What is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe?
This research aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (activity i e. the service
Indeed, the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to maximize social good
and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative weakness of alternatives, mainly filling marginal niches
Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. One of the motiva
grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet
infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open software, and
Most, if not all of the above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet or
The Internet is approximately 40 years old, and its capacity for generating societal and economic value is
the last 20 years or so have seen the commercialisation of the Internet take prece -dence.
added value of the innovation enabled by the Future Internet, and focuses in particular on Digital Social In
effect of the Internet and merging novel technology trendsâ such as open data, crowd-mapping, open hard
Daniel Kaplan Founder and CEO, The next-Generation Internet Foundation Simona Levi Founder, Forum for the Access to Culture and Knowledge
This research aims to explore the potential of the network effect of the Internet (i e. that the benefit of a
 The Internet and the Web are the technical underpinnings that represent a densely intertwined techno-social fabric of our societies,
the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early technical phases and early implementation to
-pansion of Internet-based services has generated a great economic wealth. However this growth has result
-ed in an imbalance between the dramatic scale and reach of commercial Internet models and the relative
above examples of civil society digital social innovation take place via the Internet or are enabled highly by
the Internet. The intention of this research is to carry out an honest analysis of the field,
•How to accelerate innovations that better align the capacities of the Internet to social needs †The
Internet in Europe The attempt to define a successful DSI model for Europe is contextualised in the broader debate around
European Innovation models and the Future of the Internet, since if Europe wants to implement a systemic
ICT and the Internet are critical to help Europe sustain long-term eco -nomic growth and create new jobs
While the original advent of the Internet and ubiquitous digital technologies led to a speculative bubble
now the Internet seems to have more deep inroads into all parts of manufacturing and
However, the Internet by itself seems to unable to drive innovation out of the crisis of 2008
More than 5 billion additional people will connect to the Internet globally in the next 10 years
To fully exploit the potential provided by Internet services a high-speed Internet access is required for all
If we observe the evolution of the Internet, principles, such as network neutrality, equitable service, and peer-to-peer architecture were crucial to build a universal, open and distributed infrastructure
Analysing all the possible Future Internet scenarios (Oxford Internet Institute 2010), we see two opposing innovation models that could emerge (see Figure 5
A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the â€oebig Brother†scenario, showing that big industrial players (mainly US based) will reinforce their dominant
of the Internet ecosystem •Open ecosystems to foster grassroots digital social innovation and entrepreneurship:
to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social needs, and that decen
Indeed, the â€oenetwork effect†of the Internet may still be in its early phases as well.
-tion plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. Honest competition based on open
Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet. One of the motiva
grassroots communities play to enable bottom-up social innovation that leverage the power of the Internet
Adapted from â€oetowards a Future Internetâ€, the Oxford Internet Study 2010 in Sestini, F. presentation
and digital data accessed via the Internet Digital Social Innovation can deploy collective intelligence by connecting multiple individuals and groups
In this way, the Internet offers unprecedented opportunities for collective intelligence via its in -creasing ubiquity and its massive amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge
This type of innovation was unimaginable before the rise of Internet-enabled platforms In this way, simply labeling images with the â€oeesp game†of Von Ahn is digital innovation,
and in this era must be enabled Internet digital social innovation †are needed to create new arrangements between the social
network effect of Internet collective platforms strengthen the social networks of offline communities and amplify their collective intelligence.
unimaginable before the rise of the Internet. †What is important to note about the above definition is that the focus of this study is strictly on those
of sharing and collaboration at a scale that was unimaginable before the rise of the Internet, and their abili
decentralised infrastructure for the open Internet constituted by open standards, open data, free and open
Internet infrastructure Furthermore, there†s no denying that the ability to access knowledge and bottom-up infrastructures has
and Internet connections for groups and individuals to collaborate and socialise in projects, workshops hands-on talks, panels.
-lence on Internet Science (EINS) that aims to integrate multidisciplinary scientific understandings about Internet networks and their co-evolution with society,
or the Knowledge and Innovation Communities KICS) promoted by the European Institute of Innovation and technology that are coordinating research on
The work by Tor on creating a secure and privacy-aware service that bounce Internet users†and websitesâ€
-ing Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks 38 The Guifi. net initiative is developing a free,
Guifi. net is connected to the Catalan Internet Exchange (CATNIX) as an Autonomous Sys -tem (AS) via optical fibre with IPV4 and IPV6
Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the Mobile Internet and the increasing
-where/anytime access to the Internet and to the services it will provide •The Internet of things,
which will guarantee access through the Internet to the physical world, to its devic -es and, most notably, to its services
•The emerging of an Internet of People, i e.,, a trend that includes Web 2. 0, social networks, social comput
-ing, and that promotes Internet as a fundamental channel for allowing an increasingly active role of users
delivering services over the Internet, thus extending this possibility to much wider classes of actors
However, even now these institutions are facing crisis due to the ubiquity of the Internet, as
rise of the Internet itself 46 This is precisely why telecommunications companies must reinvent themselves in the presence of new
a technical system such as the Internet and the Web. The Internet and Web have intrinsic architectures
defined by their open standards that offer themselves as a series of constraints such that †the choice of pos
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the Web 2. 0 economy and the emerging Internet of
However, before the advent of the Internet their social innovation was limited in its reach, but with the
advent of the Internet suddenly these new digital social innovations had a rapid network growth.
the best example of how the Internet enables users grow the value of a network with a social purpose
sharing of Internet between devices •Large scale mobilisation, advocacy and campaigning around common causes Crowdsourcing platforms
built in a dynamic and flexible way, plugging into existing and future Internet infrastructures. An â€oeecosys
Avaaz website, their â€oemodel of Internet organising allows thousands of individual efforts, however small, to be combined rapidly into a powerful
-lar groups on the Internet may benefit from the strategic opportunities offered by e-petitions,
something that could not have been possible without the Internet. It can do this well beyond the bounds of a particular country,
They hold that the Internet is the best way to reach out and motivate this younger generation to participate in democracy, and that
model via the Internet beyond Iceland. Open Active Democracy is the software that powers Your Priorities.
from the early days of the Internet †this was never quite true and cer -tainly is not today.
the Internet, as a way to collaborate, disseminate knowledge and data Open source Software, which enables the uptake and extension of the
The Internet prompted the creation of the association Without the opportunities presented by the Internet, the association
would not exist. After decades of measures that have reduced drastically the public domain, typically by extending the terms of protection.
today, as the Internet and digital technologies enable people to access use and redistribute culture with an ease and a power unforeseeable
-net and its possibilities, leading to a seemingly omnipresent Internet However, providing sustainable, cost-effective and high quality Internet
connection, with coverage for all citizens is still a challenge. Often this stems from economic causes,
as Internet provision in a metropolitan area is usually more economically attractive than providing access in ru
-ingâ€, is an emerging model for the Future Internet, where communities of citizens build, operate
services, including local networking, voice connections and Internet access CONFINE offers an open distributed infrastructure for researchers to
limits and obstacles regarding Internet specifications that are exposed by these edge networks. It supports an integrated and multi-disciplinary
-nity networking as a model for the Future Internet Five research projects: Confine is a project that seeks to expand research
Future Internet Research and Experimentation) community nourished by the EC. An open call for participation in the research was published in
Internet context of CONFINE, rather than the test bed itself What is the social impact it is
sustainable Internet infrastructures. Since this aim requires contribu -tions from all social groups, the CONFINE project focuses on perform
process, by expanding the availability of an Internet connection through -out daily life Online communication platforms:
efficiently, before the advent of the Internet. Finally, the open source ap -proach, as described above,
because they believe that the Internet can meaningfully lower the barriers to taking the first civic or democratic
absence technological advances made with the Internet Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect mysociety actively encourages digital collaboration for its online coding
-istration makes increased use of Internet technology. A summary of the city†s Open Government activities and the first edition of the Open Data
in computing storage and high levels of Internet penetration Enhancing collaboration and engagement: DSI network effect Open Government Vienna has centred itself around interaction, com
other countries with less Internet penetration were to adopt or replicate this model What technological methods and
-ly this would not have been possible in the absence of the Internet and the online platforms that Open Ministry has been built on
Internet or not yet accustomed to e-Democracy What really helps achieve goals? Undoubtedly the Open Ministry†s success can be understood also in the
-base has expanded to over 61 million companies, without the Internet and the participation through Internet, this would not have happened
Technical specs behind the website: Opencorporates is built on the Ru -byonrails framework, uses the Mysql and Neo4j databases, on servers
in Internet use, through its mobile app and network building, and creat -ing new ways to grow the Internet.
The simple mobile app enables users to connect to each other seamlessly and share their Internet connection
With the largest scale implementation of a mobile Mesh Network, Open Garden is pioneering work on exploring ubiquitous connectivity
the Internet. The business is based on an understanding that with the ubiquitous mobile Internet, mobile consumers have become data users
and data transfer activities are constantly taking place among mobile users. Skyrocketing consumption of mobile data is becoming curbed
-neur Micha Benoliel, Internet architect Stanislav Shalunov and developer Greg Hazel, decided to make the mobile web fit that could address this
-dinates access to any available Internet off ramp, optimizing users†Inter -net access. By crowdsourcing connectivity, Open Garden enables users to
-proves the experience of mobile Internet users, optimizes the service of wireless carriers, as well as benefits the handset and tablet manufactures
It also enables users to access the Internet as cheaply as possible Faster Downloads: Users can find the fastest connection and most
Internet connection, on the other hand, there are also capacity and spec -159 trum limitations, which requires the network provider to go beyond the
-tive, to create a new way of Internet sharing through users installing a mobile app,
all users could share their Internet to make it much more accessible. To -gether with these benefits it is creating an ecosystem among consumers
providing everyone everywhere fair access to Internet it motivates all kinds of groups to join into the community and to experiment, especial
possible without the advance of the Internet and the ability to aggregate and distribute large quantities of data
the entire Internet, and thereby identify vulnerable â€oeoff switches†that governments could use to pull the plug on their society†s online world
Internet during uprisings in the middle East in 2011, thereby preventing people from communicating online What is the social impact it is
Internet: Patientslikeme has used to Internet to cooperate online and to allow for greater democratisation of patient medical data
Social networking and Community Power: Peer-to-peer networks are becoming the cornerstone for a new era of patient-centered health care
The service is based on Internet and the principles of open knowledge and the sharing economy.
however, with the Internet acting as a facilitator, there is a growing trend of websites that offer to facilitate peer-to-peer rental transactions.
educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet connectivity Furthermore, the charity†s continued success (financial and otherwise
to be brought to areas with poor Internet connectivity. This has been adopted in Bhutan; where the Internet didn†t come until 1999, and cov
-erage is still very minimal, so an offline solution like this is vital 190 What really helps reach goals?
at a scale not possible before the advance of the Internet Enhancing collaboration and engagement:
The Smart Citizen project is based on geo location, the Internet and relies on a range of open hard and software tools
Internet freedom and security Technology Trends: Open networks DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts:
It offers a technology that bounces Internet users†and websites†traffic through â€oerelays†run by thousands of volunteers around the
through many different Internet servers. Subsequently, Tor has been de -veloped by the US University MIT and by the California Internet rights
watchdog the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Today, it is used every day 202 for a wide variety of purposes by normal people, the military, journalists
Internet users†privacy from corporations rather than governments. â€oewe were concerned increasingly about all these websites-in the 2000/01
normal people who want to keep their Internet activities private from websites and advertisers; those concerned about cyberspying;
-ship of media and the Internet. Campaigning body Reporters Without Borders advises journalists to use Tor, for example.
-prove their privacy and security on the Internet. It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea
probe for censorship on the Internet. Supporting these technologies is the ongoing expansion of the Tor help desk volunteer pool, capabilities
Internet freedom and anonymity: The Internet offers exciting new opportunities for individuals to express their views, parody politicians
celebrate their favourite movie stars, or criticize businesses. Not every -one feels the same way though.
Internet surveillance known as â€oetraffic analysis. †Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network.
source and destination of your Internet traffic allows others to track your behaviour and interests. This can impact your chequebook if, for exam
to a harmful balkanization of the Internet. Internet users around the world must be able to trust that their information, communications and
documents are safe and secure. The alternative is a race to the bottom where only those users who seek out complex,
Internet. The three Ushahidi products are The Ushahidi Platform: The Ushahidi platform was built as a tool to
-dated computers, browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data
Finally, lack of Internet connection and mobile phone networks that are down (which was the case in parts of Haiti after the earthquake) has also
Internet-based †citizen science projects†in order to further science itself and the public understanding of both science and of the scientific pro
Internet-based citizen science projects (such as SETI@home) which used spare computer processing power to analyse data, known as volunteer
What is the value of Digital Social Innovation in the context of Future Internet in Europe
Internet: http://europa. eu. int/comm/research/energy Interested in European research RTD info is our quarterly magazine keeping you in touch with main developments (results, programmes, events, etc
Internet: http://europa. eu. int/comm/research/rtdinfo/index en. html European Technology Platform Smartgrids Vision and Strategy
A great deal of additional information on the European union is available on the Internet It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa. eu. int
Just like the internet, the electricity grid will be interactive for both power generation sources and power consumption sinks (loads.
characterised the popularity of the internet-how is Smartgrids preparing for success Many factors will shape future electricity networks and the actions and decisions
Internet-style inspiration One possible model for the electricity network of the future would be analogous
to the internet, in the sense that decision-making is distributed and that flows are bidirectional. Applying this concept to the electricity networks would lead to
which may not be supported fully by the present internet generation Even if the internet protocol is universal,
a serious effort is needed to effectively use communications equipment for a distributed real-time control of electricity networks
The real time performance of the internet as communication means is known to be very difficult to assess
In managing the transition to the internet-like model, it may be useful to consider concepts under development in a number of projects under the European
means that the active network represents a step towards the internet-like model Active management
internet-like model and its information and trading capability, rather than any hardware. Power is purchased
e-commerce in retail sales (3. 4%in 2010) and that of the Internet sector in European
Moreover, a recent Commission in depth market study on internet services provision from a consumer perspective showed that very little information was provided to
in an Open Internet"on between 23 july and 15 october 2012. The Commission services are currently working on guidance that will include measures related to
In order to increase internet enforcement capability in the EU, the latter co-funds a large cooperation project involving a partnership of 16 national consumer
when buying on the Internet. Consumers will have to be provided with essential information before they order goods
bans pre-ticked boxes when offering additional services, internet cost traps and charges of which the consumer was informed not in advance.
payments by card, internet or mobile phone, on the basis of a Green Paper adopted at the same time as this Communication with the aim of (i) assessing
standardisation and interoperability of payments by card, internet or mobile phone, and (iv) increasing the level of security of payments and data protection
As pointed out in its Green Paper on card, internet and mobile payments45, the Commission is working to promote an integrated European market for card, internet
and mobile payments for the benefits of consumers and merchants. The benefits stemming from a more integration market include
card, internet and mobile payments most of which are relevant in the context of e -commerce and online services.
•Standardisation and inter-operability gaps for the provision of card, internet and mobile payments across the EU
of e-commerce, by using the internet to offer goods and services which are infringing IPRS
of counterfeit goods via the Internet concluded between 33 companies and trade associations and covering 39 different internet sites in Europe, focusses on disrupting
and deterring the supply side of the online counterfeit market and improving 49 http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/consultations/2012/clean-and-open-internet en. htm
High speed broadband Internet is the backbone of the digital single market. Hence the broadband targets of the Digital Agenda for Europe,
which are crucial for access to high-speed Internet services such as E-commerce services As a first milestone of the RSPP implementation, the Commission adopted a
The growth of the internet and the power of the digital economy have opened new ways for
orders via the internet and through distance selling. The term electronic commerce or e -commerce was coined.
3. 2. Ensure people have the right e-skills to use the internet (social inclusion) and to
With the advent of the internet, the capture of data has become easier but also more sophisticated.
With the internet, some data are given with explicit consent, others are gathered with less obvious consent.
access to high-speed internet for shopping online. If a consumer wants to buy online he often
consumers in some countries do not use the internet. On the other hand, for people with low mobility, the internet is provided a blessing they have the opportunity to learn how to use it
Digital inclusion is an important societal objective To develop online capabilities, businesses need to be able to tap into a wide pool of people
in the mould of the Internet or mobile telephony. The issue now is whether Europe can turn
phones, personal computers (PCS) and the Internet appear to achieve the greatest economic benefit from ICT.
broadband access lines, mobile phones, PCS, Internet users and Internet servers per million population†with four qualitative variables:
quality of Internet connections and levels of e-business development, of online commerce, and of Internet/web literacy.
The ICT enablers index takes into account affordability of Internet access, telecoms market competition, security of the Internet infrastructure, government support for ICT development, laws governing the
Internet, ICT skills of the workforce and quality of ICT supporting services. When combined, these indices provide a
good measure of a country†s readiness to reap the benefits of technology Continued on page 14
encouraged competition and made voice, Internet and data communications more affordable to many businesses and households.
Government schemes to promote universal access to PCS and Internet 41 Development of e-democracy 15
providers big and small to Internet service markets and embarked on initiatives to give alternative
and an Internet-based system has been launched to enable cabinet meetings to be conducted online Meanwhile, an e-democracy website (dubbed â€oetoday
important indicators of ICT diffusion, such as Internet use, are not relevant or available for earlier periods
4. Internet users (per 100 population Each indicator is transformed into an index scaled 1-10 (using minimum
the number of Internet servers per million population, broadband penetration and four qualitative variables from the e-readiness
quality of Internet connections, the development of e -business, the development of online commerce and the exposure of the population to the Internet
"Internet literacy "We also construct an index of †ICT enablers†(on a 1 -10 scale), indicators that are likely to be closely
associated with or conducive to ICT development These include â Affordability. The cost of 20hrs of Internet access
Internet infrastructure â An indicator of the government's role government encouragement and financing for
Internet â An indicator of the ICT skills of the workforce â A measure of the quality of ICT supporting services
Government schemes to promote universal access to PCS and Internet 41 Schemes to promote access to higher bandwidth services 36
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging...17 Figure E. 1. 3: Intranational Twitter followers outweigh their countries†share of the overall global Twitter
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 2012.28 Figure E. 4. 3: Google user data requests...
internet (although the question of whether it will still be possible for governments to restrict citizensâ€
access to the internet in 2030 arose, as did the impact of this on the relationship between governments
In fact, 24%of Europeans reported having accessed the internet through a mobile phone and 6 %reported using a tablet.
Similarly, the fact that only 17%of the population reported using the internet for looking for jobs
Percentage of active internet users using microblogging3 Source: Unimccann 2013 2. 2. Limited global connectedness Although there appears to be a quasi-univocal consensus on the sustained pace of the growth in
decades, internet traffic remains mainly domestic (Ghemawat & Altman 2012. Although social network 3 The term †active internet users†refers to individuals who use the internet every day or every other day (Unimccann
2012). ) Microblogging is the use of social network services specifically created for the sharing of brief entries and
At the same time, there is potential for a global culture to develop around the internet, in which users
represented by the degree of access to the internet) and rational†secular values. The lack of such a
censoring and limiting internet use by individuals will continue to be present (Cave et al. 2009;
According to the literature, a positive relationship between internet penetration and democracy exists although the scale of the influence is not uniform.
For instance, although analysis found that internet penetration signiï cantly increased democracy ratings, this relationship varied signiï cantly by region
These findings suggest that the internet is not by itself sufficient to promote regime changes,
Internet censorship scores for political reasons, 20128 Source: ONI (2012 Governments and public actors also engage in social media,
Another aspect of the interaction of values with the †network society†is the changing role that internet
websites cutting across a range of topics (e g. political, social and internet tools, such as Skype.
wildcards such as internet/surveillance policies of foreign states High Spread of rational†secular value systems will develop
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