features catered to data us -ers, enabling users to browse

and find the data they need, and preview it using maps, graphs and tables-whether they are developers, journalists

researchers, NGOS, citizens or professionals. CKAN also offers a pow -erful Application programming interface (API) which allows third-party

applications and services to be built using the published data It was developed originally in 2006 by the OKF to run Thedatahub. org, a

public registry of open knowledge datasets. As a powerful data manage -ment system which makes data accessible, discoverable and presentable

on the web by providing tools to streamline publishing, sharing, finding and using data; its obvious usefulness has been evidenced by its wider

adoption. CKAN now powers more than 40 data hubs around the world including portals for local, national and international government, such

as the UK€ s data. gov. uk and the European Union†s publicdata. eu Open Data Training:

In addition to building software tools for open data the OKFN also seeks to build the open data skills

and capacity of govern -ments and civil society organisations, through providing a range of open

data training programmes Challenges: In 2011 the Foundation ran the Open Data Challenge, which was Europe†s biggest open data competition to date,

attracting 430 en -tries from 24 Member States Events: Finally the OKFN seeks to stimulate the debate about open

knowledge through events, from small scale policy workshops and cod -ing sessions to its annual international OKFESTIVAL and OKCONFERENCE

events What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence of impact to date?

The OKFN overarching goal is a vibrant open knowledge commons that empowers citizens and enables fair and sustainable societies.

They de -scribe how they aim for a social impact in the four following areas

Better governance: Openness improves governance through increased transparency and engagement Better culture: Openness means greater access, sharing and participation

in relation to cultural material and activities Better research: For research to function effectively, and for society to

163 reap the full benefits from research activities, research outputs should be open Better economy:

Openness permits easier and more rapid reuse of material and open data and content are the key raw ingredients for the

development of new innovative tools and services Impact of CKAN: The impact of CKAN is probably the most tangible

impact of OKFN. The open source software is used by more than 70 organisations from Berlin to Nigeria globally to release their data in to

open data sets. Some of the most prominent users of CKAN include the UK€ sâ data. gov. uk website, the United states government†sâ Data. gov and

the Australian government†s data. gov. au Members: The buy in to the OKFN principles is evidenced also by its

membership. Currently the organisation has more than 8000 members spread out globally across chapters in 40 countries

Lastly events and challenges have helped the organisation act as a pull factor for more open knowledge activity.

The open data challenge, for example, helped identify more than 430 open data entries for the chal

-lenge What it the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem? Through creating software that can be used to enhance the use of open

knowledge, it supports organisations on furthering their work on, for example, open data. Just as the engagement of tens of thousands of peo

-ple in Open Knowledge events help further the debate What technological methods and tools is it using, and

what did these enable that was not previously possible? A variety of technologies are being used in Open Knowledge Foundation

mostly web and software development related. Naturally most of its projects rely heavily on open data, open data and open source standards

Some of these, such as CKAN are developed by OKFN itself, but it also relies on open source platforms for developing

and sharing the code for its projects Its core activities are focusing on using the web and online technologies

to better open and share knowledge. None of which would have been possible without the advance of the Internet and the ability to aggregate

and distribute large quantities of data How is funded the organisation? The primary funding source is from grants to provide advice or develop

new web services and events related to the open knowledge agenda What are the main barriers to

innovate and how are they in the domain? No information available What helps to reach goals

and overcome barriers? The attitude that helps the foundation to realise its value include Respect and Tolerance

Website http://ouishare. net Short description Ouishare is a global collaborative consumption network. It aims to

Different members of the global network have specific areas or projects they are responsible for such as our online magazine, a

create and share on the web Ouishare calls this paradigm shift and the sum of these developments

The network was born in January 2012 out of a Facebook group in Paris Ouishare now counts 400+members from 20 countries in Europe

†connectors†(i e. members who seek to engage the public either offline or on specific online topics) is now bootstrapping Ouishare and co-design

In its early stages, the Ouishare community was a Facebook group creat -ed in April 2011 to connect people who believed in the potential of the

-work, Open source Ecology, hackerspaces & makerspaces What is the social impact it is seeking, including any evidence

source hardware designs and DIY communities Peer-to-peer Finance fuels the system through crowd funding, peer-to

which Ouishare believes could fasten the adoption of new user practic -es, encourage policy-makers to support sustainable models, and drive

mass of users What helps to reach goals and overcome barriers? No information available 168

Open Knowledge, Open Data DSI activities: A network, A research project, Operating a web service

Key facts: A †wiki†with nearly 8000 pages of information, which have been viewed over 5 million times

Website: http://p2pfoundation. net /Organisation Name P2p Foundation Short description The P2p Foundation is registered a institute with the aim of studying

-ized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers

Type of organisation The P2p Foundation is registered a institute founded in Amsterdam Netherlands. Its local registered name is:

-ers of resources, in contrast to the centralized client†server model where client nodes request access to resources provided by central servers.

In a peer-to-peer network, tasks (such as searching for files or streaming au -dio/video) are shared amongst multiple interconnected peers who each

without the need for centralized coordination by servers. The foundation was founded by Michel Bauwens, a Belgian Peer-to-peer theorist and an

-ning the P2p foundation wiki, a website with with nearly 8, 000 pages of information on the P2p economy.

to create custom social networks) with a few hundred members, and a number of mailing lists, of which the most active is the P2p research list

Ioannina (Greece), a blog and a wiki in Greek, which are administered by Vasilis Kostakis Meet-ups:

To data it has organised two annual physical meet-ups in Bel -gium and the UK,

the entire Internet, and thereby identify vulnerable â€oeoff switches†that governments could use to pull the plug on their society†s online world

Internet during uprisings in the middle East in 2011, thereby preventing people from communicating online What is the social impact it is

The zero node website, i e. the site of the P2p Foundation, would have a website with directories, an electronic newsletter and blog, and a maga

-zine. It aims to be one of the places where people can interconnect and strengthen each other,

and discuss topics of common interest In the context of the above, the primary impact of P2p Foundation is

demonstrated through traffic on the site. The wiki it self has been viewed over 5 million times,

and the P2p blog alone reached about 35,000 unique users in 2012 In addition to this the foundations work on Choke Point was recognised

with a †The next Idea†award (previous recipients include Wikileaks) by the organisation Ars Electronica in 2011

blog, the Ning social network platform and standard mailing list 172 However, its core focus is on furthering advancements in P2p Technol

-ogy-networks in which interconnected nodes (â€oepeersâ€) share resources amongst each other without the use of a centralized administrative

most commonly known application is popularized file sharing, which the technology. Other applications are, such as, instant messaging systems

Bitcoin, an open source P2p money, which uses peer-to-peer technology to operate with no central authority or banks;

arrangement differs from the client†server model where communication is usually to and from a central server

P2p†s network in practice creates a platform for †unbounded knowledge with open sources and open access. †Thanks to technological advances

P2p Foundation has been able to make the move beyond more proprie -tary publishing models, with rigid intellectual property rights, to em

Users and sup -porters are encouraged to help support what the P2p Foundation do on a continued basis by donating in a similar way to that adopted by

Wikipedia †with users being given the option to donate preset or other amounts through a Paypal platform

according to different core domains? No information available What really helps reach goals /how to overcome these barriers?

Operating a web service Key facts: Online community with More than 220,000 members, has 2, 000

Website: http://www. patientslikeme. com /Organisation Name Patientslikeme Short description Patientslikeme is a free patient network where people can connect with

sites founders has described it †Our goal ultimately is that every patient†s decision is informed by every patient before themâ€.

-ber of registered users had grown to more than 45,000. In April 2011 the company expanded its scope

The primary service provided by Patientslikeme is a social network for people living with a long term health condition.

profile, Patientslikeme allows members to input real-world data on their conditions, treatment history, side effects, hospitalizations, symptoms

Answers come in the form of shared longitudinal data from other patients with the same condition (s), thus allowing mem

studies with real-world data that have helped refute and preempt traditional randomised clinical trials. On June 9, 2011, Patientslikeme

from Clinicaltrials. gov, a US government funded site which provides access to information on publicly and privately supported clinical studies

The list of available trials is refreshed each night from the open data from Clinicaltrials. gov,

of the site can search for trials for which they are eligible free of charge the company also offers a commercial service to actively message poten

Sharing and selling data: Both a part of Patientlikeme†s business model as well as its mission to create better treatments for its members, Pa

-tientlikeme sells aggregated de-identified health data from patients to relevant parties such as companies that are developing

and do not do with their data. Memebers, Patientslikeme argue, are compelled to get involved as their sharing of this informa

based on its patient data and it has generated over 1 million treatment & symptom reports. In the United states, approximately 10 percent of

newly diagnosed ALS patients register on the site each month, and 2 percent of all multiple sclerosis patients in the country participate in the

Patientslikeme, the practical and individual data and information from patients becomes extremely useful for clinic research,

patients share real-world data, collaboration on a global scale becomes possible, new treatments become possible, and most importantly

Operated as a web-based community where it shares open knowledge and generates an database that is being used to return the benefit to the

community 176 What technological methods and tools is it using, and what did these enable that was not

online social network that specifically targets people living with a long term health condition. The team mainly code in Ruby on Rails,

-ronment with ease, where patients share data about their treatments symptoms, and disease outcomes Internet:

Patientslikeme has used to Internet to cooperate online and to allow for greater democratisation of patient medical data

Social networking and Community Power: Peer-to-peer networks are becoming the cornerstone for a new era of patient-centered health care

Patientslikeme allows people to directly report on their disease expe -riences. As patients come together to share treatments and symptoms

in a structured way, they learn from each other about how to improve their care. Information flows freely

Different online social networks involve different social contracts for participants and different sets of tools Patientslikeme†s tools allow people to manage their health, compare

and contribute data directly to research. Patientslikeme also combines an enhancing collaboration with the actual measurement of medicine

share their personal health data. The more data generated from users the more detailed insights the network can garner from the data and in

return provide a higher value service for its members How is funded the organisation? Patientslikeme has been funded by a group of philanthropic organi

-sations and investment companies such as Commercenet, Omidyar Network, LLC, and Invus Commercenet was an key part of Patientslikeme†s success as they

do not have data or keep a long-time track of information from patients that they treated.

Currently, most healthcare data is inaccessible due to privacy regulations or proprietary tactics. As a result, research is slowed,

data, and open up the healthcare system. In this way people can learn what†s working for others, improve the dialogue with doctors, and best

In spite of the structural barriers in accessing patient medical data Patientslikeme†s fast uptake illustrates the obvious need for services of

Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts: About 15,000 members in September 2013

Website: https://peerby. com Organisation Name Peerby Short description Peerby is a Dutch for-profit start-up that operates a peer-to-peer shar

-ing service for products. Users can share or request items from people in their neighbourhood online, via the Peerby website, their mobile or

social media channels. The platform was launched in Beta as a service targeting people in Netherlands in August 2012,

although it also has active communities of users outside in Netherlands History and Mission The basic idea of Peerby is that having access to a product is more impor

-tant than owning a product, as its founder, Daan Weddepohl, puts it â€oewe strive for a future where value is defined no longer just in moneyâ€.

Build -ing on this, Peerby believes that neighbourhoods should be places where the residents know

others by creating a website for the neighbourhood that would allow people to meet and engage with each other.

The core service of Peerby is the online platform which enables users to borrow and share anything from trumpets to laptop chargers with their

neighbours Peerby†s uniqueness lies in its proactive approach: activity on the plat -form begins with people posting requests for things they need, rather

than people offering items they would like to share. This approach Daan has explained is based on the simple principle that that is how borrowing

-quest has been posted using either the Peerby website or app the Peerby seeks to further encourage the matching between people looking for an

Using a smart search algorithm the platform immediately asks the 100 closest Peerby neighbours if

level allowing Social networks and Consumer-to-consumer marketplac -es Limited storage space in dense urban environment preventing consum

Evolution of consuming behaviours from owners to users In the P2p model, which is also being used by Peerby, individuals trans

The service is based on Internet and the principles of open knowledge and the sharing economy.

Thanks to the social web, people can now share anything with anyone in the world.

however, with the Internet acting as a facilitator, there is a growing trend of websites that offer to facilitate peer-to-peer rental transactions.

All of these sites are encouraging something academics call collaborative consumption, in other words, peer-to-peer sharing or renting

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The value of Peerby increases as more people are using the platform to

if user lent something out but do not get it back, they will work hard and try everything in their

Crowdsourcing, a †thank you†shop and insurance are all options they have explored. The last service seems to be most

people engage with computing †with the hope of transforming them from passive consumers into active creators

of Cambridge†s Computer Laboratory. The idea behind the Raspberrypi came about as a way to try

interacting with computers, as the team was concerned about the year -on-year decline in the numbers and skills levels of prospective under

-graduates applying to study Computer science. Upton has hypothesised that this drop in skills and interest was related to disappearance of open

had the effect of reducing the pipeline of potential computer program -mers 186 â€oethe Maker Movement is,

and giving users (and small business -esâ€) a chance to find their own destiny. †Eben Upton

the Raspberry Pi team sought to develop a tiny, cheap computer for kids which would encourage programming experimentation and encourage

a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship which would become the Rasperrypi

What does it do, and how does this activity enhance social innovation? Raspberry Pi is a simple computing device that looks like a motherboard

with the mounted chips and ports exposed (something you†d expect to see only if you opened up your computer

and looked at its internal boards). ) Although seemingly basic in design, it has all the components

When switched on, users are greeted first by a command line code which in recent years has tended to remain in the background of closed

software programmes), meaning that from the point of startup users are encouraged to begin tinkering

a user†s skill level will naturally vary from person to person there†s a user

forum on the Raspberry Pi site, and a whole host of tutorials and other materials are readily available online

platform †meaning kids can gain a deeper knowledge of computer game programming by building their own game

-tion of young people to become more engaged with computer program -ming (and Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics education

more generally†STEM education henceforth. Yet the impact of Rasp -berry Pi†s vision seems to have been sensed more widely.

computers can†t reach 187 It has very low power consumption, so can work more easily in electrical

Other than the fact that the demand for the Raspberry Pi computers have exceeded far the team†s original predicted figure of 10,000 (with

an emerging class of computing devices they refer to as ultra-low-cost computing (ULCC. These are defined as devices that wrap computing pe

-ripherals around a cellphone hardware core; meaning that such devices can be produced for just a few tens of dollars

For this reason Raspberry Pi computers have already been used as as learning tools in the context of various developing countries such as

Afghanistan, Cameroon and Bhutan. While the UNDP-backed One Laptop Per Child programme demonstrates that more rigorous assess

-ment is needed to verify that the ICT (Information and communications technology) packages like the Raspberry Pi are directly contributing

to positive and measurable outcomes as a learning tool for students in developing countries. However as the case of Bolgatanga in the Upper

-worked via a switch to a wireless router to facilitate access to RACHEL one of the Raspberry Pi†s dedicated educational servers.

So far, the feedback from both teachers and pupils regarding this RACHEL material has been encouraging,

educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet connectivity Furthermore, the charity†s continued success (financial and otherwise

coding †for instance the open source coding for its collaborative project with Google, Code, is hosted on Github.

Overall, Raspberry Pi aims to build an ecosystem of more engaged creator-users, and seeks to redress

shortfall of computer programmers What technological method is it using? The Raspberry Pi is based around a 700mhz ARM11 system on chip

SOC) with a powerful graphics co-processor. Typically this sort of pro -cessor was used in mobile phones five years ago.

Apart from the graphics processor, which is propriety to Broadcom, the Raspberry Pi is complete

-ly open source, which helps to keep costs down. From the circuit sche -matics to the applications and the operating system, anyone can exam

-ine and contribute online. The Foundation provides a version of Debian Linux that presents users with a basic text login rather than a slick GUI

188 by default, with the entire operating system and user files stored on a swappable SD card

How has technology enable that was not possible before? With regard to Raspberry Pi†s hardware, the board†s low cost was made

possible thanks to advances in integration that have shrunk effectively all the components of a desktop computer into a single silicon chip

Furthermore, thanks to advances in technology, Raspberry Pi, unlike conventional PCS, has very low power consumption.

This means that it work more easily in electrical off-grid environments, making it an ideal

DSI network effect Due to Raspberry Pi†s programmable and simple open source model a variety of Pi projects have emerged on the Web.

These range from making your own retro Pi-powered arcade machine to adapting your Raspberry Pi to log all relevant data in your own weather station.

Signif -icantly, the Pi community†s focus on reuse and †shareability†has meant that these projects are replete with comprehensive guides so that these

-form for teaching computer-based mathematics techniques to children of all ages Current Raspberry Pi users can also avail of this joint recent collabora

-tion. Community members that have at least 600 MB of free space on their SD card can install both Mathematica and Wolfram Language by

Raspberry Pi has collaborated also recently with Google to deliver a new open source coding tool called Coder.

With Coder, users can develop their own apps for the web and then host them on a miniature server

located directly on the Raspberry Pi. The overall cost for the DIY pro -gramming project, using Google†s recommended materials,

is under $50 †and, importantly, all of the educational materials are free. After procuring a Raspberry Pi,

plug it into the tiny computer and connect to a shared Wi-fi to access Coder through Chrome.

The whole process, according to the developers, should take just 10 minutes This joint venture also situates both organisations comfortably within

instruction from other programming websites like Codeacademy and Khan academy. When projects are complete, users can host their own

websites via Raspberry Pi or zip them to share with friends 189 How is funded the organisation?

Raspberry Pi founder Eben Upton has noted how in the initial phase of the foundation†s establishment, he and the team were completely

Google announced it was giving the Raspberry Pi Foundation a grant worth an estimated £670, 000 to put 15,000 of the devices into UK

Offline Environments: While the Pi†s design ensures it is suitable for off-grid environments, this alone does not overcome other infrastruc

reason Khan academy Lite was developed as an offline version ofâ Khan Academy†s curriculum of free learning materials.

and a Wi-fi dongle, allowing for the MP4 lectures that make up the core of Khan Academy†s material

to be brought to areas with poor Internet connectivity. This has been adopted in Bhutan; where the Internet didn†t come until 1999, and cov

-erage is still very minimal, so an offline solution like this is vital 190 What really helps reach goals?

Raspberry Pi†s success has been the largely the result of the board†s very low price and open design (which was a conscious shift from the fixed

function, commoditised products they felt had left an emerging gener -ation as being unable to penetrate the system†s interface to experiment

with programming 191 Safecast At a glance Type of Organisation: Grassroots communities Aim: Health and wellbeing, Energy and environment, Participation and

Open Networks, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: An event, A network, Running/hosting maker spaces and hackerspaces

Operating a web service Key Facts: In 2013 over 10,000, 000 individual data points collected Website:

http://blog. safecast. org /Organisation Name Safecast Short description Safecast is both the name of a Geiger counter built by the open source

community as well as a global sensor network where Safecast owners can map and freely share their radiation measurements in open data

sets. The overarching aim of Safecast is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate en

-vironmental problems. The original impetus for the Geiger counter and network was the lack of good and open hard and software solutions for

citizens to contribute to the mapping of radiation levels in Japan follow -ing the accident at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2011

Type of organisation Safecast is a joint project between Tokyo Hackerspace, Crashspace LA MIT Media Lab and Keio University,

data on radiation levels across Japan, caused by the meltdown at the power plant. However, the Safecast team quickly realised that most of

there were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger counter, imme

network where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting Safecast then worked with Hackerspaces and used grant funding to

which amongst others enabled users to mount the counter on the outside of a car and use GPS technology to timestamp

the data and log the location Harnessing the power of collective intelligence: The history of Safecast is

very much one of global network of people using social media and open tools to come together around a common cause.

-cast initially connected on Twitter, and have described in interviews how they managed to connect with people through social networks whenever

they were trying to address a new challenge in the development of Saf -ecast. For example, Dan Sythe, who ran International Medcom-a high

-space took part in the initial twitter discussion about building the device Later on Ray Ozzie a data expert based in Boston joined the conversa

-tion when the question of how to release and analyse the data arose Looking beyond Japan:

While Safecast was focused initially on mapping radiation levels in Japan the network has gone now global.

and data collection in Los angeles and Detroit, and scale radiation moni -toring globally Spread information via Social media:

While Geiger counters make it possible to produce narratives of nuclear risk as numbers, measurement data per se cannot be a useful resource for nuclear risk knowledge pro

-duction. Volunteer Geiger counter users and social media users among others are necessary to produce specific type of nuclear risk knowledge

To date, Safecast volunteers have mapped radiation levels of over 11 million data points, providing a comprehensive and accurate dataset that

The majority of data is captured through the bgeigie mobile sensor. A Geiger counter designed to be mounted on a vehicle,

linked to a mobile phone. These counters are available at different costs depending on a user†s preferences.

All data captured via the Geiger counters is cap -tured and released in an open data set,

and the radiation measurements are color-coded and plotted on a radiation level map which lets people

open source community is providing the hard and software behind Safecast, the engine behind the success of the project is the large group

of volunteers who use the Geiger counters to capture the data that makes the platform a valued resource.

was a belief that people needed more and better radiation data, and that currently a lot of governmental data is not adequate or transparent

Building on this Safecast intends to bring the attitude of â€oecitizen help themselves†where the government â€oefailedâ€.

hardware, building a community, collecting and sharing open data, as well as educating, without input from government.

To date, this has enabled Safecast volunteers to map radiation levels of over 11 million data points, providing a comprehensive and accurate dataset that was

As a pro-data organisation, Safecast generates nuclear risk knowledge by harnessing measurement data in multiple ways.

Safecast initially claimed not to â€oework with any government and government agency directly†precisely because they try to â€oeremain independent

Open Data: As mentioned earlier, a cornerstone of Safecast is its com -mitment to open data,

which means that anyone with an interest in global radiation can freely contribute to and access the large data sets

created by the Safecast community In addition to this, the team behind Safecast also seek a social impact by

and developing open hardware and software Safecast describes itself as not being anti nuclear, or pro nuclear †but

pro data. The goal is to provide more informative data where it didn†t exist so that people can make more informed decisions based on facts

rather than the fear and speculation that comes from uninformed sourc -es. The goal is not to single out any individual source of data as untrust

-worthy, but rather to contribute to the existing measurement data and make it more robust 194

What is the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem? As described in more detail below,

on and with several open source hard and software solutions. Open hardware such as Arduino forms part of the actual build of the Geiger

counter, crowdfunding platforms such as Kickstarter have been used to raise funding for developing different versions of the Geiger counter and

Open Hardware: The hardware developed by Safecast is open source and, in their own words, people who buy it are free †to open,

manipulate hack, break and or improve anythingâ€, and it uses open hardware such as Arduino in the build of its sensors.

As described earlier it has used Hackathons at Tokyo Hackerspace to design and build devices, such as

Whilst it has used open hardware and open source ap -proaches to develop the original prototype Geiger counters, Crowdfund

Following on from this Safecast has used open source platforms such as Github to develop the code that sits behind the platform

Open data: Safecast provides an Open Application Programming In -terface (API), allowing people to access raw measurement data.

More importantly, Safecast presents useful information on measurement data such as geo-location information and time of upload.

Such information not only makes it possible to locate when and where each datum was captured and uploaded,

but also allows people to process the huge vol -ume of raw measurement data for their own ends

Social media: Social media has helped Safecast in two main ways. It was through Twitter that many of the first connections were made between

the original founders and developers of Safecast. Building on this, it is through social media channels such as Twitter that Safecast publish their

findings Engagement through visualisation and apps: Finally, Safecast visualiz -es measurement data on the Safecast Map in six coloured layers.

This provides information for people on the level of nuclear radiation in areas across Japan

None of the activity described above would have been possible without the advance in technology, and in open technologies.

Building on this one case study of Safecast from researchers at University of Southern California describe how the collaboration around Safecast through

social media and open source platforms in many ways can be seen as an example of digitally enabled collective intelligence.

The web-based online platform also enabled a sharing of data collected by citizens, to citizens

at a scale not possible before the advance of the Internet Enhancing collaboration and engagement:

DSI network effect As described throughout, the Safecast community is one large global network. The richness of radiation data grows as people use and share

radiation data. Equally, the variations and development of different Geiger counters grows, adding value to the overall service, as DIY makers

develop new types of counters which can be used by the network How is funded the organisation?

provides a barrier in access to public data as well as distribution of data through public channels.

Needless to say the access to open soft and hardware as well as social media has been instrumental in the success of Safecast.

data, combined with intense media attention in the wake of the Fukush -ima disaster. This helped †get the word out†and mobilise a large commu

Open Networks, Open Data, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware DSI activities: A network, operating a web service

Key facts: More than 400 active users and more backers Website: http://smartcitizen. me /Organisation Name Fablab Barcelona

Short description The Smart Citizen Kit is a set of tools (mostly sensors) built on an Ardui

-no open hardware platform. These tools enable anyone who purchases the kit to contribute to the collection of environmental data,

which it is hoped can be used to generate useful research and analysis The Smart Citizen Kit project creates a platform to generate participa

-tory processes of people who own the kit. Through connecting data people and knowledge, the objective of the platform is to serve as a node

for building productive and open indicators, and distributed tools, and thereafter the collective construction of the city for its own inhabitants

History and mission There are two core aims of the Smartcitizen projects. Firstly, it wants to produce new types of data and information which people previously

couldn†t get good access to. For example what are the real levels of air pollution around your home or business?

data as close to the public as possible. Tomas Diez, who directs Fab Lab Barcelona, and faculty at IAAC, who initiated the Smart Citizen project

different data that is around the city, as well as how citizens interact with it. Believing that citizens can interact with the city data more often and

in an easier way, Tomas and a group of people started to look into the existing products sensors and devices,

and share data themselves, and make this a tool that could be used by citizens. At the IAAC Tomas met a group of people

The Smart Citizen Kit is based on two core components; the †kit†itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit

The Smart Citizen Kit itself is a an electronic board based on the open hardware solution Arduino, equipped with sensors that can capture

data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a solar charger

and a Wifi antenna that enables the direct upload data from the sensors in real time to the online platform

Anyone who has owns a kit, eventually becomes part of a wider network of users, who will capture,

collate and share their data online on smart -citizen. me/pages/sck online platform. The platform is open to anyone, as

is captured the date and uploaded to the platform The IAAC team behind the platform is very research oriented, and their

aim with the kit is a focus on the use of digital technology and open hardware for the development of a citizen based platform for the city

With the sensors the team tries to make it possible for citizens to know the data, share it instantly

and compare with other places in the city in real time, and thus help improve the environment quality

participation of the general public in the process of producing open data used for the purpose of monitoring the environment.

While the focus is generated on citizen data, the Smart Citizen Kit has attracted the attention of cities across Europe, such as Barcelona and

designs and develops open hardware, which is also open source. The team also operates an open network, where all

the sensors and kit-owners can share and compare data and information in real time. On a grander scale,

however, the very ideas underpinning the Smart Citizen project is one that is being adopted readily in a num

The Smart Citizen project is based on geo location, the Internet and relies on a range of open hard and software tools

Open Hardware: The Smart Citizen Kit itself is built on the Arduino open hardware board Open Data and Open source:

The web platform is developed with Open -Streetmap, Leaflet, Raphaã l, jquery, Cakephp, and many more. The

actual project is open source and available on the open source platform Github. The fact that it is open has led already to replications of the kit

for other purposes, such as the â€oewhale†project, where people placed the sensors in the sea to detect its condition

Open Knowledge: As described in more detail below, the original financ -ing of the kit happened via crowdfunding platform Goteo

A number of technological developments have been fundamental in making the kit a reality, including Advances in technology which mean that there are now low economic

barriers for users to purchase functional sensors Easy capture and distribution of data The generation of analysis and further research as a result of this open

data being generated Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The Smart Citizen Kit itself is just a board with sensors attached to it.

It is only when it is connected to a network of other sensors owned by peo -ple and organisations around the world that the kit and the smart citizen

achieve their aim of purchasing bulk orders of hardware components to offer kits at the lowest possible costs, developing additional features

for the smartphone app to interact with the hardware, and finalizing a 3d-printable, resilient enclosure

To be sustainable in working the data, motivate users to send data Smart Citizen kit has its own community, where users collect and share

the data online. But to keep users being motivated and therefore to keep the community active, is essential to

what Smart Citizen Kit wants to achieve. In response to this challenge, the team is frequently designing

new features and creating new activities on the online platform to en -gage the users

To make the data and the technology meaningful: The team consider their Smart Citizen Kit as very effective data producers.

The next step is to find how people can make use of the data and how the data can help

people to participate. To achieve this, Tomas believe that it is necessary to make more and more people aware that they all can do something

good with the data. â€oei think for Smart Citizen Kit it is important that people will feel it as a big name,

like same important as IBM, otherwise it won†t work. †On one hand, the project is now slowly by slowly gen

-erating more attention, through people who are already participating On the other hand, Tomas and his team are also working hard to get big

companies and investors to support Smart Citizen Kit project, and to expose the idea to the public,

letting more people know the name and be interested in becoming part of it 201 Tor

Internet freedom and security Technology Trends: Open networks DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts:

Tor has a staff of 30 paid developers, researchers, and advocates, plus many dozen volunteers who help out on a daily basis. In a year Tor

has grown from 500,000 daily users worldwide to more than 4 million users Website: https://www. torproject. org

Organisation Name The Tor Project Short description The Tor project is a nonprofit organisation that conducts research and

development into online privacy and anonymity.  It has developed soft -ware tools designed to stop people †including government agencies and

corporations †learning web users location or tracking their browsing habits. It offers a technology that bounces Internet users†and websitesâ€

traffic through â€oerelays†run by thousands of volunteers around the world, making it extremely hard for anyone to identify the source of the

information or the location of the user. The software †the Tor browser bundle †can be downloaded

and used to take advantage of that technol -ogy, with a separate version available for Android smartphones.

 Type of organisation The Tor Project is a US 501 (c)( 3) nonprofit dedicated to research, devel

Tor, or The Onion Router, is a cryptographic technique first implement -ed by US NAVY research to permit intelligence agents to use the Inter

through many different Internet servers. Subsequently, Tor has been de -veloped by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights

watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Today, it is used every day 202 for a wide variety of purposes by normal people, the military, journalists

Internet users†privacy from corporations rather than governments. â€oewe were concerned increasingly about all these websites-in the 2000/01

dotcom bubble, everyone was offering free services, and by free they meant †we take all your information and sell it as many times as pos

you, the user, not to have all these companies take it by default. And let

you take decisions about do you trust Google, do you trust Amazon, do you trust the BBC, whatever. â€

The Tor project team explain how its users fall into a few main groups normal people who want to keep their Internet activities private from

websites and advertisers; those concerned about cyberspying; and users evading censorship in certain parts of the world.

Tor notes that its tech -nology is used also by military professionals †the US NAVY is still a key

user †as well as activists and journalists in countries with strict censor -ship of media and the Internet.

Campaigning body Reporters Without Borders advises journalists to use Tor, for example. Tor also cites blog

-gers, business executives, IT professionals and law enforcement officers as key users, with the latter including police needing to mask their IP

addresses when working undercover online, or investigating â€oequestion -able web sites and servicesâ€. For more mainstream users, it could mean

running Tor so that your children†s location can†t be identified when they are online, or could mean a political activist in China, Russia or Syria

could protect their identity After the NSA surveillance revelations in 2013, a new wave of users

joined the service.  Between 19 august and 27 august alone the number of people using Tor more than doubled to 2. 25 million, according to Tor†s

-prove their privacy and security on the Internet. It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea

-tures. Tor provides the foundation for a range of applications that allow organisations and individuals to share information over public networks

relays carry 16 Gbps for upwards of half a million daily users Building on this, the team behind Tor describes themselves as undertak

Advancements in Tor†s core technologies including real-time voice and video over the Tor network, improving usability, security and anonymity

stronger cryptography capabilities and exciting new tools designed to probe for censorship on the Internet.

Supporting these technologies is the ongoing expansion of the Tor help desk volunteer pool, capabilities and languages to serve an even wider community

Internet freedom and anonymity: The Internet offers exciting new opportunities for individuals to express their views, parody politicians

celebrate their favourite movie stars, or criticize businesses. Not every -one feels the same way though.

laws to silence other online users. Ongoing trends in law, policy, and technology threaten anonymity as never before,

Internet surveillance known as â€oetraffic analysis. †Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network.

source and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your behaviour and interests. This can impact your chequebook if, for exam

-ple, an e-commerce site uses price discrimination based on your country or institution of origin. It can even threaten your job and physical safety

-ployer†s computers to check or send mail, you can inadvertently reveal your national origin and professional affiliation to anyone observing the

gone from around  500,000 daily users worldwide to more than 4 million users in 2013 and more than 3000 volunteers support the rerouting

traffic which is fundamental to service What it the role of the organisation within the DSI ecosystem?

harm user trust in the digital ecosystem, stifle innovation, and lead to a harmful balkanization of the Internet.

Internet users around the world must be able to trust that their information, communications and documents are safe and secure.

The alternative is a race to the bottom where only those users who seek out complex,

bolt-on security tools get protected communications, or worse yet become reluctant to use digital

what can be done to regain user trust 204 What technological methods and tools is it using, and

The original data, including its destination, are encrypted and re-encrypted multiple times, and are sent through a virtual circuit

to pass the remaining encrypted data on to it. The final relay decrypts the last layer of encryption and sends the original data,

without reveal -ing or even knowing its sender, to the destination. This method reduces the chance of the original data being understood in transit and, more no

-tably, conceals the routing of it. Needless to say, the connection between a global network of volunteers who help reroute traffic would not have

been possible with technological advances in sensor networks and the development of the web itself

Open source: The Tor software itself is open source and free for anyone to download and use

Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The strength of the Tor network relies on being able to relay traffic

through a large network of routers owned by a global network of volun -teers. As more routers are connected the strength of the network and its

ability to provide privacy grows How is funded the organisation? Tor†s success is in large part thanks to the funding partners,

including the Knight Foundation, The Broadcasting Board of Governors, SRI Inter -national, The United states Department of state, the Swedish Interna

-tional Development Agency and many individual donors. In addition to this Tor received support from research partners at the University of Wa

want to stop advertisers from following them around the web. It†s an issue that people are just beginning to think about now † especially in

the context of sites like Facebook that attract advertisers with personal data that people opt to share

Dark web: The cloak of anonymity provided by Tor makes it an attractive and powerful for criminals.

 Tor can mask users†identities, but also host their websites via its â€oehidden services†capabilities,

which mean sites can only be accessed by people on the Tor network. This is the so-called â€oedark

web†element, and it†s not unusual to see Tor pop up in stories about a

range of criminal sites. â€oewe work with law enforcement a lot, †Lewman told the Guardian. â€oethey are fully aware of bad guys on Tor.

the anonymity of users trying to find help for suicide prevention, domes -tic violence, and abuse-recovery. â€

The main enabler behind Tor is the access to a global network of volun -teers who make the out the network, that is the backbone of the service

Open data*;*Open Knowledge Organisation Name Ushahidi Short description Ushahidi is a nonprofit tech company that specializes in developing free

and open source software for the collection, visualisation and interactive mapping of information. Some of its product offerings such as Crowdm

-ap enable users to operate outside of traditional communication barriers to potentially monitor elections, map crisis information or curate local

resources What type of organisation is it? Ushahidi is a nonprofit tech company History and mission â€oeushahidiâ€,

is a website that was in -itially developed to map reports of violence in Kenya after the post-elec

reports from †citizen journalist†of violence reported by email and text message and placed them on Google maps.

This website had 45,000 users in Kenya, and was the central to the Ushahidi team realising there

was need a for a platform based on it, which could be used by others around the world

Since early 2008 it has grown from an ad hoc group of volunteers to a fo -cused organisation.

work to software development. It has built also a strong team of volun -teer developers primarily in Africa,

The main services provided by Ushahidi are three free software products that enable social activism and public accountability, through crowd

-sourcing of information from citizen observers by mobile phones or the Internet. The three Ushahidi products are

The Ushahidi Platform: The Ushahidi platform was built as a tool to easily crowdsource information using multiple channels,

including SMS email, Twitter and the web The Swiftriver Platform: Swiftriver is an open source platform that aims

to democratize access to tools for filtering & making sense of real-time information Crowdmap: When you need to get the Ushahidi platform up in two min

-utes to crowdsource information, Crowdmap will do it for you. It†s the hosted version of the Ushahidi platform

Ushahidi†s platforms gather information from a variety of locations and for various purposes), which is verified then by administrators and

US military organisations used Ushahidi data feeds along with other sources in a similar manner to inform their early situational assessments

by the UHP core team were useful for SAR efforts, for example through the resourceful geo-coding efforts of Anna Schultz at Tufts University

services to crowdsource the mapping of local information. The site allows the use of Openstreetmap maps in its user interface, but requires the

Google maps API for geocoding. Ushahidi is often set up using a lo -cal SMS gateway created by a local Frontlinesms, a free open source

software that can be used to distribute and collect information via text messages The case of the Ushahidi Project Haiti offers an interesting illustration of

the potential of collaborative technology in instances of human disaster The UHP information was used primarily

because it was the only map aggregator of information coming from the affected area during the

early days after the earth quake. The credibility of the project and project team was cited often as a reason for the continued use of the informa

supplementary services data) app to reduce the time it takes to process reports and manage the flood of SMSS coming through its platform to

to take over the website including overall management of the call/SMS centre function, and a micro-tasking NGO called Samasource that focus

-ed questions about the representativeness and quality of the data Several technological limitations to information use.

-dated computers, browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data

streams. Limited bandwidth was cited by organisations on the ground in Haiti Finally, lack of Internet connection and mobile phone networks that are

down (which was the case in parts of Haiti after the earthquake) has also been cited as a barrier to using the platform in rural areas and areas hit

web portal of CSA At a glance Type of Organisation: Academia and research organisations Aim: Education and skills

Short description The Citizen Science Alliance is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators, who collectively develop,

Internet-based †citizen science projects†in order to further science itself and the public understanding of both science and of the scientific pro

are housed on Zooniverse †the †home of Citizen Science on the web. †Type of organisation Zooniverse is a project of the run by the Citizen Science Alliance (CSA

via its web portal. The CSA is a collaboration of scientists, software developers and educators primarily coming from universities and public

institutions 214 History and mission Zooniverse grew from the original Galaxy Zoo project first launched

-oniverse†s applications, by crowdsourcing the analysis of astrological datasets to the public. Following Galaxy Zoo†s visible success, the

that the Zooniverse site now hosts more than a dozen projects which allow volunteers to participate in scientific research.

Internet-based citizen science projects (such as SETI@home) which used spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer

computing, Zooniverse projects require the active participation of human volunteers to complete research tasks. Projects have been drawn

means of handling the enormous volumes of data by enlisting the help of public volunteers

nor the resources to dedicate to processing this backlog of data. Similar -ly, a growing challenge for scientists is analysing large datasets †tens or

data is in forms that computers still can†t process, but that human beings can This is where the uniting of †citizen scienceâ€

and open data forms a powerful synergy; using the web to provide a means of reaching a much

larger audience willing to devote their free time to collaborative projects through crowdsourcing initiatives like Zooniverse.

Here volunteers give their time to help with a range of scientific projects, such as the forma

who seek to interact with the data in a deeper way are given a greater platform to do so.

Likewise, with the shift to an open source devel -opment model (as of February 2013) it is hoped that a community of

the site (translating the content into other languages) †thereby having a positive impact on the outreach of the Zooniverse projects

aims to harness the collaborative force of crowdsourcing to help advance cancer research, which has been restricted in recent years by the sheer

abundance of †big data. †Volunteers are presented with a series of image or †slidesâ€.

to accelerate the analysis of this data and †bring forward the cures for cancers. †The palpable social impact of this project has certainly been a

through open knowledge and open data What technological methods and tools is it using, and what

Rails that runs on Amazon web services and uses Mongodb, Redis and a few other technologies Scalability: Pretty much all of the site†s requirements point to having a

a core API that serves many projects relies very much upon the main -tenance and health of that application.

when the site is busy while also spending significant amounts of time monitoring the application performance

aren†t many people about, the number of servers they†re running can be scaled back to a minimal level (†automagically†on Amazon web services

The actual citizen science projects that people interact with are these days all pure Javascript applications that are hosted on Amazon S3 and

they†re pretty much all open source. They†re generally still bespoke appli -cations each time but share common code for talking to Ouroboros

The case of Galaxy Zoo offers an interesting anecdote of how technology might be used to tap into previously overlooked resources (i e. opening

up data analysis to the public) to process big data sets quicker, while simultaneously advancing scientific research. As mentioned above, the

project was launched in 2007 to help process a data set made up of a million galaxies imaged by the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, who still pro

-vide some of the images in the site today. With so many galaxies, it was assumed it would take years for visitors to the site to work through them

all but within 24 hours of launch the site received almost 70,000 classifi -cations an hour.

In the end, more than 50 million classifications were received by the project during its first year, contributed by more than

Furthermore, data analysed through crowdsourcing in this way provides quantitative estimates of error thanks to multiple independent interac

-tions with the data 216 Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect The very success of Zooniverse†s projects relies upon the time, abilities

public users) with research institutions (academic and otherwise e g CRUK) that allows the massive volumes of data to be processed through

a platform of open data Yet since the very first days of Galaxy Zoo, projects have seen volunteers

go well beyond the main classification tasks to offer amazing contribu -tions to their respective fields.

For instance, the data collected from the various projects has led to the publication of dozens of scientific papers

With the launch of Zoo Tools users have been given yet another platform to collaborate with the data generated even further.

This application will offer community members tools of analysis to enable them to interact more deeply with the data generated

In addition to this, the decision February 2013 to start making Zo -oniverse â€oeofficially†open source has allowed for new avenues for collab

-oration to be pursued other than the analysis of data. While Zooniverse had made not the move to open source a priority (because behind the

scenes they had been willing to share their coding with anyone who had approached them †â€oeoften talking them through the thought process that

led them to design our software in a particular wayâ€) †the decision to move to an entirely open source paradigm was made

so as to broaden the tools available to enable people to start projects of their own This open source development model allows a community of developers

to flag any bugs to the Zooniverse developers; to contribute towards the creation of new projects;

but also to assist in the site†s localisation support (translating sites into multiple languages. This latter point

demonstrates how this process of collaboration can aid in the scaling up and doing outreach on the organisation†s mission

data, a survey carried out with Galaxy Zoo volunteers in 2009 revealed that of the 10,000 respondents surveyed the primary self-reported

Open Data Wikipro-gress Open Corporates Ushahidi Crisis -commons OHM Festival Cell slider CKAN Vienna

Hardware Safecast Raspberry Pi Fairphone Fablab Amsterdam Iot Council Arduino Makerfaire Smart Citizen Kit Goback

Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback Goback

What is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe

Data collection Chapter 3-Defining DSI †Interim Findings An emerging typology of the DSI field:

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