Synopsis: Ict: Communication systems: Telecommunication: Computer networks:

E-HEALTH flexible systems to be implemented in a relatively short time, with a focus on training and on integrating systems into the realities of the

A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu

Global Internet consumer traffic growth trends over time 16 Figure 2: Global consumer Internet traffic 17

Figure 3: The evolution over time of consumer bandwidth demand during the busy hour 20

needed to achieve 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed 42 Figure 15: The broadband deployment â€oegap†in the United states 43

Cost and ARPU per customer per month for FTTH P2p Ethernet at 70 %penetration 45

Internet households by average traffic per month 18 Table 2: Average and busy hour global consumer household bandwidth requirements 19

•by 2020, to ensure that all Europeans have access to much higher Internet speeds

Internet connections above 100 Mbps. 6 These goals would seem to be clear, but in fact a great deal of complexity and ambiguity

growth in European Internet traffic over time, notably including the annual Cisco Virtual Networking Index (VNI.

estimate current and future Internet traffic by region, by application, and fixed versus mobile (see Figure 2). There is of course uncertainty with any projection of the future, but

Global consumer Internet traffic Source: Cisco VNI (2012). 9 Internet traffic growth trends in Western europe are expected not to differ greatly from

global trends. Western European IP traffic is forecast to grow at a CAGR of 27%per year

Web/Data Internet Video 29%CAGR 2011-2016 Petabytes per Month 22 %23 %54 %18 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE

Table 1: Internet households by average traffic per month Number of households by Traffic per Month (Millions

of Households 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 CAGR Households generating more than 50 GB per month 62 79 105 126 150 175 23

share of total Internet traffic is expected to remain fairly constant over the next five years while the Central and Eastern European share grows somewhat.

to do things that they were not previously able to do (e g. with slow dial-up Internet

Internet applications, services and content benefit by selling services to consumers or by selling advertising to a wide range of firms.

Impacts of Internet connectivity on irm productivityâ€; Motu Working Paper 09-15; Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, October;

and Internet Policy (TPRC), Arlington, Virginia September 23-25; 2005; revised January 17, 2006 25 Howell, B. and A. Grimes (2010:

Countries with large Internet economies, including the United States, Japan and Germany, are receiving large benefits from broadband.

Household Demand for Broadband Internet Service Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications Commission;

which aims to deliver fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at

fast broadband internet in the future network-based knowledge economy, with an ambitious target for universal broadband coverage with speeds of at least 30 Mbps for

â€oestate-of-the-Art Mobile Internet connectivity and its Impact on e-commerceâ€, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European parliament, 28 june 2012, WIK and TNO, available at

Cable Internet penetration as%of all households 2010 100 %80 %60 %40 %20 %0 %38 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE

Remainder of internet-capable network DOCSIS3. 0 Percentage of premises passed 39 4. 2. 4 The potential for wi reless solutions

OPEX that would be required to deploy broadband (with 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed) to all households in the United states. Underserved areas tend to be

OPEX needed to achieve 4 Mbps download and 1 Mbps upload speed Source: FCC: â€oethe Broadband Availability Gapâ€, April 2010

Ethernet, P2p GPON, and FTTB P2p DSL. 55 Neither cable television infrastructure nor wireless was considered. The national territory was segmented then into twenty different

Ethernet covering the full national territory, an average ARPU of â 44 would be required see Figure 17.

Cost and ARPU p er customer per month for FTTH P2p Ethernet at 70 %penetration

network, close to the customer premises,(2) P2p Ethernet is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibres

per home and Ethernet switches concentrating the customer traffic at the central MPOP (ODF) sites.

but GPON splitters and OLT at the central MPOP sites, and (4) FTTB P2p DSL is Point-to-Point fibre access network with single fibre per building

The Cisco VNI report (2011) notes that Internet traffic demand, contrary to what many have assumed, is becoming more asymmetric

over time, not less. â€oewith video growth, Internet traffic is evolving from a relatively steady stream of traffic (characteristic of P2p) to a more dynamic traffic pattern. †With the

exception of short-form video and video calling, most forms of Internet video do not

gateways to the Internet (IP routers), and servers for providing a range of services. 60 Where there are multiple headends,

60 Examples are DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), games, web, e-mail (SMTP, Simple Mail Transfer

Internet International Gateways ON 2 ON n Fiber Ring HE1 Euro DOCSIS CMTS +Telephony equipment

+Router Connections Secondary IP Backbone Secondary Telephone Backbone Ring Primary Telephony Backbone Connections /Conversions Primary

Router 52 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE CMTS (Cable Modem Termination System. The CMTS is the intelligence of a

65 Moreover, DOCSIS 3. 0 supports Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPV6 66 â€oevirgin Media ups broadband pace to 1. 5gbpsâ€, Seek Broadband, 20 april 2011

is able to broadcast download speeds of up to 4. 7 Gbps. See KDG Press release May 31, 2012

broadcasting infrastructure to a fully Internet-capable state-of-the-art Eurodocsis 3. 0 cable network, the first of which has long since been completed substantially throughout Europe

Theoretical (advertised) download speed, with Internet centres in rural areas •Base: Theoretical (advertised) download speed

•Advanced: Actual (guaranteed) download speed •Maximum: Actual (guaranteed) download and upload speed In all scenarios except the first â€oeminimum†scenario, coverage to the household is assumed

to be required. These differing scenarios each implied different feasible solutions. For example, the Advanced scenario could be met with ADSL2, LTE, VDSL2, Eurodocsis

3. 0, FTTB, and FTTH, while the Maximum scenario could be satisfied only with pure fibre

whether Europeans would accept the use of Internet centres (as envisioned in the Minimum scenario), except perhaps in the most exceedingly remote

the Cisco VNI 2011 analysis finds that Internet data traffic is become less symmetric over time, not more,

due to the increased use of video. â€oewith video growth, Internet traffic is evolving from a relatively steady stream of traffic (characteristic of P2p) to a more dynamic traffic pattern. â€

With the exception of short-form video and video calling, most forms of Internet video do not have a large upstream

internet accessed over legacy telephone copper and TV cable networks. †70 Rethinking the Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE

can be very cost-effective in delivering higher download capacity. †82 7. 2 Societal welfare benefits from facilities-based competition

http://blogs. telekom com/2012/08/16/telekom-bringt-wettbewerb-in-monopolstrukturen/./â€oeauch auf diesem Markt sind die Kabelnetzbetreiber

Impacts of Internet connectivity on irm productivity; Motu Working Paper 09-15; Motu Economic and Public Policy Research

State-of-the-art Mobile Internet connectivity and its Impact on e-commerce, presentation to the IMCO Committee of the European Parli

Internet Service; Final report to the Broadband. gov Task force, Federal Communications Commission, 3 february Radio spectrum Policy Group (2011:

A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet It can be accessed through the Europa server http://europa. eu

portals, websites blogs and wikis; promotional literature; video clips; and slideshow presentations In parallel, a number of consultation rounds with key educational stakeholders (policy-and decision

-makers, teachers, researchers, IT developers etc. were conducted to provide firsthand experiences of learning innovations and inputs from real settings for the development of policy

part in a webinar was organized by the etwinning Creative Classrooms Group. 7 Findings from the

7 http://groups. etwinning. net/web/creative-classroom/welcome 10 and implementation strategies of effective ICT-ELI with significant scale and/or impact at system

Future of Learning Linkedin Group; 11 the etwinning Creative Classrooms Group; 12 the 10 http://groups. etwinning. net/web/creative-classroom/welcome

13 European Civil Society Platform on Lifelong learning; 13 the European Forum on Learning Futures and Innovation;

website. 17 Survey analytics showed that most of participants entered the survey through a direct link from the

around 250 personal invitations sent by email. A small subset of the participants came from other

dissemination channels such as Linkedin, SCALE CCR webpage and etwinning Creative Classrooms Group. No reminders were sent,

11 http://www. linkedin. com/groups/Future-Learning-2266966/about 12 http://openeducationeuropa. eu/en/blogs/join-jrc-ipts-line-consultation-policy-recommendations

-mainstreaming-ict-enabled-innovation-le 13 http://www. eucis-lll. eu/news/public-consultations/ipts-online-consultation-up-scaling-creative-classrooms

-based e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model. 142 62.7 Relevance according to four groups of participants

pay or go to a licensed library to download) or (b) because they do not know that this research

-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc.

control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of ICT-ELI

networking with other organisations and stakeholders across sites and also within the same organisation, in order to encourage the emergence and scaling up of learning innovations.

http://www. innovationunit. org/sites/default/files/Only%20connect%20 -%20a%20new%20paradigm%20for%20learning%20innovation%20in%20the%2021st%2

-based e-portfolios that follow a web 2. 0/social media model Encouraging a shift of ownership of assessment from teachers to learners by giving

control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of

your email address (e g. john@email. com 42 Annex 2 †Workshop participants Participants in the expert workshop'Scaling up ICT-enabled innovation for learning:

that follow a web 2. 0/social media model 1. 4 3. 5 3. 5 6. 3 22.5 31.0 31.7 62.7

longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of ICT

that follow a web 2. 0/social media model 5. 58 1. 49) 66 5. 83

to install patient information systems at some sites, these require significant investments for their successful implementation.

sites for analysis. In order for this to work, there must be standards for representing the data and for

overlooked, with the result that many sites are unable to share data thus limiting the flow of information

and community health sites and primary health care centres. These are the first points of care

and retrieve clinical data across care boundaries and sites, and consists of over a million medical concepts.

•action concerning online child safety, Internet pharmacies, health information on the Internet and spam;

Internet ehealth policies †a systematic review Identify the uptake of ehealth policies across the globe and analyse

Data Collector, Datacol, is based a web tool that simplifies online form creation for data collection and

12 Web-based tool for online creation of forms in surveys developed by WHO 13 http://www. triplehelixinstitute. org

The Internet has opened a new world to us. Any kind of information is out there and this medium is more and more replacing printed

b) to list the most important websites that are relevant to micro and small businesses

website at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/files/sme definition/sme user guide en. pdf 2. 2 Why is this relevant

as well as the links to the relevant websites and points of contact The European union has three key funding instruments to support SMES

which are published once a year by the European commission on FP7 website Certain topics are dedicated to SMES

and to apply for grants you can visit the website of the European Research Council

website http://cordis. europa. eu/fp7/dc/index. cfm In order to provide help and advices to the participants of FP7,

states on the website of the FP7 programme. The network is based on existing national and regional

The following web link will give you information on transnational cooperation and eligible regions http://ec. europa. eu/regional policy/images/map/cooperat2007/transnational/transnat mosaic. pdf

website at the beginning of each year http://ec. europa. eu/transport/marcopolo/about/index en. htm 4. 4. 3 European Lifelong learning Programme

You can write to the EU SME Envoy at the following email address entr-sme-envoy@ec. europa. eu

http://ec. europa. eu/solvit/site/index en. htm SOLVIT is designed to solve problems encountered by both citizens and businesses in case an EU Mem

On this website you can find booklets issued by the Commission answering questions you may have

The website provides you with a guide with thematic and sectorial access to locally relevant energy

National contact points can be found through the web link European Documentation Centres http://europa. eu/europedirect/meet us/directory/index en. htm

Each national representation†s website provides the address of regional representations as well http://europa. eu/whoiswho/public/index. cfm?

The following website helps you to find the representations of the EU institutions in your country

9 http://www. wheel. ie/sites/default/files/Consultation%20process%20on%20partnership%20agreement%202014%20

Email: info@mwra. ie Tel: 067 33197 www. mwra. ie

International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Development Bureau Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland www. itu. int

end 2014, almost 3 billion people will be using the Internet, up from 2. 7 billion at end

1. 8 Total International Internet bandwidth (Gbit/s), by level of development (left) and regional share

1. 9 International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user, by region, 2004 and 2013.10 1. 10 Percentage of households with Internet access, by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and

1. 15 Individuals using the Internet, by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and by region

1. 16 Growth in daily Google searches, 2007-2013.16 1. 17 Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users...

17 1. 18 Wikipedia articles †total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles...17

1. 19 Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012.19 1. 20 E-government Development Index (EGDI), 2003-2014.20

ix 1. 21 E-government services provided by countries (transactional services, left, and e-participation

3. 11 Percentage of Individuals using the Internet, Europe compared to global and developed country average, 2013.100

5. 2 How Twitter helps understand key post-2015 development concerns...179 5. 3 How mobile operators currently use data to track service uptake, business performance and

1. 2 Total Internet domain registrations by world region, 2003,2008 and 2013.18 2. 1 IDI values and changes, 2012 and 2013.41

Internet usage, with growth in the number of Internet users in all countries and increasing availability of online content, much of which is

user-created through social media applications and platforms (e g. Twitter, Youtube, Whatsapp With more and more applications now available

through mobile platforms (mobile apps), and the strong growth in mobile Internet uptake, an increasing number of people are joining, and

participating actively in, the information society While the information society is growing worldwide, digital divides remain â€

and are even widening †in some segments. In particular, there is a significant and persistent urban-rural digital

Internet services and the higher levels of skills required to make effective use of online content

social media. The final part of the chapter will discuss emerging issues related to information -society measurements, in particular in the context

broadband Internet continues to be a priority for telecommunication service providers and governments in most countries.

backbone capacities and international Internet bandwidth. Indeed, without further deployment of backbone infrastructure, service providers are

is the amount of international Internet bandwidth available in countries and regions such bandwidth being a key requirement for

Over the past decade, international Internet bandwidth has climbed sharply, from around 1 600 Gbit/s in 2001 to 60 400 Gbit/s in 2010 and

leads by far in terms of international Internet bandwidth, accounting for more than 50 per cent of the world†s total (2013), compared with

Europe†s leadership in international Internet bandwidth is explained by the advanced level of broadband adoption and usage

Internet. As a result, the Internet backbone network in the region is interlinked by means of several Internet exchange points (IXPS

that interconnect national networks and give them access to the global Internet. Indeed some of the world†s largest IXPS are located

in Europe and have an international reach such as for instance the German Commercial Internet Exchange (DE-CIX), the Amsterdam

Internet Exchange or the London Internet Exchange. 6 The United kingdom stands out as a prominent global hub for international

3%2 %85 %4 %6 %Africa Arab States Asia & Pacific CIS The americas 0. 4

0. 7 2. 6 1. 6 1. 3 0 0. 5 1. 0 1. 5

Total international Internet bandwidth (Gbit/s), by level of development (left) and regional share right), 2004-2013

Internet bandwidth in the UK accounts for almost twice as much as Africa, Arab States and CIS combined,

available international bandwidth on Internet 0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000 100'000

per Internet user. This indicator has increased significantly between 2004 and 2013. There are huge differences, however, between developed

Household access to the Internet is the ultimate way of guaranteeing an inclusive information society in which all people, irrespective of age

level of disability, can access the Internet within the privacy and proximity of their own home. A

Internet will eventually ensure access for all households nationwide. Household access is also mostly shared access, whereby all family

International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user, by region, 2004 and 2013 Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database

221 420 1'213 702 4'384 11'572 8'074 19'037 21'472

in Africa have Internet, and growth remains at a high 18.4 per cent, which is more than twice the

highest number of households with Internet Chart 1. 10: Percentage of households with Internet access, by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and

Internet As is the case with other indicators, there is a significant urban-rural divide when it comes to

that household Internet penetration in urban areas is 4 per cent higher than in rural areas

Internet than rural households (Partnership 2014). 8 Available data also show that Internet access in rural households is growing slowly

78.4 43.6 31.2 5. 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 %Developed

households from purchasing Internet services At the same time, the benefits brought by ICTS and the Internet are especially impactful in

rural areas, which often also lack access to other infrastructure and public services. Therefore connecting rural households to broadband

Internet plays a greater role in those areas. Data on public access is collected by ITU through its

such as privately operated Internet cafes, as well as community-type facilities, which typically provide Internet access free of charge.

also constitute an important location for Internet access, especially in rural areas, although access is limited often to students and teachers and

role in terms of providing access to the Internet they are open to the public, their branches are

the Internet, even though 31 per cent of post offices have a broadband Internet connection Chartâ 1. 11), with major differences across regions

Chart 1. 12. These numbers refer to 2012, and have increased most probably somewhat today Nevertheless, there is huge potential if all post

offices were provided with broadband Internet and offered this as a service to the public According to the Universal Postal Union (UPU

Internet access and post offices with broadband Internet access, 2012, by level of development Note: Simple averages

small towns had access to the Internet, while with 60 per cent coverage half of all rural areas

to the Internet in public libraries from 2007 to 2009.10 While the results point to improvements

Internet users ITU estimates that, by end 2014, almost 3 billion people will be using the Internet, corresponding

to a global penetration rate of 40.4 per cent (Chart 1. 15. This compares to 2. 7 billion people and 38

using the Internet, 90 per cent of whom live in the developing world. While more than three out of

Nevertheless, Internet usage is growing steadily, at 6. 6 per cent in 2014 †3. 3 per cent

countries, the number of Internet users will have doubled in five years (2009-2014), and two-thirds

of today†s Internet users live in the developing world. Growth rates are highest in LDCS (13 per

Individuals using the Internet, by level of development, 2005-2014 (left) and by region 2014*(right

Internet usage varies considerably across regions. In Europe, Internet usage on average is approaching saturation levels, with almost 75 per

cent penetration and low growth of 2. 3 per cent during the past year. In Africa, the region with the

lowest Internet penetration rate (19 per cent Internet usage is growing strongly at 13 per cent

and almost twice as many people will be online by the end of this year compared with only four

of the world†s Internet users live in this region The two countries combined are home to around

860â million Internet users, almost 30 per cent of the world†s total and 66 per cent of Internet users

in the Asia-Pacific region. Penetration rates in the two countries differ greatly, though, reflecting

of Internet users in China is 46 per cent, it is only 18â per cent in India

Internet usage in The americas region is relatively high: with almost 66 per cent penetration it is much higher than household Internet

access (57â per cent. This suggests that shared household access as well as access outside the home is more common in the region.

cent Internet penetration compared with 11 per cent of households with Internet access. In view of infrastructure limitations and a lack of

the Internet at locations outside the home, such as at work, school or public access facilities

Internet content and use of social media The growth in Internet users has witnessed a parallel, steep growth in the volume of Internet

content. More and more people are actively participating in the information society by creating, sharing and uploading content and

using social media and other Internet-based applications, covering a large range of topics and sectors. While measuring online content

and website use is a challenging task on account of the sheer volume of information available

an attempt to do so has been made by the Partnership on Measuring ICT for Development in its final review of achievement of the WSIS

targets, which includes an assessment of Internet content (Partnership, 2014. Some key findings featured in the report are presented below

Over the past decade, the number of websites has been growing at exponential rates and according to estimates by Netcraft, there were

185 million active sites at the beginning of 2014 Google remains the leading search engine in most countries, and accounts for around 90

per cent of the search market. 16 The number of daily Google searches reached almost 6 billion

by end 2013 (Chart 1. 16) and the total number of searches made through Google in 2013

exceeded 2 trillion Social media sites have become the most accessed websites by users in both developed

Chart 1. 16: Growth in daily Google searches 2007-2013 Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. statisticbrain. com/google-searches

/0 2'000 4'000 6'000 8'000 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008

2007 Millions of searches 17 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 and developing countries. Since its creation in

2004, Facebook has grown to comprise 1. 3 billion active users by end 2013, a growth of 22 per cent

Internet users (ITU, 2011. Twitter, the leading international microblogging service, founded in 2007, has grown to comprise 646 million active

out of an estimated 582 million Chinese Internet subscribers (Partnership, 2014 More than 6 billion hours of video are being

on Youtube, the leading international video -filesharing site with services in 61 countries. As of

early 2014, Youtube boasted more than 1â billion unique visitors monthly Other top popular websites include Amazon

Wikipedia and Linkedin as well as various news and online e-market sites at the national level

see below on e-business. Wikipedia, the largest and most widely used online encyclopaedia featured more than 30 million articles by end

2013 (Chartâ 1. 18. Articles are now available in 287 languages across 30 million pages of

content. By February 2014, Wikipedia registered more than 20 billion page views per month by Internet users.

At the same time, the proportion of articles in English has decreased significantly †from 46 per cent in 2003 to 15 per cent in 2013

†while those in other languages have increased accordingly, although pages viewed are still predominantly in English and the proportion of

contributors writing in English is more than 50 per cent While these numbers illustrate the huge increase

in Internet content and usage overall, a more nuanced analysis needs to be carried out to identify digital divides.

Growth in Facebook monthly active users, 2004-2013 (millions of users Source: Partnership (2014), based on http://www. theguardian. com/news

/datablog/2014/feb/04/Facebook-in-numbers-statistics, accessed 6 March 2014. Data sourced from Facebook

0 500 1'000 1'500 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005

Wikipedia articles †total and English language, 2003-2013 (thousands of articles Source: Wikipedia statistics at

http://stats. wikimedia. org/EN/Tablesarticlestotal. htm 0 5'000 10 000 '15 000 '20 000

businesses with websites was lower, accounting on average for 71 per cent and ranging from 36

are making use of social media. In 2013, around 30 per cent of European enterprises used social

mostly related to social networks (e g. Facebook followed by multimedia content sharing websites (e g. Youtube) and blogs (e g.

Twitter In the developing world, data on ICTS in enterprises are scarce and only collected by few

countries. The proportion of businesses with Internet access varies between 48 per cent in Azerbaijan and 97 per cent in Lebanon. 19 Of

these, not all have broadband access, which is essential to enable businesses to engage in, and take full advantage of, the potential of

In addition, Internet access differs enormously according to the size and location of the enterprise †small and

Total Internet domain registrations by world region, 2003,2008 and 2013 Source: Partnership (2014. Data supplied by Zooknic,

backbone connectivity and international Internet bandwidth is still lacking in many regions of the developing world.

the Internet to provide services to their citizens E-government contributes to increased efficiency and greater transparency and accountability in

have established central websites and that more than 50 per cent of countries provide links to

sites (UNDESA, 2014. Efforts are needed still to connect lower-tier administrations in countries When it comes to the provision of e-services

and services on government website portals increased threefold, with 70 per cent of countries providing a one-stop shop portal in 2012, as

had a government web presence, and almost all countries in Europe †and the majority of

Fixed-broadband access in enterprises using the Internet, selected countries, 2005-2012 Source: UNCTAD Information Economy Database, 2014, available at unctadstat. unctad. org

particular broadband Internet) is a basic infrastructure requirement in today†s information society. Access to high-speed Internet is

necessary to enable students to use the Internet for educational purposes, and helps enhance education administration through the electronic

exchange of forms, data and other information Internet access in schools also achieves cost efficiencies by automating manual tasks and

place where young people can use the Internet see section 1. 3 above. Therefore, they can also

Internet is lower on average, although much progress has been made in recent years. There are significant differences across countries, even

Chart 1. 22 also shows the type of Internet access schools have, in particular the share of

Internet access (out of all schools with Internet access) is still low, suggesting that, in those

Internet Fixed broadband Internet P e rc e n ta g e o f s

c h o o ls 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

has been very effective in improving Internet access in schools, resulting in 78 per cent of

schools being connected to the Internet in 2013, compared to just 44 per cent in 2009

Internet connectivity in schools also depends on the development of the national telecommunication infrastructure and on

While connecting schools to the Internet and other ICTS is essential in order to foster e-education, it is equally important to look at

infrastructure, household access and Internet users. For example at the beginning of the century, only around a dozen developing countries collected data on Internet users, while today there are

almost 50 developing countries collecting this indicator through official surveys (Chart Box 1. 2). Data on household access to

the Internet or a computer are now being collected by more than 100 economies worldwide, and data on Internet use in

businesses by almost 70 countries, although not on a regular basis (Partnership UNSC 2011. Similarly, whereas no data were

Internet user data through official surveys, by level of development Note: Chart shows countries that have collected data on the number of

Internet users through official national surveys. Data are presented in three-year intervals and include countries that have collected

Worldwide, 55%of households should have access to the Internet by 2020 Target 1. 2:

Worldwide, 60%of individuals should be using the Internet by 2020 Target 1. 3: Worldwide, telecommunication/ICTS should be 40%more affordable by 2020a

In the developing world, 50%of households should have access to the Internet by 2020

In the least developed countries (LDCS), 15%of households should have access to the Internet by 2020

In the developing world, 50%of individuals should be using the Internet by 2020 Target 2. 2. B:

In the least developed countries (LDCS), 20%of individuals should be using the Internet by 2020 Target 2. 3. A:

Gender equality among Internet users should be reached by 2020 Target 2. 5. B: Enabling environments ensuring accessible telecommunications/ICTS for persons with disabilities should be established in all

of data, provided by, for example, Internet and telecommunication companies. Second, the spread and use of ICTS allow public and private

mobile and Internet sectors. Delegates attending the eleventh World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Symposium (WTIS) in Mexico city in

8 For further discussion on progress made towards connecting rural households to the Internet, see Partnership (2014

17 http://www. statisticbrain. com/twitter-statistics /18 Eurostat news release of 16 december 2013 and

Internet bandwidth per Internet user households with a computer, and households with Internet access •Use sub-index:

the Internet, fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions, and wireless-broadband subscriptions •Skills sub-index: This sub-index captures

characterizing intense Internet use, and is therefore included in stage 2 (as an indicator in the use sub

•Percentage of individuals using the Internet The suggested reference period for latest Internet usage was changed from the last

twelve months to the last three months The twelvemonth period is used still by some countries,

that Internet usage is now sufficiently frequent that the majority of users will be captured with the shorter time-frame

for the indicators international Internet bandwidth per Internet user and mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants would be reviewed.

For international Internet bandwidth per Internet user, the methodology used in previous IDI calculations was kept,

as there is no limit to the maximum value that could be achieved by a country. The reference value employed for this

international Internet bandwidth, a review of the definition of the indicator is currently under discussion in EGTI

percentage of individuals using the Internet changing the reference period to the last three months) and percentage of

3. International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user 4. Percentage of households with a computer

%6. Percentage of individuals using the Internet 7. Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhab. itants

with 93 per cent of households with Internet access and households with a computer by end

The Danish Internet service provider (ISP) TDC is making investments to provide access to ultra-fast speeds for over

abundant international Internet bandwidth of more than 260 000 bit/s per Internet user in 2013 Denmark tops the IDI use sub-index.

The country†s broadband market is particularly well advanced. At 107 per cent, it has one of

highest proportion of households with Internet access worldwide. A somewhat lower proportion of 81 per cent of households have a computer

International Internet bandwidth is relatively low compared to other top IDI countries, at just over

volume of local content, and domestic Internet bandwidth was compared ten times higher with international bandwidth Third-placed Sweden records an IDI value of

Internet bandwidth. The United kingdom stands out as the most dynamic of the top ten IDI

correlated with regular use of the Internet, which underlines the importance of household access. 14

with Internet) of at least 88 per cent. Iceland and The netherlands display the highest levels of

High levels of Internet connectivity at home and the availability of mobile Internet translate into high degrees of Internet usage in the IDI€ s top

ten countries. The Nordic countries stand out with the highest percentage of Internet users globally. In Iceland, 97 per cent of the (in-scope

population is using the Internet and 95 per cent of Norwegians, Swedes and Danes are online. 19

The availability of international Internet bandwidth is critical for ICT development. All IDI top performers benefit from the abundant

availability of international Internet bandwidth Bandwidth is highest (per Internet user) in such hubs as Luxembourg, Iceland, Sweden and the

United kingdom Hong kong (China) made its entry into the top ten of the IDI 2013, up from 11th position

in 2012. The economy ranks in ninth position with an IDI value of 8. 28.

Hong kong (China) is particularly strong on the access sub-index of the IDI, in which it ranks fourth.

provision of international Internet bandwidth a policy priority in order to secure reliable and low-latency Internet connectivity (see MIS 2013

In 2013, international Internet bandwidth stood at 1. 7 million bit/s per Internet user, which is

the second highest value after Luxembourg†s Hong kong (China) has the second highest fixed-telephone penetration globally, at 63 per

cent, and relatively high levels of household ICT connectivity, at 80 per cent of households with

Internet and 82 per cent with a computer. Both fixed-broadband (31 per cent) and wireless

significant amounts of international Internet bandwidth and increased international Internet bandwidth per Internet user from around 6 000

bit/s in 2012 to close to 12 000 bit/s per user in 2013. The submarine cable system spans

Africa†s west coast, from South africa to CÃ'te d†Ivoire, and connects it to Europe.

international Internet connectivity, which is of particular importance for enabling an island state such as Cape verde to join the information

of social media and increased availability of smartphones. 26 Bolivia is among the most dynamic countries on

an important increase in international Internet bandwidth. International Internet bandwidth per Internet user27 almost doubled between

2012 and 2013, climbing to 9 000 bit/s per user While this is still one of the lowest absolute

figures in The americas region (only Cuba has a lower bandwidth per Internet user), it indicates that good progress in being made in improving

connectivity in the country. Bolivia has seen an important increase in wireless-broadband penetration, from 7 per cent in 2012 to 14 per

Internet bandwidth (close to 82 000 bit/s per Internet user. 30 It is well-connected to its neighbouring countries in the CIS region

and to Europe through two Black sea fibre -optic cables and terrestrial links. 31 This laid the

households to the Internet †penetration increased from 27 per cent in 2012 to 35 per

Internet stands at 96 per cent and the proportion of households with a computer at 97 per cent

westerners have an Internet connection at home penetration stands at 85 per cent for the overall population.

Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Bhutan 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Bolivia 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Bosnia and herzegovina 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Burkina faso 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Cape verde 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Estonia 2012 2013 53 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014

Figure 2. 3: IDI spider charts, selected dynamic countries, 2012 and 2013 (continued 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Fiji 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Georgia 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Gambia 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Mali 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Oman 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Qatar 2012 2013 Chapter 2. The ICT Development Index (IDI

54 Looking to the future, the country released its first national broadband plan in 2013, which

prioritizes broadband infrastructure development to make services faster, more affordable and more secure. One of the core projects

of the Qatar National Broadband Network is the deployment of a fibre-optic network infrastructure. 33

Chart 2. 1: Fixed (wired)- broadband and wireless -broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, top five IDI countries, 2013

Source: ITU 33 35 36 38 40 110 75 87 105 107 0 50 100 150

Sweden Iceland United kingdom Korea (Rep Denmark Per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions

Chart 2. 4: Proportion of households with a computer and proportion of households with Internet access, 2012-2013, Qatar

Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database 91.5 88.1 97.2 96.4 0 10 20 30

40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Households with a computer Household with Internet access

2012 2013 P e r 1 0 0 h o u se h o ld

s Thailand is one of the most dynamic countries on the use sub-index(+34 ranks),

which led to an improvement in its overall IDI ranking from 91st in 2012 to 81st in 2013.

In particular, the country†s wireless market proved to be extremely vibrant during the period 2012-2013:

Internet connectivity to users. The rapid uptake of mobile-broadband services was spurred by heated competition among operators offering

Internet bandwidth per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy Thailand 2012 2013 0. 0

0. 2 0. 4 0. 6 0. 8 1. 0 Mobile-cellular subscriptions International Internet bandwidth

per Internet user Households with a computer Households with Internet Fixed-telephone subscriptions Internet usersfixed-broadband

subscriptions Active mobile -subscriptions broadband Secondary enrolment Tertiary enrolment Literacy United arab emirates 2012 2013 55 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014

2. 3 Monitoring the digital divide: Developed developing and least connected countries Tracking the global digital divide is one of the

main objectives of the IDI. The digital divide can be understood as the difference in ICT development

within and between countries, regions or other groupings. In this section, IDI performance will be analysed and compared with regard to levels of

to the Internet, leaving ample room for growth This also holds true for international Internet

bandwidth, which is still at very low levels in many developing countries The use sub-index is the most dynamic,

the developing world, were not using the Internet Bringing those people online is an important task

International Internet bandwidth availability is limited very, thus constraining Internet connectivity and driving up ICT prices

which in turn hampers usage of ICTS. Few households (less than 5 per cent in the majority of LCCS) are connected to the

Internet and fewer than 5 per cent of households in all LCCS have a computer.

of LCCS, few people use the Internet: an estimated less than 2 per cent the population is online in Eritrea, Myanmar, Guinea

pronounced when it comes to data on Internet access and use. Access to the Internet (be it

narrowband or broadband, fixed or wireless) is extremely low for rural households in developing countries, while rural households in developed

economic means to pay for broadband Internet services, as well as the skills to make effective use of ICTS.

penetration and percentage of Internet users) were considered not, since they are also included in the IDI

of multilingualism on the Internet; and ensure access to ICTS for more than half of world†s inhabitants

phones and the Internet can help inform people and allow them to share information on the use and availability of facilities. 46 Results

Internet Goal 7 The significant positive correlation between percentage change in carbon dioxide (CO2 emissions and percentage increase in IDI

https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%20

3-INTERNET%20use%20and%20skills. pdf 8 http://presse. tdc. dk/pressemeddelelser/tdc-klar-til-100-mbit-s-ogsa-pa-kobberkabler-987457

9 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DK%20%20-%20broadband%20markets. pdf

12 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%202-BROADBAND%20

14 https://ec. europa. eu/digital-agenda/sites/digital-agenda/files/DAE%20scoreboard%202013%20-%203-INTERNET%20

17 Ofcom and the European union define superfast services as those delivering download speeds of 30 Mbit/s or more

19 In these countries, the in-scope population for data on Internet users is aged individuals 16-74

A lack of international Internet bandwidth is seriously hampering ICT development in Africa Although the region has been connected to

are lacking international Internet connectivity Chart 3. 3: Mobile-cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants, 2012 and 2013, Africa

1â 000 bit/s of international Internet bandwidth per Internet user at their disposal. Being connected to four international submarine

cable systems, Kenya has the highest amount of international Internet bandwidth, both in total and per Internet user, at 50 000 bit/s per user (see

MIS 2013. Seychelles (24 000 bit/s) and Mauritius 24 500 bit/s) also have relatively high amounts

of bandwidth per Internet user, partly because of their very small populations and hence small number of Internet users

The divide between Africa and the world becomes most visible when looking at ICT household penetration:

by end 2013, on average less than 10 per cent of households in the region had access to the Internet at home,

compared to the global average of 40 per cent and the developing-country average of 28 per cent

Africa was home to 150 million Internet users by end 2013. This corresponds to around 17 per

Internet cables. The United arab emirates boasts the highest amount of international Internet bandwidth per Internet user (around 52 000

bit/s per user) in the region. Furthermore, the country almost doubled its Internet bandwidth

between 2012 and 2013. Oman, too, saw a significant increase in total international Internet bandwidth, up from 17 792 Mbit/s in 2012 to 82

010 Mbit/s in 2013. In 2013, the Europe-Persia Express Gateway that connects the United Arab

Emirates and Oman to Germany via the Islamic Republic of Iran went live, increasing the region†s

international Internet connectivity. 6 Furthermore the Gulf Bridge International (GBI) system completed its â€oenorth Route†terrestrial link in

households to the Internet in 2013, penetration increasing from 39 per cent in 2012 to 46 per

broadband Internet offers for eligible customers. 8 Wireless-broadband penetration levels vary considerably across the region.

reach Internet user penetration rates of 50 and 56 per cent, respectively. On the other hand, in the LCCS Mauritania and Djibouti, less than 10 per

of international Internet bandwidth in the region, and indeed one of the highest volumes in the world, at close to 9. 5 million Mbit/s12 by

a secure and low-latency Internet connection and the telecommunication regulator has made the attraction of international submarine

system, international Internet connectivity was boosted in these countries. Additional international Internet bandwidth is of particular

importance for sustaining ICT growth and ensuring Internet connectivity for an increasing number of users in populous countries such as

China (with an estimated 600 million Internet users) and the Philippines (with an estimated 36.5 million Internet users by end 2013.

Within the Philippines, domestic connectivity was further improved by connecting some of the Chart 3. 6:

IDI values compared with the global, regional and developing/developed-country averages Asia and the Pacific, 2013

live in the summer of 2013.15 Regional Internet connectivity was enhanced further when the Tonga Cable, connecting Fiji and Tonga, and the

international Internet connectivity; these include in particular, the landlocked and least connected countries Afghanistan, Bhutan and Nepal, with

less than 4 000 bit/s per Internet user The regional divide in the Asia-Pacific region

Indian Internet users. Comparing the two, the proportion of the population using the Internet is much higher in China (44 per cent) than India

15 per cent. India has one of the lowest rates in the region (and globally:

proportion of Internet users. Japan (86 per cent the Republic of korea (85 per cent) and Australia and New zealand (both 83 per cent) exhibit the

having access to the Internet. Total international Internet bandwidth is by far highest in the Russian Federation,

which is connected through a number of terrestrial links to both Europe and the Asia-Pacific region. 20 However, given its

Internet user the country is below most other CIS countries. International Internet bandwidth per Internet user is highest in Moldova (115 845

bit/s per user), followed by Belarus (94 797 bit/s per user) and Georgia (82 094 bit/s per user

Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan have limited very bandwidth, which hampers Internet connectivity and hence further development of the ICT sector

in those countries By end 2013, half of CIS countries had reached a wireless-broadband penetration of more than

to provide further Internet connectivity. LTE services were launched in the Russian Federation in 2012.22 The highest growth in wireless

international Internet bandwidth. The highest levels are reached in international hubs such as Germany, Luxembourg and the United kingdom

High amounts of bandwidth per Internet user as registered in most European countries, ensure that a large number of Internet users can go

online at high speeds Around three-quarters of European households have access to the Internet at home.

The highest proportions of households connected to the Chart 3. 10: IDI values compared with the global, regional and developing/developed-country averages

Internet are found in Iceland (96 per cent Luxembourg (95 per cent), The netherlands (95 per

Internet from 2012 to 2013 are Italy (from 63 to 69 per cent), Czech republic (from 65 to 73 per cent

Percentage of Individuals using the Internet, Europe compared to global and developed -country average, 2013

Data on Individuals using the Internet for Eurostat members are sourced from Eurostat. Eurostat collects data for Internet users aged 16-74 years old

Source: ITU World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators database World Developed 0 10 20 30 40 50

availability of high-speed broadband Internet access and relevant content are reflected in a higher proportion of Internet users in the region

Close to half a billion Europeans were online in 2013, which corresponds to 73 per cent of the

Internet users globally, at 96.5 per cent, followed by three other Nordic countries †Norway Sweden and Denmark †with 95 per cent of the

population using the Internet. Turkey has the lowest proportion of Internet users, at below 50 per cent.

In Romania, too, less than half of the population are online (Chart 3. 11 3. 6 The americas

International Internet connectivity, measured in bit/s per Internet user, is ample in the United States and Canada,

and Brazil26 also has a large amount of bandwidth. Brazil is connected within the region and across the Atlantic ocean

international Internet bandwidth, from around 20â 000 bit/s per Internet user in 2012 to close to

80â 000 bit/s in 2013 The americas region has a relatively high household ICT penetration.

average, 55 per cent of households had Internet which is the second highest regional average

Internet: in Argentina, 54 per cent of households have Internet access, as do 53 per cent of

Internet by end 2013, respectively. Brazil and Colombia made good progress at a somewhat higher level of household penetration, reaching

with Internet by end 2013, respectively (see Chartâ 3. 13 Wireless-broadband networks are being

Close to 1 billion people are using the Internet in The americas region. While the highest proportion of individuals using the Internet is to

be found in the United states and Canada, more than half of the population is online in countries

8 http://www. omantel. om/Omanweblib/Individual/Internet/pc initiative. aspx? linkid=3&menuid=420 and http://www. ita. gov. om/ITAPORTAL/Pages/Page. aspx?

11 Internet user data from Gulf countries are not comparable, as they refer to different populations.

16 http://web. nso. go. th/en/survey/data survey/560619 2012 information. -pdf 17 http://www. digitimes. com/news/a20131227pd215. html and http://www. eurobiz. com. cn/chinas-broadband-strategy

/18 http://file. eu-chinapdsf. org/Internet/PUB/Activity4/Results%203/Broadband%20china%20introduction yu%20xiaohui. pdf

Affordability remains the main barrier to Internet access at home in many developing countries. In Brazil, for instance, 44 per cent of all households

with a computer did not have Internet in 2013 because they considered it too expensive or

countries, although not having Internet at home may be more attributable to other factors, such as lack of interest, cost still represents a barrier for

in five households without Internet cite cost as the reason, and seven out of ten of those who have

Internet state that price is the most important factor when choosing the service (European commission 2013;

reliable Internet services. Despite the growth of mobile-broadband subscriptions, less than 3 per cent of global IP traffic corresponded to mobile

high-volume Internet applications such as file sharing (less than 1 per cent of total file -sharing traffic was transmitted through mobile

networks in 2013) and Internet video (2 per cent of total Internet video traffic was transmitted

through mobile networks in 2013. Therefore some of the potential benefits of broadband as a development enabler, such as for instance

Mbit/s of international Internet bandwidth to share among more than 300 000 fixed (wired -broadband subscriptions in 2013.

of international Internet bandwidth is further confirmed by the fact that the entry-level plan

an Internet service at speeds above 512 kbit/s The relatively low fixed (wired)- broadband

Mauritel largely dominating it. 18 Moreover, international Internet bandwidth is limited very in the country: 620 Mbit/s in 2013

try to access the international Internet at the same time, they will have speed on average a below 256 kbit/s i e. narrowband

for low-income households or the promotion of public Internet access centres (based on either commercial or public schemes

dial-up (narrowband) Internet remains the de facto technology for Internet access by residential customers in the island. 19

Internet bandwidth. Indeed, the latest data on international connectivity show that this may remain an issue in Kiribati (45 Mbit/s), Marshall

regional Internet exchange point and sharing the cost of building a high-capacity international link from there

buy a package including Internet, voice and SMS than to contract only Internet Fixed-broadband and mobile-broadband

Internet prices follow different pricing structures and therefore the analysis of mobile-broadband prices cannot be based on the same parameters

used for fixed broadband. In the case of fixed Internet access, the progress from narrowband dial-up to broadband brought not only a

whereas fixed-broadband Internet usually follows a flat-rate arrangement, whereby the customer pays a monthly fee and has

unlimited access to the Internet at a given speed with neither time nor data volume constraints

website of the dominant operator or prices were provided to ITU through the ICT Price Basket Questionnaire. 25

postpaid handset-based Internet plans included free minutes and SMS in 2013. It is much less

much less than 500 MB of Internet data per month, supported by the fact that several African

plans allow only limited use of the Internet and therefore restrict the benefits that can be

For instance, Internet video cannot be consumed on the basis of such limited data allowances, and even Internet radio

would need to be limited This suggests that, if mobile broadband is to bridge the broadband gap between Africa and

Pacific, such as the lack of international Internet bandwidth, also constrain mobile-broadband services There are four countries in The americas that

extent to which Internet users turn to mobile broadband as an affordable alternative to fixed broadband will only be seen in the coming years

number of subscriptions) of each Internet service provider (ISP. The result ranges from 0 (perfect

8. Co-location/site sharing mandated 7. Infrastructure sharing mandated 6. Infrastructure sharing for mobile operators allowed

9. Internet content 8. Broadcasting content 7. Broadcasting (radio and TV transmission 6. Universal service/access

additional Internet data beyond 1 GB is still non -negligible in many countries Finally, different entry-level fixed-broadband

4 Voice over internet services, such as Skype or Voipbuster, are excluded from the analysis in this section because they require

an Internet connection and do not have guaranteed a quality of service. They are considered under broadband services

http://www. cck. go. ke/news/downloads/MVNO. pdf 12 Although four international operators compete in the Kenyan mobile-cellular market, the dominant mobile operator

16 The most visited websites in Tunisia by December 2011 were predominantly in English. Initiatives to promote Arab digital

18 Mauritel reported 7 352 fixed Internet subscriptions by end 2013,97 per cent of which trhough ADSL (source:

/page=internet conectividad&sub=internet 20 For instance, the latest Computer literacy Survey in Sri lanka (2009) found that only 20 per cent of the household

TEAMS€ website (http://www. teams. co. ke) and EASSY€ s website (http://www. eassy. org

23 For more information on Rogers†â€oeshare Everything†plans, see http://www. rogers. com/web/content/share-everything?

24 The details of the different †4g†plans offered by Tigo can be found on the following websites

http://www. tigo. com. bo/personas/planes-y-promociones/Internet-movil-en-tu-modem http://www. tigo. com. co/4g, http://www. tigo. com. gt/personas/internet-movil/internet-movil-tigo-4g and

https://www. tigo. com. py/contenido/para-navegar-con-el-modem 25 Data for mobile-broadband services have been collected since 2012 through the ITU ICT Price Basket Questionnaire,

-broadband plans, see http://www. orange. ci/menu-mobile-3g/pass-internet-3g. html 28 The UMTS auctions took place in 2000 and 2001 in Europe (Van damme, 2002 and OECD,

World Bank†s website on measuring poverty: http://go. worldbank. org/W3hl5gd710 35 Differences in the equivalence scales of the source data used in this chapter are corrected roughly using ITU estimates on

about the types of activity that the Internet is used for, and little is known about the Internet

user in terms of age, gender, educational or income level, and so on In other areas, such as education, health or

providers such as Google, Twitter, Facebook Whatsapp, Netflix, Amazon and many others captures a wide array of behavioural data

world†s population †will be using the Internet In recent years, moreover, the strongest growth

Online activities/social media •Online search activities •Online page views •Blogs and posts and other authored and unauthored online content and social media

activities •Audio/images/videos Source: ITU, adapted from UNSC (2013 and reflects advances in technology that

activities carried out by users on the Internet including searches and social media content Table 5. 1

Big data is not just about the volume of the data. One of the earliest definitions, introduced

Google for example, is running about a thousand experiments at any given point in time (Varian 2013a). ) Telecom network operators make

as by Internet companies and by content providers such as Google, Facebook, Twitter etc. Big data from the ICT services industry

are already helping to produce large-scale development insights of relevance to public policy. Collectively, they can provide rich

development purposes is Google Flu Trends GFT). ) Following its launch in 2008, GFT was remarkably accurate in tracking the spread of

The Internet has also been a rich source of big data beyond the realm of user search terms

action, has been mining Twitter data from Indonesia (where Twitter usage is high) 9 to understand food price crises.

Global Pulse was able to identify a consistent pattern among specific food-related tweets and the daily food

analytics on the Twitter data to forecast the consumer price index several weeks in advance Byrne, 2013. As discussions on the post-2015

Pulse is also using Twitter data to understand and compare the relevance of different development topics among countries (Box 5. 2

How Twitter helps understand key post-2015 development concerns As the process of formulating the post-2015 development

to see the number of tweets generated by its Twitter users in regard to the highlighted topic,

Using Twitter to visualize trends in global development topics In fact, the ICT sector is itself using the Internet

as a source of big data for monitoring purposes Regulators and others are now using the

Internet to crowdsource quality of service Qos) data on broadband quality. For example the United states Federal Communications

not using the Internet. Household Internet penetration in developing economies is expected to reach 31 per cent by the end

of 2014, as against almost 80 per cent in developed economies. In addition, as Internet penetration rates remain limited, Internet users

are not yet) representative of the population at large. For example, Internet users tend to be younger, relatively well educated, with men still

more likely to be online than women, especially in developing countries11 (ITU, 2013 Depending on the source of Internet data

results may also be biased more or less. A 2013 study into the characteristics and behaviour of Facebook users, for example, revealed

that while in many ways Facebook users have real-life behaviour and characteristics in many ways the social network fails as a

representation of society. On the one hand for example, the American Facebook user†s relationship status of â€oemarried†on Facebook

is very similar to real life (census) data on the average age when American people get

married. On the other hand, however, the average American Facebook user is much younger than the average citizen. 12 This is just

one example, but it highlights the need to take account of particular characteristics and the

limitations of producing representative results when extracting information from online users†behaviour Given the popularity of mobile-cellular

services, non-Internet-related mobile -network big data seems to have the widest socioeconomic coverage in the near term

and the greatest potential to produce relatively representative information globally particularly in developing countries. By

the Internet or recharging a prepaid card Since the service with the widest coverage and

measurement of Internet data volumes, call, SMS and MMS volumes, and value-added service VAS) volumes.

upload volumes, data download volumes, level of use of different VAS, and level of use of different OTT services.

customers†mobility patterns, social networks and consumption preferences. Collectively, these digital breadcrumbs enable operators to profile

categorize interests based on sites visited (as opposed to content accessed Sophisticated clickstream analyses from DPI data17 can also generate more finely

Furthermore, social network insights can be used by an operator to market its services to the off-network contacts that are connected

-phone data, geolocated Twitter messages and the census †showed very similar results, and although the representativeness of the Twitter

geolocated data was lower than the (real-time mobile-phone and census data, the degrees of consistency between the population density

analysis with a study of users†social networks with two users being considered as connected if they communicated with each other at least

Survey-based data, for example on Internet users and mobile-phone users, do not entail the same issues as subscription data.

types of online activity pursued by Internet users and includes response categories such as seeking health information, obtaining information from

therefore, potentially identify Internet and VAS usage patterns between rural and urban areas and identify the kinds of application or webpage

that mobile-Internet users access. Combined with individual subscriber characteristics, this information could provide new and rich insights

Internet activities carried out by individuals This information is collected currently only by countries that carry out household ICT surveys

popular online services, such as Facebook Google or other, local (financial, social etc services to provide additional insights.

This could be done by using probabilistic analyses to match the profiles developed using data from online

providers and other Internet content providers to work together and share information This technique is, currently, probably the least

websites could be classified individually in terms of the information they provide, then Internet -user activities, including their frequency and

intensity, could be understood much better By applying big data techniques to survey data and administrative data from operators, new

Internet companies such as Google or Facebook By linking data collected from different sources and combining subscription data and usage

event and social network data. In both the Orange and Telecom italia cases, researchers had to go through an approval process in order to

Facebook â€oelikes†could accurately predict a range of behavioural attributes such as, inter alia, sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious and political

virtual private networks (VPNS), firewalls, threat monitoring and auditing are some potential technical solutions that are employed currently

subsequent social network analysis could contain errors (overstating or understating tie strength for example. While it may not be possible to

Twitter, Facebook or Google. For example ITU estimates suggest that 40 per cent of the world†s population uses the Internet.

In other words, more than four billion people globally are not yet using the Internet, and 90 per cent

of them are from the developing world. Of the world†s three billion Internet users, two-thirds

are from the developing countries. Even though mobile-cellular penetration is close to 100 per cent, this does not mean that every person in

the famous Google pagerank algorithm has spawned an entire industry of organizations that claim to enhance website page rankings, and

search-engine optimization (SEO) 38 is now an established part of website development Changes in behaviour could also partially explain

the declining veracity of Google Flu Trends GFT), researchers having found influenza-like illness rates as reflected by Google searches to

be no longer necessarily correlating with actual influenza virus infections (Ortiz et al. 2011 Recent research has shown that since 2009

when GFT failed to reflect the nonseasonal influenza outbreak), infrequent updates have not improved the results

actions of the population that turned to Google with its health queries, and which contributed

and more people turning to Google with their broader health questions, thereby introducing additional search terms (due to different

understand variations in mobility, social networks and consumption among men and women and between different socioeconomic groups

and telecommunication operators and Internet companies, including search engines and social networks, on the other, is necessary and could

Operators and Internet companies Business interests will naturally provide operators and Internet companies with the incentive to

talk to commercial vendors of big data analytics In addition, operators and Internet companies can benefit greatly from engagement with

academia and researchers to understand how to leverage big data for different purposes Such engagement will also broaden their

Operators and Internet companies need to take advantage of their existing customer relationships to elicit a greater understanding

Internet companies may hesitate to pool and share their data with those from other sources

and producers of big data (Google, Facebook etc.)) †have an important role globally. More work is needed to understand fully the potential

downlink volumes for Internet traffic can be captured at various levels of disaggregation down to the individual

and recipient Internet protocols (IPS is captured for a variety of purposes including to manage the network and

applications and websites Service access detail records Whenever a user utilizes a telecommunication service, each access is recorded not only for

records (CDRS), SMS/MMS detail records, Internet access detail records, etc. and may include the

Furthermore, devices used to access the Internet mobile handsets, routers, modems) also have a unique identifier known as a media access

control46 (MAC) address. Such identifiers can provide details of the device used to access the network.

6 See https://www. google. org/denguetrends /7 A good example of this is the Conference Board Help Wanted Online (HWOL) data series that measures the number of new

first time online jobs and jobs reposted from the previous month for over 16 000 Internet job boards, corporate boards and

smaller job sites in the United states. More information can be found at http://www. conference-board. org/data/helpwantedonline. cfm

/9 According to Peerreach. com, 20 per cent of Indonesia†s online population uses Twitter, the second highest ratio in the world

See http://www. ibtimes. com/twitter-usage-statistics-which-country-has-most-active-twitter-population-1474852

12 See http://blog. stephenwolfram. com/2013/04/data science-of-the-facebook-world /13 Mobile phone records have been used to infer locations of economic activity within,

http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection 16 It should be noted that there is not a harmonized methodology for the allocation of revenues from bundled packages to

in order to understand which sites were accessed, in what order and how much time was spent at each Endnotes

19 For more information on Cignifi, see their website at http://www. cignifi. com /20 The full report can be accessed at http://unstats. un. org/unsd/statcom/doc14/2014-11-Bigdata-E. pdf

29 For more information regarding this project, see http://web. worldbank. org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS

whereby a website†s structure and content are optimized to make the site more visible to the webpage-indexing process of one or more search engines,

thereby ensuring that the website and/or webpage appears higher up in the results of a search query

http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deep packet inspection 43 Based on interviews between LIRNEASIA and operators in South and Southeast asia

regulation on the Indian Department of Telecommunications website http://dot. gov. in/sites/default/files/Unified%20licence 0. pdf

Chapter 5. The role of big data for ICT monitoring and for development 212 45 Most network operators use multiple sectorized antennas on a single base station.

For more information, see http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sector antenna 46 A media access control (MAC) address is a unique identifier that is assigned to network interfaces mostly by a hardware

For example, the telecom operator captures the MAC address from a modem or router or handset that

http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/MAC ADDRESS 47 An international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number is a 15-digit number unique to the particular SIM in a subscriber†s

http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/International mobile subscriber identity 213 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014 List of references

Askitas, N. and Zimmermann, K. F. 2009), Google econometrics and unemployment forecasting. Retrieved from http://ftp. iza. org/dp4201. pdf

Byrne, C. 2013), How The UN€ s New Data Lab in Indonesia Uses Twitter to Preempt Disaster, Fast Company.

http://www. fastcolabs. com/3007178/open-company/how-uns-new-data-lab-indonesia-uses-twitter

http://static. googleusercontent. com/media/research. google. com/en//archive/papers/initialclaimsus. pdf Choi, H. and Varian, H. 2012), Predicting the present with Google trends.

Economic Record, 88, 2†9. doi: 10.1111/j. 1475 -4932.2012.00809. x Cisco (2013), Cisco Visual Networking Index:

http://www. cck. go. ke/regulations/downloads/interconnection determination no2 2010. pdf CCK (2013), Communications Commission of Kenya:

http://www. cck. go. ke/resc/downloads/Sector statistics report q2 201314. pdf David, T. 2013), Big data from Cheap Phones.

http://www. ibmbigdatahub. com/sites/default/files/infographic file/4-Vs-of-big data. jpg ICT Qatar (2014), Qatar†s ICT landscape 2014 households and individuals.

/download/Qatar†s%20ict%20landscape%20report%202014-Household%20and%20individuals 12. pdf ITU (2006), Security in Telecommunications and Information technology:

The parable of Google Flu: traps in big data analysis. Science New york, N y.),343 (6176), 1203†5. doi:

a comparison of traditional surveillance systems with Google Flu Trends. Plos One, 6 (4), e18687. doi:

Phithakkitnukoon, S.,Calabrese, F.,Smoreda, Z. and Ratti, C. 2011), Out of sight out of Mind-How Our Mobile Social network

Web search query volume as a measure of pharmaceutical utilization and changes in prescribing patterns.

http://www. whitehouse. gov/sites/default/files/docs/big data privacy report 5. 1. 14 final print. pdf UN Global Pulse (2012), Taking the Global Pulse:

Journal of Web Librarianship, 6 (4), 305†320. doi: 10.1080/19322909.2012.730358 WEF (2013), Unlocking the Value of Personal data:

wire, voice services using Internet Protocol IP) delivered over fixed (wired)- broadband infrastructure (e g. DSL, fibre optic), and voice

3. International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user International Internet bandwidth refers to the total used capacity of international Internet

bandwidth, in megabits per second (Mbit/s It is measured as the sum of used capacity of

all Internet exchanges offering international bandwidth. If capacity is asymmetric, then the incoming capacity is used.

International Internet bandwidth (bit/s) per Internet user is calculated by converting to bits per second and dividing by

the total number of Internet users 4. Percentage of households with a computer A computer refers to a desktop computer

a laptop (portable computer or a tablet or similar handheld computer. It does not include equipment with some embedded computing

abilities, such as smart TV SETS, and devices with telephony as a main function, such as mobile phones or smartphones.

Household with a computer means that the computer is available for use by all members of the household at any

to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for

5. Percentage of households with Internet access The Internet is a worldwide public computer network.

It provides access to a number of communication services, including the World wide web, and carries e-mail, news

Internet access means that the Internet is available for use by all members of the household at any

to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for

1. Percentage of individuals using the Internet Individuals using the Internet refers to people who used the Internet from any location and

for any purpose, irrespective of the device and network used, in the last three months.

It can be via a computer (i e. desktop computer laptop computer or tablet or similar handheld 223

to obtain them, for example from NSO websites There are certain data limits to this indicator insofar as estimates have to be calculated for

the public Internet (a TCP IP connection. High -speed access is defined as downstream speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s. Fixed (wired

such as Ethernet LAN, and broadband-over -powerline (BPL) communications. Subscriptions with access to data communications (including

the Internet) via mobile-cellular networks are excluded 3. Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions refers to the sum

subscriptions to the public Internet •Satellite broadband subscriptions refers to the number of satellite Internet

subscriptions with an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s. It refers to the retail subscription technology

of terrestrial fixed Wireless internet subscriptions with an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s. This

to the public Internet. It covers actual subscribers, not potential subscribers even though the latter may have broadband-enabled handsets.

greater Internet via HTTP and which have been used to set up an Internet data connection using Internet Protocol (IP) in

the past three months. Standard SMS and MMS messaging do not count as an active

Internet data connection, even if the messages are delivered via IP. Dedicated mobile-broadband data subscriptions refers to subscriptions to dedicated data

services (over a mobile network) that allow access to the greater Internet and which are purchased separately from

voice services, either as a standalone service (e g. using a data card such as a USB modem/dongle) or as an add-on data

For instance, Internet use data of country A was estimated by using Internet use data of country B from the same region

with similar level of GNI per capita and similar level of fixed Internet and wireless-broadband

subscriptions. The same logic was applied to estimate missing data for all indicators included in the index

international Internet bandwidth (expressed as bit/s per user There are certain particularities that need to be

•International Internet bandwidth per Internet user, which in 2013 ranges from 136 (bits/s/user) to almost 6 445 759

Values for this indicator vary significantly between countries. To diminish the effect of the huge dispersion of values, the data

International Internet bandwidth per Internet user 0. 20 Percentage of households with a computer 0. 20

Percentage of individuals using the Internet 0. 33 Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 0. 33

Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 0. 33 ICT skills 0. 20 Adult literacy rate 0. 33

international Internet bandwidth per Internet user, percentage of households with a computer and percentage of households with Internet access

•ICT use is measured by percentage of individuals using the Internet, fixed wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions

per 100 inhabitants and wireless -broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants •ICT skills are approximated by adult

literacy rate, secondary gross enrolment ratio and tertiary gross enrolment ratio The values of the sub-indices were calculated

The ideal value of 787†260 bit/s per Internet user is equivalent to 5. 90 if transformed to a log scale

c International Internet bandwidth per Internet user**787'260 261'221 d Percentage of households with a computer 100 93.1

f Percentage of individuals using the Internet 100 94.6 g Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 60 40.2

h Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 100 107.5 ICT skills i Adult literary rate 100 99.0

z3 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user log (c)/ 5. 90 0. 20 0. 92 z4 Percentage of households with a computer d/100 0. 20 0. 93

z6 Percentage of individuals using the Internet f/100 0. 33 0. 95 z7 Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants g/60 0. 33 0. 67

z8 Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants h/100 0. 33 1. 00 ICT skills

y3 International Internet bandwidth per Internet user z3*.*20 0. 18 y4 Percentage of households with a computer z4*.

y6 Percentage of individuals using the Internet z6*.*33 0. 32 y7 Fixed (wired)- broadband Internet subscriptions per 100 inhabitants z7*.

*33 0. 22 y8 Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants z8*.*33 0. 33 ICT skills sub-index (N) y9+y10+y11 0. 20 0. 93

websites and/or through direct correspondence Prices were collected from the operator with the largest market share,

line is used not only for dial-up Internet access, but also as a basis for upgrading to

Internet access still remains the only Internet access available to some people in developing countries. Since the IPB does not include dial

-up (but only broadband) Internet prices, and since dial-up Internet access requires users to subscribe to a fixed-telephone line, the fixed

an indication for the price of dial-up Internet access The mobile-cellular sub-basket

account calls to voicemail (which in the OECD basket represent 4 per cent of all calls), nor non

Rules applied in collecting fixed-broadband Internet prices 1. The prices of the operator with the largest market share (measured by the number of subscriptions) should be used

and an advertised download speed of at least 256 kbit/s should be selected. If there is a price distinction between residential and

International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households with

Internet access Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 1 Afghanistan 0. 3 0. 3 65.5 70.0 1†229 2†774 2. 3 2. 5 1. 9 2. 1

International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user Percentage of households with computer Percentage of households with

Internet access Economy 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 2012 2013 84 Lao P. D. R. 6. 8 10 10.0 13 64.7 15 66.2 9'397 9 10'636 8. 7

using the Internet Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

using the Internet Fixed (wired)- broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants Wireless-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user, 2012 1) Refers to a survey conducted with the following companies:

International Internet bandwidth Bit/s per Internet user, 2013 1) Purchased capacity. 2) As at December 2013.3) Total installed capacity.

1) Estimated based on 2011 proportion of households with internet and using estimated annual growth rate of 2. 8

and/or have access to internet. Sample weights have been applied. Not restricted to access at home. 5) Incl. desktop computer, laptop/notebook/netbook/tablet,

Assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone, game console and e-book reader.

1) Labour force Survey 2013.2) Corresponds to all type of internet connections. 3) Data correspond to dwellings (not

access to internet. Sample weights have been applied. Not restricted to access at home. 5) Included desktop computer laptop/notebook/netbook/tablet,

but excluded palm top/Personal digital assistant (PDA) and other devices for Internet connection (e g. smartphone, game console and e-book reader

Percentage of individuals using the Internet, 2012 1) 15 years and older. Last 12 months. 2) Users in the last 3 months. 3) Estimated based on 2011 Residential consumer survey

individuals 15 years and above. 12) The methodology depends basically on the number of internet users using hard indicators

internet by the household size over the total estimated population. Sample weights have also been applied.

computer and Internet usage is 3 months only. 28) U s. Census bureau, Table 2: http://www. census. gov/hhes/computer

Percentage of individuals using the Internet, 2013 1) Individuals aged 15 years and over. 2) Population age 16-74.3) Labour force Survey 2013.4) Individuals aged 6 and over

The estimate is based on weighting households who use internet by the household size over the total estimated population

population living in workers†camps. 18) Population age 10+using internet in the last 3 months. 19) Individuals aged 15 to 72

1) Internet Activity Survey, June 2) Incl. fixed wireless broadband. 3) Fixed broadband in Bhutan is provided via ADSL/DSL

1 november 2013.2) Preliminary. 3) Internet Activity Survey, June 2013.4) Fixed broadband provided through ADSL/DSL

These are the subscriptions with the minimum download speed of 512 kbps. This is as per the revised definition of

1) Only fixed Wimax subscriptions. 2) Internet Activity Survey, June 3) Break in comparability: including all categories of

satellite. 6) Change in definition, break in comparability. 7) High use of mobile phones to access the internet. 8) Incl.

1) Only fixed Wimax subscriptions. 2) Preliminary. 3) Internet Activity Survey, June 2013.4) Total number of EDGE/GPRS

15) subscriptions with minimum download speed of 512 kbps. This is as per the revised definition of Broadband in India with

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