EN 1 Error! Unknown document property name. EN European Competitiveness in Key Enabling Technologies FINAL REPORT
Authors: Birgit Aschhoff, Dirk Crass, Katrin Cremers, Christoph Grimpe Christian Rammer Centre for European Economic Research (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany
Phone:++49 621 1235 184 Fax:++49 621 1235 170 E-mail: rammer@zew. de Chapter 1
List of Figures Figure 2-1: Information sources for innovation (per cent of innovative enterprises citing
Cluster analysis...74 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 4 Error! Unknown document property name.
Cluster analysis...125 4. 3. 1. Micro-and Nanoelectronics Europe: The Grenoble cluster...126 4. 3. 2. Micro-and Nanoelectronics Canada:
Cluster analysis...173 5. 3. 1. Industrial biotechnology cluster Europe: Cambridge (United kingdom...174 5. 3. 2. Technology cluster Non-Europe:
Cluster analysis...218 6. 3. 1. Photonics Europe: The Optical Technologies Berlin-Brandenburg cluster (Optecbb 219
Cluster analysis...269 7. 3. 1. Advanced Materials Europe: Wallonia†s Plastiwin cluster...269 7. 3. 2. Technology cluster non-Europe:
or computing, and will most likely do so in the future Common characteristics of KETS include a high demand for R&d, skills and capital
explored through patent data. The rationale for this choice is given below and explored in more detail in section 2. 2. Market potentials and application prospects are based summarised
situation of international competitiveness in each KET, patent data seem to be the most European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO
comparability of patent data is limited due to different economic values a patent may represent, different degrees of technological novelty and different degrees of actual
applicability, patent data are nevertheless a widely used source to analyse dynamics in certain fields of technology and identify the regional distribution of new knowledge generation
companies, research institutions, private and public users of technologies, intermediaries (e g technology centres, financing institutions) and other stakeholders (e g. from education, the
semiconductors, computing and the Internet. These technologies did not only drive industrial innovation, they also offered more effective responses to societal challenges, e g. in health
producers and users of new technologies (see Fagerberg, 1995; Porter, 1990 Competitiveness effects of new technologies strongly depend on the speed of their diffusion
originating from research with the user needs, a cost-efficient production and the capabilities of business partners (suppliers, distributors, users), having in view the innovative strategies of
competitors This complex system of interlinked sources of innovation is revealed by the information sources firms typically use for their innovation activities (see Figure 2-1). Sources that are
Figures based on data from AT, BE, CY, CZ, EE, ES, FR, GR, HR, HU, LT, LU, NL, PL, PT, RO, SK, TR
by many incremental innovations that transfer advantages of a certain technology into user -specific designs of new products and processes.
such as digital data processing (the first computer was invented in the 1940s) or cellular telephone communication (the technological
principles have been discovered in the 1920s. For many new technologies, the most important applications are often out of sight in early stages of technology development
Application potentials typically emerge from the interaction of suppliers, producers and users of a new technology, through learning from using (Rosenberg, 1982) and from a fierce
customising new technologies to the needs of users. More complex technologies in particular tend to generate increasing returns to adoption (Arthur, 1989
the breadth of diffusion across many sectors and user groups the occurrence of network effects when using a certain KET
suppliers and users who can learn from each other and leverage economies of scale and scope In addition, first movers may be able to defining global standards,
which statistical data would be available) since the cross-sectional nature of KETS implies that firms from different industries develop and apply
industry data such as market shares, trade performance, productivity and growth in value added cannot be applied to analyse competitiveness in emerging KETS
competitiveness in each KET, patent data seem to be the most relevant source. Patent applications refer to technical inventions that have reached a certain state of feasibility and
patent data is limited due to different economic values a patent may represent, different degrees of technological novelty and different regulations of national patent offices, patent
data are nevertheless a useful source to analyse dynamics in certain fields of technology and
) Patent data have widely been used to analyse technological performance particularly for KETS, such as nanotechnology
technological performance such as scientific publications or R&d expenditures, patent data are more closely related to innovations and product markets
Patent Data as Technology Indicators Using patent data as empirical base for analysing technological competitiveness of KETS has
several advantages Patent data contain information on the technological area (s) a certain patent is related to
based on an internationally standardised classification system (International Patent Classification-IPC. Since IPC classes are highly disaggregated,
Patent data also contain text information of the technical content of a patent (patent abstracts) which would provide an
Patent data allow to determining the"market share"of the EU in the total production of new
Patent data also enable to differentiating by country of applicant and thus to pattern technological competitiveness in each KET by EU member
Patent data contain information on the applicants which can be linked to other data in order to identify the institutional background of an applicant (higher education institution, public
sector research institution, private firm, individuals) or the sector affiliation. Sector affiliation of applicants is important information to evaluate the role of each KET for
Patent data allow to some degree an analysis of technological links between certain fields of
However, patent data also have a number of limitations (see Griliches, 1990; Moed et al 2004) that limit their applicability as technology indicators and that complicate their analysis
As a result, any count of patent data whether weighted by a"relevance factor "or not, is problematic as it is likely to compare
Patent data applied at different patent authorities are difficult to compare because of different patent national laws, different practices at patent offices and different application
As a consequence want cannot simply add up patent data applied at different patent offices Applying for patent protection at a specific patent office is linked to the applicant's strategy
Patent data are available only with a considerable time lag after the underlying invention has been made.
We try to tackle some of these shortcomings of patent data in the following way
and the same invention in patent data. In the following, the term"patent"always refers to
All patent analysis rest on the Patstat database generated by the EPO. We use the September
Identifying KETS in Patent Data There are two approaches to assign patents to technology areas. One is to identify key words
combining key words and searching across patent data from various patent authorities Given the large number of technology fields to be covered
digital photography, LEDS and OLEDS, displays and solar cells. All these areas can be identified through IPC classes.
computer-integrated manufacturing: co-occurrence of G06 and any of A21c A22b, A22c, A23n, A24c, A41h, A42c, A43d, B01f, B02b, B02c, B03b
The other refers to computer-integrated manufacturing processes While the former can be identified directly through IPC classes,
patent data since patents only applied at USPTO or JPO often miss address information on
New photonic applications such as OLED displays can be used in electronic, automotive and telecommunication devices. Advanced materials as well as
dvanced manufacturing technologies can virtually be employed for producing any kind of commodity. As a consequence, market potentials strongly depend on the underlying definition
technological opportunities rather than the likely preferences of users. Market acceptance of these concepts is largely unknown
development but emerged later through interaction of users and producers, and sometimes just by chance. All this complicates to foresee future market development and results in low
and technology outlooks which have been produced by various industry analysts and consultants in recent years. The main purpose of this exercise is to determine how large
secondary data: scientific and vocational cluster publications, and publically available information. We structure the analysis along the systemic
emission displays -MRAM memories -phase-change memory -MEMS memory -CNT data memory -CNT inter -connected circuits
-moleculare electronics -nanowires for producing electricity -spintronic logics Optics-ultra-precision optics -anti-reflection layers
-data transmission through surface plasmons Medicine-nanoparticles as contrast media -nanoscale drug carriers -nanomembranes for dialysis
catalysts -nanomembranes for sewerage -anti-reflection layers for solar cells -nanooptimised microfuel cells -iron-nanoparticles
have a very strong industry focus on electronics (incl. computer, semiconductor and telecommunication) and instruments (optical, medical, measurement.
North american applicants comprise to a significant extent young enterprises in the fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology, including a number of research companies
Public Research*Computer/Semiconductor Telecommunication Other Electronics Instruments Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Nanotech Biotech Materials Equipment *ERROR-Flatefilter:
are reported for the electronics industry (particularly telecommunication), the instruments industry and the pharmaceutical industry. While all three regions experienced a gain in
Public Research*Computer/Semiconductor Telecommunication Other Electronics Instruments Chemicals Pharmaceuticals Nanotech Biotech Materials Equipment *including patents by government authorities and by private individuals
in telecommunication, instruments and pharmaceuticals, while the chemical industry gained in relative importance. In East asia, the strong gain in importance of public research was
industry (sum of computer, semiconductor, telecommunication and other electronics) is the largest applicant sector for nanoelectronics, nanooptics and nanomagnetics.
Computer/semiconductor 1 18 3 8 8 19 6 Telecommunication 0 4 2 2 12 3 2
Other electronics 2 23 9 10 24 30 12 Instruments 4 12 6 21 11 4 4
is a computer company, followed by a university and a diversified materials producer largely based on chemical technologies.
FR government 111 1 Hewlett-packard US computer 107 2 L'oreal FR chemicals 57 2 Univ. of California US research 90
8 Alcatel Lucent FR telecommunication 35 8 General electric US chemicals 42 9 Philips NL electronics 33 9 IBM US computer 37
10 Arkema FR chemicals 31 10 Univ. of Illinois US research 33 11 Carl Zeiss DE instruments 27 11 Eastman kodak US instruments 32
C. BE research 27 12 Motorola US telecommunication 31 13 Fraunhofer DE research 26 13 U s. Government US government 29
14 ASML NL semiconductor 24 14 Intel US semiconductor 27 15 Sabic Innovative Plastics NL chemicals 23 15 Freescale Semiconductor US semiconductor 27
7 NEC JP telecommunication 56 8 Fujitsu JP computer 52 9 Fujifilm JP chemicals 47
10 Seiko JP instruments 40 11 Pioneer JP electronics 35 12 Toshiba JP computer 32
13 Showa Denko JP chemicals 29 14 TDK JP electronics 27 15 Sumitomo Electric JP electronics 27
Cluster analysis Nanotechnology has the potential to impact and shape many other industries through its multiple application possibilities.
environment, communication and computing, scientific tools and industrial manufacturing will be affected largely by this emerging technology (Miyazaki and Islam, 2007
http://www. japan-cluster. net/index. php? id=480 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO
http://hesa. etui-rehs. org/uk/dossiers/files/Nano-economics. pdf 3. 3. 1. Nanotechnology cluster Europe:
combination of nanotechnology and information technology. The second cluster in Muenster concentrates on the interface between nanotechnology and biotechnology.
http://www. icn-project. org/fileadmin/ressourcen/Dokumente/3 ris/Regional profiles/NRW. pdf 10 http://www. nanobio-nrw. de/index. php?
Script=1&lang=de&sw=1024 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 78error! Unknown document property name.
http://www. innovations-report. de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-32232. html Rules and regulations: The federal government increasingly supports nanotechnology
http://www. innovations-report. de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-32232. html 12 http://www. bmbf. de/pub/nanotechnology conquers markets. pdf
Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 79error! Unknown document property name. EN organisations have to be clear to ensure market acceptance and the deployment of
http://www. bmbf. de/en/nanotechnologie. php 14 http://www. gtai. com/homepage/info-service/publications/our-publications/germany-investment-magazine/vol-2008/vol
http://www. bmbf. de/pub/nano initiative action plan 2010. pdf 16 http://www. bmbf. de/pub/nano initiative action plan 2010. pdf
17 http://hesa. etui-rehs. org/uk/dossiers/files/Nano-economics. pdf 18 http://www. nanoforum. org/dateien/temp/European percent20nanotechnology percent20infrastructures percent20and
percent20networks percent20july percent202005. pdf? 05082005163735 19 http://www. innovations-report. de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-32232. html
European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 80error! Unknown document property name. EN Interactions
Each cluster in the network is coordinated through a separate organisation (Aachen: AMO Muenster: Centech, Duisburg/Essen:
http://www. centech. de/index. php? Script=1&lang=en&sw=1024 22 http://www. nmw. nrw. de/index. php?
lang=en&catalog=/cluster 23 http://www. innovations-report. de/html/berichte/informationstechnologie/bericht-32232. html
Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 81error! Unknown document property name. EN Source: http://www. mondiac. nl/presentations/Weltring. ppt
http://hesa. etui-rehs. org/uk/dossiers/files/Nano-economics. pdf Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 83error!
biotechnology, textiles, mechatronics, and information technologies. The core of the cluster consists of the Kyoto University Katsura Campus and the Katsura Innovation Park, which
promote and create several university-industry research activities. 26 The Kyoto nanotechnology cluster is embedded further in a system of many other clusters
http://www. japan-cluster. net/index. php? id=480 Short history of the cluster The development of the Kyoto nanotechnology cluster was driven policy.
http://www. mext. go. jp/a menu/kagaku/chiiki/cluster/h16 pamphlet e/13. pdf 26 http://www. jetro. go. jp/en/invest/region/kyoto
http://www. clusterplast. eu/fileadmin/user/pdf/dissemination event/BENCHMARKING. pdf European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO
The core organisation of the cluster is ASTEMRI Advanced Software Technology & Mechatronics Research Institute of Kyoto.
Next to the academic knowledge institutes, such as the Kyoto University, the Kyoto Institute of Technology, and the Ritsumeikan University there are many industrial players present, e g
http://www. mext. go. jp/a menu/kagaku/chiiki/cluster/h16 pamphlet e/13. pdf 29 http://www. czech-in. org/enf2009/ppt/E4 johnson y. pdf
Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 85error! Unknown document property name. EN Source: http://utsusemi. nims. go. jp/english/info/policy/20060602 1. pdf
MEXT (Japan†s Ministry of education, culture, sports, science and technology) implemented several measures to promote basic nanotechnology research and the development of practical
http://www. meti. go. jp/english/aboutmeti/data/aorganizatione/pdf/chart2009. pdf 32 http://www. kansai. meti. go. jp/english/politics/kyoto-municipal. pdf
33 http://www. czech-in. org/enf2009/ppt/E4 johnson y. pdf 34 https://utsusemi. nims. go. jp/english/info/nanoproject. html?
org=2080 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 86error! Unknown document property name.
EN Table 3-9: Government funding categorised as nanotechnology & materials (billion Yen 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
http://utsusemi. nims. go. jp/english/info/policy/20060602 1. pdf On a local level, the Kyoto municipality actively fosters the development of the
which is the core of the nanotechnology cluster. In addition to this, it stimulates university-industry collaborations by implementing
http://www. kansai. meti. go. jp/english/politics/kyoto-municipal. pdf 36 http://hesa. etui-rehs. org/uk/dossiers/files/Nano-economics. pdf
37 http://unit. aist. go. jp/nanotech/apnw/articles/library3/pdf/3-34. pdf 38
http://www. jetro. go. jp/en/invest/region/kyoto 39 http://www. mext. go. jp/a menu/kagaku/chiiki/cluster/h16 pamphlet e/13. pdf
Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 87error! Unknown document property name. EN Capabilities The cluster combines scientific excellence with market orientation.
http://hesa. etui-rehs. org/uk/dossiers/files/Nano-economics. pdf 41 http://eco-pro. biz/ecopro2009/events/E1000. php?
tp=1&id=10760 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 88error! Unknown document property name.
http://hesa. etui-rehs. org/uk/dossiers/files/Nano-economics. pdf Chapter 3 Nanotechnology EN 89error!
cores, focusing on different knowledge & application fields Lack of commercialisation and consequently lack of private funding
applications, telecommunication (displays, optoelectronics) and in some areas of advanced materials (e g. carbon nanotubes), most innovation ideas based on nanotechnology still wait
higher user benefits or address entirely new needs, but also demand considerable changes in producing and using these innovations
to small output volumes whereas willingness to pay by users will be low due to uncertainty over the real benefits of the innovation.
commercialisation prospects and the specific needs of users and markets. Direct collaboration between science and industry often helps to in this respect,
nanotechnology R&d is extremely difficult since enterprise R&d surveys rarely collect data on R&d expenditure devoted to nanotechnology
Another critical factor is to successfully link technological opportunities with user demand Many product developments in nanotechnology tend to be driven research, i e. focusing on
However, users typically do not adopt new technology solely based on their technical superiority but rather on a price-cost advantage
broadly will require acceptance by users and all other parties that may be concerned by nanotechnology product.
While regional or national clustering has certainly its merits and can be an important driver for advance in nanotechnology, a too strong national focus may understate
Contemporary processors have a three to ten times higher number of transistors on the same area (Fraunhofer CNT, 2008.
Computing (all microelectronics patents with co-assignment to IPC classes G06, G11, G12 Measurement (all microelectronics patents with co-assignment to IPC classes G01, G05, G07
Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Source: EPO: Patstat. ZEW calculations When looking at the development of market shares across subfields over time (Figure 4-6), it
Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices 90/93: average of the four year period from 1990 to 1993
Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Total Europe -5 0 5 10 15 20
Semiconductors Computing Measurement X-ray Bonds/crystals Devices Eight European countries with the largest number of microelectronics patents (based on inventors†locations) from 1981-2005. â€oeroeâ€:
patenting by Frech inventors is specialised on semiconductors, bonds/crystals and computing applications, whereas UK inventors are specialised on x-ray
semiconductors, computer, telecommunication, instruments, chemicals, automotive, defence machinery, other materials, research, and other electronics. Figure 4-14 shows the sector
Other Electronics Semiconductors Computer Telecommunication Instruments Chemicals Automotive Defence Machinery Other Materials Research Source: EPO:
Japan, for telecommunication companies in all three regions, and for computer manufacturers in North america and East asia
European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 118error! Unknown document property name. EN Figure 4-15:
Other Electronics Semiconductors Computer Telecommunication Instruments Chemicals Automotive Defence Machinery Other Materials Research Source: EPO:
2 STMICROELECTRONICS IT semiconductor 724 2 IBM US computer 645 3 ASML NL semiconductor 568 3 Intel US semiconductor 615
4 Philips NL electronics 506 4 Freescale Semicond. US semiconductor 540 5 Comm. Ã l'energie atom.
7 Siemens DE electronics 441 7 Texas instruments US instruments 473 8 OSRAM Opto Semicond. DE semiconductor 248 8 LAM RESEARCH Corporation US research 461
10 NXP NL semiconductor 193 10 Hewlett-packard US computer 395 11 S. O. I. Tec FR semiconductor 153 11 Motorola US telecommunication 326
12 IMEC BE research 150 12 Honeywell International US machinery 324 13 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft DE research 133 13 Du pont US chemicals 269
22 ALCATEL FR telecommunication 62 22 Sandisk US machinery 167 23 Merck Patent Gmbh DE chemicals 60 23 Air Products and Chemic.
24 Cambridge Display Tech. GB electronics 59 24 Dow corning US chemicals 134 25 EPCOS DE semiconductor 58 25 Axcelis Technologies US semiconductor 126
4 Fujitsu JP computer 903 5 Nikon JP instruments 736 6 NEC JP telecommunication 675
7 Canon JP instruments 659 8 Sharp JP electronics 646 9 Hitachi JP electronics 620
15 Seiko Epson JP instruments 407 16 Tokyo Ohka Kogyo JP semiconductor 305 17 Shin-Etsu Handotai JP semiconductor 271
all patents) while overlaps to other KETS are lower for bonds/crystals, computing and semiconductors
of computing is linked strongly to nanotechnology while measurement has strong ties to advanced manufacturing technologies.
equipment and embedded systems. In this respect, semiconductor production and shipments can be characterised as leading indicators of ICT product market trends
growth of the semiconductor industry, the most recent data available, of 2. 2 percent to $260
use in computers has decreased relatively. Nevertheless, Figure 4-20 shows that with a share of almost 40 percent of total sales (2007), computers still dominate the final use for
semiconductors, followed by the telecom market segment with around 25 percent Figure 4-20: Worldwide semiconductor sales 2007, by market segment (percent
Industrial and military 8. 2 %Consumer 20.5 %Automotive 6. 3 %Telecom 25.5 %Computer 39.6 %Source:
OECD, based on Semiconductor Industry Association (SIA European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 124error!
Unknown document property name. EN Semiconductor components also rapidly diffuse into other sectors like automotive or medical
consumer electronics and computing together with a focus on green technology are identified as the most rapidly growing market segments.
NAND flash, etc. BCC (2010) 27 41 7. 2 Sputtering targets and sputtered films BCC (2007) 2. 8 5. 9 16.1
Displays BCC (2008) 0. 1 0. 2 6. 5 Microelectro-mechanic systems (MEMS) BCC (2008) 7. 2 13.2 10.6
Cluster analysis Clustering can be viewed from three angles: production locations, research activity and investments indicating future (production) location.
In terms of production output Asia is the largest geographical agglomeration with China accounting for 27 percent of production in
30 percent production) and telecommunications (40 percent design and 35 percent production)( Innova, 2008. This specialisation is documented also in the literature by so
The most recent R&d data of the OECD Technology Outlook 2008 does not go beyond 2006
comparison, the closely related sector of IT and software employs 14,000 people with 2, 200
Microelectronics, Freescale (Motorola) and NXP, but also several start-ups like Soitec designing and producing silicon on insulators being a successful flagship.
In 1992, STMICROELECTRONICS, LÃ ti-CEA and France telecom R&d joined forces for research in submicronic technologies, with STMICROELECTRONICS handling
becoming more and more expensive48, Freescale (Motorola) NXP Semiconductors and STMICROELECTRONICS setup a joint facility called Crolles 2 in 2002.
benefits from a very well organised and integrated infrastructure combining four core elements: 1) several leading research laboratories (including CEA-Leti, INRIA, CNRS, and
STMICROELECTRONICS, NXP Semiconductors, Freescale, France telecom, Schneider Electric Bull, Soitec, Atmel, Trixell, Sofradir, Sofileta, Ulis, Silicomp,
IBM Corp. and the CEA, commonly referred to as †Crolles 3â€. Total investments are expected
was focused on †demand pull†activities such as improved mobile phone functionality, the decisions for these functions were external to the cluster.
specialised in telecommunications equipment, microelectronics, photonics and software Wolfe, 2002. Consequently, the Ottawa cluster will be focused upon in this analysis
Networks (R&d), Hewlett-packard (Canada) Ltd. Alcatel Canada, Cisco, and semiconductor firms such as Freescale Semiconductor Canada, Tundra Semiconductor, and Chipworks Inc
Microelectronics Council (SMC) part of the Information technology Association of Canada and 2) the Canadian Microelectronics Corporation (CMC.
http://www. ottawaregion. com/Business in ottawa/Industry overview/semiconductor. php Chapter 4 Micro-and nanoelectronics EN 133error!
developing market for telecommunications equipment driven by a number of spin-offs from large firms in the region.
bubble the industry had to diversify beyond telecommunications equipment. In spite of this nascent diversification the global downturn in demand for telecommunications equipment
around 2001 and the closure of Nortel†s semiconductor factory in Ottawa dramatically stalled the growth of Ontario†s microelectronics industry.
Council (NRC) Institute for Information technology located in Ottawa and Atlantic Canada Its mission is, in contrast to the CRC,
institute for microstructural sciences that through its research enables future hardware development. Lastly, in 1995 the NRC founded the Regional Innovation Centre in Ottawa to
Cisco, Nokia)( Wolfe, 2002 There are two notable institutional factors that have affected the evolution of the Ontario
including important actors such as the Canadian Institute for Telecommunications Research Micronet but also linking excellent university research with industry.
telecommunications equipment, software, and emerging photonics sector Capabilities Compared to other global microelectronics clusters the Ottawa cluster shows a strong
third of all Masters and Ph d. graduates in electrical engineering and computer science from Canadian universities. This concentration is even more visible in the telecommunications
sector, with 90 percent of Canada†s R&d in industrial telecommunications conducted in the region (Wolfe, 2002.
However, what is emphasised also is the drive in the region to commercialise and to take a global focus.
The Ottawa cluster has a strong specialisation in telecommunications equipment which led to a state of crisis after the dotcom bubble resulted in the closing of a number of
automotive, 3) broadband and 4) multimedia applications System and market failures and drivers There are two key components for the evolution of the microelectronics cluster in Ontario
telecommunications equipment requiring ongoing revitalisation efforts Public policy, funding and tax incentives Both the Ontario and Grenoble cluster have been supported in their development with public
telecommunications equipment boom in 70s/80s Large lasting crisis following dotcom burst ï¿need for regeneration of cluster
telecommunications equipment. Cluster regeneration plans aim to focus on health care, automotive, broadband and multi -media
telecommunications equipment, software etc R&d tax credits important role in cluster strategy Regeneration of cluster activity ongoing
user friendly Because of miniaturisation, new generations of semiconductors typically require considerable investments into the semiconductor fabrication plants (fabs.
in a concentration of manufacturing sites in a few places worldwide The role of public support
companies) in Europe and Japan, for telecommunication companies in all three regions, and for computer manufacturers in North america and East asia
In Europe, patenting activities are concentrated highly among a few firms compared to North America and East asia.
equipment and embedded systems. Semiconductor production is a highly cyclical industry During economic downturns production drops sharply but when the economy recovers
mobile and stationary telecommunication systems, automotive electronics, smart cards environmental technologies, and automation †are lower As technical progress in micro-and nanoelectronics is eventually based on further
Analysing technological competitiveness in industrial biotechnology based on patent data using patent classification systems is challenging. It is even more difficult to identify whether
Cluster analysis The geographical distribution of industrial biotechnology clusters can be summarised in four regions: West-and North Europe, American West coast, American East coast, and East asia
http://iis-db. stanford. edu/docs/190/Casper biotech clusters. pdf 5. 3. 1. Industrial biotechnology cluster Europe:
campus rather than becoming established from external sites. Larger companies from the outside are getting involved in the Cambridge cluster mainly through M&as.
environment of existing and established electronics and computing industries. The number of biotechnology companies grew steadily until the mid 1990s, when international investments
research efforts in nanotechnology/materials and information technology, with many collaborative R&d projects in an interdisciplinary environment.
input on industrial user needs, knowledge transfers and interactions with the industry. 53 53 http://www. bbsrc. ac. uk/organisation/organisation-index. aspx
http://www. berr. gov. uk/files/file28706. pdf European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO
http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php? option=com docman&task=doc view&gid=25&itemid=39 58 http://www. baybio. org/wt/page/history
http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php? option=com docman&task=doc view&gid=25&itemid=39 60 http://www. berr. gov. uk/files/file28741. pdf
European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 184error! Unknown document property name. EN There are improvements in the FDA regulations,
http://legacy. signonsandiego. com/news/business/20041205-9999-mz1b5cluster. html 64 http://www. sbir. gov/about/index. htm
The cluster originated from a tight social network among biotechnology firms, venture capital and research institutions. Now, the direct links between DBFS are building the main network
Next to the social network effect, also the heterogeneity of individuals and organisation regarding knowledge, skills and experiences contributed to the succes of the
History Long history of science and high tech developments Biotechnology development since 1980s Rich University colleges enable growth and
Strong social networks of university graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company
communication, imaging, lighting, displays, manufacturing, life sciences and health care, and safety and security (EC, 2008a Information and Communication:
digital communication, building the very foundations of our Information Society. The major highways of communication and information flow are based on optical technology.
data. Information and knowledge are becoming our most valuable commodities †unlimited access to which is becoming arguably the most significant driver of productivity and
It is optical transmission networks that are enabling all of this, giving data accessibility to anyone, anywhere (Photonics21, 2006
and image guided systems make use of computer tomography in navigated surgery. Laser diagnosis and treatments in ophthalmology, dermatology and other
Machine vision Machine vision Systems and components Spectrometers and Spectrometer Modules Binary Sensors Meas. Systems for Semiconductor Industry
Meas. Systems for Optical Communications Meas. Systems for Other Applications Medical Technology and Life Science
Office Automation, Printing Optical Disk drives Laser printers and Copiers, PODS, Fax and MFPS Digital Cameras and Camcorders, Scanners
Barcode Scanners Systems for Commercial Printing Lasers for IT Sensors (CCD, CMOS Optical Computing Tetrahertz Systems in Photonics
Lighting Lamps LEDS OLEDS Flat Panel Displays LCD Displays Plasma Displays OLEDS and Other Displays
Display Glass and Liquid crystals Solar energy Solar cells Slar Modules Defence Photonics Vision and Imaging Systems, Including Periscopic Sights
Infrared and Night vision Systems Ranging Systems Munition/Missile Guiding Systems Military Space Surveillance systems Avionics Displays
Image Sensors Lasers Optical Systems and Components Optical Components and Optical glass Optical Systems (â€oeclassical†Optical Systems
Optical & OE Systems & Components Not Elsewhere Classified European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO
EN 198error! Unknown document property name. EN Source: Photonics21 (2007b), ZEW compilation Lighting and Displays:
Innovative lighting systems create convenient surroundings and save energy. Semiconductor light sources †LEDS (light emitting diodes) and organic LEDS
OLEDS) †provide advantages like: long service life, no maintenance, IR/UV-free lighting low energy consumption and chromatic stability.
manufacturing, medicine, displays, and a whole range of sensors for chemicals, biological materials and in the environment.
microelectronics as the technology that computers use to †think†(optical computing), leading to a huge increase in performance (EC, 2008a
The electronics industry (incl. computer and semiconductor) and the optical industry (including lighting, cable and solar cells
Optical/cable/solar Lighting Telecommunication Semiconductor/computer Other Electronics Chemicals Glass/ceramics Other Materials Machinery/instruments Vehicles/defence Public research
-reveals a shift of photonics patenting from telecommunication towards the optical industry Figure 6-15.
semiconductor and computer industry, the chemical industry and the glass and cermaincs industry gained in importance at the expense of the vehicles and defence industry.
telecommunication as well as other electronics lost importance as photonics patents producers while the lighting industry and the semiconductor industry gained shares.
Optical/cable/solar Lighting Telecommunication Semiconductor/computer Other Electronics Chemicals Glass/ceramics Other Materials Machinery/instruments Vechicles/defence Public research
Other electronics (i e. electronics companies not specialised in telecommunication semiconductors, computers or lighting) is the most important applicant sector for all four
subfields in photonics. 30 percent of all lighting patents and 27 percent of all solar patents
electronics, telecommunication, optical and semiconductor companies, but also public research is a relevant actor for patenting in this subfield.
the chemicals and telecommunication industry Table 6-4: Sector affiliation of applicants of photonics patents, by subfield((EPO/PCT 1981
Telecommunication 2 2 18 11 Semiconductor/computer 5 9 10 6 Other Electronics 27 30 24 21
Chemicals 10 17 4 14 Glass/ceramics 2 2 3 6 Other Materials 1 1 1 1
2 Alcatel Lucent FR telecommunication 450 2 Corning US glass 739 3 Philips NL electronics 399 3 Eastman kodak US optical 553
4 Siemens DE electronics 314 4 Agilent US telecommunication 276 5 Carl Zeiss DE optical 281 5 General electric US electronics 236
7 Thales FR defence 223 7 Intel US semiconductors 215 8 Comm. Ã l'energie atom.
9 Infineon DE semiconductors 169 9 Hew lett-Packard US computer 174 10 Schott DE glass 166 10 ADC TELECOMMUNICATIONS US telecommunication 165
11 Fraunhofer DE research 165 11 MIT US research 147 12 Bookham Technology GB electronics 154 12 Avanex US electronics 138
18 Ericsson SE telecommunication 107 18 JDS Uniphase US optical 111 19 Pirelli IT automotive 100 19 Northrop grumman US defence 91
20 Robert Bosch DE automotive 90 20 Motorola US telecommunication 89 East asia Rank Name Country Sector#pat
10 Seiko Epson JP optical 373 11 LG Electronics KR electronics 363 12 Seminconductor Energy Lab. JP semiconductors 358
14 Fujitsu JP computer 353 15 NEC JP telecommunication 336 16 Idemitsu Kosan JP oil 295
17 Hamamatsu Photonics JP optical 285 18 Furukaw a Electric JP electronics 278 19 Mitsubishi Chemical JP chemicals 239
%Flat panel displays 26%Lighting 8 %Information technology 21 %Optical communications 5 %Midecal tech. & life
science 8 %Measurement & automated vision 8 %Production technology 6 %Optical components & systems 6
Image processing BMBF (2007) 7. 4 16 8 Measurement systems BMBF (2007) 11.6 23 7 Medical Technology &
Printing BMBF (2007) 47.7 88 6 European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 218error!
Flat Panel Displays BMBF (2007) 61 119 7 Solar energy BMBF (2007) 9 31 13 Optical Components &
Cluster analysis On a global level, production is located (increasingly in low-cost countries, predominantly in Asia. In 2005 Japan represented 32 percent, Europe 19 percent North america 15 percent
also to local and national governmental initiatives that promote regional clustering activities Sydow et al. 2007
However, this data is based on a survey from 2002. Others in the meantime (2007) speak of 69 Since 2005 the photonics clusters in Berlin-Brandenburg, Tucson, Arizona,
internal database up to date, to publish press releases and the biannual newsletter, and to organise the annual †Networking Days†and annual members meeting.
http://www. zab-brandenburg. de/files/documents/Der standort brandenburg 7 auflage dezember 2009 englisch. pdf 77 http://www. attoworld. de/junresgrps/attosecond-dynamics/pressrelease/optics laser jul2008pdf. pdf
Chapter 6 Photonics EN 223error! Unknown document property name. EN Venture capital: No coordinated venture capital activities are known to exist at the Optecbb
core functions. First, it represents the activities of cluster firms to the outside world through a
website, database, press releases but also coordinated events at industry fairs globally Secondly, it facilitates interaction between cluster firms,
anchor firm means that no important lead users are located at the cluster. Instead the strong
http://www. ryerson. ca/ors/funding/resources/download/photonics. ppt About 100 companies79 active in optics-photonics in Quebec employ about 4, 750 specialists
telecommunications sector, but have gained also a reputation in emergent technologies like bio-photonic, safety and instrumentation as well as optical systems for information. 80
telecommunications equipment (36 percent), electronic equipment (20 percent), industrial process control (18 percent), instruments and measurement (18 percent), medical instruments
http://www. quebecphotonic. ca/Photonicscorridor. html Chapter 6 Photonics EN 227error! Unknown document property name.
systems, optical communications and high-performance fibre optics While photonics activities in the province of Quebec have a long tradition,
of the Quebec Photonics Network sees the relatively dense social network of Quã bec City confined to a relatively small area as a reason why collaboration might be easier.
it impacts on many important European industries, such as telecommunication, lighting environment, health care and life sciences, safety and security.
communication, optical components and systems, solar energy, and information technology The current global market size is about â 200 billion
telecommunication industry and the chemical industry are the most important groups of photonic applicants. In Europe, the electronics industry, vehicle industry and the
telecommunication industry plays an important role Market prospects and growth impacts All existing market forecast for photonics and the various submarkets suggest a strong
European industry has a weak position in the sectors of information technology and flat panel displays (Photonics21, 2007b.
Photonics production is already dominated by East asia and East Asia†s significant increase in patent intensity since 1998 continues to strengthen its
emanating into service sectors such as health, software, architecture and construction telecommunication and engineering services. Advanced materials contribute to more efficient
production processes and trigger new product development. In contrast to other general purpose technologies such as ICTS,
network effects among users. The large variety of materials, many tailored to specific application purposes, restrict economies of scale in their production.
requirements of users in terms of reliability, stability, cost-efficiency, recyclability and safety Secondly, product regulation typically requires time-consuming procedures for each field of
and distribution processes of users along the value chain, including changes in process technology, product design, delivery mechanisms, recycling etc and may involve high
investment by users. The latter fact often delays a rapid diffusion of new materials Another peculiarity advanced materials is the broad spectrum of scientific disciplines and
process technology and other engineering sciences, information technology and life sciences As a consequence, cross-disciplinary research is prevalent.
industry) and sometimes other users down the value added chain that use products containing advanced materials.
Analysing technological competitiveness in advanced materials based on patent data and using patent classification systems to identify advance in material technology is challenging
takes a long time due to high investment needed both by producers of materials and users Table 7-6:
devices, display devices mechanical/chemical devices BCC (2010 Aerogels 0. 05 2006 0. 65 2013 44 thermal and acoustic insulation
optical data storage, fiber optics communications, illumination solar cells BCC (2008 Optical coatings 5 2008 5. 7 2015 2 electronics, defence/security
telecom, transportation BCC (2009 Optical coatings 4. 3 2005 5. 6 2012 4 telecom, electronics, vehicles
medical, security, architecture BCC (2006 Total market for advanced materials 102.7 2010 177.0 2020 6 Moskowitz (2009
is expected in the areas of energy (mid-term market volume of â 19 billion, e g. catalysts and
e g. optical fibres and semiconductors)( EC, 2009. However, a recent report from the Europe Innova Sectoral Innovation watch has alerted that advanced materials are an area where
Cluster analysis Advanced materials clusters can be found all over the globe, but mainly in North america Europe, Japan, Australia,
which in the ECO data is listed 4th in the chemical clusters category with high level of
and recycling. 85 There are 50 core players, engaging in manufacturing, processing, services engineering, design, retailing and recycling.
http://clusters. wallonie. be/plastiwin/fr/partenaires/index. html 85 http://clusters. wallonie. be/plastiwin/en/the-cluster/plastiwin-in-two-words/index. html
Chapter 7 Advanced Materials EN 271error! Unknown document property name. EN associations from the Brussels region are also members.
companies†website where statements are being made around the message that â€oereach is an important driver for environmental responsibility in our companyâ€.
http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php
http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/10-reasons-invest-wallonia. php 89 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/opportunites-affaires/chimie-siderurgie-verre-textile. php
90 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php
91 http://www. sriw. be/fr/Principes-generaux-9. html 92 http://www. sowalfin. be/info. php
93 http://www. investinwallonia. be/ofi-belgium/investir-en-wallonie/environnement-des-affaires/acces-aux-capitaux. php
94 http://www. walloniatech. org/Venturecapital. html European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO EN 274error!
Unknown document property name. EN Fiscal measures are also important for industry and cluster development,
and incentives in the region of Walloon include: 95 contribution with up to 20 percent to the cost of setting up a
for flat screens applications (Eco-innovation Futures TNO, 2010. Nanocyl is one of the few
http://www. walloniatech. org/Financialincentive. html 96 http://www. nanocyl. com/en/About-Us/History
which are lead users of these products, but this is due to the position of the chemicals-plastics-rubber industry in the value
No clear role of government as a lead user (e g. through public procurement), since most of the products of this sector are raw or intermediary materials
with further upgrades in the other related sectors, including advanced materials. Following the implementation of policies from the Central Government of China, the Ministries of
Commerce, Industry and Information technology and Science and Technology jointly announced in December 2007 their ambition to make Changsha the outsourcing services
The constructions of several platforms (information technology services and financing) have achieved remarkable results. The number of professional
At the local and provincial level, the regional and local administration of the high tech and
Provided are physical and internet infrastructure as well as shared research facilities Pipeline for raw materials transport (e g
Large companies can serve as lead users Not clear what is advanced percentage of material in total output cluster
Panel UK, 2000 The 7th framework programme of the EU directs in their activity in similar areas.
effects tend to occur in the user industries as long as new materials help to increase productivity or enable new products with superior characteristics that generate additional
These user industries include electronics, medical instruments and health services automotive, energy production and distribution, construction, textiles and clothing, and
such as health, software, architecture and construction, telecommunication and engineering services, contributing to both product and process innovation.
among users. As a consequence, diffusion of new materials is accelerated when a certain level European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO
However, if users are reluctant to adopt new materials it can take long time until new materials reach sale figures that allow for profitable production.
material (e g. by users, competitors or other material suppliers. A rapid diffusion of advanced materials is thus likely to result in opening-up more and more fields of application,
requirements of users in terms of reliability, stability, cost-efficiency, recyclability and safety Product regulation typically demands time-consuming procedures for each field of application
processes of users along the value chain, including changes in process technology, product design, delivery mechanisms,
recycling etc. and may involve high investment by users Policy options Developing and commercialising advances in material technology is by and large the business
producers and users of materials-including advanced materials-has emerged over time. Since Chapter 7 Advanced Materials
requirements of end product producers and other users down the value added (e g. automotive or semiconductor industry), process technology knowledge from equipment producers (e g
in order to reduce uncertainty at the side of producers and users of advanced materials. At the same time, regulations should be reviewed flexible,
but solely focus on quantitative analyses based on patent data. This decision reflects the specific nature of this KET (see the following section for more detail) which implies different
forming, pressing, chipping), electronic and computing technologies measuring technologies (including optical and chemical technologies), transportation
decades has been the integration of numerically controlled, i e. computer-integrated technologies into manufacturing processes that allow for a vertical integration of planning
Robotics, automation technologies and computer-integrated manufacturing are the keywords for AMT Industries in which AMT are important can
technologies emerge (e g. steam engine, electrical motor, computing. In this respect, AMT can be characterised as the oldest key enabling technology in human history.
but also by users (i e. any type of manufacturing firm). As a consequence, the market for AMT is restricted due to the need for user-specific design.
This limits the opportunities to deploy identical technology in many different companies. For some manufacturing industries, no external AMT providers exist,
marketing and users The future development of AMT receives considerable policy support, for example in the
based on patent data. AMT patents are identified through a combination of IPC classes (see section 2. 2). Measured in terms of patents applied at EPO or through the PCT procedure
computer integrated manufacturing (G06 and at least one of the following classes: A21c A22b, A22c, A23n, A24c, A41h, A42c, A43d, B01f, B02b, B02c, B03b, B03d
developing AMT is at the core of this industry, the high shares for vehicle and electronics
computer-integrated manufacturing and robotics. What is more, a number of large electronics companies have important automation businesses (e g.
12 Fraunhofer DE research 164 12 Hewlett-packard US electronics 93 13 Comm. a l'energie atom.
22 BMW DE vehicles 121 22 Microsoft US software 60 23 Alstom FR electronics 121 23 Motorola US electronics 59
24 Infineon DE electronics 121 24 Eaton US machinery 58 25 VEGA Grieshaber DE instruments 121 25 General motors US vehicles 53
process monitoring devices, continuous monitoring, non-destructive testing, machine vision pharmacy automation, automotive sensor technologies, and robotics
Machine vision BCC (2006) 8. 1 15.0 10.8 Pharmacy automation BCC (2006) 2. 1 3. 6 9. 4
growth rate is found in the machine vision subfield, followed by pharmacy automation and continuous monitoring. The relatively low growth rate in robotics can be explained by the
engineering and mathematics subjects. At the same time, additional places for students need to be provided in these subject areas
AMT may also incur manufacturing processes to become more user friendly as they reduce the amount of hard labour that is needed in the manufacturing process and that is taken over
The highest growth rate is found in the machine vision subfield followed by pharmacy automation and continuous monitoring.
but also including software) with the specific needs of users in specific industry. Developing AMT thus means to have a deep
understanding of the industry in which this technology will be applied, and which factors dirve competitiveness in the user industries.
Another main success factor is to balance user -specific requirements with new technological opportunities yet out of sight of users
A main barrier for commercialising AMT is potential users that hesitate to adopt new manufacturing technologies.
The reasons may be manifold Information asymmetries over the expected returns of AMT compared to established
technologies can result in low adoption rates (i e. degree of cost savings and other efficiency gains unclear at the time of investment
high investment cost may exceed the available internal funds of users, particularly for SMES while external financing through loans can be difficult
users Developing AMT can be hampered by small market volumes for certain new applications particularly if user-specific designs are required.
This limits the possibilities to employ the identical technology in many different companies and reduces economies of scale both in
but also to a great extent by users i e. any type of manufacturing firm. The main reason for manufacturing firms to refrain
the diffusion of computer-integrated manufacturing technologies and other types of flexible manufacturing (see Link and Kapur, 1994.
For quantitative analysis, patent data were employed Qualitative analysis of success factors, barriers and market and system failures rest on
users Role of public funding for R&d very high low medium high low low Role of public policy for
As many users of more advanced process technology are small manufacturing firms, specific barriers to technology adoption by SMES (lack of
stages emphasis will be on knowledge development and careful building of a strong core in the cluster, later stages will involve more knowledge exploration activities
firm databases to increase transparency of the actors present in the cluster, provide intermediary services etc.
firms in the cluster that become lead users or anchor firms. They typically have the funds
technological solution to a certain problem that will later be adopted by users in other regions
users, intense competition, and a price advantage over alternative technological solutions Lead markets are often different from those regions where a certain new technology first has
progress in technological features that are critical for users can help to establish markets which early adopt KETS.
biology, computer sciences, mechanical engineering and material sciences. Acquiring such knowledge is particularly time-consuming, and many higher education institutions are not
Another obstacle for KETS are barriers to adopting new technology at the side of users
available internal funds of users, particularly for SMES, while external financing can be difficult if the technology is completely new
and external organisation (involving marketing and users Public Policy in Favour of KETS The critical role of KETS for manufacturing calls for policy attention, regardless of the current
While for some areas, global networks of the leading organisations from research and industry are suited best, regional networks
R&d, manufacture and application in user industries is needed for creating new fields of application and developing efficient production facilities for new technologies
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