The cluster originated from a tight social network among biotechnology firms, venture capital and research institutions. Now, the direct links between DBFS are building the main network
Next to the social network effect, also the heterogeneity of individuals and organisation regarding knowledge, skills and experiences contributed to the succes of the
Strong social networks of university graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company
of the Quebec Photonics Network sees the relatively dense social network of Quã bec City confined to a relatively small area as a reason why collaboration might be easier.
online social networks and other collaborative communities for knowledge exploration 36,94. Moreover, little work has been done on downstream networks exploiting existing knowledge 91
Online social networks: Enlarging the knowledge exploration landscape The OI model stresses the importance of using a broad range of sources for innovation and commercialisation activities by
Online social networks are used frequently by ï rms as one of these channels but NSI scholars have not heeded
An illustrative case of online social networks is the trend towards open source software 71. An oft-given example is the Linux
Online social networks may solve problems for current business development or pool ideas 97 for future business development.
organisations are linked up in online social networks. Individuals are assigned carefully to certain communities, for example, those serving a given sector.
95 R. Cachia, R. Compaã Ã, O. Da Costa, Grasping the potential of online social networks for foresight, Technol.
Online social networks: Enlarging the knowledge exploration landscape 3. 14. Knowledge exploitation networks: Focus on commercialisation 4. Conclusions
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using
-etary social networks, big data providers implementations of the Internet of things is convenient for users but also â€oelocks us
Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE SOCIETY COLLABORATION DISTRIBUTED BIG BROTHER Commercial services Entertainment (eg. IPTV DRM-heavy
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of
Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social network -ing, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,
social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe and experiment with services and protocols.
today use blogs, wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,
part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of rela
the case of the DSI social network col -lected in this study, the nodes in a graph
social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in de -tail. The graph of the networks is given
Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Innovation and innovation policy are not
Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches
-ture of social networks with a methodo -logical approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process
most social networks, Futurium participa -tory tools offer several features to sup -port collective foresight, such as scenario
social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy
Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998
-parate segments of the social network that are otherwise unconnected†(Elfring and Hulsink 2003: 411 On the other hand, strong ties tend to bind individuals with similar or complementary
social networks) that †offer particular (â€) advantages for firms engaged in innovation and knowledge creation. †These kind of open networks are very contrary to the earlier
and maintaining social networks have a long tradition in the region (Stoerring and Christensen 2004. Moreover, a widespread awareness of the importance of further
Social networks, Resources and Entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Innovation 103-109 Johannisson, B.,M. Ramirez-Pasillas and G. Karlsson (2002:
interactions such as social networks and forums, individuals are leaving a lifelong trail of personal data The number of transactions performed electronically is rising fast.
social networks such as Facebook let users restrict or grant access to other users or groups on their data (e g.,
Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Online Social networks. 2007) 43†48 30. Giuri, L.,Iglio, P.:
task forces and facilitate social networks etc Without this â€oechampion†organisation, any effort will not be sustainable 4 Summary of the findings from IPF
firms and other actors is replaced by the current social network theory of innovation, where knowledge plays a crucial role in fostering innovationâ€
Thus, the social entrepreneur sets out to tame social networks of influence. In this respect, what is extremely important for us is not so much the particular type of strategy
Social networks and innovation (handicraft industry in bantul, yogyakarta. Munich: MPRA, 28032 Brata, A..2009. Innovation and social capital in the small-medium entreprises:
from the success of portable navigation systems and Web 2. 0 social networks •enhanced geo-localisation and guidance, also able to function in indoor/underground areas
-led research, control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc.
control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of ICT-ELI
control groups, experimental research, longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of
longitudinal studies, social networks analysis learning analytics, big data research, etc. to the study of complex'ecosystems'of ICT
mostly related to social networks (e g. Facebook followed by multimedia content sharing websites (e g. Youtube) and blogs (e g.
in many ways the social network fails as a representation of society. On the one hand for example, the American Facebook user†s
customers†mobility patterns, social networks and consumption preferences. Collectively, these digital breadcrumbs enable operators to profile
Furthermore, social network insights can be used by an operator to market its services to the off-network contacts that are connected
analysis with a study of users†social networks with two users being considered as connected if they communicated with each other at least
event and social network data. In both the Orange and Telecom italia cases, researchers had to go through an approval process in order to
subsequent social network analysis could contain errors (overstating or understating tie strength for example. While it may not be possible to
understand variations in mobility, social networks and consumption among men and women and between different socioeconomic groups
Phithakkitnukoon, S.,Calabrese, F.,Smoreda, Z. and Ratti, C. 2011), Out of sight out of Mind-How Our Mobile Social network
ï Social networks: platforms that allow the user to connect and interact with other people, based
total European population is represented by active social network users 4 Global Web Index, Q2, 2014 (https://www. globalwebindex. net/)via wearesocial. net
information, communicating by means of the social networks, etc..The electronic commerce continues to increase significantly, even in the context of the actual economic crisis.
These range from social networks for those living with chronic health conditions, to online platforms for citizen participation in policymaking, to using
-etary social networks, big data providers implementations of the Internet of things is convenient for users but also â€oelocks us
Social networks E-democracy PEOPLE SOCIETY COLLABORATION DISTRIBUTED BIG BROTHER Commercial services Entertainment (eg. IPTV DRM-heavy
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of
Other projects are exploring the potential of federated social network -ing, such as D-CENT and Diaspora,
social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe and experiment with services and protocols.
today use blogs, wikis, social networks and hundreds of other collaborative platforms to manage their daily lives,
part of a larger social network and have mapped this network in a way that has not been possible before
Social networks are defined formally as set of nodes (or network members) that are tied by one or more types of rela
the case of the DSI social network col -lected in this study, the nodes in a graph
social networks. However, it is a large sample and thus worth exploring in de -tail. The graph of the networks is given
Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Innovation and innovation policy are not
Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web entrepreneurs Startup Europe Smart Cities Internet of things Bottom up and grassroots approaches
-ture of social networks with a methodo -logical approach of foresights to engage stakeholders in the poliy making process
most social networks, Futurium participa -tory tools offer several features to sup -port collective foresight, such as scenario
social network Distributes and federated social networks based on open source code and open standards to promote open democracy
Social network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press D. Watts and S. Strogatz (1998
services. 11 Online retailing, online press, search engines, social networks, blogs, media streaming, online gambling and e-health are included in our analysis. The main focus
information, communicating via social networks, etc..Electronic commerce continues to grow substantially, even in the current economic crisis.
platforms, social networks and peer-2-peer services. This section provides an overview of the interpretations that have been given to the definition of activities listed in Articles 12 to 14 of
video sharing sites, social networks and search engines, favoured the inclusion of those activities within the"safe harbour"regime
social network service Myspace was not offering a hosting activity and therefore 94 Paris Tribunal de Grande Instance (TGI), 26.10.2010;
social networks with the objective of ensuring the safety of minors online. 131 •On 4 may 2011 a representative group of right holders and internet platforms signed
A similar case, on the compatibility of such a filtering obligation for a social network, is
and text about families, friends and colleagues on social networks such as Netlog, Linkedin and Facebook, often without being aware of privacy policies.
Directive also apply to new services such as the online social networks 183 See recently for example the Ker-Optika judgment, Case C-108/09
products, such as e-mail, social networks, music, films, e-books or e-learning services. Problems include incomplete or incomprehensible information, interrupted access to content and faulty products.
A similar case, on the compatibility of such a filtering obligation for a social network, is currently pending before the ECJ
Social network or crowdsourcing businesses reflect these new business models and a new philosophy where Internet is the nat ural environ
larger social networks to pitch an idea, they be -gin to create mindshare and market share within
capital from investors, using social networks and crowdfunding platforms to finance their businesses and projects. By doing so, individual entrepreneurs
risks, to enlarge its social networks, or to reduce costs Hoffman and Schlosser, 2001; Mohr and Spekman, 1994
risks, to enlarge its social networks, or to reduce costs Hoffman and Schlosser, 2001; Mohr and Spekman, 1994
and develop use of Irish and Irish speaking social networks in the Gaeltacht and throughout the region.
Irish speaking social networks throughout the region. Planning Authorities should take cognisance of the need to preserve place names at local level through appropriate policies on naming streets and other developments
mobile apps and social networks apps, etc c) include measures in support of the regional capacity to plan,
•Actors were identified through †knowledge maps†(social network analyses of the Romanian RDI ecosystem based on data collected from projects, publications
competences assembled in a format styled †knowledge maps†(social network analyses with a visual and geographical (GIS) component
importance of social networks. Adragna and Lusardi (2008), on the other hand, single out gender and age as the key determinants of entrepreneurship;
Tolerance and access to social networks appear to be key factors in attracting skilled, entrepreneurial and career-minded people.
Social networks based on Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are also gaining importance both as social innovation in themselves and as producers of social
interactivity with other social networks like Facebook and Twitter. Nonprofits can add the â€oedonate Now†box to their Facebook Fan Pages
blog or social network profile that can accept embeddable HTML. It has a welcoming image which invites visitors to donate.
cultural tastes, aspirations and values were locked into local social networks or milieu of innovation. However, not all networks are creative and innovative.
Social networks have also been instrumental in creating new forms of local partnerships driving positive change.
but, importantly, that social networks and processes themselves are important resources to anticipate change and to make societies more cohesive and resilient.
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management 1 Social network Enhanced Digital City Management and Innovation
Success: A Prototype Design Bih-Ru Lea Wen-Bin Yu Prashanth Kannan University of Missouri †Rolla
the advance of technology, social networks that play a fundamental role as a medium for the spread of
This study investigates how social network theories can be used to design and manage a web-based digital city that connects entrepreneurs to influential factors of innovation (e g.,
A social network can be defined as a set of people, organizations or other social entities, connected by a set of
Social networks provide participants with opportunities of finding social support, establishing new social or business contacts (Hogg & Adamic, 2004), starting collaboration (O†Murchu, et al.
Starting from the conception of building social network based web sites in 1999 the focus on this area has increased significantly
Although both digital cities and social networks could carry out major social and economic advancements (Ishida 2002a & 2002b), limited research exists to apply social network concepts to design
and construct a digital city to enhance innovation success. Therefore, the objective of this study is to apply theories from social network and
digital city in designing a web-based digital city as a means of connecting individuals to influential factors of
social networks and digital cities is provided followed by the research methodology. Subsequently, a case study is used to provide insights on designing
and managing a social network based digital city. This case study presents different means and designs to strengthen an individual†s social network,
to connect individuals to influential factors of innovation, and to obtain support needed during the innovation process.
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management LITERATURE REVIEW Influential Factors of Innovation Success
Social networks It is believed that innovation success is correlated positively with the opportunity to mobilize and direct
and direct resources is a function of the strength of his/her social network Therefore, it is important for an individual to have a strong social network
in order to establish and maintain connectivity to resources needed for innovation success. Consequently, strengthening an individual†s social network
leads to higher probability for innovation success A social network is a graph of relationships and interactions within a group of individuals (often called
actors in social network literature) and plays a fundamental role as a medium for the spread of information, ideas
and influence among its members (Churchill et al. 2004; Wellman, 1997. Figure 4 is an illustration of relationships
in a social network. In the figure, elliptical items represent individuals in a social network. For ease of
understanding, only 3 levels of relationships have been depicted in the diagram and only individual 1 (ellipse 1) at
The social network starts at individual 1 who has a direct social relationship with individuals 2, 3 and 4 (depicted as ellipse 1 that is linked to ellipses 2, 3 and 4 by solid
A social network can exist if an individual has an acquaintance that can form a social relationship and take
are still part of a social network. Though there is a link, it is not strong. These types of links will be considered as
Just as individuals can link to each other through a social relationship and form a social network, network
and C are social network groups and ellipse 13 represents an individual who is not a part of any group.
and is part of this social network. Each social group has a set of individuals who have social links among them
membership in these two networks links the two social networks by forming a path between computer technology
A Social network Illustration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
A Social network Consisting Groups and Individuals The basic properties of social networks include size, density, degree, reachability (Hanneman, 2001), connectivity
Stocker, 2001), and multiplexity (Emirbayer & Goodwin, 1994). Size of the network is indexed by counting the
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management 5 individuals who are work associates may also be linked by family ties, political affiliations, or club memberships
A social network provides a venue for storytelling or showcasing projects and best practices and could be leveraged
to create new knowledge resources as social networks also allow interpersonal relations to cut across boundaries i e.,
technology, social networks become flexible and can be sustained over distance and are hence helpful in maintaining
Benefits of having a strong social network include opportunities of finding social support, establishing new social
The construction of a digital city is built often upon social network concepts including common interests or shared
Therefore, a social network based digital city is more flexible (Ishida, 2002b), has more multidimensional means for dissemination activities (GÃ tzl et al.
efficient information integration than a traditional social network. Digital cities often apply technology to encourage public participation more effectively and efficiently than traditional forms of social network.
As a result, the network growth rate of digital cities is much higher than traditional social networks.
Without the physical boundaries, digital cities impart and enhance benefits of traditional social networks across time and space and
accelerate and globalize the networking process (Lea et al. 2006). ) Furthermore, a digital city can easily support and
maintain bigger networks more securely than conventional social networks RESEARCH OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLGY Successful innovation is an important factor for economic development.
Ishida, 2002a) and both digital cities and social networks could carry out major social and economic advancements (Ishida, 2002a;
However, limited research exists to address applying social network concepts to design and construct a digital city to support innovation process and, consequently,
innovation success. Therefore, the objective of this research is to address how social network theories can be used to
This study provides sample designs that apply social network concepts to promote and structure social interactions among the users of a digital city
The I3 is built a social network on an electronic medium to form a digital city that consists of an aggregation of
and maintaining a strong social network is time consuming and effort intensive, the objectives of the I3 project are to manage the network of users and resources in
and communities to participate in social network activities (e g. exchange of information, resources, or knowledge •Enabling users to learn best practices
collecting and correlating social network data (e g. degree, density, etc.)for innovation success •Providing a framework for timely communication and distribution of experiences, contextual information
that focus on the management of a social network based digital city is discussed in this study The ERD is segmented into four regions,
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Figure 6: Entity Relationship Diagram
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Figure 8: Sample of User Management Screen †User Profile
It is important to track social network evolution for every user at all times (Hanneman, 2001) as social interaction
user†s initial social network information is maintained by four entities including communication group, social group influential group,
and used to monitor changes in social network parameters and network evolution of users. The information
as shown in Figure 9. These social network measures are calculated dynamically and will change when new users are added to the system
Partial User Social network information Survey †Who Knows Who 10 Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management
Figure 10: Company Profile (Partial The conceptual design of resource management is operationalized as the resource management in the administrator
Therefore, having a strong social network is beneficial in finding social support, establishing new social or business
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management review all resources available that match the requester†s requirements and can direct the resource to the user (this
and key social network statistics, serves as a systematic mechanism to record and evaluate social network performance and knowledge,
and provides leverage to the administrator in making important managerial decisions Six types of reports in I3 are provided to track resource usage in the system.
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Figure 15: Graphical Representation of Region wide resource availability
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management A as a User (user 1020 in this example)( b) As a System Administrator
Social networks and digital cities go hand in hand and can positively improve the probability of innovation success
I3) †based on social network concepts to enhance success of innovation through promoting and structuring social
improve his or her social network. Table 5. 1 summarizes the key functionalities implemented in I3 and its effect in
and maintain one†s social network are in place, several essential functions are yet to be developed to improve efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed social network based
digital city prototype. Personalization and intelligent interaction between digital cities and their users based on user
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management profiles are still challenges. Forums, chat rooms,
implementing social networks but analyzing the data and building a knowledge base would help build a stronger
Social network ing and forming influential circles through social interaction Questionnaire/Survey, Who Knows Who Data
Social network Analysis ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project is funded by National Science Foundation Award#0332378, Partnerships for Innovation Program, Dr
Digital Networks & Social networks, isociety Alex Macgillivray, New Economics Foundation Downey, J, . & Mcguigan, J. ed)( 1999).
â€oestudying Online Social networks, †The Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 3 (1), http://www. ascusc. org/jcmc/vol3/issue1/garton. html
â€oeintroduction to Social network Methods, †University of California, Riverside Hiltz, H r, . & Wellman, B. 1997) â€oeasynchronous Learning Networks As A Virtual Classroom, †Communications
â€oeenhancing Reputation Mechanisms via Online Social networks, †Proceedings of the 5th ACM conference on Electronic commerce, EC€ 04 may 17†20, New york, New york, USA, ACM
Social network Digital City Management Journal of International Technology and Information management Igbaria, M. 1999. â€oethe Driving forces In The Virtual Society, †Communications of the ACM, December, 42,12
â€oeenhancing business networks using social network based virtual communities, †Industrial Management and Data systems, 106 (1), 121-138
â€oeconsensus and cohesion in simulated social networks, †Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation, 4, 4
â€oean electronic group is virtually a social network, †in Kiesler, S. Ed.)Culture of the internet
Social network Enhanced Digital City Management and Innovation Success: A Prototype Design Bih-Ru Lea is an Assistant professor of Business Administration at the University of Missouri at
smartphone apps or access to social networks are increasingly becoming important drivers for Social Innovation as they offer new solutions and
Among them, 92.4%used social networks (Facebook, Linkedin, Tuenti, Google+,Viadeo Yammer,..,),40.9%used company blogs or microblogs (Twitter, Presently, Blogger
-neurs and/or their social networks One thing to consider when devising innovation incen -tives is that SMES traditionally face high transaction costs
-health applications, clouds of services and clouds of sensors, new social network applications like collaborative 3d immersive environments, new commercial and
and also solutions for large scale/real-time data mining/social network analysis so as to achieve successful retrieval and integration of information from an ex
management or manufacturing, †the Internet of things †to social networks While it is evident that sharing
in social networks. In: Moore, T.,Pym, D.,Ioannidis, C. eds. Economics of In -formation Security and Privacy, pp. 121†167.
and in social networks. Research on the Future Internet therefore includes the development, piloting and validation of
billion minutes were spent on social networks and blogs in 2011 and 42%of tablet owners use them
quarter of 18 to 24 year olds commented on politics via social networks during the election. vi
tap into existing social networks and spread social ideas. Swarmtribes an ongoing NESTA project, applies the principles of viral marketing to
extent to which social networks and a gift economy operate in the sphere of consumption has long been remarked on by anthropologists for example (from
social networks paradigms, such as, e g.,, crowdsourcing and people services Moreover, this part of the volume will explore the identity challenges for busi
and consumed through social networks and digital infrastructures. 1 However, we are facing a radical change, with a new breed of
information flows in social networks and potentially see the world as a big data repository to be exploited,
virtual world of social networks and playground as part of their own everyday life They post everything on Facebook
Social networks Internet of things Mobile 80%of the world's data is unstructured From 1. 3 billion
mentioned social networks, mobile technologies, and internet of things. It is worth noting that a priority number is associated to each driver,
applications, and services due to the growing relevance of social networks, mobile services, and technology/paradigms such as cloud computing (we provide further
, social networks, smart mobile communi -cations, cloud computing, high bandwidth telecommunication networks contribute to create digital infrastructures for service provision,
•save and share on social networks or via e-mail, the ††Favorites††vehicles against
and appropriate listening to social networks as well as supported by multi -disciplinary competencies, enabling an effective and as close as possible
to social networks as well as the involvement of multidisciplinary competencies to enable an effective knowledge for implementing mobile solutions and services in
Abstract This Chapter aims to discuss the key issues raised by social networks and 2. 0 technologies for companies competing in a digitalized market.
The 2. 0 technologies development and the worldwide social network diffusion ask for new, agile, and flexible strategies for digital business.
Moreover, advanced social network analysis techniques 10,11 support the creation and maintenance of maps of influence based of available links;
technologies and social networks, as well as by the adoption of new service oriented technological architectures. In banking sector, for example, the spread of
sense, the IT function is involved often occasionally in the social network plat -forms identification, integration and management.
that rise up from social networks and 2. 0 technologies. As shown in Fig. 4. 1, an ex
the sphere of social networks and 2. 0 technologies. In this section, we will briefly discuss some of the main implications that an access to information and services
but also social networks, and web technologies to infer data about people preferences, activities, and their social environments 35
integrating sensors with social networks data. This may definitely shift the meaning of what businesses mean time-to
prevalence of the convergence of localization features and social networks through Table 4. 4 Technological enablers of social sensing.
the convergence of sensors and social network technologies. Here below, we provide the reader with guidelines for short term strategy actions
Wasserman S, Faust KC (1994) Social network analysis: methods and applications Cambridge university Press, Cambridge 11. Wasserman S, Galaskiewicz JC (1994) Advances in social network analysis:
research in the social and behavioral sciences. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif 12. Pang B, Lee LC-1454712 (2008) Opinion mining and sentiment analysis. Found Trends Inf
social networks. In: Proceeding 2nd ACM Work. Soc. web search Min. ACM, Hong kong pp 65†68
social networks Nowadays, as a consequence, employees expect and demand more freedom at work environment. They want to have instant access to the types of applications
they consider that having the ability to access consumer social networks through their personal devices, would allow them to build conductive work rela
•Users can share the documents on social networks •It supports geo-location data for photos uploaded onto the service
In recent years, the diffusion of social networks and 2. 0 applications have raised their relevance to companies aiming to carry out differentiation strategies, with a
information with social networks allowing quicker transfers or direct use of Facebook wallet. Through the app it is possible to send
convergence of mobile services, sensors technologies, and social networks Accordingly, we have outlined the main implications of new marketing perspec
advancement of mobile technology, digital services, social networks, sensors, and IT Consumerization, likewise. Besides the benefits, collaboration contributed to
Social network analysis, 69 Social software, 123 Software as service (Saas), 24 Start-up, 187 Storage, 10
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