the best known being expert panels and multi-round Delphi surveys. They differ in their expected benefits, conditions of use, time
Expert panels XX X X X X X Delphi survey X X X X X X XX X
Cohesion Policy adopted by the international panel of experts advising the EU Commissioner for Regional Policy
Open source-Open science Markets for knowledge Regional industrial policy Innovation-oriented public procurement Source: OECD 2011
os ys te m s tr at eg y 'M ed iu m -te ch
computing resources, software and data repositories) for research and education and any other entity of a unique nature essential to achieving or enabling
in the outlook of actors. This can lead to increased efficiency and the delivery of
Where appropriate, a Panel Review will be organised remotely Applicants can provide during the electronic proposal submission up to
well this new software works. Researchers in the TABULA RASA project are looking into the growing phenomenon
Today, the sector includes hardware, software, the Internet, telephony, and content, application, and support service, provided by entities ranging from corporate giants to garage entrepreneurs to individual
generate new demand for hardware, software, and services Mobile telecommunications took 20 years to reach one billion users,
its powerful search engine to functions and capabilities many of which the company itself had imagined never Rather than threatening Google, this external activity has made its product more essential and the company
owner-operators training, software, and connectivity to the e-procurement portal, which increases their willingness to invest in PCS,
networks or ecosystems, spanning from component and equipment manufacturers to independent software developers and vendors to distributors and retailers to systems architects to technical support services.
its revenues. 38 SAP, the world leader in collaborative enterprise software with 50%of the market, employs
and entrepreneurs establish careers and businesses in the software industry †at the same time laying critical foundations for its own future growth
combinations of funding, curricula, hardware and software donations, employee volunteer time, and other resources according to local needs and goals.
equipment or software donations and training or support services in the form of pro bono time.
SAP AG, the market leader in collaborative enterprise software, is leveraging its core competence to help build the capacity for good governance in resource-rich developing
software solutions enabling mutual transparency and accountability among the companies and governments involved THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity20
pushback, as evidenced by the growing open-source software movement, Creative Commons licensing regimes, and †less constructively †blatant flouting of IP controls
software economies through a network of 110 Innovation Centers in 60 countries †helping individuals and entrepreneurs
establish careers and businesses in the software industry and laying critical foundations for its own future growth
Drivers Microsoft sells platform technologies †the Windows operating system, the Office suite, MSN, and others. Its
software vendors (ISVS) to distributors to retail stores Microsoft occupies a unique position in its partner ecosystem.
Local Software Economy Group supports the development of new partners by fostering the growth of healthy
software ecosystems around the world. While the Enterprise Partner Group is a critical part of the company†s
near-term business strategy, the Local Software Economy (LSE) Group is part of a cluster of initiatives that helps
plan, research and develop new software products and services, †enabling them to start and grow businesses of
In mature countries, where local software economies already exist, MICS incubate start-ups and broker relationships between entrepreneurs and potential financial backers.
and Mexico, software ecosystems exist but often struggle with quality or limited local market size.
Soviet republics, for example, development skills are generally quite strong and fledgling software economies exist, but Microsoft has little on-the-ground presence †so the company has organized developers into
or wanting to kick-start local software economies will often pay internship wages or first year salaries for graduates that obtain jobs.
involves selling a license for platform software. The MICS, while considered business investments, do not
software, hardware, training, government services and technology support. In addition to Microsoft itself â€oetypical†partners include government agencies, financial institutions, independent software vendors, hardware
providers, and Internet service providers. Non-governmental organizations are often part of the PPPS as well Eight business development managers worldwide are responsible for identifying and building PTAS.
value chain linkages with local hardware and software vendors and distributors. PTAS expand these partnersâ€
entrepreneurs and small business owner-operators training, software, and connectivity to the e-procurement portal, which increases their willingness to invest in PCS,
operating systems through PTAS worldwide. 80 Microsoft expects to approach one million PC sales in fiscal year 2008 alone.
•Free website design and management software •Downloadable business forms 5. 4 IFC AND IBM€ S SME TOOLKIT
•Survey and quiz-building software •Business directories Entrepreneurs have very little time; the Toolkit is designed to allow them to access the resources they need with
advanced skills, covering subjects such as UNIX, Java, security, wireless, PC hardware and software, and networking operating systems.
It offers the possibility of obtaining industry-standard certifications, e g. Cisco Certified Network Associate (CCNA¢)and Cisco Certified Network Professional (CCNPÂ
SAP, the global leader in collaborative enterprise software, is leveraging its expertise in business network transformation to
SAP AG has become the world†s largest business software company, with over 50%market share worldwide.
The company specializes in software solutions that enable customers to improve their business performance †in particular,
Governments could also see value in adopting more SAP software. Further adoption would go beyond
Microsoft. n d. Local software economy case study: Microsoft Innovation Centers. http://download. microsoft. com/download/6/9/f/69f8c76b-198e
n d. Local software economy case study: Microsoft Innovation Centers http://download. microsoft. com/download/6/9/f/69f8c76b-198e-4114
are research-oriented †Software Park Hagenberg SWP) and Research and Training Centre for Labour and
-oriented is the Software Park Hagenberg (SWP), located close to the capital of Linz. It is a technology and
research centre for software development, industrial mathematics, and related services, exclusively focusing on this technology field.
software, data processing, and consulting services. There are hardly any manufacturing companies and only a few high-tech firms.
machinery, and services (frequently software) while only 19 belong to the metal-and-steel industry, metal pro
software industry frequently carry out product innovations, often together with customers And finally, science-based producers (e g.,
contain the introduction of new software products and services or the development of new customer segments.
-tion) and IT (esp. international computer hardware and software enterprises that have operations in Bangalore. The enterprise structure consists of many branches of MNCS
-lore†s software cluster owes †its origins and growth to increased cross-border flows of
the Indian software industry in the future. †This refers to the often heard criticism that Bangalore†s success is only a result of the foreign investment because of low cost ad
The software cluster in Bangalore. In: J. H Dunning (ed.:Regions, globalization, and the knowledge-based economy.
Innovation in Small Scottish Software Firms. In: Entrepreneurship & Regional Devel -opment 12 (3), 217†244
accessed or ordered via the Europa server or directly at the Sebw website www. europa. eu. int/comm/enterprise/ict/policy/watch/index. htm, www. ebusiness-watch. org
3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software...53 3. 3. 4 Deployment and implications of RFID technology...
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration...60 3. 4. 2 Use of ICT for cooperative and collaborative business processes...
outlook and policy implications...185 6. 1 Key findings...185 6. 2 Possible further developments of e-business...
software systems ERP (Enterprise resource planning) systems are one of the main platforms to enable this goal. If a customer or supplier has an ERP
Use of specific software systems for transport & logistics management Specific software solutions for the TLS sector
such as Cargo Handling Technology, Fleet Control system and ITMS (Intermodal Trans -portation Management Systems) are also
logistics software systems 16 3 12 20 31 29 8 22 35 43 12 4 6
-ment) systems, a comprehensive software to capture, storage and analysis customer data in an integrated way, is used not yet widely in the
Software products System and application software â 76 billion IT services Consulting, implementation and operations
management â 140 billion Carrier services Fixed voice telephone and data services, mobile telephone services, cable TV
Transport is a key driver for the EU-25 outlook in terms of both energy and emissions
system software. Warehouse management systems (WMS) assist managers in tracking products throughout the entire storage and distribution process.
medium of communication and by the software controlling the communication (i e.,, the protocols). ) An Intranet is a specific application of the internal computer network which
software tools and the use of specialised tools supporting business functions within industries other than the ICT industryâ€. 63 There are companies-usually medium and
A Cross Sector Perspective and Outlook 76 In the context of information systems, heterogeneity means that the systems are somehow
-Sector Perspective and Outlook, E-business W@tch Special report, 2005 78 Technical Committee 278 (2007) â€oeroad Transport and Traffic Telematicsâ€, Open Call for Project
The IM@GINE-IT personal assistant is a small additional piece of software that will run on any mobile device,
3. 3. 3 Use of Open source Software The open source model Open source software (OSS) is computer software
which source code is available under a license (or arrangement such as the public domain. This permits users to use, change
and improve the software, and to redistribute it in modified or unmodified form. Open source is cited frequently as one of the most important movements in modern software
creation. Related projects are supported by the European Commission82 and almost every further and higher education institution makes use of open source software.
The promise of open source is better quality, higher reliability, more flexibility, lower cost, and an end to predatory vendor lock in.
Open source licenses define the privileges and restrictions a licensor must follow in order to use, modify or redistribute the open-source
software OSS includes software with source code in the public domain and software distributed under an open-source license.
It is developed often in a public, collaborative manner and is the most prominent example of open source development
and often compared to user generated content. The cost of immediate acquisition to the end-user is usually minimal
this is because the right to freely redistribute the software makes selling licences for copies of open source software an unlikely business proposition
The following research example shows the possibility of OSS in the logistics field: the Open source Warehouse Management System, developed at Fraunhofer-Institut fã r
Materialfluss und Logistik in Dortmund, Germany Mywms-The Open source Warehouse Management System Modern Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) have to operate quite a number of
different interfaces, consider restricted storage strategies, minimize transport routes and times, support different kinds of stocktaking and many other things.
Despite of existing standards, e g. VDI or FEM which cover partial fields, there are no generally accepted
standards for WMS. The suppliers of WMS have to use their own, often limited development capacities to their activities.
Networked Enterprise Applications and Software, FP6 508011), coordinated by University Bordeaux 1 with 47 partners and more than 300 researchers
open source software. In October 2006, it granted â 3m towards a project, called SQO-OSS, to
test the quality of open source software. And just days before, the Commission extended its open source web portal, the Open source Observatory
http://ec. europa. eu/idabc/en/chapter/452) to develop interoperability between applications E-business in the transport & logistics industry
Open source development Another approach which has already been implemented successfully in many projects is based on openness and transparency and parallelizes some of the above mentioned
codes of a software project as well as a permanent communication between all participants. This makes the interface specifications, the system architecture and the data
mywms, the Open source Warehouse Management System. This system is designed with modern software technologies and tools with the aim to create a widely accepted
WMS with well-defined interfaces and data models. mywms will be object oriented and coded in the programming language JAVA.
Free software products will be used for the development and operation. LINUX, for example, will be preferred the operating system and Postgresql the preferred database.
The complete user interface is based browser i e. it uses the common web browsers. This allows for the use of existing network
structures and inexpensive personal computers with almost any operating system as workplace computer The first level includes a core system with the inventory management, the master data
Deployment of Open source Software Deployment of open source software should follow the same pattern of evaluation of
needs, testing, and acquisition from a supplier and so on as would be used with proprietary software. The cost of deploying and supporting software, whether open
source or closed source, is very often much higher than the simple cost of licence
acquisition, and will often be the principal component of the total cost of ownership. 84
There are clearly a number of Open source products that can offer a fast return on investment, because they are genuinely excellent software products
and the support is acceptable. In comparison with proprietary software OSS is more inexpensive in acqui
-sition and use (total costs of ownership), also because the direct and indirect main -tenance costs are significantly lower.
84 Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper http://www. jisc. ac. uk/publications/publications/pub ossbp. aspx
efficient maintenance of the software which will result in a more effective effort by ICT
cost of deployment and also the potential impact on the rest of the software that they are
"software. The owner of a closed system can let his programme cooperate with open -source software;
after all he has access to the complete source. The opposite-closed source code, not able to cooperate with other programs-is more common than an
type of open source software, and a further 8%reported plans to pilot it during 2006.
server and server operating systems are the top two areas, with two-thirds of firms using
or Linux. 85 The E-business Watch 2007 sectoral study confirmed that operating systems (including Linux) based on OSS are used widely by
large companies (nearly 50%).86 Exhibit 3. 3-3 shows that for the TLS industry the use of OSS clearly increases by firm
Special emphasis should be put on the deployment of OS Software in micro and small enterprises which constitute the vast majority of TLS
companies Exhibit 3. 3-3: Companies using Open source Software 8 9 21 28 10 13
32 41 21 24 30 47 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
+Open source operating system Open source databases Open source browsers Base (100%:%Companies using computers. N (for sector, EU-7)= 997.
Weighting: Totals (for the sector and for all 7 sectors) are weighted by firms. Figures for size-bands are in%of enterprises from the size-band
Questionnaire reference: A13a, A13b and A13c 85 Forrester research, Inc. 2005. â€oeis Open source Gaining Adoption In Europe?
†http://www. forrester. com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0, 7211,38061, 00. html 86 See E-business Watch (Survey 2007
software for local needs. Proprietary software companies are concentrated usually global in a few parts of the world.
This is the nature of the software market, which, thanks to network effects and proprietary standards tends towards natural monopolies. 87 Also,
as is the case in the TLS sector, many large corporations are now deploying Open source
products at the heart of their IT, but doing so in a considered and responsible way. 88
A digital signer will require software, and will probably have to pay a certification authority some price to issue a certificate
relying on digital signatures will incur expenses for verification software and perhaps for access to certificates and certificate revocation lists in a repository
Economic impact of open source software on innovation and the competitiveness of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector in the EU
Open source: Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR 89 Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Digital signature
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Specific software applications for knowledge management are intended to help
companies organising information that is relevant for employees in a way that they can easily retrieve and use it.
or set of computer programs) used to track and store electronic documents and/or images of paper documents.
software and hardware to achieve the integration. A key ingredient of most ERP systems is the use of a unified database to store data for the various system modules.
Exhibit 3. 4-1 Use of e-business software systems Companies having†Transport & logistics sector TLS
†a software application to manage the placing or receipt of orders †a warehouse or
industry reported the use of software solutions or internet-based services for e -procurement (see Exhibit 3. 4-1). This shows that there is a gap between the percentage
software for this (20%.%It can be assumed that companies without such software place orders mainly through websites or extranets of suppliers,
which does not require any special e-procurement system. The digital back-office integration of procurement related
%SCM software can help companies from the TLS industry to match supply and demand through integrated and collaborative interaction tools.
companies appear to be more active using specific software systems, like cargo handling technology and intermodal transportation management systems
The solution is based on a software solution that allows automating the exchange of documents between customers
This software is linked to the internal information system of CEMAT, an Italian company specialised in combined
companies, a possible explanation is that many companies have software for managing their inventory and supplies internally, without really integrating suppliers directly through
%firms using SCM software/sharing information on inventory levels with suppliers (2007 4 8 22
SCM software is intended thus to manage numerous and different activities and tasks many of which have their own specific software.
Some vendors have assembled these different chunks of software together under a single solution, but the development of a
complete package that is right for every company is a big challenge. As a result, SCM
The detailed setup and processing within a WMS can vary significantly from one software vendor to another;
software management (â€oegoalâ€) system with GPS train control (â€oee-trainâ€. Hupac is a leading company in combined transport across The swiss Alps and in transport of
CRM software suites are quite expensive and require intensive organisational preparation to be introduced effectively in a company.
Thus, the existing ICT infrastructure and e-business software systems analysed in the preceding sections led the TLS sector to a situation in
Open source Software. The use of OSS seems to be correlated positively to the size of the company in employees.
adoption of ICT hardware and software correlates with innovation activity of firms "conduct"),and whether there are any significant links between innovation activity
stochastic production possibility frontier (SPF) model by using a panel data set for 14 EU member states for which all necessary data was defined available as EU-14). 114
Gross production value per total working hours based on EU-141 Multi-Country-Panel Explanatory variables Coefficient Standard error t-value
115 For the econometric estimation, the software package Frontiers 4. 1 was used (Coelli, 1996 E-business in the transport & logistics industry
assets include investments in software, training and organisational transformations that accompany ICT investments. In other words, firms that combine high levels of ICT and
specified in the software design The copy-exactly strategy is particularly beneficial if the initial understanding of the
Software endowment index that comprises of software applications used by a firm The index includes the following applications:
a software application to manage the placing or receipt of orders, ERM, SCM, CRM and the use of the internet to buy and
Software index (A6, A7, B1, B3) 0. 362***0. 060 IT practitioners (E1) 0. 571***0. 195
Software use and IT practitioners drive organisational changes: The intensity of ICT applications and in particular IT-skilled employees are the major drivers of
skills combined with innovative software that enable firms to rearrange their operations, functions and workflows,
competitive advantage compared to software applications and skilled employees Second, ICT usage has a positive impact on company performance,
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration E-business in the transport & logistics industry
Integrated software management with GPS train control at Hupac, Switzerland Discussion of challenges and success of the application of an
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Case study 11: Real-time passenger information system at
3. 4. 1 Use of software systems for internal process integration Case study 12: Improving public transport management
capacity computer servers (from Hewlett packard) in the central company office. They are connected with all computers in centres with offices
the different company centres are integrated in the central servers The company has designed this proprietary system in conjunction with its ICT provider
accounting and payroll software panning garage software for management A practical example of applications enabled by the company-wide integration of data
flows is a new timetable which manages the timetables of all individual workers and automatically links these data to the payroll application.
integrated (with the new software version operating The centralised information system has also a positive impact on data security.
possible to make backup copies of all the relevant data from the central servers avoiding duplicating task and minimising the risk of losing important data.
longer in local mode), files have to be saved on the server and not in the local hard drive
company web site, a Sage software solution for the accounting, as well as a global transport management solution
The solution that has been developed is composed modular software of the core Solulog solution and some specific developments to meet the needs of AIT.
representative panel of customers in the pilot phase. CEMAT has involved only its biggest customer in the pilot phase.
â€oexsellcentralseatsâ€) linked to more than 200 local servers that host the ticket sales system, as well as a statistics/reporting system (â€oexselldataâ€) and a data maintenance
For a nationwide system, a unitary hardware and standard software architecture has been chosen to offer long-term benefits, like improved technical support, technical
solution is based on Hewlett-packard hardware, Oracle RDBMS software and Practical Automation thermal printers, verified for more than 7 years in real-time operation and
The operating system is Microsoft WINDOWS NT for PC€ s & PC Net Servers and HP-UX for RISC machines.
The solution has been implemented in over 245 railway stations where each selling point is equipped with a PC and a printer linked to the different systems
validated the technical solution (hardware and software) as well as the design and provided real data to determine the transaction volumes needed to operate such a
From 2000 to 2004 a new version of the software solution was designed by the CFR
application software and deployment Future major developments that are foreseen are to open the system for the public on the
Feroviarä managed the software development, the infrastructure setup and the deployment of the solution. The passenger railway company established a new
as well as hardware and software for the four deployed e -services. Maintenance cost for the portal is about 11000 Euros per month
integrated software that manages transport data in real time, coordinating all phases of intermodal traffic. â€oegoal†is connected to â€oee-trainâ€, an innovative GPS train control
ever enlarging network has led to the creation of an integrated software management system with GPS train control
taken 8 months most of it being the software implementation, followed by a 4-months test
The overall cost for the solution including software, hardware and implementation were approximately 100.000 Euros.
hardware and software) and intelligence traffic systems. This firm was in charge of the integration and implementation of the system,
Global Oriented Application for Logistics) is integrated an software designed by Hupac that coordinates intermodal transport from booking to billing.
information is integrated then automatically within the Goal software, providing a constantly updated situation of the progression of each train.
The server where the Goal software is stored at is connected fully to the Hupac central system.
software The project commenced with a 6-months analysis phase for defining the application needs, followed by a 6-months development phase for the application.
The software developed is running on a WINDOWS NT 2000 server that is managed in house. 15
terminals are connected to the system The most important technical challenge was to develop a standard solution based on
It is running on the company†s main server (IBM AS 400 Security requirements include user identification and password
The FRIDA solution is based on software, entirely developed by Nordic Port. It is a web
outlook and policy implications Due to the high turnover and number of jobs in the European TLS industry and its
 Improve dialogue and cooperation with software providers  Encourage initiatives for networking and cooperation
"The use of SCM software is also very limited among smaller companies (6%).Against this background, mechanisms to
Frontier production functions, technical efficiency and panel data: with application to paddy farmers in India, Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3 (1-2), 153-169
Open source: Revenge of the Nerds, IT DIRECTOR Bresnahan, T. F. and Trajtenberg, M. 1995. General Purpose Technologies"Engines of Growth?
A Computer programme for Stochastic Frontier Production and Cost Function Estimation, Centre for Efficiency and Productivity Analysis, University
Panel of Countries, in: The Review of Economics and Statistics, February 2004,86 (1), 327†344
â€oeis Open source Gaining Adoption In Europe? †http://www. forrester. com/Research/Document/Excerpt/0, 7211,38061, 00. html
Evidence From Panel Data, Information systems Research, Volume 10, Issue 2, 134-149 Hossain, L, . and Wigand, R. T. 2003).
Joint Information systems Committee (JISC),(2006) Open source Software briefing paper http://www. jisc. ac. uk/publications/publications/pub ossbp. aspx
Thomas, D. How to Keep Your Network Server Secure, INC. technology http://technology. inc. com/security/articles/200609/tipsnetworksecurity. html
Economic impact of open source software on innovation Verdoorn, P. J. 1949), Fattori che regolano lo sviluppo della produttivitg del lavoro, in:
 Software publishing 683 Questionnaire The questionnaires for Projects 1 and 2 contained about 70 questions which were
ICT Infrastructure and E-business software systems B: Automated data exchange (Project 1)/ E-business with customers and suppliers
For this analysis a panel-data approach was used because of the low number of countries sampled.
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011