1 THE CULTURE OF INNOVATION AND THE BUILDING OF KNOWLEDGE SOCIETIES -Issue Paper -UNESCO, Bureau of Strategic Planning
September 2003 2 I. The past and present scope of innovation During the last two decades, the term innovation has emerged as one of the key concepts of
academic, societal and political life. Many different actors, ranging from major regional organizations, various national governments, multinational corporations, and universities
worldwide, have underscored its importance. Major documents, such as the European Union†s Green Book on Innovation, published in 1995 and national strategies,
such as those formulated and implemented in countries like Singapore, Canada, and Australia, have put the innovation issue
relatively high on political agendas. At the same time, we are witnessing a proliferation of committees, institutes and think tanks, both privately and publicly funded, dedicated to the
promotion of the concept of innovation. More recently, the European commission has published a comprehensive study of innovation policies in the six candidate countries and is now in the process
of putting in place a Europe-wide common research framework All of the above described initiatives rest on three basic assumptions
Innovation is a national affair The major driving forces in the formulation of innovation strategies are national governments
Lecture Notes in Computer science 6656 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis,
Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab...237 Christos Tranoris, Pierpaolo Giacomin, and Spyros Denazis
-tion and computation, has been extraordinarily successful, there are still many un -solved problems and challenges some of which have basic aspects.
-centric, information-centric, resource-centric, content-centric, service/computation -centric, context-centric faces and internet of things-centric facets
-tent and computation as the means of enabling change from capacity concerns to -wards increased and flexible capability with operation control
connectivity and computation resources and self management capabilities, by fully integrating networking with cloud computing in order to create In-Network Clouds.
the related Application programming interface (API. 2 Note however that this docu -ment does not take position on the localization and distribution of these APIS
which take advantage of flexible sharing of available connectivity, computation and storage resources. This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence
computation resources and self management capabilities, by fully integrating networking with cloud computing in order to create In-Network Clouds.
advantage of flexible sharing of available resources (e g. connectivity, computation and storage resources This paper aims to explore the architectural co-existence of new and legacy ser
Together these distributed systems form a software-driven net -work control infrastructure that will run on top of all current networks (i e. fixed
-ponents could have direct interworking with control algorithms, situated in the control plane of the Internet (i e. to provide real time reaction),
-ing an infrastructure in which virtual machines can be relocated dynamically to any physical node or server regardless of location, network, and storage configurations
the vspi and the vcpi (Virtualisation System Programming interface and Virtualisa -tion Component Programming interface, respectively. A set of control loops is
formed using the vspi and the vcpi, as shown in Figure 2 24 A. Galis et al
Virtualisation Component Programming interface (vcpi. Each physical resource has associated an and distinct vcpi. The vcpi is fulfilling two main functions:
•vcpi (Virtual Component Programming interface is the VP€ s main component deal -ing with the heterogeneity of virtual resources and enabling programmability of net
-bling experimentation with thousands of virtual machines: V3 †UCL€ s Experimental Testbed located in London consisting of 80 cores with a dedicated 10 Gbits/s infra
distributed systems †the OSKMV planes: Virtualisation Plane (VP), Management Plane (MP), Knowledge Plane (KP), Service Plane (SP) and Orchestration Plane
Integrating this concept with distributed anchors, the algorithms supporting dynamic mobility could also be distributed. Such integration is accomplished in
communication, storage, content and computation substrata Networking-awareness 4 challenges imply the consumer-facing and the resource
-cluding models, algorithms, processes, methodologies and architectures. The func -tional architecture collectively constitute, in terms of implementation efforts, frame
•Algorithms and processes to allow federation in enterprise application systems to visualize software components, functionality and performance
•Algorithms and processes to allow federated application management systems reconfigure or redeploy software components realizing autonomic application
registration and discovery (where a spatiotemporal extension of SPARQL †stsparql-,is used to discover data sources from the Semsorgrid4env registry
SPARQL-Stream and SNEEQL †a declarative continuous query language over acquisition sensor networks, continuous streaming
data, and traditional stored data), and data integration (where the ontology-based SPARQL-Stream language is used to integrate data from heterogeneous and multi
-modal data sources. Other capabilities offered by the architecture are related to sup -porting synchronous and asynchronous access modes, with subscription/pull and
keep algorithms and procedures, laying at different layers, independent one another In addition, even in the framework of a given layer, algorithms and procedures deal
-ing with different tasks are designed often independently one another. These issues greatly simplify the overall design of the telecommunication networks and greatly
Nevertheless, a major limitation of this approach derives from the fact that algorithms and procedures are poorly coordinated one another,
coordination between algorithms and procedures dealing with different tasks ii) A second limitation derives from the fact that, at present, most of the algorithms
and procedures embedded in the telecommunication networks are open-loop, i e. they are based on off-line"reasonable"estimation of network variables (e g. offered traf
towards closed-loop algorithms and procedures which are able to properly exploit appropriate real-time network measurements.
and hence embedding technology-dependent algorithms and procedures, as well as from the large variety of heterogeneous Actors who are playing in the ICT arena.
framework, on the one hand, is expected to embed algorithms and procedures which leaving out of consideration the specificity of the various networks,
input, coupled with a proper design of Cognitive Enabler algorithms (e g.,, multi -objective advanced control and optimization algorithms), lead to cross-layer and
cross-network optimization The Cognitive Framework can exploit one or more of the Cognitive Enablers in a
adoption of algorithms and procedures coordinated one another and even jointly ad -dressing in a one-shot way,
adoption of multi-object algorithms and procedures which jointly address prob -lems traditionally dealt with in a separate and uncoordinated fashion at different
) for the algorithms and rules embedded in the Cognitive Enablers, which are expected to remarkably improve efficiency
entailed additional SW/HW/computation complexity 7) Thanks to the flexibility degrees offered by issues (4)-(6), the Cognitive Manag
independent resource management algorithms (e g.,, layer 2 path selection), in order to guarantee that flow†s Qos requirements are satisfied during the transmission of
-rithm, a Path selection algorithm and a Load Balancing algorithm has been consid -ered in our tests
453 MHZ Broadcom Processor with 8 MB Flash memory and 64 MB RAM; a WAN port and four LAN up to 1 Gigabit/s) and â€oecross-compiled†the code, to
the algorithms the Cognitive Enabler will be based on, have all to be selected carefully case by case;
languages (RDF, RDFS, DAML+OIL, OWL SPARQL, GRDDL, RDFA, SHOE AND SKOS), among others 13
distributed programming needs </rdfs: comment ><Has need rdf: resource="&titlemodel Distributed programming lam mpi "/>owl: Thing >By this semantic information, the Service and Data link layers can support the
distributed programming communication using diï €erent approaches, as the ad -dressing proposal presented in 25.
27th Brazilian Symposium on Computer networks and Distributed systems -SBRC (2009 23 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:
Distributed systems Ontology. In IEEE/IFIP New Technologies, Mobility and Security Conference (2009 24 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:
Distributed Programming. In: 9th International Information and Telecommuni -cation Technologies Symposium (2010 26 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:
Conference on Distributed computing Systems, Montreal, Canada (June 2006 Assessment of Economic Management of Overlay Traffic:
Stability of end-to-end algorithms for joint routing and rate control Computer Communication Review 35,2 (2005
since there is no API (Application Programming Inter -face) for ASPS to affect how their traffic will be handled.
gestion control algorithm that gives the right incentives to users of bandwidth inten -sive applications.
Theoretical Aspects of Computer science 1999, pp. 404†413 (1999 13. MOBITHIN project: D2. 5 Business models, Public Deliverable
-ing them on shared physical storage and computation resources. The concept of Plat -form-as-a-Service provides joint development and execution environments for soft
-rity support in programming and execution environments for services, and suggest using rigorous models through all phases of the SDLC, from requirements engineer
routing algorithm, reach -ability, and Qos for the publication and may support transport abstraction specific
-ment of Computer science and Engineering, Aalto University, School of Science and Technology (2010 Engineering Secure Future Internet Services
service architectures and secure service design,(3) supporting programming en -vironments for secure and compose-able services,(4) enabling security assurance
composition and/or programming of working solutions. These three activities interact to ensure the integration between the methods
4 Security Support in Programming Environments Security Support in Programming Environments is not new; still it remains a
grand challenge, especially in the context of Future Internet (FI) Services. Secur -ing Future Internet Service is inherently a matter of secure software and systems
and (3) a broad range of programming technologies will be used to develop the actual software and systems
The search for security support in programming environments has to take this context in account.
Supporting security requirements in the programming †code †level requires a comprehensive approach. The service creation means must be improved and
as well as programming new services from scratch using a state-of-the-art programming language. The service creation context will typ
-ically aim for techniques and technologies that support compile and build-time feedback. One could argue that security support for service creation must focus
4. 2 Secure Service Programming Many security vulnerabilities arise from programming errors that allow an ex
-ploit. Future Internet will further reinforce the prominence of highly distributed and concurrent applications, making it important to develop methodologies that
Lock-free wait-free algorithms for common soft -ware abstractions (queues, bags, etc. are one of the most eï €ective approaches
These algorithms are hard to design and prove correct, error-prone to program, and challenging to debug.
Adherence to Programming Principles and Best-Practices. Program -ming support must include methods to ensure the adherence of a particular pro
-gram to well-known programming principles or best-practices in secure software development. Emphasis will be put on language extensions that guarantee adher
Obviously the security support in programming environments that must be delivered will be essential to incept a transverse methodology that
programming discipline. Internet applications can be validated through testing In that case, it is possible to develop test data generation that speciï cally targets
Complementing activities are related to secure programming. This strand addresses a comprehensive solution for program veriï cation,
-tion must complement programming-level veriï cation and testing in order to provide the ï nal assurance that the latter cannot deliver,
of the 22nd Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer science, Washing -ton, DC, USA, pp. 350†357.
Irm enforcement of java stack inspection. In: Pro -ceedings of the 2000 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, WASHINGTON DC
Computer science Review 4 (2), 81†99 (2010 19. Le Guernic, G.,Banerjee, A.,Jensen, T.,Schmidt, D. A.:
they are no longer the result of programming components in the tra -ditional meaning but are built by composing services that are distributed over
Second, SOAS are also distributed systems, with functionality and resources distributed over several machines or processes.
ï xed-point computations of static analysis. Thanks to the over-approximation these systems completely avoid the state-explosion problems of model checking
FM would promote a more secure development environment, a variety of prac -tical and cultural reasons lead the industrial world to perceive FM approaches
and (iii) the diï €erences between formal languages and models and those used in industrial design and development environments (e g.,
, BPMN, Java, ABAP The problem is how to make new, eï cient methodologies and technologies
accessible and readily exploitable, beneï tting industry designers and develop -ers. This amounts to migrating the research outcomes of the logical level into
be devised and migrated to the selected development environments A concrete example is the industry migration of the AVANTSSAR Platform
Logic and Algebraic Programming 70 (1), 96†118 (2007 20. Marconi, A.,Pistore, M.:Synthesis and Composition of Web Services.
Symposium on Foundations of Computer science, pp. 46†57. IEEE Computer So -ciety Press, Los Alamitos (1977
such as virtual machines, vlans, or SANS provide isolation. Sharing resources such as operating systems, middleware, or actual software requires a case-by-case
, trusted computing 21 or computations on out -sourced data 20 Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet 215
of the 2010 IEEE 30th International Conference on Distributed computing Systems Workshops, WASHINGTON DC, USA. ICDCSW †10, pp. 77†81.
outsourcing computation without outsourcing control. In: ACM Workshop on Cloud computing Security (CCSW€ 09), pp. 85†90
the 4th International Workshop on Large scale Distributed systems and Middle -ware, Zuâ rich, Switzerland. LADIS †10, pp. 12†17.
-cure Outsourcing of Data and Arbitrary Computations with Lower Latency. In Acquisti, A.,Smith, S.,Sadeghi, A r. eds.
-national Workshop on Policies for Distributed systems and Networks, pp. 22†29 2010 5. Karjoth, G.,Schunter, M.,Waidner, M.:
extensible access control markup language (xacml) version 3. 0, ex -tensible access control markup language (xacml) version 3. 0, oasis (August 2008
9. Shostack, A.,Syverson, P.:What price privacy? In: Camp, L.,Lewis, S. eds Economics of Information security, Advances in Information security, vol. 12, pp
Adaptive Admission Control and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab†reports on experiments needing to directly interact with the
Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab Christos Tranoris, Pierpaolo Giacomin, and Spyros Denazis
where an adaptive resource allocation algorithm was tested utilizing Panlab†s infrastructure. Implementation details are given in terms of building a RUBIS
moving a designed algorithm from a simulating environment to near production best -effort environment and ii) to exploit the framework in such a way that will allow the
Fig. 1. The setup for testing the algorithm The adaptive admission control and resource allocation algorithm is applied to suc
-ceed in specific target of network metrics, like round trip time and throughput. This will be done by deploying a proxy-like control component for admission control and
admission control and resource allocation algorithm is tested against network metrics like round trip time and throughput.
-gramming language that implements an admission algorithm. Figure 1 displays the 240 C. Tranoris, P. Giacomin, and S. Denazis
The algorithm, which is located at the proxy unit, needs to monitor the CPU usage of the Web application and Database
Then the algorithm should be able to set new CPU capacity limits on both resources.
Additionally the algorithm should be able to start and stop the work load generators on demand
-tor resources within the C algorithm. So the resources need to provide monitoring and provisioning mechanisms
â € A Linux machine for the hosting the algorithm unit, capable of compiling C and
Java software â € Linux machines for running XEN server where on top will run the RUBIS Web
The final user needs to provide the algorithm under test. He will just login to the
Virtual machines managed by a XEN server. The implemented RAS instantiate all these Virtual machines and configure the internal components according to end-user
needs. The work load generator exposes parameters such as: used IP for the testbed memory, hard disk size, number of clients, ramp up time for the requests and a pa
Java or other target language. RADL is useful in cases when there is a need to config
know about the IP of the proxy which hosts the algorithm. The proxy needs to know
Fig. 5. Designing the algorithm to operate resources during execution In our testing scenario there is a need to configure resources
Figure 5 displays this condition where the System Under Test (SUT) is our algorithm FCI automatically creates all the necessary code that the end user can then inject in
code listing in Java //an example Java federation program public class Main {public static void main (String args
{//An example for VCT: academic07 academic07 myvct=new academic07 myvct. getuop rubis cl 91(.setramp up time("55000 "myvct. getuop rubis cl 91(.
Assuming that we have given the name academic07 for our VCT definition, the java listing displays how we can access the resources of this VCT.
FCI creates a java class called academic07()that we can instantiate in order to get access to the resources
Additionally, for each resource that participates in the VCT java classes are able to provide access.
the designed algorithms from simulating environments to near production environ -ments. What is really attractive is that such algorithms can be tested in a best-effort
environment with real connectivity issues that cannot be performed easily in simula -tion environments. The presented use case example demonstrated the usage of exist
similar approaches are really encouraging in terms of moving the designed algorithms from simulating environments to near production environments.
What is really attractive is that such algorithms can be tested in a best-effort environ
2 University of Wuerzburg, Institute of Computer science, Wuerzburg, Germany thomas. zinner christian. schwartz phuoc. trangia@informatik. uni-wuerzburg. de
Java based platform that manipulates two independent entities, the first is ITGSEND process that undertakes the traffic generation
Adapter Description Language (RADL) 9 was used to generate source code for each Resource Adaptor (RA), where, for example, the Wimax network elements can be
Fig. 4. Decision-making algorithm for configuration action selection †Simple Fig. 4 presents the simple version of the decision taking scheme Firstly, the PER
Fig. 5. Decision making algorithm for configuration action selection †Advanced 266 A. Kousaridas et al The above figure (Fig. 5) illustrates the advanced version of the scheme presented
http://www. grid. unina. it/software/ITG/index. php 9. Resource Adapter Description Language http://trac. panlab. net/trac/wiki/RADL
universal means for communication and computation, there are still many unsolved problems and challenges some of which have basic aspects.
support interoperability between heterogeneous, complex and distributed systems while it should remain open for further and continuous improvement without the
http://rwi. future-internet. eu/index. php/Position paper 5. Afuah, A.,Tucci, C. L.:Internet Business models and Strategies:
algorithm and strengthen the proof of concept. Finally, the article concludes with key findings and future work
In order to obtain some proof of concept for our network creation solution, a Java -based prototype has been developed
terms of provisioning of IT resources, where distributed computing and storage resources are scaled automatically up and down, with guaranteed high-capacity
path computation is performed by dedicated PCES that implements enhanced computation algorithms able to combine both network and IT parameters with
energy-consumption information in order to select the most suitable resources and ï nd an end-to-end path consuming the minimum total energy (see Sec. 5
eï cient routing algorithm (due to space limitations, the detailed algorithm is not 318 P. Vicat-Blanc et al
Fig. 6. Number of activated ï bers Fig. 7. Number of activated data centers shown here) from a networked IT use case:
4-6) indicate that our proposed algorithm can decrease the energy consumption by 10%compared to schemes where only IT infrastructure is considered and
A Path Computation Element (PCE)- Based Architecture. RFC 4655 (Informational)( Aug 2006), http://www. ietf. org/rfc
-edged to be the provision of IT capabilities, such as computation, data storage and software on-demand, from a shared pool, with minimal interaction or knowledge
⠀ Infrastructure as a service †offering resources such as a virtual machine or storage services ⠀ Platform as a service †providing services for software vendors such as a soft
6 See http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php? id=274&l=0 Part VI:
could potentially be selected by choosing a virtual machine template which contains pre-loaded applications, but software layer considerations are considered not core to
SLA Manager whose role is to carry out the creation of the new virtual machines which constitute the service along with monitoring and reporting for that service
virtual machine has to connect and execute different tasks with core mobile network systems that are behind Telefã nica Software Delivery Platform (SDP.
2010), http://www. jie-online. org/ojs/index. php/jie/issue/view/8 3. Miller, B.:
This work uses OWL as formal language for this communication, as the OWL was adopted by a considerable number of initiatives
-work communication used by the Autoi vcpi (Virtual Component Programming Interface) 13, allowing a localized monitoring and management of the virtual
Based on the Autoi Java open source, in the ANPI demo, the ANPISDD class is prepared to use the IP and
from the ANPISDD. java code 348 E. Santos et al public class ANPISDD extends Thread {private Serversocket server
-ities in its use in diï €erent programming languages, since the methods proposed would be available at the operating system level
Distributed systems Ontology. In IEEE/IFIP New Technologies, Mobility and Security Conference (2009 8 Pereira, J. H. S.,Kofuji, S. T.,Rosa, P. F.:
RDF*,SPARQL 4. Include links to other URIS, so that they can discover more things 1 http://developer. zemanta. com
/2 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php? id=288&l=0 3 http://www. internet-of-services. com/index. php?
id=260&l=0 Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services 353
SPARQL is a query language for RDF data which supports querying diverse data sources, with the results returned in the form of a variable-binding table, or an RDF
services provide means for the development of open distributed systems, based on decoupled components, by overcoming heterogeneity
development on the Web and on service discovery algorithms to provide a generic semantic service registry able to support advanced discovery over both Web APIS and
-sages using SPARQL graph patterns. While this is a design decision, it aims at the greatest familiarity and ease for Linked Data developers.
The authors of 26 use the SPARQL query lan -guage to formulate user goals, and to define the pre-and post-conditions of
-though, the use of SPARQL is similar across different proposals, how the patterns are exploited again offers alternative,
defining the dataflow between services within a process, defined again as SPARQL CONSTRUCT queries. Work is ongoing on graph pattern-based discovery and proc
Journal of Universal Computer science 16 (13), 1694†1719 (2010 11. Maleshkova, M.,Pedrinaci, C.,Domingue, J.:
SAWSDL and SPARQL. In: 4th Int†l Conference on Semantics, Knowledge and Grid, De -cember 2008, pp. 205†212 (2008
Special algorithms are needed to reduce the amount of processing of MANE in the data plane based on deep analysis of the first packets of a
The evaluation algorithm considers the user flow characteristics CAN policies and present network conditions. In order to attain the required flexibil
School of Electronic Engineering and Computer science, Queen Mary University of London Mile end, London E1 4ns, United kingdom
The proposed solution is a variation of the"Give-To-Get"algorithm 8, already im
School of Electronic Engineering and Computer science Queen Mary University of London, UK {qianni. zhang, ebroul. izquierdo}@ elec. qmul. ac. uk
-tively easy to solve using the well-deï ned algorithms in the state-of-the-art, the mapping between mid-and high-level features are still diï cult.
and are extracted using algorithms with reasonable per -formance The rest of this chapter is organised as follows:
algorithms, and the richness, and subjectivity of semantics in high-level human interpretations of audiovisual mediaâ€.
constructed automatically using a learning approach based on K2 algorithm 8 which is basically a greedy search technique.
algorithm, a Bayesian network is created by starting with an empty network and iteratively adding a directed arc to a given node from each parent node
algorithm here. If the reader is interested in more details about this algorithm please refer to 8
Then in the inference stage, when an un-annotated data item is present, the Bayesian network model derived from the training stage conducts automatic
out using the K2 algorithm. The proposed approach was tested on a large size video dataset. The obtained results have shown that this approach was capable
development environments will be based on an evolution of MDA, being able to sepa -rate the specification and development of the (i) strategic business logic from the (ii
interfaces will foster new development environments conceived for business experts to directly intervene in the development process
CBSE laid the groundwork for the Object oriented Programming (OOP) paradigm that in a short time imposed itself over the preexisting modular software develop
given computation to take place; where it is performed or who is taking care of it is
In summary, Web services were introduced essentially as a computation resource transforming a given input to produce the desired output, originally without the need
development environment (see Fig. 3), FINERS are represented visually in a 3d space that models the enterprise reality (i e.,
where computation will be performed directly by enterprise com -ponents, mainly positioned in the enterprise itself of in the Cloud (typically, in case of
Laboratory for Computer science (2003), http://www. isi. edu/newarch /15. Tselentis, G.,et al. eds.):) Towards the Future Internet-Emerging Trends from European
and virtual machine consolidation techniques. However, a micro-level energy effi -ciency approach will likely lead to an overall increase in energy consumption due to
then pushes Virtual machines (VMS) or software virtual routers from the hub to a sun or wind node (spoke node) when power is available.
-search are performed targeting cloud management algorithms and optimization of the intermittently-available renewable energy sources
Open Services Gateway initiative) is a Java framework for remotely deployed service applications, which provides high reliability, collaboration, large scale distribution
-mation about the feasibility of an algorithm or a protocol in the field In many cases, due to practical and outside plant constraints, a number of issues
-date their cutting-edge technologies (protocols, algorithms, radio interfaces, etc Several use cases are currently under detailed analysis for their experimental de
http://rwi. future-internet. eu/index. php/RWISESSION PRAGUE 13. COM: A public-private partnership on the Future Internet.
Security Support in Programming Environments Secure Service Composition Secure Service Programming Platform Support for Security Enforcement
Embedding Security Assurance and Risk management during SDLC Security Assurance Risk and Cost Aware SDLC Conclusion
A Use-Case on Testing Adaptive Admission Control and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab
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