next upgrade, and can increase scepticism. Risk MJA •Volume 193 Numb people want it to do.
Nurses and information technology. Final report Canberra: Commonwealth of australia, 2007. http://www. anf. org. au/it project /PDF/IT PROJECT. pdf (accessed Aug 2010
21 Fonkych K, Taylor R. The state and pattern of health information technology adoption. Santa monica, Calif:
Information technology and changes in organizational work †proceedings of the IFIP WG82 working conference on information
26 Beynon-Davies P, Lloyd-Williams M. When health information systems fail. Top Health Inf Manage 1999;
Nurses and information technology. Final report. Canberra: Commonwealth of australia, 2007. http://www. anf. org. au/it project/PDF/IT PROJECT. pdf (accessed Aug 2010
21 Fonkych K, Taylor R. The state and pattern of health information technology adoption. Santa monica, Calif:
Information technology 24 Braithwaite J, Westbrook M. Rethinking clinical organisational structures: an attitude survey of doctors, nurses and allied health staff in clinical directorates.
26 Beynon-Davies P, Lloyd-Williams M. When health information systems fail. Top Health Inf Manage 1999;
During the current programming period (2014†2020) of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), regional and national authorities should develop RIS3
For the current programming period 2014†2020), regional and national policy makers are required to develop RIS3 before investing
they will concentrate in the upcoming programming period. Many of the activities indicated by the
related businesses and RIS3 priorities are ICT and computer programming; this is possibly linked to other scientific activities since RIS3 deal with R&i
ï ICT and †electric communication technique†and †computing, calculating, counting†ï energy and †generation, conversion or distribution of powerâ€
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities Administrative and support service activities 19 On the other hand, priority choices could simply be based more on future plans than on existing or
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities Information service activities Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound recording and music publishing activities
Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, thus providing
cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities
The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,
and (2) driving fibre progressively closer to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand
however, the upgrade can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed,
Moreover, these upgrades have been in progress for some time (and are continuing), so part of the cost has already been incurred
comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades; consequently, there is no need for subsidy Many capacity enhancements improve both upstream and downstream capacity.
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.
Cable can and does serve as (1) an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in
areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, providing cost savings; or (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based
and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly
uneconomic, thus providing cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities-based fixed network alternative to an FTTX
Cable can and does serve (1) as an alternative to making FTTX upgrades, especially in areas where the cost of fibre upgrades would be particularly uneconomic, thus providing
cost savings; and (2) as a second fixed network in a given area, providing a facilities
•What does it cost to upgrade existing cable infrastructure to Eurodocsis 3. 0 •To what extent has existing cable already been upgraded for broadband
To what extent do the existence and/or upgrade of cable infrastructure accelerate the deployment of telecoms broadband
LSE Enterprise ltd. & The Information technology and Innovation Foundation; April 23 Grimes, A.,Ren, C. and P. Stevens (2009:
â The upgrade to HFC cable systems to enable state-of-the-art bandwidth is comprised of two distinct processes:(
1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to
Both upgrades have been in progress for some time â The cost of upgrading existing digital cable systems to Eurodocsis 3. 0 is minimal
however, the upgrade can be undertaken as and when needed. This cost can vary greatly depending on how the existing cable plant was deployed, the availability of existing ducts
in comparison with customer willingness to pay for the upgrades; consequently there is no need for subsidy
•Upgrade to HFC cable systems is comprised of two distinct processes:(1) upgrade to Eurodocsis 3. 0 standards,
and (2) driving fibre progressively close to the end-user as and when needed to meet customer demand. Both upgrades have
been in progress for some time •Some cable operators choose to use purely fibre-based systems (e g.
The upgrades that we are considering in this chapter are concerned primarily with capacity, but there is also an issue regarding specifically upstream capability.
are no major impediments to the upgrade. Within the 2020 time frame that is relevant for
and http://www. digitalfernsehen. de/index. php? id=87325. In order to implement such a solution in practice, it is
•Upgrade of the traditional analogue broadcast cable network to enable digital broadband communications •Upgrade to a Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network
•Upgrade of the Eurodocsis 3. 0 enabled network by progressively driving fibre deeper into the network if and as needed in order to meet capacity requirements
This process is already ongoing; thus, a portion of these costs have already been incurred
In understanding the cost and complexity of these upgrades, it is helpful to consider the physical and logical structure of the HFC/DOCSIS cable infrastructure, as depicted
5. 3. 1 Upgrade of traditional broadcast cable networks to enable broadband communications Considerable work is needed to enable a traditional cable network to deliver broadband
5. 3. 2 Upgrade from a DOCSIS 2. 0 to a DOCSIS 3. 0 enabled network
•Implementation of DOCSIS 3. 0 modules into the CMTS (an upgrade that is typically carried out for the entire CMTS
5. 3. 3 Upgrade of a DOCSIS 3 enabled network Cable is shared a medium; nonetheless, cable operators have considerable control over
on specific circumstances, such upgrades might or might not require physical deployment of additional fibre
The upgrade will tend to be more expensive in those cases where civil works are required
upgrades can be undertaken gradually and incrementally, if and as needed Cable systems can thus be upgraded incrementally, to 2020 and well beyond, in order to
which the upgrade from DOCSIS 2. 0 to DOCSIS 3. 0 has been handled One nasty problem would remain.
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population
Conversely, upgrades to VDSL or to FTTH became more expensive on a per-subscriber basis as the population density declines.
The cable industry can finance these upgrades itself, without public funding. The observation, rather, is that the degree to which cable (and to some degree
Recovery, LSE Enterprise ltd. & The Information technology and Innovation Foundation, April Marcus, J. S. 1999:
15 http://www. efvet. org/index. php? option=com content&task=view&id=451&itemid=226 16 http://ec. europa. eu/education/lifelong learning-policy/doc/exchange/ict en. pdf
Making sure that technological innovation (e g. 1 to 1 computing) in formal education settings is part of a wider transformation agenda
computing) of appropriate performance and interoperability (any device, anywhere, any system, any time) to support effective implementation and evolution of innovation for
Making sure that technological innovation (e g. 1 to 1 computing) in formal education settings is part of a wider transformation agenda
computing) of appropriate performance and interoperability (any device anywhere, any system, any time) to support effective implementation and
computing) in formal education settings is part of a wider transformation agenda which includes pedagogical and organisational innovation
e g. 1 to 1 computing) in formal education settings is part of a wider transformation agenda which includes pedagogical and
2 Patient information systems in the literature 13 2 1 Maturity and adoption models 13 Capability Maturity Model 13
Patient information systems, for example, have the ability to track individual health problems and treatment over time, giving insight into optimal diagnosis and treatment of the individual as well
Analysis of data in patient information systems can lead to new insight and understanding of health and disease, both chronic and acute
information systems are being adopted increasingly within health settings; while this is seen primarily in higher-income countries, emerging economies such as Brazil, China and India, for instance, are also
to install patient information systems at some sites, these require significant investments for their successful implementation.
patient information systems designed for high-income country health systems may not be appropriate in low-income countries In particular, internationally-harmonized clinical models and concepts are
Of course, these issues are only relevant to electronic patient information systems. While use of such systems is increasing,
of implementing patient information systems in general. However, the value of individual patient data for improved patient care is very much a case of †connect the dotsâ€:
foundation blocks for the implementation of patient information systems because they facilitate clear communication. In addition, most countries have taken steps to establish legal frameworks for the
of patient information systems. These include adoption of open source, standards-based software platforms and data exchange standards to make efficient use of existing resources.
The key to effective patient information systems is to retain the link between the individual and the data
Many health information systems do not in fact retain data in the form of an individual patient record
information systems, the current state of their deployment, and the issues in their implementation and use.
which to develop a framework for action to improve the effective use of patient information systems
Electronic patient information systems have the potential to improve health by giving health professionals improved information about their patients.
information systems Capability Maturity Model The Capability Maturity Model (CMM)( 4) was defined originally for software development by Carnegie
Mellon University and is useful for assessing health information systems. Five levels are defined along the model†s continuum.
architecture vision, business architecture, information system architecture technology architecture, opportunities and solutions, migration planning, implementation governance
This continuous cycle is the key to successful information system improvement in this process Australian National ehealth Interoperability Maturity Model
more complex data systems including patient information systems, which rely on ICT infrastructure. ICTS can help developing countries make better use of limited resources to improve health by providing better
The Gates Foundation sponsored a comprehensive analysis on the state of health information systems in developing countries that was published in 2009 (10.
The first three focus on the development of the district health information system from manual (level 1) through optimized (level 2) and electronic reporting (level 3). Level 4 incorporates
Their top level is integrated a fully national health information system, which includes data from all public and private sources
Studies have shown improvements in health information technologies increasing adherence to guideline or protocol-based care (21) and clinical decision support (22.
information system. It is not only the source of patient data but also the location where the information
 Adoption of patient information systems is linked to country resources 0 %20 %40 %60 %80 %100
patient information systems and communication of data. Figure 2 shows that high-income countries report â€oemedium†to â€oevery high†use of electronic information systems in over 50%in these categories
for electronic communication of health data. In contrast, only a small percentage (4%)of low-income
countries report â€oemedium†adoption of electronic patient information systems and communication of health data and none report higher levels of adoption
patient information systems at the local level A na ly si s of s ur ve
In basic health information systems, data may be aggregated directly at the time and point of care using tally sheets
of both paper-based and electronic patient information systems is at 25%and 22%,respectively. The
electronic patient information systems 0 %20 %40 %60 %80 %100 %Very high High Medium Low None
that some countries do not use electronic patient information systems for individual patients at the national level.
Electronic information systems rely on standards; in order to share and aggregate data, countries utilizing such systems need to collect data using standard definitions and
can use in developing indicators for their health information systems Eighteen per cent of the responding countries report using this toolkit to strengthen their health systems
Countries tend to be advanced fairly in the planning for information systems before they see the need for
with planning and information systems. Further complicating use of metadata standards is the lack of communication that is often in evidence between the professionals who develop digital information
interoperability and integration, using Extensible Markup language (XML) to express the data. It takes a life-cycle approach to data;
was adopted by UNAIDS for use by the Country Response Information system (CRIS) software (32 It was a precursor to the SDMX-HD format,
information systems in developed and developing countries. The survey results provide a clear picture of the current state of adoption across WHO regions and by World bank income groups.
in the successful implementation of patient information systems, which contributes to improved patient health, more efficient health care systems,
ehealth strategy for WHO including specific reference to patient information systems, interoperability and privacy of patient information and security (36
services including patient information systems. It calls on governments to form national ehealth bodies to provide guidance in policy and strategy, data security, legal and
information systems It is worth noting that WHO and the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) have developed jointly
Electronic health information systems have been shown to be effective at improving the quality and efficiency of health services.
The survey demonstrates that the greatest barrier to adoption of patient information systems is the lack of resources.
information systems. Free open-source software enables the development of sustainable local human resources for the implementation and maintenance of health information systems by drawing on a
community of developers and users, all of whom share advances. Each project can benefit from the efforts
external resources and enable the development of sustainable health information systems. Further, it can leverage the investment in trained human resources for maximum benefit
A major and well recognized obstacle to the adoption of patient information systems, particularly in developing countries, is the lack of skilled health informatics professionals.
information systems. In time, these professionals can provide a sustainable bridge to improved use of health information and most importantly, better health
The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information technology United states Department for Health and human services (http://healthit. hhs. gov/portal/server. pt
Health information systems in developing countries: a landscape analysis. Vital Wave Consulting, 2009 www. minsa. gob. pe/ogei/conferenciaops/Recursos/43. pdf, accessed 2 july 2012
Data exchange with the country response information system and UN AGENCY software. A step by step guide. Geneva, UNAIDS, 2006 (http://data. unaids. org/pub/Basedocument/2007/cris de web final
and control data in information systems and databases; it can also refer to an application of data dictionary systems
Health information system A health information system includes the people, processes and technology to collect, communicate manage, analyse,
and present information for decision-making. It represents sources of population based data like census, vital events registration, surveys,
A health information system may be referred to as a health management information system or health management information system and
is also likely to comprise any number of subsystems Information Information is data which has been processed
The ability of health information systems to exchange data in a semantically meaningful way, whether at
Note that access to the source code is a precondition for all of these freedoms Metadata Metadata is the information
The collected data are stored in a SQL database maintained by WHO database administrators, and can be exported as a Microsoft excel file for
format and the data analysis was performed using R statistical programming language. 14 Data were analysed by thematic section.
and Geographic Information systems (GIS World health organization 73 Response rate by WHO region Administratively WHO is made up of six geographical regions,
Patient information systems in the literature 2. 1 Maturity and adoption models Capability Maturity Model Enterprise Architecture
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Micro and Small Business in the EU What †s in it for you Table of contents
Publisher European Small Business Alliance Content ESBA Team Design Froben Ltd.,UK www. froben. co. uk
Copyright European Small Business Alliance All rights reserved Contact secretariat@esba-europe. org www. esba-europe. org
Published June 2011 2 3 1. Introduction...5 2. Small Business and the EU...7
3. Benefits from the EU...13 4. EU Funding...23 5. EU-Who do I call?..
37 6. Conclusion...45 4 5 The Internet has opened a new world to us. Any kind of information is
out there and this medium is more and more replacing printed material After years of involvement in Brussels, contributing to better legisla
-tion for small businesses, it often occurred to me that there are many positive attempts to help micro and small companies,
but very little is known to us business people This publication was created to address just these issues
http://eacea. ec. europa. eu/llp/leonardo/leonardo da vinci en. php http://ec. europa. eu/education/lifelong learning-programme/doc1208 en. htm
http://www. erasmus-entrepreneurs. eu/page. php? pid=051 EU-Who do I call 36 37
http://www. erasmus-entrepreneurs. eu/page. php? cid=05 Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs is a grant providing promising European entrepreneurs with the skills
•The irish Software engineering Research Institute (LERO a global leader in software engineering research; and •The Institute for the Study of Knowledge in Society (ISKS
which supports research on political, social and cultural change, and on identity and social order, locally, regionally
for more than a quarter of the upgrade in GDP. 12 Despite the progress seen in several developing
Proportion of teachers trained to teach basic computer skills (or computing %P ro p o
computer skills or computing (i e. ICT-qualified teachers)( Chart 1. 23. In most of the countries
computing and big data in view of security frameworks •Which techniques are needed for data anonymization for aggregated datasets
networks, the use of new information technologies (e g mobile technologies) should be leveraged for improving the collection and dissemination of data
information systems •Open data policies should be envisaged to ensure accountability and promote transparency •The role of data, statistics and monitoring for policy
http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/statistics explained/index. php/Social media -statistics on the use by enterprises 19 Data refer mostly to the year 2011
http://sustainabledevelopment. un. org/index. php? menu=1561 25 See http://unstats. un. org/unsd/broaderprogress/progress. html
computation of the IDI compared with the other two sub-indices. 2 The choice of indicators included in the sub
malaria information system (e-MIS) uploaded on the health workers†mobile devices shows malaria volunteers where to find
29 http://www. entel. bo/inicio3. 0/index. php/sala-de-prensa/item/309-contrato-entel-abe and
http://www. entel. bo/inicio3. 0/index. php/sala-de-prensa/item/272-telecentro-san-juan-de-chiquitos
partnerships (PPP), to extend and upgrade networks, in particular in rural areas, and by negotiating agreements with telecom operators
upgrade of entry-level fixed-broadband speeds in developing countries in 2013, with 1 Mbit/s
automatic upgrades of base speeds once networks are upgraded. 54 Chart 4. 23 provides an approximation of
algorithms to anticipate prod. churn Social network targeted marketing Post-disaster refugee reunification Sentiment analysis of
patterns, a correlation algorithm could be developed to reverse engineer approximate values for these indicators, in order to estimate
for algorithms that can understand the data shape while also providing analysts with some understanding of what the curation is doing to
is a computer science concept that refers to the fact that the veracity of the output of any
be removed, using decision-tree algorithms or other techniques. However, data cleaning itself is a subjective process (for example,
the famous Google pagerank algorithm has spawned an entire industry of organizations that claim to enhance website page rankings, and
the robustness of the original algorithm. For example, the enthusiasm surrounding GFT may well have created rebound effects, with more
algorithms and provide training data for their algorithms to reverse engineer approximate survey maps. Official statistics will thus continue
to be important to building the big data models and for periodic benchmarking so that the models can be tuned fine to reflect ground
algorithms and software techniques that can be repurposed for business-use cases. Indeed, where the applications of data use for development
Information technology for Development, 18 (2), 107†125. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2011.643209 Blumenstock, J. E. and Eagle, N. 2012), Divided we call:
IEEE Pervasive Computing, 10 (4), 36†44. doi: 10.1109/MPRV. 2011.41 CGALIES (2002), Report on implementation issues related to access to location information by emergency services (E112) in the
Information technology for Development, 18 (2), 91†106. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2011.630312 Frias-Martinez, V.,Virseda-Jerez, J. and Frias-Martinez, E. 2012b), On the relation between socioeconomic status and physical
Information technology for Development, 18 (2), 91†106. doi: 10.1080/02681102.2011.630312 Giles, J. 2012), Computational social science:
ITU (2006), Security in Telecommunications and Information technology: An overview of issues and the deployment of existing
Conference on Social Computing (pp. 515†520. IEEE. doi: 10.1109/PASSAT/Socialcom. 2011.11 Pindolia, D. K.,Garcia, A j.,Wesolowski, A.,Smith, D. L.,Buckee, C. O.,Noor, A m.,Tatem, A j. 2012), Human movement data
WEF (2014), The Global Information technology Report 2014: Rewards and Risks of Big data (B. Bilbao-Osorio, S. Dutta and B
equipment with some embedded computing abilities, such as smart TV SETS, and devices with telephony as a main function, such as mobile
For computation of the final index, the ICT access and ICT use sub-indices were given 40 per cent
in the computation of the index, including the selection of individual indicators, the imputation of missing values and the normalization
computations using different methodologies This confirms the results conveyed by the IDI 229 Measuring the Information Society Report 2014
Technical Guidelinesâ€, see http://www. uis. unesco. org/ev. php? ID=5202 201&id2=DO TOPIC 6 See OECD and European commission (2008
information technology and specialty business at Wellpoint, the nation†s largest Blue Cross/Blue Shield licensee, said that â€oe i t†s not like we†re a consumer
generation of computing, and I think that every in -dustry leader will be the ones that transform first.
2. 2 Cyber security †Information systems and networks Security...45 2. 2. 1 Introduction...45 2. 2. 2 European context...
programming period, the investments in the field of ICT€ s will proceed under the umbrella of the National
The order of decisions for investment in information systems is: Buy, Customize, Build. This means that generally, an entity
operation or maintenance of information systems. It is of utmost importance to create the correct climate
objective (including initial investment, maintenance, upgrades etc..For all decentralized initiatives, a centralized system needs to be
egovernment should mean â€oethe transformational approach enabled by the use of information technology to offer better public services by the government,
well as implementing major information systems), the majority of initiatives faced challenges in terms of adoption, quality, legislation and uniformity.
2. 2 CYBER SECURITY †INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS SECURITY 2. 2. 1 Introduction Preamble Trust and security in public services is national priority for the Romanian government
Connect to strengthen the security of information systems in the EU and is comprised of 4 major priorities
In fighting against cyberattacks on the information systems, Member States must amend the existing criminal law on attacks against information systems.
The main purpose is to provide greater authority to the European legislation on cybercrime. The initiative will improve the security of citizens and businesses
as information systems repair costs are very high. At the national level, it will provide points of contact for complaints and information gathering on
incidents of information systems Developing cooperation between the public and private sectors in order to ensure cyber security represents a priority for action at the national level,
use of the Internet and computing equipment Responsible: Operative Council for Cyber security (COSC Training Operational
and cost-effective procurement of information systems/services for all state agencies ï Eliminating the duplication of effort
ï Shifting IT investments to more efficient computing platforms ï Ability to use shared applications for common Government functions (ERP, HR, SCM, GIS etc
dynamic computing and storage environments ï The IT infrastructure within the cloud that is faster, more secure,
ï Strengthening and diversifying the unique integrated health information system ï Upgrading and consolidation of nomenclatures (classification of diseases groupings etc.
service activities in information technology overall the turnover of enterprises with TIC main activity %24.8%30.5
service activities in information technology overall the turnover of economic activity %1. 0%1. 1 %Source: http://www. insse. ro/cms/files/publicatii/Societatea%20informationala%202014. pdf
3. Programming 4. Receiving confirmation ï 1, 358 health units in 2011 of which 464 hospitals
In order to make the Technical Economical Committee fully operational, a series of information systems need to be created.
The first system is the National Register for Information systems (NRIS), which will hold general and
specific information pertaining to information systems in Romania (Authority, Description, Funding Technical Components, Supplier, Integrations with other systems, Lifecycle status, Exceptions etc..
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