data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission†s behalf may be
data †open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation,
and strengthens inclusion, participation and ultimately, human well-being Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and
open data to create more transparency around public spending. We call this Digital Social Innovation (DSI
Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces
All data is plotted on a map that visualises radia -tion levels in a given geographical area,
Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial
crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible. It has grown since to
including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists
decentralised environment for open data 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce, and use all their powers
data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge; and they give rise to new DSI areas such as:(
Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s Screenshot of the crowdmap www. digitalsocial. eu
Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s 1 2 3
of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists; new ways of making
cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation There have been lots of attempts to har -ness collective intelligence to address
of environmental data, where people col -lectively identify their own high-carbon intensive behaviour, then brainstorm and
amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge 17growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
-mitting data coming from people, sensors the environment and objects themselves However, we cannot expect the Internet
-cess to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary †app stores. †The lack of standards forces
hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search
-lytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and bio -metric and sensor data.
The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still
by the amount of data collected on propri -etary platforms, with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social
good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google
and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives Take for example the commercial success of Google:
-der to expand into other data-driven ser -vices in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.
environmental data, which raises signifi -cant issues of privacy and competition Right now few of these opportunities are
all data-driven services, this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete
the network, service and data layer. We emphasize the importance of building European public distributed, privacy-aware architectures that can provide the underlying open digital
The development of open data federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social
Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data
on demand and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data
devices, services and networks. This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial
appropriating users†data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and
by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators
NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations, with huge implication on civil
used to capture data on DSI organisa -tion via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630
Data is categorised by 1. A typology of organisations (e g Government and public sector organi -sations, businesses, academia and re
e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware 4. The area of society the organisa
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and
data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born
send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies Goteo SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.
results in open business, open government or open data. Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle
open source software and open data. Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.
Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending data
andâ CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new
now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation
data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;
-ning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment, in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioural change9
and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast
is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems
decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan, caused by the meltdown at the power plant.
were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger
-work where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting. Safecast then worked with hackerspaces and used
use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location. All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which
visualises radiation levels across Japan. To date, the Safecast network has used the Geiger counter to map more than 13
and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.
The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it
easier for organisations and developers to quickly to build their own applications without the need to spend days locating
identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts
Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data, open APIS, and citizen sci
-ence such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services, or Citysdk which is defining interoperable interfaces for city-scale
open data, free and open software and open hardware Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising
The Open Data Institute†s start up programme, which has supported organisations like Open Corporate and Provenance
to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their pres
The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help
up public data sets Delivering or partnering with DSI services Delivering services Providing funding for
open knowledge, open data, open net -works, and open hardware Through case study analysis we have
such as open data, open networks, open hardware and open knowledge, are be -ing harnessed by digital social innova
data to share and analyse the data cap -tured across all of the Geiger counters Within these broader technology areas
we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:
and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated data -processing location.
An open sensor network (OSN) is a wireless sensor network that manages open information in an open environment.
The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed
as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a
Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the
fed by open data from the OSN A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density and
order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data For instance, Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks
OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture use, analyse, and interpret open data coming from people and
from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no
longer only government or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data.
By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable
citizens to hold government to account for what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds
Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies and driving forward the open data movement.
The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability, as well
as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions, and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent
Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by break -ing the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data
and data lock in Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus, open data, together with
open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the
crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number
of mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
For instance, the city of Vienna has, with its Open Data in Vienna programme demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.
The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from
statistics and geographic data on traffic and transport to economic figures. It then in -vited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data
which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis
on the Meiraha project, which focuses on opening up and visualising the Estonian budget. The citizen science project Globe at Night is yet another example of this
where citizens using the camera and geo-tagging functions on their smartphones help the research project measure global levels of light pollution,
data and citizen science 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS
Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34, Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in
formats that make it easy for software developers, researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into web
The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission, such as City SDK that help cities to standardise
open data portals. In the United states, the cities of Chicago, San francisco, Philadelphia and New york are only a few of the examples worth mentioning.
set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil
Open Data Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.
One of them is the examples of competitions and challenges. One of Europe†s biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros in prizes to win and
Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data. In total, 13 awards were given
There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and
Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City
emerged, such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute†s (UK) open data training
itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit. The kit is an electronic board based on the Arduino
equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a Wifi
antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time. A number of cities, including Manchester in the
UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have
and measure data about real-world activity. This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices, which facilitate the
personal and social data in massive data centres. This can also mean increased surveil -lance, prediction and control of people and the environment.
allocation, the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the
Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe
Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe
streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a †big picture†of European DSI
Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu in combination with our hybrid iterative
strategy of case study interviews, work -shops and events relevant to these com -munities, we have identified DSI actors as
Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with
working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall
-munities, such as those around open data are connected developing communities Nonetheless, the vast majority of commu
such as those of open data, open knowl -edge, open hardware and open networks Even if an organisation is not central and
-bining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks 56 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
data (turquoise Successful actors in DSI have managed to leverage large networks using the Internet in order to accomplish innova
social innovation in the data in Figure 4 at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.
Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of
for the creation of an open data incuba -tor within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES
information and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access, such as Global System
identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.
There is a need to require the European Public sector and EC funded projects to not fall into this trap
and provide open data sets in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social
innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data 2. EU public Digital ID with
citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID for all citizens with guidelines and rules to
open data distributed repositories, distributed cloud, distributed search decentralised social networking public identity management and encrypted email service
open data, ubiqui -tous broadband Enabling some of the radical, disruptive innovations emerging from digital SI †new
Open data Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership
The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality
Open data Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership
The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality
waste, data to education. In 2014 Nesta revived the 300 year old Longitude Prize and
The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta and the Open Data Institute and has been very suc
-cessful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data
The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo
-serving citizens†rights and data protec -tion. One of the first steps of DSI policy implementation should be to integrate
-ve transparency/open data and privacy /data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites. In fact, the right
in both legal frameworks (such as data protection) and technologies (such as en -cryption) should apply to individual citi
-tween data, devices, services and networks Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stake
so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licens
-ing issues Open standard licences, for exampleâ Creative Commons (CC) licencesâ could allow the reuse of PSI without the need to develop
-ers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in
All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.
User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55.
OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data, but actively engaged in producing it.
primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leverag -ing asymmetries of information and differentials of access.
Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data, as
long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy
dimension encoded using open standards and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data
and determine its ownership, both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define
and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair
data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels, to begin opening data.
The European Commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum.
European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data
Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented
over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to innovate on top of the infrastructure.
role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies. New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens
should be encouraged. For instance, in the UK, the government backedâ Midataâ pro -gramme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control, while the US
has introduced green, yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively
76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE
TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop
standards to make it easier to build and integrate social applications. These standards will give citizens greater control over
their own social data, allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems. The federated web standards will
User data is moving more and more into the †Cloud†and people are getting their music
The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as â€oesocial graphsâ€) and behavioural patterns of the
In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the
management, fully respecting the users†privacy and ownership of the data Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy,
receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation. This should prevent any unauthorised collection processing and tracking of personal information
or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights
Most reports about innovation refer to GDP and financial return as one of the main in
or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue •Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential
draw upon existing data and research from other sources Level 2 You are gathering data that shows
some change amongst those using your product /service At this stage, data can begin to show effect but
it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as: pre and post survey
standardisation of delivery and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point
The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80 and the Webindex developed by the World
statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey), which could evolve
à Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website, and in
what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.
Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large col
-laboration between public and private Ultimately, just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.
The incubator programme run by the UK€ s Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support
/open-data-challenge-series 44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise /policies/innovation/policy /social-innovation/competition
/documents/reports/data-brokers -call-transparency-accountability -report-federal-trade-commission-may -2014/140527databrokerreport. pdf 65 http://www. citizenme. com
Brendan Lea (2013) â€oeopen Data Institute Annual Summit 2013†online Flickr Open Data Institute Knowledge for
Everyone. Available from: https://www flickr. com/photos/ukodi/10590223144 /in/photostream/Accessed 29th january 2015
recording of data, one way transmission of information (such as podcasting of lectures), or communication from one site to another.
For example, teachers used data collection methods such as focus group interviews observations, video recordings, individual interviews, journals, weekly logs, reflective essays, student
challenges when integrating data and processing with modern systems. Despite this the government's stated preference is to extend the lives of such systems rather than
and prescribing related data to NHS stakeholders and the general public. For example, the Electronic Prescribing &
their prescribing data; manage, monitor and control their prescribing habits and costs monitor and manage drug expenditure against budget;
GPS, it provides a file of the payment data to NHS Connecting for Health to facilitate
and prescribing related data to NHS stakeholders and the general public (see paragraph 2. 3
ï Technology and data The prescription pricing service depends on the CIP and legacy systems. Once the information has been captured in either system
performance data for 2010-11 and 2011-12. We also requested cost data for the
prescriptions pricing service for the period 2008-09 to 2013-14 and all cost data
relating to the legacy system held by the Authority. Data on system availability, system faults and customer satisfaction did not distinguish between the legacy and CIP
systems. Due to the introduction of a new service costing model, the Authority was only able to provide us with the cost data for 2011-12 and a forecast for 2012-13.
Cost data on those two years was also less detailed than we expect Service and system performance
3. 3 The key volume measure for the prescription service is the total number of line
NAO analysis of Authority data 3. 4 The Authority works to a target to process 97.5 per cent of items accurately.
NAO analysis of Authority data 3. 10 The business case envisaged that a further 1. 13 pence (27 per cent of the actual
NAO analysis of Authority data NOTE 1. Costs in 2012-13 are budget estimates 3. 12 The increase in the Authority's overall ICT costs is due to a £4 million increase in
There are two data sources for drug and contractor information: the'CDR'and the'MDR'.'CDR provides drug information for the CIP system,
The drug data held in CDR complies with the NHS Dictionary of Medicines and Devices, the NHS standard for communicating medicine information that has been
data used by the legacy system use an earlier standard and therefore do not comply
current data standards and systems (e g. EPS) all further the cause to complete the migration to CIP.
ï Analysis of investment and spend data ï Analysis of service performance and service reporting data
Analysis of service model including ï Semi structured interviews with service and contract management staff, technical stakeholders and
ï Data and document review that encompassed key contracts, technical and design documentation management information, minutes from service
Data quality and assurance A clear and consistent strategy for data standards and architecture ensures a coordinated approach to continually
of data are understood well and business users have trust in the information Risk management Risk management processes ensure that the business risk
All legacy data have been identified, cleansed and mapped to the new solution and decommissioning costs have been identified
Technical processes Data management processes are owned in place and by the business and are applied to the legacy system.
ensure the confidentiality, availability and integrity of data. External security risk assessments are carried out regularly.
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