4. Social network in Organizational Contexts 32 5. Entrepreneurial Orientation 35 6. Innovativeness 39 VIII CHAPTER III
3. 1. Sample and data collection 51 3. 2. Techniques for controlling Common Method Biases 54
3. 1. Sample and data collection 81 3. 2. Variables 83 4. Analysis and Results 85
3. 1. Database 100 3. 2. Variables 102 4. Analysis and Results 106 4. 1. The choice of specification 106
Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons 34 Table 6. Entrepreneurial Orientation †what we need to know to
to thank Dr. Yancy Vaillant for his contribution with the GEM database. My gratitude is extended also to Dr. Joaquin Vergã s and Dr. Diego Prior;
9 Social network Theory 9 Resource-based view 9 Absorptive capability and Learning Theory Research design 9 Quantitative study
9 Survey from GEM database 9 Ordinal regression and Logit regressions Key findings 9 There is a positive effect of
4. Social network in Organizational Contexts Approximately 30 years ago, an important new area of research within the
The starting point of the study of social networks was drawn on a broader revitalization of the field of economic sociology (Hoang and
The entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays a critical role in the entrepreneurial process (Aldrich and Zimmer, 1986.
social networks as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages between them.
Social network research in organizational contexts highlights topics such as social capital, embeddedness, organizational networks, board interlocks, joint ventures and
people in organizations in terms of their embeddedness in social networks. Table 5 shows ten key reasons (arranged chronologically) why it is important to consider the
social network from the corporate entrepreneurship perspective Table 5. Social network in CE: key reasons Main idea Study
1 â€oethe presence of colleagues/partners in the entrepreneurs†personal networks is strongly related to all performance
7 â€oea focus on the social networks of organization leaders is likely to enhance our understanding of organizational
same dissertation), the core of the measure in both own-designed questionnaire and GEM survey is the same.
defined as entrepreneurial philosophy that permeates an entire organization†s outlook and operations, and it refers to the firm†s actions per se (Chow, 2006).
Thus, the core focus of H2 is illustrated in Figure 1. So, the aforementioned theoretical arguments provide reasonable justification
3. 1. Sample and data collection The companies included in this study were selected based upon three criteria:
The data were collected in two distinct stages. First, we used a questionnaire adapted from the model used in different studies (e g.,
organization reduces the variability of the data (Nasrallah and Qawasmeh, 2009. The selected companies belonging to five representative industries within the manufacturing
report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires, 51 were returned incomplete for the following reasons:
initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,
for which complete data were available on accounting information in the investigated years. The survey was carried out in the winter of 2009.
The second step of data collection was performed through companies†publications and annual reports to make
annual updates to the database of firms which answered the questionnaire. The financial-statement data are obtained from the SABI of 2007-2009
Finally, to ensure the absence of bias in the data, we have evaluated the bias of non
-response (a sample of 121 firms which did not respond to the questionnaire, has been compared with reference to the ROA and number of employees.
3 Iberian System Analysis of Balance (SABI) is an online database with detailed financial information
resource-based view (RBV) emphasizes the role of core competences of firms and suggests that the best way to understand a firm,
that the entrepreneur is embedded in a social network that plays an important role in the entrepreneurial process.
) Social networks can be defined as a set of actors (individuals or organizations) and a set of linkages
Members of social networks can directly influence the propensity to assume greater or lesser risk activities
entrepreneur†s contact frequency with members of his/her families or social networks into a firm†s entrepreneurial behavior.
and few studies have used longitudinal data to analyze the phenomenon Concerning the EO-firm growth relationship,
entrepreneurship, Zahra and Covin (1995) collected data from three different samples over a seven-year period to assess the longitudinal impact of EO on growth revenue
For example, Wiklund (1999), using data from Swedish small firms, has shown that there is a positive relationship between EO and performance
Using data from Norway, Madsen (2007) also concluded that the sustained and increased EO level was associated positively with high performance (employment
longitudinal (two years) data from 300 small technology-based Japanese firms, have concluded that EO In time 1 is positively related to firm performance (reflecting
Birley (1985) found that social networks provide the main sources of help in assembling the resources needed;
Thus, the core focus from H3 to H5b is illustrated in Figure 2 Figure 2. Proposed model and relationships between firm networks, EO and
data collection, control of response bias and common method biases are repeated 3. 1. Sample and data collection
To test the relationship between EO, network resource and firm growth, data were collected from a sample of SME Spanish firms
Survey All companies included in this study which develop manufacturing activities can be classified as SMES,
The data were collected in two distinct stages. First, we applied a questionnaire which has been adapted and designed to collect the necessary information,
variability of the data (Nasrallah and Qawasmeh, 2009 82 Using the sampling frame of the Iberian System Analysis of Balance (SABI), a total of
report their e-mail, phone or website to contact. Of these 703 questionnaires, 51 were returned incomplete for the following reasons:
initial request for data were contacted a second time via telephone one month after the initial contact,
which had available data in the investigated years. The survey was carried out in the winter of 2009
The second step of data collection was performed through companies†publications and annual reports to make annual updates to the database of firms
which answered the questionnaire. The financial statement data are obtained from the SABI 2007-2009 database To ensure the absence of bias in the data,
we have evaluated the bias of non-response (a sample of 121 firms, which have not responded to the questionnaire,
was compared with reference to the ROA and number of employees. The results revealed no significant difference between the two groups.
Then, a comparison of the early respondents (i e those firms that returned the questionnaire before being contacted a second time) and
model displays the interrelations among latent constructs and observable variables in the proposed model as a succession of structural equations.
The Chi-square statistic measures the distance between the original data matrix and the matrix estimated by the model,
Moreover, GFI (0. 869) and the adjusted GFI (0. 818) explain how well our data fit to the
using these SME data was to reply whether network usage affects the EO development in these Spanish firms or not.
social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in companies†environments can be valuable to society as a whole because they represent more than just
and describes the main data sources; Section 4 presents the estimation results, and Section 5 provides discussion about it and concludes
using a compiled data from the Encuesta sobre Estrategias Empresariales (ESEE) †Spain, stressed a positive effect of firm innovation on the probability of participation in
In turn, using Spanish manufacturing data, LÃ pez Rodrã guez and Garcã a Rodrã guez (2005), stated that product innovations,
3. 1. Database The sample used in this essay was taken from the Spanish Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) by considering the adult population survey for the years 2007 and
fundamental knowledge by assembling relevant harmonized data on an annual basis See Reynolds et al. 2005
This database contains various entrepreneurial measures that are constructed on a survey basis. In our research,
Considering the available information in the GEM database, we used it in two different steps:
by using data from two years, we have provided some evidence from cross-sectional analyzes of 2007 and 2008
Table 21 displays the results of the logistic regression The Chi-square test of both the i. prod/serv and proc. innov complete models was
Table 21 displays the odds ratio, the significance at the corresponding level, and the standard deviation.
EO, social networks and innovativeness on its performance. Furthermore, in the present dissertation we have focused on EO as one important dimension of RBV and its impact
For public policy-makers, our findings indicate that the social network approach, as well as entrepreneurial spirit in SMES, can be valuable to society as a whole because
Future research could examine using panel data for the prediction that a firm†s innovativeness enhances its probability of exporting
an empirical analysis in Turkish software industry International Journal of Innovation Management, 12,69-111 Aldrich, H. and Zimmer, C. 1986.
Entrepreneurship through social network. In The Art and Science of Entrepreneurship, Sexton, D. L. and Smilor, R. Eds
a social network approach to leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 17,419-439 Barney, J. 1991. Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage.
a social network perspective. In Research in Politics and Society, Moore, G. and Whitt, J. A. Eds.
Social network research in organizational contexts: a systematic review of methodological issues and choices. Journal of
Social networks and entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 28,1-22 Griffin, P. A.,Lont, D. H. and Sun, Y. 2010.
Multivariate data analysis. 5th ed. Prentice-hall International Corp.,London Hansen, E. L. 1995. Entrepreneurial networks and new organization growth
for selecting an information system prototyping strategy. Journal of Management Information systems, 16,113-136 143 Hart, P. E. and Oulton, N. 1996.
Growth and size of firms. The Economic Journal 106,1242-1252 Hite, J. M. and Hesterly, W s. 2001.
a social network perspective. Journal of organizational behavior, 31,309-318 Kirbach, M. and Schmiedeberg, C. 2008.
from exogenous innovation impulses and obstacles using German micro data Oxford Economic Paper, 58,317-350
The core competence of the corporation Harvard Business Review, May-June, 79-91 Prashantham, S. 2005.
Global entrepreneurship monitor: data collection design and implementation 1998-2003. Small Business Economics, 24,205-231
Rhee, J.,Park, T. and Lee, D. H. 2010. Drivers of innovativeness and performance for
evidence from GEM data. Small Business Economics, 24,335 -350 Yamada, K. and Eshima, Y. 2009.
Charles Nicholson, Ultimate Software (U s.;and Klas Bendrik, Volvo Cars (Sweden •Other Gartner colleagues:
The 2015 Gartner CIO Survey gathered data from 2, 810 CIO respondents in 84 countries and all major
For this report, we analyzed this data and supplemented it with interviews of 11 CIOS (or
social and big data are already central to business thinking, and the next set of digital technologies, trends, opportunities and threats is creating yet another competitive frontier
information technology and talent suffer from legacy inertia and â€oebad complexity. †Even IT planning horizons do not reflect the new era, with its potentially massive
with a digital information and technology mindset, and working backward Measurement is short-term and input-centric, and value measurement
Beyond simplification, cloud and mobile are now valuable options, if not necessities. New and replacement services need to be architected, starting with the assumption that a public cloud solution
analytics combined with data-led experimentation (see figure below Information and technology flip 3: From the nexus to the next horizon
of data Structured information Separate analytics To Forward-looking predictive analytics Active experimentation informed by data
New types of information including social and multimedia Embedded analytics Percentage of CIOS who agree
80 %80 %65 %62 %The analytics game is flipping 6 Gartner Executive programs EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Flip value leadership from what†s visible to what†s valuable
From aligning with corporate culture to building a digital culture A traditional, risk-averse corporate culture that views IT only as an infrastructural enabler of transactions
Turbocharging the CIO With Software Tools 2013 No. 4 The Psychology of Serial Innovation 2013 No. 3
IT) is the world†s leading information technology research and advisory company. We deliver the technology-related insight necessary for our clients to make the right decisions, every day.
IT leaders in corporations and government agencies, to business leaders in high-tech and telecom enterprises and professional services firms, to technology investors, we are the valuable partner to clients in 9, 000 distinct enterprises
More information on the European union is available on the Internet (http://europa. eu Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European union, 2013 ISBN 978-92-79-31235-9 doi: 10.2777/29715
It presents the latest data on the process of global technology development and future prospects based on strategic knowledge assets.
Data: Eurostat, OECD, Unesco, Science Metrix/Scopus (Elsevier Notes 1) Tertiary graduates in science and engineering
i) Data is not available for China 2) GERD: Shares were calculated from values in current PPSÂ
when compiling the data 36.1 28.8 33.1 31.8 26.6 22.9 21.9 23.0 28.3 28.8 39.8
Concerning FDI, the data shows that the EU is still the main destination in the world, representing 1/4 of FDI
The most recent data 2011) is consistent with the overall finding of FDI data, namely of the EU€ s slightly falling but persisting world lead.
However, China is rapidly increasing its global value chain income and is competitive at both the lower and the higher end of the value chains.
Data: OECD Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Notes:( (1) Bulgaria and Romania are included not for 2004,2005 and 2007
Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Figure 4: Foreign Direct Investments of European firms outside the EU
Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit â 0 â 100
due to missing data. The size of the pie chart for each country indicates the total amount of R&d expenditure
The data presented illustrates the pre-crisis period. 6 As for the investments in research and innovation, the
Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
However, Chinese data is incomplete and has some methodological issues, which makes a comparison with data from OECD countries difficult
The R&d expenditure of wholly foreign-owned companies in China was â 2. 4 billion in 2007.
Data: OECD, Eurostat, National statistical offices, DG RTD study calculations Notes: 1) Firms from the European union spent â 774 million on R&d in Switzerland in 2007;
2) Swiss data also includes the service sector; data for China is estimated based on national sources and US and Japanese outward data
Figure 7: Overseas business R&d expenditure in manufacturing between the EU, the US Japan, China and Switzerland, 2007 (in million euro
Data: OECD, Eurostat Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Other manufacturing (C15, C23, C27, C31, C32, C33) 12
%Telecommunications Information and communication Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products Professional, scientific and technical activities
The numerator is based on firm-level data by headquarter and the denominator on national data (firms
operating in the country independently of the location of their headquarter. 8 When a country has several large
the businesses registered in the country (BERD data The values for the country in Figure 8 are in this case
Data: Eurostat, OECD, EU R&d industrial scoreboard notes:( (1) EU average does not include Croatia
between the two data sets, these shares are only proxies of the extent to which a country is affected by the
The data for the United kingdom is particularly interesting, since the overall R&d intensity in the country is much lower than in other EU Member
full counting of sector-specific PCT data Technology-intensive countries in North America and Asia are more strategic than the
Data: WIPO PCT applications; data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy 14 Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
Economic transformation addressing societal challenges may come from Asia Figures 1warn-Not a number in Unicode character name:
Data Eurostat, DG ECFIN, OECD Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Notes
Data: WIPO PCT applications; data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy Data Eurostat, DG ECFIN, OECD
Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit Notes 1) Patent applications under the PCT (Patent Cooperation Treaty), at international phase, designating the EPO by country of residence of the inventor (s
2) The estimation for the period 2011-14 is based on the annual average growth rate calculated for the period 2005-10
Data: WIPO PCT applications; data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy 17 3. Potential of European cooperation in
converging technologies for emerging growth markets Technology development is an important part of the supply side of innovation potential.
Azagra-Caro, J. and Grablowitz, A. 2008) †Exploring data on business R&d: the case of BERD and Scoreboardâ€, JRC-IPTS
www. ecommerce-europe. euin cooperation with Powered by Europe B2c E-commerce reports 2014 Colophon Ecommerce Europe
Rue de Trã ves 59-61 B-1000 Brussels †Belgium Tel:++32 (0) 2 502 31 34
Website: www. ecommerce-europe. eu Contact us at: info@ecommerce-europe. eu For reports: research@ecommerce-europe. eu
Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu In cooperation with Powered by 15+National Associations Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark
Finland Finland France Greece Ireland Italy Nether -lands Norway Poland Spain Switzer -land Table of contents INFOGRAPHIC NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS page 4
PREFACE page 5 OUR REPORT PARTNERS page 6-11 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO EUROPE page 12-16
Overview of the European countries page 13 European Digital Single Market page 15 Impact of E-commerce on the Economy page 16
Internet Penetration page 23 Population and E-households page 24 Growth in European B2c E-commerce Sales page 25
ABOUT ECOMMERCE EUROPE page 63 Ecommerce Europe association data at a glance 2014 European Reports
Reports include country profiles, trends & Infographics Reports contain countries â Eastern: Rom, Rus, Ukr, a o
people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers Europe â 363.1 bn+16.3
%Â Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www. ecommerce-europe. eu info: info@ecommerce-europe. eu reports:
research@ecommerce-europe. eu Rue de Trã ves 59-61 B-1000 Brussels Belgium Tel:+
+32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Free download at https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu/facts-figures/free-downloads
Positioning papers 1. e-Regulations 2. e-Privacy&transparency 3. e-Payments 4. e-Identification & Trust
Services 5. e-logistics Franã§ois Momboisse President of Ecommerce Europe European B2c E-commerce Reports 2014
Preface Wijnand Jongen Chair of the Executive Committee The importance of e-commerce continuous to grow.
More and more people buy their products and services online and they do so from various places
such as at home, at work, en route or in the highstreet and sometimes already online in the store.
Ecommerce Europe strongly believes that it is with economic facts that messages in support of our industry can be heard.
are delighted to present the second edition of the Ecommerce Europe B2c Research Reports. After the initial year, our reports are established now an
In total, Ecommerce Europe annually publishes several reports; five comprehensive regional reports (Western europe, Northern europe, Eastern
Through the Ecommerce Europe B2c Research Reports we want to share our knowledge with our readers around the world.
providing us with the required data and information. We would also like to thank all participating company members, business partners and stakeholders for their
involved with Ecommerce Europe or one of our national associations so that you can receive the reports for free,
please contact us via our website www. ecommerce-europe. eu or send us an email at research@ecommerce
-europe. eu Our Report Partners This report is powered by the following partners Gfk is trusted the source of relevant market
market research experts combine their passion with Gfk†s 80 years of data science experience. By using innovative technologies and data
sciences, Gfk turns big data into smart data, enabling its clients to improve their competitive edge
and enrich consumers†experiences and choices Globalcollect is the most knowledgeable global Payment Service Provider in the world, processing international e-commerce payments for
Globalcollect†s business intelligence tools, Managed Fraud Services and more than 400 payments experts help our clients
More than 160 companies in 40 countries use Richrelevance to turn data into actionable insight, which delivers the most relevant experience for consumers as they shop across web, store and mobile.
Richrelevance drives more than one billion decisions every day, and has delivered over $8 billion in attributable sales to its clients,
INFA) is the world†s number one independent provider of data integration software. Organizations around the world rely on Informatica to realize their information potential and drive top business imperatives.
and only embeddable virtual data machine (VDM), powers the unique â€oemap Once. Deploy Anywhere. †capabilities of the Informatica Platform
With regard to information technology, Informatica helps wherever possible by delivering the right data in the right way to the right users
market, the growth in smartphones and tablet devices has changed the way people shop and the constant connectivity has seen a shift in shopping time and
location. With many purchase journeys starting on a smartphone and being completed on another device,
it is imperative that the shopping experience is seamless across multiple devices. With a number of retailers still to develop a
come from a clear interpretation of the insights to be derived from the data that exist
through aggressive fraud management and the application of big data analytics Mobile first strategy In 2014, mobile commerce well and truly arrived in Europe.
addition, merchants that have adopted the mobile first strategy in both check out and payment pages are seeing considerably higher success rates
Big data to monitor risks and identify opportunities Another big trend that is further maturing in 2014 is the application of big data
analytics and visualization to the domain of online payments. E-commerce leaders such as Amazon have been applying big data for years now with the objective of
building sophisticated profiles of their consumers for Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO. And with good reason
Huge volumes of data need to be analyzed in order to identify issues and The year of SEPA
By applying analytics and visualization to payments data merchants can track and compare performance per country, per payment method
for instance as consumers compared prices through comparison websites or looked for additional information. This number is expected to have increased to
However, as shopping has shifted increasingly to the Internet, it has become more difficult for companies to personalize their services
What web merchants can do is using the information that online customers leave behind when browsing the Internet,
for example for welcoming them back to their site. Also, people like to follow trends and online shop owners should
anticipate this by making suggestions based on what is popular at the moment and on the customer†s shopping behavior
Other possibilities to personalize your website include providing consumers with the opportunity to give feedback,
their websites think along with customers. Potential buyers are now provided with reasonable suggestions based on previous site visits and purchases.
Companies cannot simply open a website with another extension than that of their home country and expect their proceeds to increase significantly.
translation of your website into the language of the target country. In this regards, a machine translation,
such as through Google translate, will not suffice as the many errors in your text will actually be offensive to the people you are
www. ecommerce-europe. eu A Brief Introduction to Europe An Overview of Europe and the European union
%Ecommerce Europe estimates the share of the European Internet economy in the GDP at 2. 2%,a percentage that
is set to double by 2016 and to triple by 2020 The number of jobs created directly and indirectly by the
-going increase and penetration of the Internet in society and the projected growth of (B2c) e-commerce
645,250 websites According to data received from national e-commerce associations, Ecommerce Europe estimates the number of B2c websites to have grown to 645,250 at the end of
2013, growing at a pace of 15 to 20%per year This number is set to grow even more given the growth
anticipated in the upcoming markets in the South and the East where B2c e-commerce is rapidly closing the gap with the
more mature markets in Northern, Western and Central Europe 3. 7 billion parcels sent Postal and private operators have reaped the fruits of the
Ecommerce Europe estimates the annual number of B2c parcels sent to customers domestically and cross-border to
active B2c websites 3. 7 billion Number of parcels sent in Europe Highlights of Global E-commerce
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Global B2c E-commerce In brief More elaborate information on global e-commerce can be found
2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance Top 10 e-commerce countries in
people use the Internet 1, 181 million people are e-shoppers 16 %37 %100 %â 1, 173.5 bn
â€oe1, 878 million estimated social media users† Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www. ecommerce-europe. eu
info: info@ecommerce-europe. eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe. eu Ecommerce Europe Rue de Trã ves 59-61 B-1000 Brussels
Belgium Tel:++32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Global Global â 1, 173.5 bn+13.6
%Total B2c e-sales 2013 of goods and services 1 2 3 73.4 %Share of Internet users
accessing the web through a mobile device **Average worldwide Cross-border B2c E-commerce Most popular countries
USA 45 %UK 37 %China/HK 26 %Canada 18 %Australia 16 %Germany 14 %Asia-Pacific
North america Europe Latin america Africa MENA Others â 406.1 bn â 333.5 bn â 363.1 bn
â 37.9 bn â 2. 3 bn â 11.9 bn â 18.7 bn +16.7 %+06.0
%+16.3 %+24.6 %+11.9 %+32.6 %+10.8 %GOMSEC Global Online Measurement Standard B2c E-commerce â€oe94 million consumers buy
cross-border and this number is expected to grow in 2014†Estimated share of online goods
www. ecommerce-europe. eu B2c E-commerce in Europe 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
Top 5 mature e-commerce countries in turnover (million UK â 107,157 Germany â 63,400 France â 51,100
people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers 1 2 3 2 +jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce
%â€oe443 million social media users†Europe West Central South North East â 177.7 bn â 93.3 bn
 Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www. ecommerce-europe. eu info: info@ecommerce-europe. eu for reports:
research@ecommerce-europe. eu Rue de Trã ves 59-61 B-1000 Brussels Belgium Tel:+
+32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter:@@Ecommerce eu Powered by In cooperation with Free download at
https://www. ecommerce-europe. eu /facts-figures/free-downloads Internet Penetration Internet penetration The average Internet penetration in Europe
increased to 74%in 2013. As a result, it grew closer to the EU28 average, which now
amounts to 77 %In the top 10 of European countries in terms of Internet penetration, it is interesting to see
that all Scandinavian countries are represented in the top 5 Eastern and Southern Europe While this top 10 mainly consists of countries
from Western and Northern europe, the top 5 of the lowest Internet penetration solely comprises countries from the Eastern and
Southern European regions However, Russia in particular is trying to close the gap. Last year, it significantly increased its
Internet penetration, from 48%in 2012 to 59 %last year B2c E-commerce in Europe Sources:
Worldbank. org/Eurostat, 2014 *share of total population Internet access and online population, 2013 TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF INTERNET PENETRATION
Countries Internet access*Online Population Europe 74%600. 6mn EU28 77%392. 7mn Top 10 93%239.2. 2mn
Norway 96%4. 8mn Netherlands 95%15. 8mn Denmark 95%5. 3mn Sweden 95%9. 1mn
Finland 92%4. 9mn United kingdom 91%57. 9mn Germany 86%70. 5mn France 84%55. 1mn
Belgium 83%9. 2mn Switzerland 83%6. 6mn Countries Internet access*Online Population Top 5 53%157. 1mn
Ecommerce Europe, 2014 Sales of Popular Technical Consumer goods B2c E-commerce in Europe Consumer Electronics 21.50
%Telecom 8. 90 %Photo; 4. 40 %Multifunctional Technical Goods 4. 10 %Office Equipment 3. 60
%Telecom; 9. 3 %Photo; 6. 6 %Multifunctional Technical Goods 2. 9 %Office Equipment; 3. 9
Internet Sales January 2013-December 2013 Same top categories When looking at the two diagrams,
both Traditional Sales and Internet Sales the same three categories were very popular last year.
purchased the most in Information technology (such as IT hardware and software), Consumer Electronics (such as TVS audio home systems and Blu-ray players) and Major Domestic
Appliances (such as refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers Different ranking Still, there is a large difference between the Tradional Sales and
Internet Sales and that is the division of these categories. When purchasing through the web, consumers purchase most in the
Information technology category (33.0%),followed by Major Domestic Appliances (18.3%)and Consumer Electronics (16.0 %As a result, Information technology and Consumer Electronics
account for more than half of the total online sales However, in traditional sales, the difference between the three
most popular categories is much smaller. At 23.3%,people purchased most in The major Domestic Appliances category
Information technology ranked second with 21.8%,closely followed by Consumer Electronics (21.5 %Source: Gfk, 2014 Source:
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Western europe Western europe Europe â 363.1 bn+16.3 %EU 28 â 317.9 bn+14.7
people use the Internet 95 million people are e-shoppers â 177.7 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 3. 45 %Total GDP â 5, 163 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Western europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
The netherlands Belgium France United kingdom Ireland 1 United kingdom â 107,157 2 France â 51,100 3 The netherlands â 10,583
 Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www. ecommerce-europe. eu info: info@ecommerce-europe. eu for reports:
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In cooperation with National e-commerce Associations Belgium France Ireland Netherlands United kingdom The UK is the largest e-commerce market of Europe.
In total, The british e-commerce turnover amounted to â 107. 1bn in 2013. This number is forecast to grow by 11.4
%to â 127. 4bn in 2014 In total, there were about 41 million e-shoppers in the
United kingdom last year. On average, they each spent â 2, 613 in 2013, which makes The british Europe†s biggest
spenders. This number is expected also to grow, by 14.2 %to â 2, 986 Top 3 Online Players UK
1. Amazon 16 %2. Tesco 9 %3. ebay 8 %Mobile commerce accounted for nearly one third of all
online sales in the UK in the fourth quarter of 2013. In addition, about half of all visits to British e-retail sites was
made through a smartphone or tablet during that period France French consumers made more than 600 million
transactions online during 2013, for a total value of â 51. 1bn. With 33.8 million active e-consumers, this
In France, the number of B2c e-commerce sites is increasing rapidly. In 2013, there were around 138,000
active sites, which represents a growth of 17%compared to the preceding year In general, major credit cards are preferred the e
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Central europe Central europe Europe â 363.1 bn+16.3 %EU 28 â 317.9 bn+14.7
%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 165 million people live in Central europe 130 million
people use the Internet 68 million people are e-shoppers â 93.3 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 2. 20 %Total GDP â 4, 237 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Central europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
1 Germany â 63,400 2 Austria â 10,970 3 Switzerland â 10,200 4 Poland â 5, 225
 Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www. ecommerce-europe. eu info: info@ecommerce-europe. eu for reports:
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In cooperation with Switzerland In 2013, Switzerland had 6. 67 million Internet users, which represented a penetration of 83%for a population of eight
million people. Between 2009 and 2013, The swiss B2c e -commerce market almost doubled to reach around
â 10. 2bn. The number of e-shoppers is estimated at 5. 7 million in 2013 and on average they each spent around
â 1, 789 The most frequently purchased online products in Switzerland were from the categories Travel and Hotels
Books and Magazines, Fashion, and Digital Media As Switzerland is a relatively expensive country and each
Swiss region borders a country with the same official language (France, Italy, Germany or Austria), Swiss e
-consumers frequently shop across the border In combination with The swiss tendency to shop cross -border, the non-EU status of Switzerland
In addition, the Internet penetration is quite low compared with other countries in the region. 65%of the Polish
population had access to the Internet in 2013, which is the lowest rate in Central europe.
%Internet penetration 8. 0%Zloty (PLN) 23.0 %The average GDP per capita is â 61,898
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Southern Europe Southern Europe Europe â 363.1 bn+16.3 %EU 28 â 317.9 bn+14.7
%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 59 %212 million people live in Southern Europe
people use the Internet 48 million people are e-shoppers â 40.8 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 72%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 1. 11 %Total GDP â 3, 671 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Southern Europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
Italy Spain Greece 1 Spain â 14,414 2 Italy â 11,268 3 Turkey â 8, 930
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In cooperation with Italy There were about 37.5 million Italians connected to the Internet in 2013,
which resulted in an Internet penetration of 61%.%This was the second-lowest rate in Southern
Europe, with only Turkey scoring lower. For 2014, a penetration of 64%is forecast When we look at the division between goods and services
sold online services have become more popular in Italy over the last few years. Just like in 2012, the share of e
-services in the total Italian B2c e-commerce turnover amounted to 66 %Mobile commerce is booming in Italy.
Of all mobile phone owners, nearly two thirds had a smartphone late 2013 which represents an increase of 23.5%compared to a year
before. Also in terms of m-commerce turnover, Italy made a leap forward, with a growth of 37%to â 694. 4mn
With regard to payment methods, online sellers cannot ignore Cartasi, an Italian credit card. It is the most
frequently used credit card for online purchases in Italy Cartasi has a market share of 40%and more than seven
million Italians own such a card Spain Spain is the largest e-commerce market in Southern
Amazon already has six million unique users in Spain and is known for its flawless logistics, one of the
mobile devices Top 5 companies based on unique visitors 1. Zalando 2. Amazon 3. Euronics 4. IBS
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Northern europe Northern europe Europe â 361.1 bn+16.3 %EU 28 â 317.9 bn+14.7
%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 90 %100 %32 million people live in Northern europe
people use the Internet 19 million people are e-shoppers â 35.9 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 18 million social media users E-commerce GDP 2. 37 %Total GDP â 1, 349 bn
2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a glance 1. Sweden â 8, 622
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In cooperation with Denmark The average annual online spending per Danish e-shopper was â 2, 145 in 2013.
The amount spent online per e -household was â 3, 768 in that year. In both categories, the
Danes were among the top countries in Europe In Denmark, 89%of the consumers prefer card payments
for online purchases. Of these cards, the local Dankort debit card is used most frequently. It is popular among the
Danes mostly because it is accepted widely in all parts of the country and its associated costs are relatively low
The most popular category in terms of items sold online in Denmark is Financial Products and Services.
IT, Telecom and Photo, and Electronics and Appliances Mobile commerce is growing rapidly in Denmark
4. IT, Telecom and Photo 5. Electronics and Appliances Average spending per e-household in
to the country†s high Internet penetration of 95%.%An interesting fact here is that the most active e-shoppers can
An estimated 77%of Internet users purchased goods and/or services in the last 12 months.
Internet 9. 6 million Krona (SEK) 5. 6 million Krone (DKK) 25.0%25.0 %An Overview of B2c E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Eastern europe
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Eastern europe Eastern europe Europe â 363.1 bn+16.3 %EU 28 â 317 bn+14.7
%Total B2c Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 56 %100 %248 million people live in Eastern europe
people use the Internet 34 million people are e-shoppers â 19.3 bn Turnover E-commerce
Estimated 40%of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 0. 96 %Total GDP â 2, 024 bn
1 2 3 Ranking Eastern europe in turnover (EUR million 2013 Key B2c E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance
Ukraine Romania 1 Russia â 15,500 2 Ukraine â 1, 850 3 Romania â 1, 040
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In cooperation with General Overview Tables and Forecast of B2c European E-commerce Turnover of Goods & Services
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Overview and Forecast Overview of Online B2c E-commerce Sales Growth Source:
Ecommerce Europe, 2014 OVERVIEW ONLINE B2c E-COMMERCE SALES GROWTH 2010-2014 Based upon online sales growth
of goods and services, 2013 Countries 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 (f Russia 29.7%29.2%32.7%50.5%16.1
%Ukraine 88.1%45.3%47.1%48.0%21.6 %Turkey N/A 57.4%35.9%35.0%12.3 %Romania 30.7%41.2%33.3%30.0%15.4
%Germany 17.3%16.7%21.7%26.8%20.6 %Greece 50.0%50.0%42.2%25.0%18.8 %Poland 24.2 33%33.3%24.9%24.9%19.0
%Baltic states 32.1%36.1%26.1%23.3%13.4 %Ireland 24.6%25.1%25.0%21.1%15.0 %CZ Republic 27.8%15.3%19.6%20.0%13.4
%Hungary 30.9%9. 9%35.5%20.0%17.3 %Sweden 13.6%12.0%12.5%19.4%8. 1 %Italy 17.4%19.2%18.4%17.8%18.2
www. ecommerce-europe. eu Ecommerce Europe and its Reports Information about Ecommerce Europe and its Reports
About the Authors Aad Weening, Advisor International E-commerce Aad Weening (1941) has been involved in distance selling
and retail practically all his working life. From 1966 until 1979 he offered legal and economic advice
Advisor at Ecommerce Europe Bert Nagelvoort, Senior Researcher E-commerce Bert Nagelvoort (1977) has been working for Ecommerce Europe since
2013. He is involved in international e-commerce and develops the Ecommerce Europe reports. He studied Business Administration at
Radboud University Nijmegen and he has a great interest in the international (digital economy and e-commerce
Previously, he worked as Project Manager in the financial services industry Please feel free to contact Bert at:
bertnagelvoort@ecommerce-europe. eu Richard van Welie, Editor Richard van Welie (1979) has been working for Ecommerce Europe as an
editor since March 2014. Prior to this, he worked as a freelance translator/copywriter for five of years.
content for the Ecommerce Europe reports After graduating in Communication Sciences in 2004, he studied American
Since 2013 he has been Director of research & Advice at Ecommerce Europe He is also director of the ecommerce Foundation, a research institute offering
practical e-commerce research and benchmark services Peter van den Brink, Trainee Research & Advice Peter van den Brink (1992) has worked for Ecommerce Europe since 2014.
He studies Business Management at the University of Applied sciences in Ede. He is involved in the research of the e-commerce market
Ecommerce Europe reports About Ecommerce Europe
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