The estimation algorithm and a discussion about identification are presented in Section 4. The results and managerial implications are described in Section 5,
for the estimation algorithm 10 Finally, we assume that"ijt are unobserved shocks that are independently and identically dis
Therefore, Equation 12 is a dynamic programming problem for consumer i. Let V ï ï
Before we describe the estimation algorithm, we discuss the data patterns that identify the pa
4. 2 Estimation Algorithm The structure of the consumer choice process within one time period involves making two consecutive
We employ the iterative Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm procedure (Arcidiacono and Jones, 2003; Chung et al.
We combine the EM algorithm with the use of the constrained optimization approach (Su and Judd, 2012;
programming problem. Here, instead of using the nested fixed point algorithm (NFXP) on the Bell -man equation to solve for the value function,
we maximize the log-likelihood of the model subject to the constraint defined by the Bellman equation.
The estimation algorithm proceeds as follows Step 1. Make an initial guess for the probability that each individual
and the EM Algorithm, †Econometrica, Econometric Society, Vol. 71 (3), pp. 933-946 4. Arndt, Johan (1967), â€oerole of Product-Related Conversations in the Diï €usion of a New Prod
support, and more financial resources will be made available over the 2014-2020 programming period However, despite this considerable financial effort, the returns to research and innovation policy in the
4) Have local universities been involved in planning for the future programming period of EU Structural
operating across European countries in previous programming periods of the Structural Funds. There are examples of good practice in the effective use of intermediaries,
Computation Centre involving all universities in the region) but the targeted level of involvement of SMES
and research in computer science and information and communication technologies, and including dedicated incubation space. Project financed at
contribution to the programming and implementation of the EU funds, and that the use of the funds tends
this current programming period. Within the 2007-2013 Structural Funds programme, ESF was managed by the Department for Work and Pensions.
software programming •†Push†in the form of effective supply, which comes from: first, the
lxxviii http://www. leros. gr/en/index. php? categoryid=36 lxxixkiva at http://www. kiva. org
http://www. democracyjournal. org/article. php? ID=6570 cxi Ibid cxii Mccardle, Hamish, †The case of the sneaky wiki†2008, not published
http://phi. uhce. ox. ac. uk/pubs. php clxiv Dolan and Metcalfe. 2008) The impact of subjective wellbeing on local authority interventions
Much of this economy is formed around distributed systems, rather than centralised structures. It handles complexity not by standardisation and
to the nature of technology and the design of distributed systems which provide spaces for people to contribute to projects directly,
through conscious and careful curating and programming. These layers form the basis for innovation †the serendipity that happens when you
Distributed systems 5; 38; 71; 87; 98 110; 114; 139; 195 Accountability 152-155 Organisation 69;
can be guaranteed due to the availability of the source code The components the basic infrastructure The basic infrastructure of the common ecosystem environment is composed by the
context for the development of the Google search algorithm that soon became the basis of a firm formation
http://www. wbdg. org/resources/chngorgwork. php Hekkert, M.,Suurs, R. A a.,Negro, S.,Kuhlmann, S.,Smits, R.,2008.
and computer science and identifying the most cutting edge phenomena is an arduous task. I congratulate Vincenzo for this book and look
from management to computer science and engineering, among others Furthermore, it is yet difficult to find such kind of unified survey acting as an
respective areas (management, engineering, and computer science. However these publications are going to be a part of the large set of information and body
Nosql Not only SQL R&d Research and development SMES Small and medium enterprises TOGAF The Open Group Architecture Framework
SQL) 3 data storage systems have been emerging, usually not requiring fixed table schemas and not fully complying nor satisfying the traditional ACID (Atomicity
Among the programming para -digms for processing, generating, and analyzing large data sets, Mapreduce4 and
satisfying it, integrating programming, mathematical, statistical skills along with business acumen, creativity in interpreting data and effective communication of
, information systems and computer science, among other fields, contributions to Big data research. In Table 1. 1 we classify these per
computation, connectivity and emails access The last layer is the Infrastructure as a service (Iaas), in which the client will
The second component which is SQL Azure provides data services in the cloud using SQL SERVER.
---Software Framework (Java, Python. NET Storage (DB/File Infrastructure ---Computation (VM) Storage (Block Hardware ---CPU, Memory, Disk, Bandwidth
Resources Managed at Each Layer Software as a service Saas Platform as a service Paas Infrastructure as a service Iaas Examples Google Apps, Facebook
data management and programming models respectively 5 2. 2 Strategic and Managerial Challenges and Opportunities
2. Virtual machine migration. Virtualization can be important for cloud com -puting by enabling virtual machine migration to balance the load throughout the
data center. Virtual machine (VM) migration enables robust and highly responsive provisioning in data centers. As a result, it can be concluded that the
major benefit of VM migration is to avoid hotspots; however, this is not straightforward. Currently, detecting workload hotspots and initiating a
application programming interface 2. 2. 2 Advantages and Risks in Cloud computing Outsourcing Projects Cloud computing is like any other new development in IT,
called Virtual machine Monitor (VMM. It is a platform that allows multiple OS and related applications (called Virtual machines VMS) to run on a cloud machine
concurrently to facilitate sharing of cloud resources. Virtualization of enterprise servers introduces considerable security concerns.
The Applications Programming interface (APIS) are the software interfaces that document how to communicate with the concerned software.
Taking these issues into account, nowadays, algorithms for global evaluation are the most common methods used to identify opinion leaders online, without
Stream synopsis algorithms and software Histograms and sketches for data stream computation problems see 37 for a survey
a According to 42 Hyperscale storage is measured a storage space in terms of petabytes, serve millions of users with often one or a limited set of applications, may lack redundancy,
•Cartel (http://cartel. csail. mit. edu/doku. php •Greengps System (http://green-way. cs. illinois. edu/Greengps
development environment whose output is effective content, applications, and interaction The second challenge concerns digital ownership,
Using powerful machine learning algorithms, it provides extremely accurate profiling and segmentation of consumers based on habits and
University Professors in computer science, who were fascinated by the prospect to understand human behavior through the analysis of location data over time.
-preneur and one of the most cited authors in computer science. His research at the MIT Human Dynamics Lab has been an important brick in the development of the
algorithms 10.4 Billguard Billguard 5 is a personal finance security system scanning credit card activity daily for hidden charges, billing errors, forgotten subscriptions, scams and fraud
Google Ventures uses algorithms with data from academic literature or from due diligences As summarized in The New york times:
European commission (2012), Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond, Flash Barometer 354, http://ec. europa. eu/public opinion
European commission (2012), Flash Eurobarometer 354: Entrepreneurship in the EU and beyond 66. Foster, G. et al.
computation REFERENCES Barro, R. and X. Sala-i-Martã n. 2004. Economic growth, 2nd edition Cambridge:
Computation and structure of the Global Competitiveness Index 2014†2015 This appendix presents the structure of the Global
The computation of the GCI is based on successive aggregations of scores from the indicator level (i e
/37 See http://www. footprintnetwork. org/en/index. php/GFN/page /methodology/for information about information about the Global
php/rae/article/view/3361/3258 Commission on Growth and Development. 2008. The Growth Report
Available at http://www. uncsd2012. org/index. php page=view&type=400&nr=11&menu=45 ††â€. 2011b. â€oesustainable Agriculture and Food security in LDCS. â€
The computation of the sustainability components is based on an arithmetic mean aggregation of scores from the indicator level. b
Survey edition (s) used for the computation of economy scores: †2012 and 2014; ‡
DATA TREATMENT AND SCORE COMPUTATION This section details the process whereby individual responses are edited and aggregated in order to
Aggregation and computation of country averages Through 2013, the computation of country averages used a weighting by economic sector:
INFO-Can't read the embedded type1c font XLNMQG+Mathematicalpi-Three averages of individual responses were computed for the four main
Moving average and computation of country scores As a final step, the country averages for 2014 are
country scores that are used for the computation of the GCI 2014†2015 and for other projects. 7
used in the computation of the scores of each country while Boxâ 4 details the methodology and provides a
computation of the Survey scores (see the Exceptions section in Boxâ 4). Rwanda therefore is covered still in
-establishment of the standard computation method, we used a weighted average of the Survey data of 2012 and
Example of score computation For this example, we compute the score of Tanzania for indicator 5. 08 Extent of staff training,
the final score used in the computation of the GCI and reported in Table 5. 08 (see page 463).
computation of the Global Competitiveness Index as well as for additional key indicators. In the case of
computation of the two averages, only economies with a two-year average number of at least 100 USPTO applications and 50 PCT
The estimates are used in the computation of the respective Innovation pillar scores of the two economies
computation and management of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies
the development and computation of a range of indexes and on the analysis of data for the elaboration of various
and computation of a wide range of composite indicators He is also responsible for the Network†s technical
into the network†from networking virtual machines and developing a platform optimizing computing to scaling applications and decoupling them from the server or
, by use of preprogrammed SQL queries known as â€oedatabase Viewsâ€) rather than the data themselves, whenever possible.
-Survey data variables included in the NRI computation this year NOTES 1 Alexander 1983 2 See Lanier 2010;
composition and computation of the NRI 2014, while we briefly describe the different subindexes below
COMPUTATION METHODOLOGY AND DATA In order to capture as comprehensively as possible all relevant dimensions of societies†networked readiness
their computation can be found in Appendix A and in the Technical Notes and Sources section at the end of the
indicators used in the computation of the NRI are distributed among the 10 pillars In the list below, the number preceding the period
The computation of the NRI is based on successive aggregations of scores, from the indicator level (i e.,
are used always at every step of the computation of the NRI Variables that are derived from the World Economic
Structure and computation of the Networked Readiness Index 2014 Â 2014 World Economic Forum 1. 1:
is used in the computation of the NRI d For indicators 1. 08 and 1. 09, the average of the respective
normalized scores is used in the computation of the NRI e For indicators 2. 04 and 2. 05, the average of the respective
normalized scores is used in the computation of the NRI f The affordability pillar is computed as follows:
is used in the computation of the NRI categoryi K ï =1 indicatork K ï 2014 World Economic Forum
Linearâ programming Managementâ information systems/dashboards Dataâ marts Dataâ warehouses Dataâ clusters Operations research Creditâ scoring
data were processed by advanced computer algorithms e g.,, sophisticated sampling and the use of aggregated indicators) so that it was unlikely that any individual could
algorithms and contract law to specify and audit how personal data may be used and shared is the goal of
The computer architecture for the type of system that relies on multiple, distributed types of oversight
structured query language, or SQL, queries known as â€oedatabase Viewsâ€) rather than sharing the data themselves, whenever possible.
in an extensible and interoperable markup language The metadata is logically bound to the data and
helps travelers predict flight delays using an algorithm that scours data on every domestic flight for the past 10
/Platzman, G. W. 1979. â€oethe ENIAC Computations of 1950: Gateway to Numerical Weather Prediction. †Bulletin of the American
learning, and computer programming. Policy should work to mitigate this talent shortage through forward -looking education and immigration policies
A batch-oriented programming framework that supports the processing of large data sets in a
distributed computing environment. Hadoop is written in the Java programming language and is a top-level Apache project (Apache is decentralized a community
of developers supporting open-source software •HBASE: A nonrelational, column-oriented distributed database written in Java.
A column-oriented database stores data tables as sections of columns of data rather than as rows of data,
databases, providing fast aggregation and computation of large numbers of similar data items •HDFS:
written in Java for the Hadoop framework •Hive: A data warehouse infrastructure built on top
familiar SQL-like syntax •Flume: A tool for collecting, aggregating, and moving large amounts of log data from applications to
common analytical computations •Oozie: A workflow scheduler system developed to manage Hadoop jobs •Pig:
R is a free software programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics. The R language is used widely among
-scale processing of diverse datasets), R (a programming language for statistics), and in-memory databases
and analysts in Hadoop programming, or to buy an enterprise-ready version of Hadoop If the outcome of big data analysis is mission-critical
computation, and sources Note that for the sake of readability, the years were omitted. However, the year of each data point is
-formation on the framework and computation of the NRI refer to Chapter 1. 1 ONLINE DATA PORTAL
computation of a range of indexes as well as data analysis for various projects and studies. His main areas of expertise
Computer science and his MSC in Business Administration from the University of California at Berkeley. His current
The Global Information technology Report 2014 features the latest computation and rankings of the NRI and, referring to this year†s theme,
this year together with data tables for each of the 54 indicators used in the computation of the NRI
< Back - Next >
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011