fax:++43-2254 -780-3888 E-mail address: alexander. kaufmann@arcs. ac. at (A. Kaufmann 0166-4972/02/$-see front matter ï 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Fax:( (0271) 740-2279 Internet: www. prokmu. de  PRO KMU Alle Rechte vorbehalten ISSN:
1863-6632 III Table of contents 1. Introduction...1 2. Conceptual Framework for Identifying Good Practices on RTD and Regional
Internet links for further information on †good practice†regions...77 List of Figures Figure 1:
-tion concern Nokia or the German automobile company VW in Wolfsburg. Finally, pol -icy-led networks are to be observed in Silicon Glen in Scotland,
-parate segments of the social network that are otherwise unconnected†(Elfring and Hulsink 2003: 411 On the other hand, strong ties tend to bind individuals with similar or complementary
-nautics, National Aerospace Laboratories, Bharat Electronics, Indian Telephone Indus -try, Hindustan Machine tools), space technology (Indian Space Research Organisa
mobile with high qualifications. Many local universities and research centres foster knowledge spillovers into industry and close research-industry cooperation
social networks) that †offer particular (â€) advantages for firms engaged in innovation and knowledge creation. †These kind of open networks are very contrary to the earlier
worldwide (increasing importance of sectors like biotechnology, internet services etc dislocation of emphasis from hardware to services) was a benefit for Boston that †was
biotechnology and internet services Summing up, Boston is seen especially as a †good practice†because â€...
-novation fields like T. I. M. E. telecommunications, information technology, multimedia and entertainment), health care services and environmental economics etc.
of the city evoked heavy traffic, a lot of construction sites, high prices for real estate and high cost of living in general
-less systems, modem and fax equipment for wire and wireless systems as well as vari -ous equipments for maritime communications and navigation (Dalum et al. 1999;
and maintaining social networks have a long tradition in the region (Stoerring and Christensen 2004. Moreover, a widespread awareness of the importance of further
Download 15 june 2006 Hospers, G.-J. 2004: Place Marketing in Europe: The Branding of the Oresund Region.
Social networks, Resources and Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Innovation 103-109 Johannisson, B.,M. Ramirez-Pasillas and G. Karlsson (2002:
Download 6 june 2006 Keeble, D c. Lawson, H. Lawton Smith, B. Moore, F. Wilkinson (1998: Collective learning processes and
Download 6 june 2006 Stam, E. and E. Wever (1999: Propinquity Without Community †Spatial Transfer of Knowledge in the
Internet links for further information on †good practice†regions selection Bangalore-India www. onlinebangalore. com
All results are available on the internet and can be accessed or ordered via the Europa server or directly at the Sebw website
www. europa. eu. int/comm/enterprise/ict/policy/watch/index. htm, www. ebusiness-watch. org
internet and e-business (see Chapter 3 Basic ICT infrastructure Nearly all companies which use computers in
nected to the internet (97%.%There is a clear trend towards broadband connections: except for micro-firms, more than 40%of all companies
Intranet 29 24 ITMS (Intermodal Transportation Management System) 8 4 RFID (Radio frequency Identification Device) 7 2
company case studies and a telephone survey among decision-makers in European enterprises from the TLS industries.
the programme's website at www. ebusiness-watch. org. In 2007/08, the focus is on the
well as telecommunications equipment and services for data transmission and communication (the communication side. The European Information technology
equipment (such as mobile phones), office equipment such as copiers) and data communications and network equipment (such as switching and routing
Carrier services Fixed voice telephone and data services, mobile telephone services, cable TV â 293 billion
the former internet hype was replaced suddenly by a widespread disappointment with e-business strategies. Companies adopted a more
"Web 2. 0"and social networking are discussed widely in terms of their business E-business in the transport & logistics industry
-electronically (offline), and all combinations of electronic and non-electronic implementation are possible. It is therefore difficult to decide which components actually
While the narrow definition focuses on'internet transactions'alone, the broad definition defines e-commerce as"the sale or purchase of
and the ultimate delivery of the goods or service may be conducted on-or offline"(OECD 2001).
11 while fully recognising the importance of the internet during the pre-purchase phase for the initiation of business
Internet for cargo Standard for information flow Standard data set to describe freight e-maritime Sustainable quality
on air quality and greenhouse gas emissions, but high oil prices also have a significant influence on the transport sector and the economy as a whole
interchange (EDI), the Internet, the Value Added Network amongst others. Nowadays, as regards the data acquisition technologies, the firms usually deal with a large amount of
opportunities to creatively use the Internet has brought many implications to the organisations core business processes to generate enormous benefits in terms of
57 Reis F. The internet and other computer networks and their use by European enterprises to do
Internet and e-business. ICT and e-business activities deployment has thus become increasingly important for the industry.
Low-cost access to the Web and the dissemination of e-business technologies provide firms with a tool to satisfy customer
cooperation between knowledge teams (including virtual teams) using intranet technologies as well as between the organisation and members of its external constituent
Intranet Online purchases business model Online sales business model External integration of business processes *Transport & Logistics 59 29 21 12 13
of information via the Internet and to secure transactions online with customers. Modern information systems and technology offer opportunities for fast and safe sharing.
The prominence of the internet among all computer networks is evident because of its size in terms of the number of persons and enterprises it connects and its
For most EU Member States internet adoption is approaching saturation point. Overall, for the EU, by 2005,91%of enterprises with 10 or
are connected to Internet Exhibit 3. 1-4 Internet access and bandwidth (2007 Of those: Internet access with a maximum bandwidth of †Transport & logistics
with internet access â€<144 kbit/s â€<144 kbit/s †2 Mbit/s â€>2 Mbit/s
Internet connection. By share of employment, firms representing 99%of the sector workforce are connected to Internet
A relevant indicator is the existence of broadband connection. On the path to the adoption of e-business, connectivity is the first step and also a precondition for all
potential benefits of the use of computer networks. Exhibit 3. 1-4 shows also a tendency
58 Reis F. The internet and other computer networks and their use by European†ibid E-business in the transport & logistics industry
of the Internet connection is paramount to the development of e-business. This connection enables an exchange of more information per unit of time and supports the
with Internet Access Average share of employees with internet access in firms â€<144 kbit/s
â€<144 kbit/s †2 Mbit/s â€>2 Mbit/s Weighting%of empl
Use of internal computer networks The use of computer networks internally in the enterprise is believed to yield potential
gains in efficiency and productivity. The adoption of internal computer networks is a first step towards the computer integration of business processes.
Such integration potentially streamlines and boosts the efficiency of the enterprise. A computer network is composed of multiple connected computers that communicate over a wired or wireless (Local Area
Networks †LAN, and Wireless LAN) medium to share data and other resources. In the
LAN WLAN Intranet Extranet Remote access Weighting%of empl %of firms %of empl %of firms
The size and scalability of any computer network are determined both by the physical medium of communication and by the software controlling the communication (i e.,
) An Intranet is a specific application of the internal computer network which serves as a communication tool within the enterprise,
part of a company's Intranet that is extended to users outside the company. As such both can be regarded as a next step in the use of the internal computer network as e
-business. Around one quarter of the TLS sector firms use an Intranet and, again, it
depends on the company size, ranging from a relative small 23%for micro-sized firms to
Voice over internet Protocol, also called Voip, IP Telephony, Internet telephony Broadband telephony, Broadband Phone and Voice over Broadband is the routing of
voice conversations over the Internet or through any other IP-based network. Some Voip services offer features and services that are not available with a traditional phone,
or are available but only for an additional fee. The provision of Voip is driven by increasing
broadband penetration. Some cost savings are due to utilising a single network to carry voice and data, especially where users have existing underutilised network capacity that
Voip to public switched telephone networks (PSTN), 59 may have a cost that's borne by
telephony might be converted to internet protocol 59 The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the network of the world's public circuit
-switched telephone networks, in much the same way that the Internet is the network of the
world's public IP-based packet-switched networks. Originally a network of fixed-line analog
telephone systems, the PSTN is now almost entirely digital E-business in the transport & logistics industry
Internet-enabled global sourcing Employers are now less likely to see training just as a cost but also as an investment
As Internet commerce grows in popularity and importance, companies are finding that designing developing, and maintaining cutting edge Web-sites
web hosting) than to employ their own ICT practitioners. The case study AIT (France confirms this observation (Section 5. 2). The choice of a small company as a solution
era of technologies such as XML services, the Internet and the World wide web, EDI is still the data format used by the vast majority of electronic commerce transactions in the
Programme), related to mobile personal assistance for travel information, published by ICT Results79 (see business example
A mobile, personal access device providing location-based transport information, mapping and routing, navigation and other related services
sites. Existing travel and transport information services often lack data outside a limited range of general facts.
be it a mobile phone, mobile PC, PDA or in-car system. By communicating with Web-based services hosting the
relevant information, the IM@GINE IT device offers an integrated route -guidance system which combines in-vehicle, pedestrian, public transport and
The system has been tested by around 100 users at five European sites in Finland, Germany, Italy, Greece and Hungary
IM@GINE IT website: www. imagineit-eu. com Although this business example shows a well managed
open source web portal, the Open source Observatory http://ec. europa. eu/idabc/en/chapter/452) to develop interoperability between applications
i e. it uses the common web browsers. This allows for the use of existing network structures and inexpensive personal computers with almost any operating system as
www. mywms. org/export/sites/default/introduction/downloadgallery/mywms beschreibung en pdf 84 Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper
Web server and server operating systems are the top two areas, with two-thirds of firms using
In particular, internet browsers (including Mozilla and Firefox) based on OSS appear to be used widely by companies from the TLS industry (21%.
%Among the large sized firms, about 47%say that they use OSS browsers. Special emphasis should be put on the deployment of OS
89 Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature 90 American Bar Association Section of Science and Technology Information security Committee
More and more the Internet is becoming a major part of the corporate environment and driving decisions. The new capabilities to use the Internet to supply large amounts of
relevant information from multiple internal and external sources give the possibility to move from isolated information systems toward an integrated environment in every
Current opinion holds that Internet-based supply chain integration with upstream suppliers and downstream customers-"e-integration"-is superior to
integration of business applications and data with the Internet and with the systems of the
gains realised by setting up a disjoint web front-end. The difference between the two approaches can mean taking a leadership position in the industry due to significant
large number of documents such as invoices, sales orders, photographs, phone interviews, or video news clips
industry reported the use of software solutions or internet-based services for e -procurement (see Exhibit 3. 4-1). This shows that there is a gap between the percentage
orders mainly through websites or extranets of suppliers, which does not require any special e-procurement system.
the Internet economy to companies to more tightly integrate their processes, the next wave of business communication centres around cross-enterprise application integration
through different formats like e-mail, fax, SMS, XML, etc. This software is linked to the internal information system of CEMAT, an Italian company specialised in combined
Internet technology provides ways of drastically reducing different categories of transaction and communication costs. In that
significant amount of the trade which is conducted on the Internet, and is expected to account for the vast majority of it within a few years.
services over the Internet for a simpler, faster and more reliable exchange of information with the customer.
the Internet (Commande@RESAFRET), follow transport progression in real time Info@RESAFRET), transmit their transport documents (e-LV)
Internet To meet customer demand for seamless, comprehensive and reliable information on which to base business decisions today, companies must integrate data from the many
ICT, and in particular the internet, can be used in various ways to support marketing activities, including the communication with customers, offering products for sale, and
status of the transport over a Web interface to customers. Although some customers are very satisfied with the solution,
accurate information about vehicle arrival and departure time via Internet, mobile channels and through signs available at the stops.
website of Trans Link Systems http://www. translink. nl/;/ERTICO †ITS Europe e-Newsletter:
a variety of channels, such as web pages, email, automated phone (Automated Voice Response AVR) or SMS
telecommunication services (48 %and in the tourism industry (23 %Exhibit 3. 6-1: Percentage of firms with a CRM
on website Exhibit 3. 8-1: Cluster centres (means) and number of cases for the percentage of employees
have internet access at their workplace Percentage of firms having a LAN Percentage of firms
website Weighting:%%of firms%of firms%of firms%of firms%of firms 1. Low 374 9 52 19 22
firms having a LAN, A w-LAN and their on website. Showing that the level of internet
access among the employees (and the implied computer usage) is related to the LAN, W -LAN and own company website adoption
In Exhibit 3. 8-3 we analyse the relationships between clusters and number of employees
LAN and W-LAN and company website usage variables (means of percentages of firms 9
%of firms with their own website Exhibit 3. 8-3: Clusters of percentage of employees that have internet access at their
of firms in the high internet usage by employees cluster. The passenger transport sector is in an intermediate position regarding the cluster distribution.
being the medium internet usage cluster the cluster of companies with more probability of increasing their market share
Concerning the rate of Internet adoption, the TLS sector infrastructure,(which values close to saturation point)) and the rate of connectivity (more than a half of the sector firms
related to Internet or connectivity in future surveys Thus, the existing ICT infrastructure and e-business software systems analysed in the
In particular Internet browsers (including Mozilla and Firefox) based on OSS appear to be used widely by companies from the
sector RFID. There†s a very limited use of RFID technologies yet. Only 2%of firms (23
and telecommunication (Jorgenson, Ho, Samuels, Stiroh, 2007, Jorgenson, Ho, Stiroh 2007, Inklaar, Timmer, van Ark, 2007
) The fact that the internet and globalisation have led to many closely-knitted inter -linkages between land, water and air transport
119 This was confirmed, for example, for the telecommunication industry by an analysis on the J -curve of innovation (Erber 2005, Aral, Brynolfsson, Wu 2006
On the other hand, tools, such as email, knowledge management systems, wikis or instant messaging, considerably improve the process of innovation in knowledge
internet connection capacity and the use of LAN, Intranet and Extranet Software endowment index that comprises of software applications used by a firm
CRM and the use of the internet to buy and sell goods ICT human capital variable that controls for the presence of ICT practitioners
endowment, measured in terms of network infrastructure usage and internet access, does not increase the likelihood of introducing organisational changes
the questions regarding the internet connection type (score between 1 and 4), the use of LAN, WLAN, WWW, Intranet, Extranet, ERM, SCM, CRM, the use of the internet to sell
and buy goods and employing IT practitioners (one score for each positive answer Thus, the variable can take values between â€oe0†and â€oe14â€.
At the beginning of the internet era, a common believe was that ICT and e-commerce were to eliminate the limitations of location
are entries of internet start-ups Amazon or ebay are already icons of e-commerce that changed the landscape of the
retailing industry. Though of a smaller magnitude, these effects hold for traditional shops as well ICT offers existing firms possibilities to expand their market reach, which consequently
the questions regarding the internet connection type (score between 1 and 4), the use of LAN, WLAN, WWW, Intranet, Extranet, ERM, SCM, CRM, the use of the internet to sell
and buy goods and employing IT practitioners (one score for each positive answer Thus, the variable can take values between â€oe0†and â€oe14â€.
regarding the internet connection type (score between 1 and 4), the use of LAN, WLAN WWW, Intranet, Extranet, ERM, SCM, CRM, the use of the internet to sell
and buy goods and employing IT practitioners (one score for each positive answer. Thus, the variable
implementation aspects, like internet sales, web page, centralised information systems etc Some of the administration clients of AISA,
AISA uses a service provided by its telecom -munications provider (Telefonica) to run a company network (standard VPN †Virtual
Private Network. The systems can be expanded in the future with more modules or applications. Data are transmitted via regular broadband network connections (ADSL
with a download speed of 8mbit/s in the central offices and 3mbit/s in the rest of the
Websites: AISA (www. aisa-grupo. com E-business in the transport & logistics industry 127 5. 2 AIT, France
and sent by fax to the involved partners (customer transport company, AIT internal If the merchandise is stored in the warehouse of AIT,
Websites AIT (http://www. aitlogistique. com/info. htm SOLULOG (http://www. solulog. fr /E-business in the transport & logistics industry
internal support and external web interfacing for the e-ticket sales via Internet and mobile phone
The implemented new ICT and e-business systems have brought ALSA a lot of benefits and positive impacts, including the opening of new sales channels (mobile and internet
sales) which increase the customer satisfaction, intelligent bus seat management, cost advantages and increase in the global competitiveness of the company thanks to the
ALSA started the ticket sales system via internet (based on a B2c platform The current Integrated Sales system of ALSA is designed now
different sales channels when they add a new channel to sell the tickets (internet, mobile
profitable, and a proof of this is that ALSA is going to create the 4th generation website
including Web 2. 0 technologies, a content manager and external web features. The internet sales currently represent 20%of total ticket sales (final users and travel
agencies), and the mobile phone sales represent 1%of ticket sales One example of the advantages of the integrated sales system of ALSA is the integration
of all the relevant information of the sales process into one single system. For example one of the key benefits of having an online interlinked e-business sales system with these
Supra class coach) have implemented also free Wifi Internet connection service for the clients E-business in the transport & logistics industry
like some final web interfaces have been outsourced, thus the company depends on the providers'response times (on average
Websites: ALSA, http://www. alsa. es E-business in the transport & logistics industry 139 5. 4 CEMAT (Italy
once a customer sends a transport order over the Web-based ordering service to CEMAT, the data is integrated directly into the internal CEMAT transport management
Sending a fax to communicate an e-mail address to CEMAT illustrates quite well the IT approach of a company.
Website of Cemat, http://www. cemat. it /E-business in the transport & logistics industry 144
Web allowing customers to make an online reservation, to design home printed tickets as well as to equip train staff with mobile devices connected to the systems to sell and
like the deployment of a Web service for ticket reservation and selling, that can be connected to international travel agencies
Website of CFR CÄ lä tori: www. cfr. ro/calatori/engleza/index eng. html E-business in the transport & logistics industry
aims to provide customer services over the Internet for a simpler, faster and more reliable exchange of information with the customer
customers anytime and in a convenient way through a Web interface the possibility to get
SNCF Fret customers can now log on to a Web platform that allows them to access the
services on the internet. Each customer possesses a personalised online catalogue that details the respective transport terms negotiated.
The web platform communicates with the internal SNCF information systems for the ordering and invoicing processes.
management system (SAP), the data is sent to the Web platform where it is available to
enters the transport order directly on the Web interface. The Web platform automatically sends the data to the internal order management system.
The ordering process is composed of a couple of events like reservation of resources, departure of wagons
platform communicates data for each transport phase to the Web platform allowing the customer to follow up on the order
the website 5. 6. 3 Impact The e-services solution affects the whole company and its working processes:
Rannoux, responsible for e-services, 24/07/07 and 15/09/07 by phone Company internal newsletters and brochures
Website of Fret SNCF, http://fret. sncf. com E-business in the transport & logistics industry
20/07/07, per phone Company annual report 2006 Website of Geodis: www. geodis. com E-business in the transport & logistics industry
159 5. 8 Hupac (Switzerland Abstract Hupac is combined leader in transport across The swiss Alps and number two in
and a GSM (Global System for Mobile communication card that sends the information to the Goal system managing the information sent to and
telecommunication costs generated by the units are very high. At the moment, the solution runs with a Swiss communication card
and roaming costs with the telecom operator in order to address this cost issue 5. 8. 4 Lessons learned
Websites: Hupac (www. hupac. ch E-business in the transport & logistics industry 164 5. 9 N c. Cammack &son, United kingdom
collecting the different jobs sent by fax from the customers, putting them together into a
customer over the Web or entered into the system by the Cammack employee), putting them into a diary and allow the traffic planner to easily put the jobs together on the screen
The customer can access this information on the Web interface 5. 9. 4 Lessons learned
Websites: Cammack (www. cammack. co. uk E-business in the transport & logistics industry 171 5. 10 Cargo tracing at Saima Avandero, Italy
solution in 2002 to allow their customers to follow up their transport activities on a Web
transport over a Web interface to customers 5. 10.2 E-business activities The track and trace project, started in 2002,
fax or phone in case the supplier is not directly connected to the Saima Avandero database.
information via the Web interface E-business in the transport & logistics industry 173 The main future developments planned is the connection of this solution to the ABX
be collected manually by Saima Avandero through channels including e-mail, fax, and telephone. Once the information is collected,
a Saima Avandero employee has to enter it into the central system. This creates a lot of additional work.
from the supplier†s mobile phone and directly integrating it into Saima Avandero†s database. Even if this solution should improve the current situation by reducing the
Websites: Saima Avandero (www. Saimaavandero. it E-business in the transport & logistics industry 175 5. 11 Trafikanten, Norway
signs at the stops or provided through different channels like the Internet and mobile channels.
transportation modes on Trafikantens Website Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is key for Trafikantens activities.
increasing number of telephone customers In 1992 Trafikanten put the first travel planner in place did they develop it?.
%In 1997 the travel planner was launched on the Internet for public use; www. trafikanten. no
vehicle arrival and departure time information via the Internet, mobile channels and through signs available at the stops
transport vehicles to the public over different channels including the Internet, mobile channels and signs at stops.
punctuality of all targeted transport modes through the internet, mobile channels and signs to the public.
Passengers can now conveniently access the website from their home or office and conveniently gain information about the real departure times they
dialogue-oriented user menu on a WAP-compatible mobile phone (Wireless Application Protocol Another important benefit results from the traffic signal priority system allowing to improve
Websites: Trafikanten (www. trafikanten. no E-business in the transport & logistics industry 180 5. 12 Värmlandstrafik AB, Sweden
improving customer services and customer communication through Web based and mobile information services for passengers (Travel planner, Timetables etc
It is a web based system, with a central database hosted by Nordic Port. The different users get an
and can access the solution via the Internet. The region pays a monthly fee (about 5000 crones.
is available for the PTA through a Web interface. Specific information such as environmental pollution is measured as well
information over the Web interface, an XML file is sent to the system and FRIDA is fed
via mobile devices (through offline data synchronisation), to ease the process of data collection. Värmlandstrafik checks the vehicles on a regular basis to make sure that they
sent to Värmlandstrafik by mail and fax In order to plan the traffic and get figures on the bus operation,
Websites Värmlandstrafik (http://www. kollplatsen. com/index. html Nordic Port (http://web. port. se
/E-business in the transport & logistics industry 185 6 Conclusions: outlook and policy implications Due to the high turnover and number of jobs in the European TLS industry and its
sector are connected to Internet. A tendency of the firms to have a higher broadband connection is observed also.
equipment and the access to the internet are limited often to the owner and a few key
Computer networks and US Manufacturing plant Productivity, New evidence from the CNUS Data centre for Economic Studies Bain, J. S. 1951.
Benchmarking Efficiency of Telecommunication Industries in the US and Major European Countries A Stochastic Possibility Frontiers Approach in:
The Global Internet Economy Helpman, E. and Trajtenberg, M. 1998a. A time to sow and a time to reap:
Reis F. The internet and other computer networks and their use by European enterprises to do ebusiness
http://www. rfidconsultation. eu/workshops/from-rfid-to-the-internet-of-things-march-6-and -7/introduction
/Transport Research Knowledge Centre website of the European commission http://ec. europa. eu./transport/extra Triplett, J. E.,Bosworth, B. P. 2003), Productivity Measurement Issues In service Industries:
Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature Williamson, O. E. 1985. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism.
the project website (www. ebusiness-watch. org/about/methodology. htm Population As in 2005 and 2006, the survey considered only companies that used computers.
In a voluntary telephone survey, in order to achieve the targeted interview totals, it is always necessary to contact more companies than the number
unobtainable telephone numbers. Exhibit A1-6 shows the completion rate by country completed interviews as percentage of contacts made) and reasons for non-completion
telephone-or paper-based Exhibit A1-6: Interview contact protocol, completion rates and non-response reasons
1. 1 Telephone number not valid 541 31 53 299 645 38 611 1811 1. 2 Not a company (e g. private household) 82 209 6 36 327 2 57 431
1. 3 Fax machine/modem 19 0 72 9 300 33 69 389 1. 4 Quota completed à address not used 973 2018 1531 101 2492 84 1087 193
2. 1 Nobody picks up phone 65 462 1061 0 440 147 112 2280 2. 2 Line busy, engaged 0 0 37 0 54 479 82 99
Ipsos, which can be downloaded from the E-business Watch website at www. ebusiness -watch. org/about/methodology. htm
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
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