telecommunication

Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Telecommunication:

Design-Driven Innovation-Why it Matters for SME Competitiveness.pdf.txt

CIRCA Group Europe using a combination of phone and face-to-face interviews, an expert workshop focusing on design-driven innovation and six

Events, Telephone Advisory Service, Service Essentials Workshop and the Service Strategy Programme. In order to create meaningful impact on a business it is important to engage it over a

Telephone Advisory Service Quick advice about using service design Events Talks & Seminars Service Design

online site was created to manage communications and provide a digital forum for the organisations to communicate at any time

Developing National eHealth Interoperability Standards for Ireland - a consultation Document - HIQA 2011.pdf.txt

enhanced through the Internet and related technologiesâ€. the term characterizes not only a technical development, but also a state-of-mind, a way of thinking, an

You can print off a copy of the feedback form from our website and post it to us at

to do healthcare without telephones. The benefits from having an integrated electronic record in terms of the quality of care you can give are really indisputable

to the control sites and mortality by almost a half (41 The use of standards delivers key benefits in a number of areas.

The telecommunications market represents an excellent example of the economic advantages of standards. The advent of the Global system for mobile communications (GSM

standard launched in 1990 opened up a worldwide market for mobile phones whose impact continues to growâ

2. 3 Stakeholders A wide range of stakeholders will benefit from having ehealth interoperability standards in

â http://www. etsi. org/Website/Aboutetsi/Introduction/history. aspx Developing National ehealth Interoperability Standards for Ireland:

Journal Medical Internet Research. 2001; Accessed on: 19 May 2011 2) Australian National E-Health and Information Principal Committee.

http://www. health. gov. au/internet/main/publishing. nsf/content/604cf066be4 8789dca25751d000c15c7/$file/National%20ehealth%20strategy%20final. pdf. Accessed on

http://www. cms. gov/Quarterlyproviderupdates/downloads/cms0011f. pdf. Accessed on: 24 November 2011 4) Health Service Executive.

http://www. ithealthboard. health. nz/sites/all/files/National%20health%20it%20plan%20v11 1. pdf. Accessed on:

http://www. ehr-impact. eu/downloads/documents/EHRI FINAL REPORT 2009. pdf. Accessed on 12 march 2011 33) Health Information and Quality Authority (HIQA.

http://www. google. ie/#hl=en&biw=1020&bih=539&sa=X&ei=kwamtfqh F9 -qhafzisizcw&ved=0cbqqvwuoaq&q=An+E

Phone:++353 (0) 1 814 7400 URL: www. hiqa. ie Â Health Information and Quality Authority 2011

Digital Agenda 2014-2017 - Germany.pdf.txt

3. Cooperation on Internet management processes (Internet governance...35 4. Developing â€ international network lawâ€oe and the protection of human rights...

Internet as an open, safe and free space that protects diver -sity of opinion and the exchange of ideas, and enables all

The Internet and digitisa -tion add new dimensions to the transfer of knowledge Networked research is making the process of discovery

A powerful, open Internet opens up widespread access to the digital world. Expertise in media and technology is a prerequisite for usersâ€ control

enterprises must be able to access the Internet via fixed and mobile networks. In addition, more powerful networks are

Against the backdrop of our increasingly mobile society and the general expectation that sophisticated ser

Internet services The digital transformation has become a central challenge for industry, science, society and policymakers.

telecommunications technology. We will also ensure that our foreign policy gives due regard to maintaining our technological sovereignty in key areas

However, the Internet does more than merely drive growth and innovation. It also facilitates participation in societal

half of all Internet users do not feel that their data is safe online, we have good cause

mechanisms is necessary to ensuring Internet safety. Com -panies must also bear a large degree of responsibility in this

for all Internet users. For our part, we will make citizens aware of existing security risks and support companies in

services that enable safe use of the Internet. Nevertheless, it is the common duty of industry, science and policymakers

on the Internet and play a role in shaping the Internet Companies do this by driving innovative technologies and

huge opportunities presented by the Internet and digitisa -tion, in particular the new forms of communication and

the Internet, we will strive to create greater transparency and promote new digital services. We will work with our

-sentatives of the Internet community on a long-term basis to implement and further develop the Digital Agenda

-ture delivering download speeds of at least 50 Mb per sec -ond by 2018. This will simultaneously lay the foundation

using their smart phones. And thatâ€ s not all: In future communication between cars and between cars and other

-rative laying of telecommunication cables during construc -tion and streamline authorisation processes. We must also

-ment for comprehensive discussion by telecommunications and network operators of the conditions for incentivising market investments.

requirements for security within a mobile, digital society The Federal government is therefore prioritising the action

-cesses, which are being influenced by mobile Internet use and by cloud and social media applications, are being used

for new business models. These changes are having a mas -sive impact at the very heart of our economy.

wish to preserve the free and open Internet in its current form and safeguard its role as a space for diversity of opin

improvement of the best-effort Internet. We will provide a legal framework enshrining the aim of network neutrality

-nant Internet corporations. We are working towards the strict application of national and European antitrust rules

Expert studies are investigating Internet -specific antitrust issues. In addition, any editorial content of public interest should be especially easy to retrieve

Meanwhile, we will improve Internet data protection and consumer information in relation to online companies Informational self-determination and data autonomy for

Internet enterprises based outside the EU (marketplace principle We want to adapt the legal framework for protecting intel

-net service providers and Internet users. In parallel, we will see to it that service providers whose business models are

online and offline events 2. Strengthening digital media skills for all generations It is our aim that all individuals should be able to develop

zz We are continuing the â€oean Internet for childrenâ€ (Ein Netz fã r Kinder) initiative,

contracted on the Internet can be targeted better towards helping parents reconcile family and working life on a partnership basis and how, in this process, new

of what the Internet has to offer zz The flexibility of digital environments also offers huge

With the Internet becoming ever more important in our daily lives, the focus of civic work and engagement is

Internet and other new media We plan to implement a pilot project under the heading of â€oedigital Voluntary Social service Yearâ€ (FSJ-digital.

the media and the cultural sectors, the Internet not only offers an almost inexhaustible source of inspiration but

-nomic and participatory aspects of the Internet and digi -tisation. The focus is on harnessing

Digital technologies and distribution via the Internet have revolutionised and democratised the creation of and access

telecommunications law and competition law zz We are also advocating a review of the Audiovisual

security on the Internet. Consumers will not trust online shops, email services and social networks unless their data

is secure and not misused. Companies will not trust new business models unless they can be sure that the hardware

communication on the Internet. We are creating the conditions to ensure that every individual is in a position

Internet providers must also take responsibility for ensuring that users can operate securely online. We are

types of data processing such as big data, profiling, web tracking or cloud computing to protect privacy 32 VI.

the establishment of an Internet arbitration board zz In order to identify shortcomings in digital products and services at an early stage, we are setting up a market

-ties on the Internet zz We will clarify the future status and role of the Data

to meet the needs of telecommunications security and the European regulation on electronic identification and

As in the offline world, the government also has a respon -sibility in the networked world to avert risks and criminal

the processing of all Internet activities relating to these incidents under one roof zz We will adapt the criminal law to the digital age and in

global Internet as a space for diversity of opinion, partici -pation, innovation and as an engine for economic growth

Rules and conditions for the global network can -not be created solely at national level, but must be rooted

Internet resources) are decided at a global level. Germany will participate even more actively than before at interna

the protection of intellectual property on the Internet IT SECURITY and research funding involve not just German

-pion (an Internet ambassador for Germany) to the Euro -pean Commission, we can present established national

-ject of the Internet, among other issues, within the Interna -tional Telecommunication Union (ITU) and debate them

with interested experts. We are coordinating and partici -pating in decision-making processes in the ITUÂ€ s radio sec

3. Cooperation on Internet management pro -cesses (Internet governance We participate actively in discussions on the follow-up

process to the two world summits on the information society (WSIS+10) including the Internet Governance

Forum (IGF) and its preparatory meeting (Eurodig, IGF -Deutschland). ) Our aim is to ensure the participation of

auspices of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) on the reorganisation of control

over the assignment and coordination of critical Internet resources (domain name systems, IP ADDRESSES. At the same time, we are committed to the recognition of public

our positions on issues relating to Internet governance with German stakeholders We also support the development of the Sao Paolo Process

for creating universal Internet principles. We will coordinate our positions on issues relating to Internet governance at

European level 4. Developing â€ international network lawâ€oe and the protection of human rights We want to establish clarity about the applicable â€ interna

zz We are continuing the â€ Internet and human rights round tableâ€oe with the involvement of civil society and

3. Cooperation on Internet management 4. Developing â€ international network l 5. Digitisation in development cooperat

Digital Opportunities_ Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment.pdf.txt

International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland www. itu. int

Repor t D IG IT A L O P P O R T U N

International Telecommunication Union (ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT Office of the Director Place des Nations

CH-1211 Geneva 20 â€ Switzerland Email: bdtdirector@itu. int Tel.:++41 22 730 5035/5435

Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Deputy to the Director and Directorï oeadministration and Operations Coordination

Department (DDR Infrastructure Enabling Environmnent and e-Applications Department (IEE Innovation and Partnership Department (IP

Email: bdtdeputydir@itu. int Email: bdtiee@itu. int Email: bdtip@itu. int Email: bdtpkm@itu. int

Tel.:++41 22 730 5784 Tel.:++41 22 730 5421 Tel.:++41 22 730 5900 Tel.:+

+41 22 730 5447 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Fax:+

+41 22 730 5484 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Africa Ethiopia Cameroon Senegal Zimbabwe International Telecommunication

Union (ITU Regional Office P o box 60 005 Gambia Rd. Leghar ETC Building 3rd floor Addis ababa â€ Ethiopia

Union internationale des tã lã communications (UIT Bureau de zone Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e Ã tage

Boulevard du 20 mai Boã te postale 11017 Yaoundã â€ Cameroon Union internationale des tã lã communications (UIT

Bureau de zone 19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayã§al, 4e Ã tage

B. P. 50202 Dakar RP Dakar â€ Senegal International Telecommunication Union (ITU Area Office Telone Centre for Learning

Corner Samora Machel and Hampton Road P o box BE 792 Belvedere Harare â€ Zimbabwe Email: itu-addis@itu. int Email:

itu-yaounde@itu. int Email: itu-dakar@itu. int Email: itu-harare@itu. int Tel.:+

+251 11 551 4977 Tel.:++237 22 22 9292 Tel.:++221 33 849 7720 Tel.:+

+263 4 77 5939 Tel.:++251 11 551 4855 Tel.:++237 22 22 9291 Fax:+

+221 33 822 8013 Tel.:++263 4 77 5941 Tel.:++251 11 551 8328 Fax:+

+237 22 22 9297 Fax:++263 4 77 1257 Fax:++251 11 551 7299 Americas

Brazil Barbados Chile Honduras Uniã£o Internacional de Telecomunicaã§Ã es (UIT Regional Office SAUS Quadra 06, Bloco â€oeeâ€

11â andar, Ala Sul Ed. Luis Eduardo Magalhã£es (Anatel 70070-940 Brasilia, DF â€ Brazil

International Telecommunication Union (ITU Area Office United nations House Marine Gardens Hastings, Christ church P o box 1047 Bridgetown â€ Barbados

Uniã n Internacional de Telecomunicaciones (UIT Oficina de Representaciã n de Ã rea Merced 753, Piso 4

Email: itubrasilia@itu. int Email: itubridgetown@itu. int Email: itusantiago@itu. int Email: itutegucigalpa@itu. int

Tel.:++55 61 2312 2730-1 Tel.:++1 246 431 0343/4 Tel.:++56 2 632 6134/6147 Tel.:+

+504 22 201 074 Tel.:++55 61 2312 2733-5 Fax:++1 246 437 7403 Fax:+

+56 2 632 6154 Fax:++504 22 201 075 Fax:++55 61 2312 2738 Arab States Asia and the Pacific CIS countries

Egypt Thailand Indonesia Russian Federation International Telecommunication Union (ITU Regional Office Smart Village, Building B 147, 3rd floor

Km 28 Cairo â€ Alexandria Desert Road Giza Governorate Cairo â€ Egypt International Telecommunication Union (ITU

Regional Office Thailand Post Training center, 5th floor 111 Chaengwattana Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 â€ Thailand

Mailing address P o box 178, Laksi Post office Laksi, Bangkok 10210 â€ Thailand International Telecommunication Union (ITU Area Office

Sapta Pesona Building, 13th floor JI. Merdan Merdeka Barat No. 17 Jakarta 10001 â€ Indonesia

Mailing address c/o UNDP â€ P o box 2338 Jakarta 10001 â€ Indonesia International Telecommunication Union (ITU

Area Office 4, Building 1 Sergiy Radonezhsky Str Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Mailing address P o box 25 â€ Moscow 105120

Russian Federation Email: itucairo@itu. int Email: itubangkok@itu. int Email: itujakarta@itu. int Email:

itumoskow@itu. int Tel.:++202 3537 1777 Tel.:++66 2 575 0055 Tel.:++62 21 381 3572 Tel.:+

+7 495 926 6070 Fax:++202 3537 1888 Fax:++66 2 575 3507 Tel.:++62 21 380 2322 Fax:+

+7 495 926 6073 Tel.:++62 21 380 2324 Fax:++62 21 389 05521 Europe

Switzerland International Telecommunication Union (ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT Europe Unit (EUR Place des Nations

CH-1211 Geneva 20 â€ Switzerland Switzerland Email: eurregion@itu. int Tel.:++41 22 730 5111

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment February 2014 This report was developed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),

and grew out of the youth employment and entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation.

The partnership seeks to advance youth employability, entrepreneurship, and social inclusion by addressing challenges surrounding integrating young people into the employment market, highlighting

innovative approaches and uses of ICTS, and providing pathways to boost self-development, knowledge and skills

prior written permission of ITU Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iii Lead authors

Chris Coward is the cofounder, Principal Research Scientist, and Director of the Technology & Social

The authors wish to thank Susan Schorr, Head, ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau Special Initiatives Division, for her advice, direction and contributions during the preparation of the report

and develop the computer, mobile phone and internet applications that are powering these changes. The needs span a wide range of skills, from

the most basic to very advanced, offering opportunities for people of varying abilities The information technology revolution is also fuelling new business creation.

why I am proud to be the Patron of the Young Innovators Programme at ITU TELECOM World events, and

Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT), I am engaged fully in empowering youth through initiatives such as my flagship m-Powering Development initiative,

mobile phones to promote education, commerce, health, sport and more. International Girls in ICT Day celebrated on the fourth Thursday of every April, is designed likewise to ensure that young women join

Telecommunication Development Bureau Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment v Table of contents Page 1 Introduction...

4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly...26 4. 7 Green jobs...26 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS...

5. 3 Web literacy...32 5. 4 Complementary skills...34 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

6. 5 Mobile resources...41 6. 6 Comprehensive programmes...42 7 Getting there â€ becoming ICT-savvy...

7. 4. 3 Social media...53 7. 4. 4 Mobile phones â€ learning on the go...53 7. 5 Certification...

54 7. 5. 1badges...55 8 The role of government...56 8. 1 ICTS in education...

an even wider range of opportunities brought about by the growth of the â€oeapp economy, â€ mobile phones

social media, and the game industry For todayâ€ s youth this signals an opportunity, if the right steps are taken.

app development, that are a direct result of advances in ICTS and global internet diffusion.

likely to lack the life skills required for formal employment as well as the social networks needed to obtain

ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database Educational attainment among youth is chronically low. In Sub-saharan africa just 77 per cent of

message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas is one of the main challenges for the sector

Website: www. ckw. applab. org 63 Gary Gereffi et al.""Skills for Upgrading: Workforce Development and Global Value Chains in Developing Countries

and in particular mobile phones, to solve global health challenges The World health organization (WHO), using data from the Center for Health Market Innovations (CHMI

In lieu of the traditional office, technology is used to videoconference with patients in rural areas and/or to instant message with a health practitioner for medical

Using mobile phone applications, financial transactions are expedited between physicians and patients 6. Mitigate fraud and abuse:

mobile phones (63 per cent), computers (39 per cent), or both. 69 Text messaging services do not appear to

be used widely. Programme implementers seem to prefer voice messages over text messages, especially if they are working with illiterate populations. 70

Electrical and internet infrastructure is sometimes lacking, explaining why some programmes prefer mobile phones over computers.

Other barriers, like initial and ongoing costs, are also impediments SMS for Life is a public-private partnership led by Novartis and supported by the Tanzanian

Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Vodacom and Vodafone. The project is part of the global Roll Back Malaria Partnership

SMS for Life relies on only a basic mobile phone to improve access to essential malaria

It uses a combination of mobile phones, SMS messages and electronic mapping technology to track weekly stock levels at public health

Website: www. smsforlife. com 3. 3 Offshore services Over the past two decades the offshore services industry has turned into one of the most dynamic

youth around the world browse web-based job listings to find work. Those with limited access to the

internet carry out their job searches at public venues â€ telecentres, libraries, cybercafes â€ and many are

enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find and carry out work, launch their entrepreneurial

endeavours and even get paid via their cell phones. Young people are doing mobile microwork, and also

Given the growth in mobile phones, there is a lot of interest in mobile applications and how the emerging

websites for people with disabilities The fields of ICT repair, maintenance, and sales are explored also as they continue to be a source of

81 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012 Maximizing Mobile,(Washington, D c.:World Bank, 2012), 75,

82 M-PESA (M for mobile, pesa is Swahili for money) is an innovative mobile transfer solution that enables customers to

which was done as a partnership between Safaricom and Vodafone 83 The app economy refers to the range of economic activity surrounding mobile applications.

While it may be skilled common for, educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to

many workers may not have access to job postings on the internet and may lack the

social networks to find out about work opportunities. Searching for informal sector jobs often occurs through word-of-mouth,

Mobile phones are becoming an important tool for job seekers and there are a number of job-matching

their mobile phones to create and update personal profiles in Souktel's system. When position openings match job seekersâ€ qualifications, they are notified via text message.

means, and men largely dominate internet cafes Website: www. souktel. org 4. 2 Microwork and crowdsourcing

As discussed in chapter 3, offshore services have turned into one of the most dynamic sectors employing

This process can occur both online and offline. The difference between crowdsourcing and ordinary outsourcing is that a task

Maximizing Mobile, 75 85 â€oecrowdsourcing, â€ Wikipedia, https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crowdsourcing, accessed on December 3, 2012.

See also Jeff Howe, The Rise of Crowdsourcing (Wired, 2006), www. wired. com/wired/archive/14.06/crowds. html

comprehensive list of businesses, sites, and forums that use crowdsourcing. 86 Crowdflower Crowdflower is one of the largest crowdsourcing platforms,

product categorization and labelling for major online retail and auction sites like Amazon ebay, and Taoboa, to customer database management, to content creation.

Human labelling of products and search results is time consuming, but the demand for it occurs in peaks and

Website: http://crowdflower. com 86 Anjali Ramachandran, â€oecrowdsourcing Examples, â€ http://crowdsourcingexamples. pbworks. com and

http://crowdsourcingexamples. pbworks. com/w/page/16668424/Individual businesses%2c sites or forums that channel

can be completed via the internet or mobile devices. Microwork is considered the smallest â€ the most granular â€ unit of work in a virtual assembly line. 88 It also requires the lowest level of skills

workers across geographic boundaries, using the internet or mobile phones. Workers are paid small amounts of money for completing each task.

products on an e-commerce site Referred to as a kind of digital blue-collar work, microwork requires little training, and many

millions of underprivileged people equipped with internet-connected mobile phones. The motto of the m2work challenge is:

88 â€oemicrowork, â€ Wikipedia, https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Microwork, accessed on December 3, 2012 89 World bank, â€oenew Frontiers and Opportunities in Work.

www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

Samasource secures contracts with companies including Google, Intuit, and CISCO; it has provided services to Linkedin and the U s. State department,

to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation, and other services. Component tasks (â€oemicroworkâ€ are distributed to the workforce,

Website: www. samasource. org 4. 3 Apps development There is speculation regarding how the growing trend of apps development will generate new

The rapid rise of smartphones, tablets and social media, and the applications-â€oeappsâ€-that run on them,

is one of the biggest economic and technological phenomena today. Since the iphone was introduced in 2007,

the app economy has generated roughly 752 000 app related jobs in the United states alone as of July 2013.92 The figure is

mobile and developer communities in East Africa have both been games-a Matatu racing game that has

530,000 jobs and rising, â€ (Vision Mobile, September 2013 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising

/94 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012: The New App Economy,(June 2012) 4 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app-economy

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows

â€¢IT-related jobs that use app economy skillsâ€ the ability to develop, maintain, or support mobile

â€¢Large companies such as Amazon, Apple, Google, Microsoft, and RIM, who develop and maintain mobile app ecosystems/platforms

as smartphone penetration rises and people in these regions become more engaged 95 Mandel and Scherer, â€oethe Geography of the App Economy, â€ 15

96 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012: The New App Economy, 73 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

and smartphone penetration as in Asia, Latin america, Eastern europe, Russia and Africa 4. 3. 2 Tech hubs for app development

The World bank Bankâ€ s infodev programme, in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Nokia has established a network of five mlabs in Armenia, Kenya, South africa, Pakistan, and Viet nam.

of enterprises in mobile content and applications and are part of a wider mobile innovation programme

In many developing countries where mobile phones are the primary means of accessing information via the internet, mobile apps that improve peopleâ€ s health, finances,

and livelihoods hold great promise Social intermediaries such as non-governmental organizations are playing an important role in

It should be noted that some of those mobile services have not been â€oeappsâ€ per se, but aggregated services or lower tech solutions such as SMS or

technical skills who can develop accessible software, websites, and other ICTS. Currently, however, there is a vast shortage of people with these skills.

development of accessibility mobile phone apps and other software applications, with the most recent 97 In the United states, for example, Section 508 requires all public procurement of ICTS to be accessible to people with

Perhaps the ICT of greatest interest to this community is the mobile phone, and in particular smart

phones for such features as: hearing aid compatibility, open or closed-captioned multimedia content video chat applications, screen reading applications,

100 International Telecommunication Union. The ICT Opportunity for a Disability-Inclusive Development Framework; ITU 2013,3

11, International Telecommunication Union. Making Mobile phones and Services Accessible, 2012 102 Lehdonvirta and Ernkvist. Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, p51

103 Gold Farming refers to when individuals play a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players

4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of

youth job training and employment in many regions around the world. In cities throughout the developing

world, the ICT and electronics markets where mobile phones are sold and repaired serve as many peopleâ€ s first interactions with technology as well as a huge source of employment and entrepreneurship

Website: atedec. wordpress. com 4. 7 Green jobs There is increasing consensus in the development community that the global environmental crisis is an

applications from web portals, text messages (SMS), mobile phone based monitoring systems, community mapping and social media tools are offering new ways that young people can play a role in â€oesmartâ€

energy-efficient economic growth, and environmental protection 5 ICT employability skills What skills are required to take advantage of the opportunities described in this report?

The popularization of Web 2. 0, social media, mobile apps, and other ICT advancements have changed dramatically the playing field.

and web literacy, among others. New curricula and training programs have emerged to cover the broader set of skills contained within these new frameworks

Next, the concept of web literacy is explored, exemplifying new thinking around 113 Youthpolicy. org, www. youthpolicy. org/blog/category/rio-2012

/114 Michael Davidson and Kyle Gracey. â€oegreen Jobs for Youth, â€ 2011 http://switchboard. nrdc. org/blogs/mdavidson/Youthgreenjobs%20-%20gracey,%20davidson. pdf

115 UN Focal point on Youth, â€oewhat Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your Country?

Youth Report Website, last modified on December 29, 2011 www. unworldyouthreport. org/index. php? option=com k2&view=item&layout=item&id=23&itemid=128

â€¢using email and web browser â€¢installing software and hardware Advanced computer skills (sample â€¢programming

web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on a document or resource, tags, contribution to wikis, etc

Can use social media for different collaborative purposes Attitude examples Is willing to share and collaborate with others

5. 3 Web literacy While digital literacy may be established the most concept, other efforts have emerged also that reflect

differing philosophies of how the internet should be maintained, as well as different skillsets. The concept of web literacies is worth discussing in this context.

Advanced by the Mozilla Foundation in collaboration with global experts, web literacies refers to â€oenot only being able to read the web

but also having the ability to â€ writeâ€ it. Writing the web â€ creating pages, documents and multimedia assets â€ means

understanding the building blocks of the web. As Mitchell Baker (Chairperson of Mozilla) says, we want to

move beyond â€ elegant consumptionâ€ towards creating a generation of Webmakers. Weâ€ re not talking

and make things with and on the web. â€ 122 122 Doug Belshaw,"Working towards a framework to understand the skills,

Web skills/Competencies/Literacies grid EXPLORING CREATING CONNECTING PROTECTING BEGINNER Browser basics e g. URLS copy/paste

Web mechanics e g. view source hyperlinks Web design basics e g. affordances of the web, designing

for audiences Sharing e g. social networks embedding Rights online e g. copyright, open licensing INTERMEDIATE Browser skills

e g. cookie management, add -ons Javascript basics e g. programming basics, javascript syntax Contributing to web

communities e g. distributed working, collaborative curation Identity e g. personal information curation tracking management Credibility e g. trustworthiness

of websites evaluating information Advanced web design e g. responsive design, accessibility Storytelling e g. multimedia augmentation

Security & encryption e g. data protection basic encryption Remixing e g. mashups hackable games Infrastructure e g. hosting

domains Open practices e g. open standards open source Legalese on the web e g. privacy policies terms of service

agreements Source: Mozilla Foundation123 123 Ibid Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 34 5. 4 Complementary skills

Household tech names such as Google, Intel, Microsoft, Nokia and Vodafone all have a presence there,

128 David Rowan, â€oewant to become an Internet billionaire? Move to Africa, â€ (wired. com. uk, November 4, 2011

Your app, website or other idea may be great, but if you donâ€ t understand marketing,

A recap of last weekâ€ s event, â€ I-Hub Blog, October 23, 2012 www. ihub. co. ke/blog/2012/10/silicon-savannah-hype-or-reality-a-recap-of-last-weeks-event

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 38 Important skills for digital entrepreneurs In addition, digital entrepreneurs also require skills in a variety of areas related to business

â€¢email (and managing mailing lists â€¢presentations â€¢virtual collaboration Research â€¢ability to find

â€¢social media skills: blogging, social media management â€¢basic understanding of search engine optimization (SEO) 135 Technology management

â€¢picking the right management information system (MIS â€¢ability to assess rapidly changing technology tools

visitors to a website by obtaining a high-ranking placement in the search results pages of internet search engines such

as Google, Firefox, Yahoo and other search engines. SEO helps to ensure that a site is accessible to a search engine and

improves the chances that the site will be found by the search engine 136 Jonathan Kalan, â€oewhy Jordan Looks More Like Kenya than Silicon valley, â€ (wamda. com, November 21, 2012

www. wamda. com/2012/11/why-jordan-looks-more-like-kenya-than-silicon-valley Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

brief profile and a specific mentoring request on their website. The request is listed then in the

The website has more than 3 500 entrepreneurs and 2 600 business mentors enrolled, and it has made more than 2 250 matches.

also sign up on the website. Micromentor reports that participating businesses had a 75 per cent increase in median annual business sales and an 87 per cent survival rate year over year

Website: www. micromentor. org Social networks are important sources of community support and can provide access to capital, skills

distribution channels, and qualified peers to start new business activities. â€oeinformal social networks consisting of acquaintances, investors as well as other mobile entrepreneurs,

or peers, serve three distinct purposes in the development of new venturesâ€ discovering opportunities, securing new resources, and

internet, to support an entrepreneurâ€ s business. Crowdfunding platforms have become a popular way for

Maximizing Mobile, 77 138 Mobile Monday, www. mobilemonday. net 139 A pitch fest is an event where entrepreneurs have the opportunity to pitch their ideas to potential investors

140 Barcamp is an international network of technology-related conferences where participants set the agendas

organize offline-networking events called VC4AFRICA Meetups. These have been hosted in 35 cities around the world

Website: www. vc4africa. biz Contests are another popular way to compete for funding. Every year witnesses more and more contests

The ITU Young Innovators Competition is held annually as part of ITU Telecom World. The 2012 event in Dubai offered nearly 400 entrepreneurs aged 18-25 from 77 countries the

Website: world2013. itu. int/event/innovation Venture funds are also being established by many organizations to fund startups.

Website: www. oasis500. com 142 Devin Thorpe, â€oewhy Crowdfunding Will Explode In 2013, â€ Forbes, October 15, 2012

www. forbes. com/sites/devinthorpe/2012/10/15/get-ready-here-it-comes-crowdfunding-will-explode-in-2013

Website: www. iyfnet. org/build-your-business 6. 5 Mobile resources An increasing number of mobile phone resources are enabling entrepreneurs to access capital, process

transactions, refine product design, research market information, find new suppliers, broaden their customer base, manage their supply chain,

and streamline their business operations. With the number of mobile phone devices far eclipsing personal computers in most of the world â€oefor many entrepreneurs in

developing countries and rural areas, a mobile device is a tool not only for contacting customers and accessing the internet,

but also for making financial transactions, establishing a client database, or coordinating justin-time supply-chain deliveries.

has pioneered a successful mobile payment initiative known as M-PESA. Currently the most developed mobile payment system in the developing world, M-PESA allows users with a national ID card or passport

it using the companyâ€ s 20 000 distribution sites. Users can deposit money, make withdrawals, or transfer

Other mobile payment processors that work with mobile devices, such as Square147, are also making business transactions easier for young entrepreneurs

Maximizing Mobile, 75 147 https://squareup. com /Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 42

and sell over the internet, bringing with it more efficient markets 8villages is a mobile platform that links Indonesian farmers to their communities of peers and

Website: www. 8villages. com /6. 6 Comprehensive programmes Many organizations and initiatives provide a suite of services,

Website: www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/youthspark/youthsparkhub /7 Getting there â€ becoming ICT-savvy

increasingly sophisticated technologies and applications that are available on smart phones, tablets and personal computers Digital opportunities:

d. Internet resources can bypass peer review, changing the traditional publication and distribution processes E learning can occur out of sequence as a result of intentional and serendipitous interactions on

and offline f. Students construct content rather than just consuming it. Students are active authors of content

encompasses flipped classroom, mix-mode, hybrid, technology-mediated instruction, and web-enhanced instruction. In flipped classrooms, 149 for instance, technologies are integrated intricately in the teaching

internet The story of Kelvin Doe Kelvin Doe is a young teenager from Sierra leone whose self-taught technical wizardry and

web 2. 0 tools and applications such as prezi (prezi. com), slideshare (slideshare. net), youtube youtube. com), facebook (facebook. com), evernote (evernote. com),

and dropbox (dropbox. com), to name a few â€ which are readily available through tablets, mobile phones, and personal computers

Blended learning requires active participation and engagement from the students, thereby changing the experience of knowledge acquisition.

Website: www. avu. org One appeal of the blended model for youth and lifelong learners is the flexibility it offers to combine

With ICTS and the vast amount of free content available on the internet, the student (young and old) can

Website: www. coursera. org /152 Anya Kemenetz, â€oeonline courses are taking off: But thereâ€ s a major downside, â€ (Slate. com, November 2013

the internet. Other examples of initiatives assisting self-directed learning include: Moodle157, Udacity158 Edx159, Second Life160, among others

In the education sector, students enrolled in MOOCS are found to collaborate through social media and

ICTS and social media have brought down the barriers to collaboration and openness. 162 With these barriers removed, the possibilities for collaborative

/162 Clay Shirky, â€oethe Political Power of Social media, â€ Foreign affairs 90, no. 1 (2011: 28â€ 41

163 Nilofer Merchant, â€oelet Your Ideas Go,"(Harvard Business Review, Blogs. Hbr. org, June 26, 2012

http://blogs. hbr. org/cs/2012/06/let your ideas go. html Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

Website: info. p2pu. org 7. 2 Partnerships for learning and jobs As noted in chapters 3 and 4,

Google summer of code, launched in 2005, is a global programme that has granted over 6 000 stipends to post-secondary developers for writing code for open source software

Website: code. google. com/soc 7. 3 Learning and innovation places The classic notion of the learning place is associated with organized institutions such as schools

universities, and vocational training centres. With the advance of new learning models described above youth are taking learning to places like technology hubs, co-working spaces,

the emergence and wide adoption of web 2. 0 technologies would give rise to social networking collaborative content creation and democratized innovation. 165 The technological changes seen in the

widespread impact of social networking and new locales for learning 7. 3. 1 Co-working spaces and technology hubs

mentorship, internet connectivity and the possibility of venture funding through connections with the international venture capital community.

a focus on young entrepreneurs, web and mobile phone programmers, designers and researchers. The ihub is part open community workspace (co-working), part nexus for

Website: www. ihub. co. ke 7. 3. 2 Hacker/maker spaces Another type of space is the hackerspace, or makerspace.

cutters, CNC (computer numerical control) routers and CNC milling machines are often part of the equipment mix as well.

games to repositories to open courseware to social media, the internet offers multiple possibilities to acquire information and share knowledge

Over a thousand users visit the site daily to access hundreds of titles in the repository free to download and distribute

Website: www. etnassoft. com 7. 4. 2 Games It is estimated that young people spend an average of two hours a day playing video and/or online games

Website: www. minecraftedu. com /167 Manuel Castells and Gustavo Cardoso, The Network Society,(WASHINGTON DC: Johns Hopkins Center for Transatlantic

7. 4. 3 Social media Social media are used extensively for learning as well. Some of the major sites (e g.

Facebook and Twitter became known as platforms for the exchange of personal stories and leisure activities, but more and

more people are using these for educational and professional purposes as well. Social networks, blogs podcasts, video sharing (Youtube, Vimeo), photo sharing (Flickr, Picasa), social bookmarks (Evernote

del icio us), presentation sharing (Prezi, slideshare), discussion forums (Google groups), events (Meetup and thousands of other platforms are being used by individuals

and institutions of learning to enrich the learning experience. For example, people who enrol in MOOCS take advantage of both online social media

tools and applications such as Meetup to organize face-to-face study sessions at a local coffeehouse library, or someoneâ€ s house.

Education experts call this connectivism, where â€oeknowledge isnâ€ t a set of isolated facts to be memorized.

7. 4. 4 Mobile phones â€ learning on the go There are over 5. 2 billion mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries. 169 The ubiquity of mobiles

has turned them into a learning tool that can bring people living in remote areas closer to education

Taking advantage of the enormous mobile phone usage there are a multitude of efforts aimed at the full

The Mobiles for Education Alliance, comprised of 18 members including: British Council, ITU, the Mastercard Foundation, Organization of american states, USAID

the potential of mobile phones to vastly expand learning opportunities, especially for those in developing countries. 171

while others integrate mobiles into a broader educational experience following the blended learning, self-directed learning, and collaborative learning examples discussed

And while there are many programs that can be accessed via basic or feature phones, it is the

proliferation of data-enabled phones (smart phones) that offers the greatest opportunities for mobile learning.

Mobiles for Youth Workforce Development, â€ Mobiles for Education Alliance, 2013 21, www. meducationalliance. org/content/mobiles-youth-workforce-development-landscape-review

171 Mobiles for Education Alliance, www. meducationalliance. org /Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

54 There is an opportunity for public access points, such as telecentres, libraries, and cybercafã s to combine

the portability of smart phones with the broader functionality of personal computers. Research on teens in South africa who have smart phones

and who frequent public access points found that they value the benefits of the computers for educational uses,

institute services that would leverage their mobiles as well. 172 7. 5 Certification The certification process is a verification of competencies

and Google, also offer certificates. The self-directed learner can earn some of these certificates online directly.

172 Marion Walton and Jonathan Donner, Public Access, Private Mobile, Global Impact Study Research Report Series

www. globalimpactstudy. org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Public-access-private-mobile-final. pdf 173 Microsoft Digital Literacy curriculum

Website: www. ecdl. org 7. 5. 1 Badges New thinking is entering the certification arena,

In some countries ministries of labour, telecommunications, youth or human development education, social development and even industry work together to identify common areas of interest and

www. forbes. com/sites/parmyolson/2012/09/06/why-estonia-has started-teaching-its-first-graders-to-code

and support as they have shown to be fertile sites for innovation and learning Promoting these kinds of activities requires openness to uncertainty and risk.

support from Google) to develop apps for these two systems. The impetus for these efforts started at the

Beyond these sectors, the internet itself is responsible for making possible new opportunities that have generated livelihoods for millions of people

existence to global internet expansion that continues to connect more and more of the worldâ€ s population

web design, security and privacy, solving technical problems, and programming, among others. Becoming a successful entrepreneur requires business skills as well, such as operations and management, finance

Anyone with an internet connection can access open courseware, enrol in a MOOC course, or receive a badge certifying mastery of a subject

Indeed, some of the greatest opportunities may be realized by combining online and offline activities Youth are suited ideally to take advantage of these opportunities.

and have driven the explosive expansion of social media and other web 2. 0 applications. It is these new

community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and space for group activity are positioned ideally to implement programmes that will provide youth with the

http://switchboard. nrdc. org/blogs/mdavidson/Youthgreenjobs%20 -%20gracey,%20davidson. pdf European commission. DIGCOMP: A framework for developing

A recap of last weekâ€ s event. â€ I-Hub Blog, October 23, 2012 www. ihub. co. ke/blog/2012/10/silicon-savannah-hype-or-reality-a-recap-of-last-weeks-event

/infodev.""Improving Health, Connecting People: The Role of ICT in the Health Sector in Developing

International Telecommunication Union (ITU. A Bright Future in ICTS Opportunities for a New Generation of Women.

International Telecommunication Union. The ICT Opportunity for a Disability-Inclusive Development Framework. Geneva: ITU, 2013

International Telecommunication Union. Making Mobile phones and Services Accessible, 2012 International Telecommunication Union (ITU. Measuring the Information Society 2012.

Geneva: ITU 2012. www. itu. int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi /International Telecommunication Union (ITU.

Measuring the Information Society 2013. Geneva: ITU 2013). ) www. itu. int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/publications/mis2013. aspx

International Youth Foundation. Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods Baltimore: International Youth Foundation, 2012. www. microsoft. com/en

Merchant, Nilofer. â€oelet Your Ideas Go. â€ Harvard Business Review, HBR Blog Network, June 26, 2012

http://blogs. hbr. org/cs/2012/06/let your ideas go. html Miller, Riel, Hanne Shapiro, and Knud Erik Hilding-Hamann. â€oeschool's Over:

2011. www. rockefellerfoundation. org/blog/job creation-through-building-field Moraa, Hilda and Wangechi Mwangi. â€oethe Impact of ICT Hubs On African Entrepreneurs:

6, 2012. www. forbes. com/sites/parmyolson/2012/09/06/why-estonia-has started-teaching-its -first-graders-to-code

530,000 jobs and rising. â€ Vision Mobile. September 2013 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising

/Partnership for 21st Century Skills.""P21 Framework Definitions.""Last modified December 2009 www. p21. org/storage/documents/P21 framework definitions. pdf

Mobiles for Youth Workforce Development. â€ Mobiles for Education Alliance, 2013,21. Last modified, Oct 2, 2013

www. meducationalliance. org/content/mobiles-youth-workforce-development-landscape -review Rowan, David. â€oewant to become an internet billionaire?

Move to Africa. â€ wired. com. uk, November 4 2011. www. wired. co. uk/news/archive/2011-11/04/get-rich-move-to-africa

Shirky, Clay. â€oethe Political Power of Social media. â€ Foreign affairs 90, no. 1 (2011: 28â€ 41

Sondergaard, Lars, and Mamta Murthi. Skills, Not Just Diplomas, Managing Education for Results in Eastern europe and Central asia.

www. forbes. com/sites/devinthorpe/2012/10/15/get-ready-here-it-comes-crowdfunding-will -explode-in-2013

â€ UN World Youth Report Website. Last modified on December 29, 2011 www. unworldyouthreport. org/index. php?

Vision Mobile. Developer Economics 2012: The New App Economy. 2012 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app

-economy /Walton, Marion, and Jonathan Donner. Public Access, Private Mobile. Global Impact Study Research Report Series.

Seattle: Technology & Social Change Group, University of Washington Information School, 2012. www. globalimpactstudy. org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Public

-access-private-mobile-final. pdf World bank. ICT in Agriculture: Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and Institutions

Maximizing Mobile Washington, D c.:The World bank, 2012. http://go. worldbank. org/0j2ctqtyp0 World bank. â€oenew Frontiers and Opportunities in Work.

Affordances of the web Refers to properties of a web siteâ€ s user interface that allows the easy discovery

with the applications that run on mobile phones Badges A certification system for recognizing skills and knowledge, led by the Mozilla

the internet, to support an entrepreneurâ€ s business Crowdsourcing Outsourcing of tasks or larger projects to a distributed group of people

web pages and other information that can be displayed in a web browser HTTP and HTTPS The Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) is an application protocol that forms the

Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as programming Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO

Web 2. 0 Websites that allow users to interact, collaborate, and create content (in contrast

to static websites Web literacy Refers to not only being able to read the web but also having the ability to â€ writeâ€

it (create pages, documents and multimedia assets International Telecommunication Union (ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT

Office of the Director Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 â€ Switzerland Email: bdtdirector@itu. int

Tel.:++41 22 730 5035/5435 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Deputy to the Director and

Directorï oeadministration and Operations Coordination Department (DDR Infrastructure Enabling Environmnent and e-Applications Department (IEE

Innovation and Partnership Department (IP Project Support and Knowledge Management Department (PKM Email: bdtdeputydir@itu. int Email:

bdtiee@itu. int Email: bdtip@itu. int Email: bdtpkm@itu. int Tel.:++41 22 730 5784 Tel.:+

+41 22 730 5421 Tel.:++41 22 730 5900 Tel.:++41 22 730 5447 Fax:+

+41 22 730 5484 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Fax:++41 22 730 5484 Fax:+

+41 22 730 5484 Africa Ethiopia Cameroon Senegal Zimbabwe International Telecommunication Union (ITU Regional Office

P o box 60 005 Gambia Rd. Leghar ETC Building 3rd floor Addis ababa â€ Ethiopia Union internationale des

tã lã communications (UIT Bureau de zone Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e Ã tage Boulevard du 20 mai

Boã te postale 11017 Yaoundã â€ Cameroon Union internationale des tã lã communications (UIT Bureau de zone

19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayã§al, 4e Ã tage B. P. 50202 Dakar RP

Dakar â€ Senegal International Telecommunication Union (ITU Area Office Telone Centre for Learning Corner Samora Machel and

Hampton Road P o box BE 792 Belvedere Harare â€ Zimbabwe Email: itu-addis@itu. int Email: