A company-wide electronic data source aims to disseminate employees†professional experience, for example tips for winning a contract, from which others in the firm
such as the Internet, EDI (electronic data interchange), Minitel and interactive telephone systems 10 In the B2c context, the Internet and e-commerce can be effective tools for better communication
previously inaccessible because of the use of costly closed EDI networks (electronic data interchange Through their Web site, SMES can attract potential investors and persons seeking employment from abroad
Differences in Internet access in the 21 countries for which data are available seem to be greater
data is the Eurostat Community Survey on enterprise use of ICT. In Australia, all employing businesses are included, with
Data available from surveys in some countries indicate that SMES use the Internet (and e-mail
While available data suggest that electronic commerce is growing, it still accounts for a relatively small proportion of economic activity for firms of all sizes
For 16 countries for which both Internet purchasing and Internet sales data are available, only one
connections and data transfer have discouraged in fact some SMES from adopting Internet: a majority of SMES with 10-249 employees in Austria, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Spain, Portugal and the United
(or speed of data transfer) provided on a telecommunications network via high-speed Internet access. See OECD (2004) recommendation of the Council on Broadband
%in Mexico, very much lower than Europe and the US (ITU data, 2004 As use of e-commerce increases, barriers related to network infrastructure seem to be higher for
of data or security issues 47.4 61.1 48.1 48.4 55.1 48.6 45.4 44.7 45.3 44.2
Although direct access to stock data is technically feasible and can help to minimise inventories
the supply chain, some retailers do not provide their suppliers with electronic access to such data.
high quality, high speed and security measures to protect the transmission of confidential data and other critical messages.
data interchange, excluding manually typed e-mails 5 however, is on issues related to the E-commerce Directive and the obstacles to its
16 Forrester research Inc, The Global ecommerce Adoption Cycle, 15.01.2010 (using 2009 data 17 Eurostat, Data In focus 50/2010:
Internet Usage in 2010 †Households and Individuals, 14.12.2010 available at http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/product details/publication?
digital compression) and storage of data, and that it is transmitted entirely, conveyed and received by wire, by radio, by optical means or by other electromagnetic means.
•Finally, the service must be provided via the transmission of data"at an individual request".
•The E-Privacy Directive66 (2002 and 2009) complements and particularises the Data Protection Directive67 with regard to the processing of personal data in the electronic
Additional data are necessary to measure the progress of online services in the European economy. Some data are available in private
research institutes, but they do not always cover the 27 Member States, and their comparability is guaranteed not.
control of the data which it stores"(paragraphs 113 and 114 In analysing the Google"Adwords"service,
has developed, Google processes the data entered by advertisers and the resulting display of the ads is made under conditions which Google controls.
service neutrally by a merely technical and automatic processing of the data provided by its
those data (Google France and Google, paragraphs 114 and 120".("Paragraph 113 "the mere fact that the operator of an online marketplace stores offers for sale on its
control over, the data relating to those offers for sale. It cannot then rely, in the case of those
data, on the exemption from liability referred to in Article 14 (1) of Directive 2000/31
operator has played not an active role allowing it to have knowledge or control of the data
oblige it to actively monitor all the data relating to each of its customers in order to prevent
aggregating massive amounts of data for professional use, in particular for behavioural advertising. 151 In situations where hosting services are requested to take down illegal material
fairly and lawfully, collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes (data minimisation principle) and not further processed in a way incompatible with those purposes
the processing, how and by whom their data are processed and the rights to access, rectify and
155 Service providers that qualify as data controllers have to provide users with clear, easily understandable and affordable privacy notices in line with the
individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L
Many respondents to the public consultation on e-commerce commented on the data protection and privacy dimension of online services.
data for the development of the Digital Single Market has been outlined, but also concerns about the use of data have been raised.
The following sections focus on spam as well as cookies, and recall the upcoming revision of the data protection framework
158 Reference can also be made to the Data Retention Directive (Directive 2006/24/EC of 15 march 2006 on the
retention of data generated or processed in connection with the provision of publicly available electronic
national laws on the retention of data e g. on internet access, telephony and e-mail to ensure the
Council and the European parliament on the Data Retention Directive (Directive 2006/24/EC), COM (2011 225 final, 18.04.2011;
http://www. statewatch. org/news/2011/apr/eu-com-data-retention-report -225-11. pdf
interaction in order to collect data. Cookies allow the creation of profiles which can be beneficial for both users and online service providers.
by ENISA, almost 80%of online service providers interviewed are collecting data from cookies. 161 Business representatives indicated in the public consultation that today's internet economy
How the data are collected and used raises questions about the compatibility of this practice with the eprivacy Directive.
Accordingly, consent has the same meaning as the data subject's consent defined in Article 2 (h) of that Directive, i e."
be assumed to be covered by that consent, such as processing of data for incompatible secondary purposes. This would be unlawful. 165 However, where a sequence of
and accessing data on a user's terminal equipment are part of processing for the same purpose,
which the data are collected, to guarantee fair processing in respect of the individual 164 Article 10 of the Data protection Directive lays down the minimum information that has to be provided to a
data subject 165 Further processing of personal data for historical, statistical or scientific purposes is not generally to be
considered as incompatible with the purposes for which the data have previously been collected, provided suitable safeguards are in place (see recital 29 and Article 6 (1)( b) of the Data protection Directive
marketing and the processing of data. These codes supplement already legally binding requirements and confirm commitments on principles such as informing consumers about
control of their data; how they are used (selling to third parties, use re-targeting etc.),and
participating companies to provide clear and unambiguous notice to users that it collects data for the
Individuals sometimes find it difficult to exercise their rights as laid down in the Data
For example, in practice it is not always easy to request deletion of data or to get access to personal data.
"179 Data from the mystery shopping exercise taken from Civic Consulting. Consumer market study on the
reported that contractual prohibitions (e g. on data portability) complicate multi-platform advertising campaigns. Finally, the application of data and privacy protection rules on cookies
and behavioural targeting has sometimes been perceived as excessive by internet companies The Commission services will continue to monitor
Examples are geographical information, statistics, weather data, public transport data, data from publicly funded research projects,
and digitised books from libraries This information has an enormously †and currently untapped †potential for reuse in new
the potential of open data. Moreover, there are practical and technical issues holding back the development of a true public data reuse market.
In particular, lack of interoperability between the information resources from different organisations and countries, and the non-availability
benefits from the new opportunities that the data offer. In addition, more support than available now is needed for R&d and innovation on data analysis and visualisation tools
and strengthen its public data strategy by inter alia targeting both the legal framework for reuse and available support
•Adapting the framework in favour of data reuse, including legal, soft law and policy
•Mobilising financing instruments by prioritising open data in R&d&i and infrastructure programmes •Facilitating coordination
territory, or to terminate consumers'transactions over the Internet if their credit card data reveal an address that is not within the distributor's territory,
One special issue to note is the application of the Directive to digital content (data produced
development of e-commerce across Europe which, according to data from one of the major credit cards players, has 50%more bank cards than the USA but 40%smaller volume of e
can be paid electronically with a simple click and without the need for manual data input
Eurostat Data In focus 46/2009: Internet usage in 2009-Households and Individuals available at http://epp. eurostat. ec. europa. eu/portal/page/portal/product details/publication?
253 Eurostat Data In focus 46/2009: Internet usage in 2009-Households and Individuals, available at
Based on available data one can observe that-with the exception of Greece, where 7%of the population does not have five
future. 285 This evidence is further reinforced by data on the satisfaction levels of businesses
-data necessary for identification of infringement -name, address or head office telephone number and electronic mail address of
server (http://europa. eu). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of the publication LEGAL NOTICE By the European commission, Directorate General for Communications networks, Content and Technology (DG CONNECT
Rannou Herve Cityzen Data & ITEMS International herve. rannou@items. fr Rantakokko Mika University of Oulu
solutions with modern approach of using data (and especially big data) as driver for future growth
Open data and open platforms create a strong raw material basis for new enterprises and young
-ables and citizen-generated data, including data management which provides additional value for the community, is discussed.
Important boost for this sector to grow is the open plug-in platform for devices both from hardware and system level
do we transform our organisations from data-to design-driven innovation? Or do need we to trans
to evaluate the UX with collected data during the experimentation but also to anticipate it during
-tored through various types of data logs, making it possible to collect data on frequency of attend
-ance and quality of usage. The activity in the Media scenario experimentation phase consisted of the investigation of the outcomes gained from
were discussed regarding the way data was col -lected, as well as the technical solutions proposed to address these.
were set up in a temporary store where data were collected and analysed together. This temporary
nutritional behaviours (i e. showing nutrient data and healthy diets; provide mobility information regarding the hospital private automatic metro
carried out based on data acquired from vending machine (such as products or bounce rate Figure 6:
environmental data collected by citizen, the alert services via mail or SMS, the ability to download
data, the gamified forum for sharing ideas and best practices in terms of eco-responsible behaviours Each participant can access to more details of his
sensed data. In addition to the equipped city car two types of citizen air sensors were provided dur
the patient data were Figure 8: The Retail Services Use Case 31 collected in it
-ing necessary data and for analysing these data in their specific context. It also means that there is an
metrics and related data that they have to collect and analyse for the UX evaluation.
experiments and collection/analysis of data whether it is anticipated about, momentary, episodic or even cumulative use
Who will own that data and who can you trust? On the US market, there is a great bias in National ID
an increasingly rich data set with new sensors and measurements will provide enhanced intelligence customer insights and accuracy.
create more meaningful data and provide rich com -munity sharing that will only further bolster user
emphasised transparency and access to data for all parties. All projects were represented in all govern
information on their activities and data records (3 In addition, government policies did not introduce distortions in specific economic sectors;
fact there are plenty of data-driven companies companies whose raw material is information and whose boundaries are no longer geographic
Data as Raw material Innovation models and paradigms exist to help in the process of reinventing.
in the analysis of the data We can prepare our students to be the leaders in extracting advantage
is a data-intensive society. The data begin to be seen as a commodity very capable of generating
wealth and under the new †Big data†phenomenon lays an opportunity to create value
data are analysed (6), while organisations are increasingly dependent on them (7) and experience indicates that when business decisions are based
on analysis of data they are smarter, more precisely targeted and therefore can be translated into eco
the people, the data and the academic strength to provide analytical skills to fill the gap between offer
For example, data from cell phones are particularly interesting because they are the only way people
-lysing this data can help us to understand behav -iour patterns of the excluded sectors of the popula
are buried within the global population data The health sector continually strives to reconcile cost reduction to sustainable terms while must
of these data to better understand patterns in the field of health and stop bad habits or remedy by
data. From the analysis of this data it will be pos -sible to extract useful patterns of behaviour
Ability to forecast demand and make the changes necessary supplies For instance more traditional sectors such as agri
the job for data scientists First we should define what a data scientist is One of the most complete definitions is from Jef
-fery Stanton, Syracuse University (12) who refers to the Science of Data as an †emerging area of
work related to the collection, preparation, ana -lysis, visualisation, management and preservation of large amounts of informationâ€.
sea of data to information to the decision. The human eye is the main transmission channel
The data scientist is a specialist in handling the information and his purpose is to
exploit the data to extract information The intensive exploration of bulk data has become a key to competitiveness and
growth in Europe. It is required to place the workforce in an advantageous starting point providing them with the necessary
identity has spawned also concerns about data privacy, viability, intent, and risks of the initia -tive.
the sharing of data between artifacts and present -ing that data as information in the right way and on
the right devices to benefit and engage citizens (11 Infrastructure networks, in addition to blending the social and technical, also operate to continually
/12) http://www. ouka. fi/oulu/english/open-data 13) http://www. cnbc. com/id/49348509?
technical side, Cityzen Data developed relationships with CEA LETI in Grenoble A consortium was finally set up to apply for public
The Critical value of Data Management Cityzen Sciences understood early on that the value of technology and services would come from data
analytics such as •How to combine data from different sources •How to consider the historical profile of each
user Finally, Jean-luc Errant and myself decided to launch a company dedicated to addressing these
background in data management and analytics Today the result is a robust and high-level perfor
paradigm for data originating from sensors Traditional databases are adapted not to this market in spite of claims to the contrary.
Data has developed a very innovative solution for managing data and geolocation in the same series
•a set of advanced functions and a language to clean, manipulate and analyse data;
to detect patterns or weak signals •visualisation tools •a library of APIS Today Cityzen Data is in negotiation with several
major groups including some that already have a platform to manage Data. Cityzen Data does
not address vertical markets. It just provides an advanced technology to manage data to any
players that want to use data analytics across all business sectors Towards European Partnership Cityzen Sciences has established high level part
-nerships with major groups in Europe who consider that the technology developed by Cityzen data is
more advanced than other tech providers. Some initiatives should be announced in the next few months in Europe and China
Finally, with the help of BPI France, we have suc -ceeded in launching two promising companies by
Data are excited to face Horizon 2020 is now coming with its priorities and its series of calls.
For Cityzen Data, the point is to balance our time with our trust on the evaluation process.
usage of Big data but the way we manage the data itself. It is not necessarily the most sexy even we
CEO, Cityzen Data CEO, ITEMS International. Cityzen Sciences and Cityzen Data strategic consulting partner herve. rannou@items. fr
116 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4
Data, Smart Cities, Space enabled Services and Digital Social Innovation Background, Concept and Objectives EYIF€ s Openeyifâ¢leverages Open Innovation pro
such as Big & Open Data Smart Cities, Space enabled Services and Digital Social Innovation The best ideas and early-stage projects will be
such as Big & Open Data, Smart Cities, Space enabled Services and Digital Social Innovation •using a three-stage integrated framework
-ators Community, Tech and Open Data Communities the Open Innovation, Open source and ICT Infra -structure Community and the Start-up Ecosystems
Data, Smart Cities, Space enabled Services and Digital Social Innovation. The Openeyifâ¢foresees a cross-border, European approach that brings
data on the one hand, and flexible lighting systems with sensors and controls) on the other there are many opportunities for new business with services
devices and communicate all kinds of data •Devices The number of devices is growing rapidly.
or use data and are there -fore connected (the Internet of things •ICT On the ICT level the connection is made with
data and software applications. The data that is collected through different devices contains e g. time, people counting or proximity meas
-urements, weather information, movements energy consumption, camera data, etc. Mash -ups and data analytics will lead to insight in
emerging patterns or correlations that can be used for various software applications •Services At this level meaningful services are developed
that provide value for the relevant stakehold -ers. In urban lighting there are often different stakeholders that use the area, with different
1. Open platforms, open data and open knowledge make new connections possible. By linking data
and integrating various perspectives new solu -tions for societal needs emerge. Data analyt -ics becomes an important element to identify
emerging patterns and spot new opportunities It also enables to determine the impact of solu
effectively collect data and integrate all data into a total system 2. Innovation driven by societal needs requires the
recently where data from various sources is col -lected and combined to determine the real time
The data that is collected contains a number of real time measurements such as: 3d sound measurements to identify noise levels and
Other data is collected with a delay, such as: police reports on incidents, deter -mination of origin and counting of mobile devices to
of beverages consumed by collecting data from the breweries or amount of waste thrown in the street
data on the incidents to specific parameters is done to predict when there is a higher risk for escal
Historical data from past incidents is now used to find such correlations. Based on the deter
The analysis of data of different nature and combining patterns to cre -ate new insights is a key element in this case.
requires new skills for data scientists. With these insights lighting scenarios can be designed and tested on their impact on the mood and behaviour
the data scien -tist and the dynamic lighting service designer Data Scientists Data scientists know how to gather data with the
Internet of things. They know what combination of 124 O P E N I N N O V A t I O N y E A r B o O k 2 0 1 4
sensors and data gathering is required to obtain relevant data and how to register the data.
They also know to apply the various models, theories and tools to add and extract value from sets of the
gathered heterogeneous data. They turn data into information. What is also relevant in the context of
smart urban lighting is to use this information to understand and influence human behaviour. The
data scientists bridge the technical competences and the social sciences Dynamic lighting service designers These designers need to be able to empathise with
the different stakeholders. In comparison with trad -itional designers, who focus mainly on users, they
data scientist might find new emerging patterns that spark the development of new applications New applications are launched daily in the smart
Data or Design Innovation has always been important for organ -isations, but nowadays it is crucial for maintaining
Data is one of them design another. Typically, data is where Google stands for. Numerical analysis of what works best
Apple is the other side of the virtual spectrum. Intu -ition, designing and molding the wishes of the
being driven data or design-driven Data-driven Innovation How do organisations come up with new ideas?
Most of the time fresh ideas occur from happy accidents or by using techniques such as brainstorming.
With data-driven innovation, innovators generate ideas by exploit -ing existing or new data sources and analytics to
develop novel insights, particularly by answering queries. More data is generated today than ever 90%of the data in the world today was created in
the last two years alone. Several researchers call data †the innovation story of our time†as analysing
large sets of information and cutting-edge experi -mentation will become a key driver of competition
underpinning new waves of productivity growth and data-driven innovation. Probably the biggest difference between enterprises that are native to
data and others is how they approach strategy. Non data-driven companies tend to undertake research
in order to gain a deep understanding of the mar -ketplace. Then strategy consultants spend months interpreting the data,
decide what it means and suggest a course of action Data driven firms like Facebook, Amazon and
Google, on the other hand, take the hacker way They run experiments †thousands upon thou -sands of them.
From colours used on a button to different websites to see which site will increase
Where data-driven focuses on facts, design relies more on intuition and interpretation. Design has become a decisive
Data-driven and Design-driven are both great in many innovation strategies. When designers lack
•If our data is currency, who†s the bank? It†s a question that every innovator should be giv
in at a data-centric economy that has moved on without them. Our data is hot property and
everyone wants a piece of it. For consumers, it begins to feel like around every corner there†s
our data for their use. Consumers start to ques -tion the real, tangible value it brings to them
or data alone. So how to overcome these chal -lenges? One of the elements will be the ability to
†fix†the flaws of choosing a data-driven or design -driven innovation process. This would involve adding
designers and data scientists are people before being designers or data scientists Culture Defines Us
We are influenced all by the social and economic context where we live in. While culture is a slippery
the culturally neutral data-driven and design approach. Scalability used to be a plus, a scar
As financial data is rarely available for SMES, we relied on the number of employees when selecting our interview partners
collected data broadly categorized according to our three research questions. Within the first round of content analysis, meaningful sections of the
the data searching for significant quotations, which are presented below. Another goal of the third step
the data as well as the most important findings Next, the results are presented with meaningful statements from the interviews
pressure differences into a convenient tool for recording weather data, the metal cells were brought into contact with a liquid that reacts to these small differences accurately
4. DATA AND METHODS 4. 1 Survey description To analyze trends, motives and management challenges related to open innovation
Commerce, containing data on all Dutch firms. The data were collected in December 2005, over a period of three weeks, by means of computer assisted telephone
interviewing (CATI. All respondents were small business owners or managers and innovation decision-makers. Attempts to contact reference persons were made five
The survey data contained a summary variable indicating customer involvement, i e. a dummy coded 1
The survey data allowed distinguishing between employees that belong to the R&d department and those that are coming from other
We first tested if our data were suitable for a component analysis by calculating Measures of Sampling Adequacy (MSA) for the individual variables
the data did not contain enough records to provide reliable insights about respondents†motives and challenges on this topic
Multivariate Data Analysis. 5th ed. Prentice hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ Henkel, J.,2004. Open source software from commercial firms †Tools, complements
Evidence from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Data H200809 25-7-2008 The Entrepreneurial Adjustment Process in Disequilibrium
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