describes our data, while Section 5 analyses the incidence and trend towards open innovation, and motives and
data set contains information on perceived barriers to adopt open innovation practices. The open innovation
Data collection was done over a 3-week period in December 2005. To reliably identify trends only respondents with long tenure and representing
guidelines for the collection of innovation data, see OECD 2005). ) Secondly, the survey asked if respondents†enter
the data did not contain enough records to provide reliable insights about respondents†e class
dimensions in our data and applied cluster analytic techniques to ï nd homogeneous groups of enterprises
ï rst exploratory run demonstrated that our data were suitable for PCA (i e. MSA values all 40.57, KMO
exploitation, our data suggests that many SMES attempt to beneï t from the initiatives and knowledge of their
that our survey data capture the full domain of external technology exploitation and exploration Although our sample of SMES is extensive,
Innovation Data, third ed. OECD, Paris Prencipe, A.,2000. Breadth and depth of technological capabilities in
describes our data, while Section 5 analyses the incidence and trend towards open innovation, and motives and
data set contains information on perceived barriers to adopt open innovation practices. The open innovation
Data collection was done over a 3-week period in December 2005. To reliably identify trends only respondents with long tenure and representing
guidelines for the collection of innovation data, see OECD 2005). ) Secondly, the survey asked if respondents†enter
the data did not contain enough records to provide reliable insights about respondents†e class
dimensions in our data and applied cluster analytic techniques to ï nd homogeneous groups of enterprises
ï rst exploratory run demonstrated that our data were suitable for PCA (i e. MSA values all 40.57, KMO
exploitation, our data suggests that many SMES attempt to beneï t from the initiatives and knowledge of their
that our survey data capture the full domain of external technology exploitation and exploration Although our sample of SMES is extensive,
Innovation Data, third ed. OECD, Paris Prencipe, A.,2000. Breadth and depth of technological capabilities in
pressure differences into a convenient tool for recording weather data, the metal cells were brought into contact with a liquid that reacts to these small differences accurately
-verging data on some innovation inputs (R&d ex -penditure of firms), intermediate outputs (patents and final outputs (international trade), although on
R&d investment, with data related to 2004 (European Commission, 2005) and to 2009 (European Commis -sion, 2010.
Second, data on patents may be criticized as less relevant for some subsectors of IT, such as software
data from the European Patent office, stated that †the US is ahead of the EU in four out of six
Looking at patent data, it appears that in the patent class computer and automated business equipment
to 2005 on data from the Patent Cooperation Treaty PCT), and using the larger definition of information
-sequent analyses, based on sector-level data, showed that a large part of the gap is due to large gains in
of industry-level productivity data in the KLEMS project, supported by the European commission O†Mahony and Timmer, 2009;
procedures, or data) at many levels, preserving its fundamental properties. This makes it possible to
govern how data flows through the Internet what happens when packets get lost, and so on NRC, 2004: 18;
The abstract nature of computer objects (e g. data procedures) allowed a process of progressive trans
-tion of regions of reality (not only data but images sound, movement, all sorts of physical parameters
Several items of data are still missing, so the analysis must be done on different samples, variable by variable.
-ment of data, with limited comment Patterns of educational mobility We identified the location of the universities at
The data do not al -low a full-scale analysis, because we do not have control samples of scientists in related fields.
Our data seem to suggest that com -puter science has been a gateway for cross-discipline
We find the data illuminating. It is not surprising that top universities try to attract top sci
An easy way to comment these data is to remem -ber that these are star scientists,
Second, we are observing average data Standard deviation informs us that even faster careers are observable.
-ble to normalize these data by age or seniority, given several missing items of data.
A crude approxima -tion is offered in Table 9, suggesting that on average they may change country for each 30 years of age
Our data seem to suggest that in the com -puter sciences the pattern of geographic mobility has
external control on the data self-declared in the CVS would require a long and dedicated investigation
our data, top scientists move from the university that awarded their Bachelor degree to the USA, fight to
Company Data. Brussels: Directorate-General Joint Research Centre European commission 2007. Towards a European Research Ar
Consistent statistical data is missing Comparable international data about high-growth SMES are missing, so that a consistent picture of
their prevalence cannot yet be drawn. The OECD -Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme found that in 2006,
European countries for which data were available A Eurobarometer study found that in several Euro -pean countries the share of high-growth firms in
data, theoretical ideas and empirical results. Chapter 4 analyses current policy developments, focusing on European and national policy approaches as well as specific issues related to entrepreneurship, access to
Matrix of main data sources for INNO-Grips Policy Brief 2 Quantitative focus Qualitative focus
Primary data collection ï Representative enterprise survey (CATI ï INNO-Grips case studies and case briefs
ï Data from industry associations ï Existing case studies from various sources ï Literature evaluation (desk research
Data from various secondary sources is used here not only for exhibiting numbers of high-growth enterprises but also for other indicators such as venture capital provision
Primary data collection The description of examples of successful support of high-growth innovative companies is a key element of
However, the study concludes that â€oefrom the nature of the data collected and the limited number of examples
unsatisfactory statistical data From a scientific point of view data availability is always unsatisfactory, but measurement of entrepreneurial
activity, including high-growth SMES, apparently remains particularly difficult. Internationally comparable data are scarce. The most notable initiative to make international data on entrepreneurship available may be the
joint OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme (EIP) launched in 2006. Some key findings from the EIP are presented in the following,
supplemented by data from other sources OECD The EIP provides data about high-growth enterprises
which may be taken as a proxy for data about high -growth innovative SMES. Data are available for 15 countries,
divided by manufacturing and services. 19 The most recent data available at the time of authoring this Policy Brief were for 2006.
For this year, Bulgaria was on top for both manufacturing (8. 6%high-growth enterprises) and services (8. 2%)†see Exhibit 4. The fol
-lowing countries were Italy (8%/7. 9%),Estonia (7. 1%/5. 6%),Brazil (6. 9%/5%)and the USA (5. 9
%/19 See OECD (2009), pp. 28-31 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
high-growth enterprises, the USA were nevertheless ahead of most other European countries for which data
Among the countries for which data are performed available, Bulgaria best (2. 3%gazelles in manufacturing, 1. 9%in services.
A Eurobarometer survey in 2009 of more than 9, 000 companies provided data for all EU-27 countries. 20 As
the denominator and the data source is different from the OECD data, both datasets cannot be compared.
the related data 21 See Veugelers (2009), p. 2. The largest US companies were taken from the Financial times Global 500 of 2007, the
Firm-level data was provided by the Zentrum fã r Europã¤ische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany
A Kauffmann Institute study of the US economy in 2010 with data for 2007 contained 5. 5 million firms.
longitudinal data sets found that â€oethe profitable low growth firms are both more likely to reach the desirable
and 26 by GIF2 at an average cost of 600,000 euro. 61 No valid data for
It also tracks baseline data for its per -formance, such as employees, revenue growth and number of customers.
of growth finance can hardly be based on solid data. â€oeaccess to finance†for entrepreneurs and young busi
-nesses, both debt and equity capital, is one area where there is scarce availability of comparable data
often reliable data are not even available at the country level. 96 92 Definition of the European Venture capital Association, see http://www. evca. eu/toolbox/glossary. aspx?
The Eurobarometer survey quoted in the following provides insightful data and it is based on almost 10,000 interviews,
-cal data for EU companies, the report shows that â€oeinnovative companies are more likely to exportâ€, that â€oethey
Micro United Network Pte Ltd (http://www. microunited. com. sg) provides voice, video and data
which data are available †when a combination of venture capital 150 See Cooper (2009 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
funds but there is no data available to measure the investment performance of this group of funds
though they had the data, the review did not assess the presence of high growth firms or gazelle aspects. 160
According to the OCS data most of the grants are provided to high growth SMES, though the OCS makes great efforts to increase the
Other items with outstandingly high percentages may confirm this interpretation of the data. 83%of the high
-preneurs is an area with scarce comparable data across countries (see section 4. 2. 2). In order to ensure
The access to meta-data would be straightforward. It would empower the user to discover new knowledge and open opportunities
without having to process extensive data and information from various sources. In this way, the EEN could
and interpreting innovation data. The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities. Third edition. A joint publication of OECD and Eurostat
Consistent statistical data is missing Comparable international data about high-growth SMES are missing, so that a consistent picture of
their prevalence cannot yet be drawn. The OECD -Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme found that in 2006,
European countries for which data were available A Eurobarometer study found that in several Euro -pean countries the share of high-growth firms in
data, theoretical ideas and empirical results. Chapter 4 analyses current policy developments, focusing on European and national policy approaches as well as specific issues related to entrepreneurship, access to
Matrix of main data sources for INNO-Grips Policy Brief 2 Quantitative focus Qualitative focus
Primary data collection ï Representative enterprise survey (CATI ï INNO-Grips case studies and case briefs
ï Data from industry associations ï Existing case studies from various sources ï Literature evaluation (desk research
Data from various secondary sources is used here not only for exhibiting numbers of high-growth enterprises but also for other indicators such as venture capital provision
Primary data collection The description of examples of successful support of high-growth innovative companies is a key element of
However, the study concludes that â€oefrom the nature of the data collected and the limited number of examples
unsatisfactory statistical data From a scientific point of view data availability is always unsatisfactory, but measurement of entrepreneurial
activity, including high-growth SMES, apparently remains particularly difficult. Internationally comparable data are scarce. The most notable initiative to make international data on entrepreneurship available may be the
joint OECD-Eurostat Entrepreneurship Indicators Programme (EIP) launched in 2006. Some key findings from the EIP are presented in the following,
supplemented by data from other sources OECD The EIP provides data about high-growth enterprises
which may be taken as a proxy for data about high -growth innovative SMES. Data are available for 15 countries,
divided by manufacturing and services. 19 The most recent data available at the time of authoring this Policy Brief were for 2006.
For this year, Bulgaria was on top for both manufacturing (8. 6%high-growth enterprises) and services (8. 2%)†see Exhibit 4. The fol
-lowing countries were Italy (8%/7. 9%),Estonia (7. 1%/5. 6%),Brazil (6. 9%/5%)and the USA (5. 9
%/19 See OECD (2009), pp. 28-31 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
high-growth enterprises, the USA were nevertheless ahead of most other European countries for which data
Among the countries for which data are performed available, Bulgaria best (2. 3%gazelles in manufacturing, 1. 9%in services.
A Eurobarometer survey in 2009 of more than 9, 000 companies provided data for all EU-27 countries. 20 As
the denominator and the data source is different from the OECD data, both datasets cannot be compared.
the related data 21 See Veugelers (2009), p. 2. The largest US companies were taken from the Financial times Global 500 of 2007, the
Firm-level data was provided by the Zentrum fã r Europã¤ische Wirtschaftsforschung (ZEW), Mannheim, Germany
A Kauffmann Institute study of the US economy in 2010 with data for 2007 contained 5. 5 million firms.
longitudinal data sets found that â€oethe profitable low growth firms are both more likely to reach the desirable
and 26 by GIF2 at an average cost of 600,000 euro. 61 No valid data for
It also tracks baseline data for its per -formance, such as employees, revenue growth and number of customers.
of growth finance can hardly be based on solid data. â€oeaccess to finance†for entrepreneurs and young busi
-nesses, both debt and equity capital, is one area where there is scarce availability of comparable data
often reliable data are not even available at the country level. 96 92 Definition of the European Venture capital Association, see http://www. evca. eu/toolbox/glossary. aspx?
The Eurobarometer survey quoted in the following provides insightful data and it is based on almost 10,000 interviews,
-cal data for EU companies, the report shows that â€oeinnovative companies are more likely to exportâ€, that â€oethey
Micro United Network Pte Ltd (http://www. microunited. com. sg) provides voice, video and data
which data are available †when a combination of venture capital 150 See Cooper (2009 Policies for high-growth innovative SMES v1. 6
funds but there is no data available to measure the investment performance of this group of funds
though they had the data, the review did not assess the presence of high growth firms or gazelle aspects. 160
According to the OCS data most of the grants are provided to high growth SMES, though the OCS makes great efforts to increase the
Other items with outstandingly high percentages may confirm this interpretation of the data. 83%of the high
-preneurs is an area with scarce comparable data across countries (see section 4. 2. 2). In order to ensure
The access to meta-data would be straightforward. It would empower the user to discover new knowledge and open opportunities
without having to process extensive data and information from various sources. In this way, the EEN could
and interpreting innovation data. The Measurement of Scientific and Technological Activities. Third edition. A joint publication of OECD and Eurostat
data! on! the! level! of! takecup! of! ecprocurement! on! total! regional! procurement! to! promote â€oehealthy!
data! on! the! organizational! well! being! achievable! through! the! implementation! of telework ''Determinants (and (barriers (in (the (inner (context('The'inner'context'is'much'more'important'than'the'external'one'in'the'case'of'telework.'
data'on'the'level'of'takequp'of'eqprocurement'on'total'regional'procurement'for'promoting'â€oehealthy'competitionâ€.'
'and'publish'data'on'the'organizational! wellcbeing'achievable'through'the'implementation'of'telework.''5. Enhance'the'quality'and'the'quantity'of!
oconsolidation of imperfect data ospatio-temporal analysis omodelling/simulation of material degradation o joint reconstruction within and across collections
Data also reveals that value of goods and services added per worker is significantly below the national average.
Water conservation will be managed in stages with the collection of data and the modelling of networks in Stage 1,
involve identifying projects involving collection of baseline data and raising awareness that can inform Climate
of such data, local authorities should identify these areas using other data from the OPW and existing studies
on data that are capable of being collected without undue difficulty and of providing overall guidance to the various
and evaluate the effectiveness of the guidelines, conduct data gathering and report regularly on review issues aimed at preparing the way for a full review of the guidelines by 2016
data to facilitate a knowledge infrastructure where European citizens can help transform public services 3. Invest in future infrastructure and
•Open up government owned data, following the example of data. gov6 and require data to be published
in web-enabled formats, to allow new combinations and empower citizens to co-create new services.
platforms should be supported for data-generators to enable open access 6 Data. gov has the aim to increase public access to high value,
machine readable datasets generated by the Executive branch of the US Federal government. It encourages users to propose new data sets that should be added.
See also the UK Power of Information Taskforce, http://powerofi nformation. wordpress. com /Why reform public
ï§To promote the opening up of data Objectives Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, technology centres
This system provides information and qualified, consistent data to enable the review, if necessary, of RIS3CAT programmes, initiatives, instruments
information and data. Continuous evaluation mechanisms, along with evaluation of real results and impact, provide basic information for monitoring the implementation of the
ï§To promote the opening up of data Objectives Main stakeholders Catalan public authorities, technology centres
This system provides information and qualified, consistent data to enable the review, if necessary, of RIS3CAT programmes, initiatives, instruments
information and data. Continuous evaluation mechanisms, along with evaluation of real results and impact, provide basic information for monitoring the implementation of the
research (publications and data This will boost innovation and further in -crease the use of scientific results by all
or a group of countries. 18 The advantage of this method is that such data are available in a
specialisation of regional economies on the basis of employment (or value-added) data Location quotients measure whether some sectors are represented over in a regional
important to match these specialisation data with performance indicators (value added exports, etc. which is one of the main tasks performed by the European Cluster
analysis using data on job changes between industries, showing proximity between industries in terms of skill sets
data and in depth analysis. Cluster mapping and benchmarking activities are powerful tools for 68 starting the assessment of regional specialisation patterns and comparing statistical findings
statistical data at the same level of granularity are not always available across the EU and
therefore, additional efforts should be made by some regions to complement existing data sets by more detailed quantitative and qualitative information
if necessary, more detailed statistical data and perform qualitative-based surveys to better understand the dynamics of regional clusters to be used for implementing smart
Data from the 2010 Digital Competitiveness report77 reveals that while representing 5%of GDP, ICT drives 20%of overall productivity growth and
open data and secured online access, the harnessing of a true digital single market (ecommerce
The DAE scoreboard provides data and an annual assessment of the performance at EU and
For this, solid economic data is necessary. The Commission is in the process of setting up an EU
data on the demand and supply of KETS, which will help regions (and Member States) to
if possible, statistical data and perform qualitative-based surveys to better understand the dynamics of CCIS to be used for implementing smart specialisation
B Data Analytics, Management, Security & Privacy I Sustainable Food Production & Processing C Digital Platforms, Content & Applications J Marine Renewable Energy
available data from research and administrative sources to benefit future research; and •Ongoing investment in the ICT/â€oee-infrastructure†that underpins all research endeavours
of the wider research and innovation agenda, including issues such as open data shared infrastructures, and the development of ecosystems within the public sector
B Data Analytics, Management, Security & Privacy I Sustainable Food Production & Processing C Digital Platforms, Content & Applications J Marine Renewable Energy
available data from research and administrative sources to benefit future research; and •Ongoing investment in the ICT/â€oee-infrastructure†that underpins all research endeavours
of the wider research and innovation agenda, including issues such as open data shared infrastructures, and the development of ecosystems within the public sector
medical data, telemedicine, nano-electronics, opto-electronics, industrial software, Big data GPS, ERP data systems, cloud computing, intelligent wireless networks, cybernetic security
UEFISCDI, based on NIS data Knowledge maps Example: Export and import countries for pharmaceuticals Exploratory online
analysis of data at local and national level †Given the RDI-focus of the Strategy, the latter
Romanian RDI ecosystem based on data collected from projects, publications patents); ) the list was extended further through nomination and co-nomination
end, a broad range of data was put together and analyzed with an eye to determining fields
as a large selection of data on the economic value added, on scientific collaborations and results, on societal needs, global trends etc. in the shortlisted smart specialization fields.
Data on all publicly-funded competitive Romanian RDI projects over the last 7-8 years (over 6, 000;
+and data on more than half a million business firms
WARN-Count in xref table is 0 at offset 287591 WARN-Count in xref table is 0 at offset 566472
analysis by correlating the data collected by Eurostat with the data collected at the Center for
studies, we processed the available data from 1995 to 2012 for the following EU states:
"The Atlas of Economic Complexity"data, own calculations A fist glimpse of a certain dynamic that is counterintuitive
"The Atlas of Economic Complexity"data, own calculations 1, 35 1, 34 1, 29 1, 25
Eurostat data,"The Atlas of Economic Complexity"data, own calculations FI SE DK DE AT
The data refers to 2011 indicators 4 Economic activity rate (2011; Source: Eurostat 5 Data for 2010;
Source: Eurostat 6 Persons aged 25-64 with tertiary education attainment(%;%Source: Eurostat 7 Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation Union COM (2010) 546
WB staff calculations based on WDI data 27. During this period, the convergence process has trickled down at the regional level, and the
World bank staff calculations based on Eurostat data; â€oepeer regionsâ€: aggregate peers as defined by ADR Vest PL 41,42, 43,51, 52;
Data Source: Eurostat 13.6 %12.1 %13.5 %12.7 %15.3 %13.2%12.7 %12.1 %14.3 %5. 8 %11.1
Calculations based on data from Eurostat: Gross fixed capital formation by NUTS 2 regions nama r e2gfcf; Employment (in 1000 persons) by NUTS 3 regions
Calculations based on data from Eurostat: Population on 1 january by broad age groups and sex-NUTS 3 regions demo r pjanaggr3
Calculations based on data from Eurostat: Population on 1 january by broad age groups and sex-NUTS 3 regions
Calculations based on data from Eurostat lfst r lfp2acedu. Note: Economically active population by sex, age, highest level of education attained and NUTS 2
Calculations based on data from Eurostat edat lfse 13. Note: Persons aged 25-64 and 20-24 with
Calculations based on data from INS: Activity, employment and ILO unemployment rates at territorial level, by educational level, by sex and area, in 2009;
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 40. Additionally, the West Region presents the second highest incidence of gazelles over total
In 2010, the last year for which firm level data from SBS dataset are available, gazelles
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 41. The sectoral specialization of the â€oegazelles†is slightly different than the distribution of firms
overall. While Western firms in general are concentrated mainly in service activities such as wholesale trade (14%),retail trade (10),
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 42. The contribution of startups to productivity growth in West Romania is higher than the
Opportunities†this exercise is based on the final sample of the SBS survey data †as after excluding for outliers †in
exit firms (X). Considering the first and latest year of data (2005 and 2010) available in the SBS dataset, surviving
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Figure 15:
TFP Growth Decomposition in Romania By Type of Firm And by Region: 2005-2010 Source:
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data The West Regions†export performance is very positive in overall terms
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 44. Overall, the West Region export performance is very positive:
export growth is sustained Figure 18), particularly since 2009 and is driven by the performance of firms located in Arad and Timis
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Source: World bank staff calculation based on SBS data III. 2. Main challenges
Fruits of economic growth were distributed not evenly across the region 45. The fruits of economic growth and convergence with Europe were distributed not evenly
World bank staff calculations based on data from Eurostat: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions †purchasing power standard per inhabitant nama r e3gdp
World bank staff calculations based on data from Eurostat: Gross domestic product (GDP) at current market prices by NUTS 3 regions †millions of Euro nama r e3gdp
World bank staff calculations based on data from Institute of National Statistics; Monthly gross wages at NACE 2
Calculations based on data from Structural Business Survey Note: In the Auto cluster, the index for Arad is 100 (equal to the regional average) â€
The only available relative price data are on food prices by municipality. Taking the average prices of a basket of
Calculations based on customs data from Institute of National Statistics As a result of the spatial effect of the transition of the economy and conditioned in part by
Calculations based on data from Structural Business Survey Note: Basic sectors include those sectors which sell primarily outside the local area;
Data shows that in 2011 the West Region had the third lowest number of students enrolled in
Opportunities†these numbers are based on the final sample of the SBS survey data †as after excluding for
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 57. The auto industry is by far the biggest employer in the region among manufacturing
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data Table 11. Out of Region Plant Size of Firms Headquartered in the West Region (2010
World bank staff calculation based on SBS data 60. Sectorial, firm and geographical concentration may lead to high volatility of value added
Challenges and Opportunities†this exercise is based on the final sample of the SBS survey data †as after excluding
World bank staff calculations based on INS data Source: World bank staff calculations based on INS data 62. Moreover, export growth over the period 2005-2011 has been very reliant on the â€oeintensive
marginâ€, i e. 75%of export growth came from incumbent exporters going to markets they already served and with no innovation in terms of product range.
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 63. There is a shift in destination markets within the EU. While traditionally the main export
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 60 70 80 90 100 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 64. Overall, West Region exports are concentrated in relatively low-skill, low-sophistication
World bank staff calculations based on INS data Increasing integration with regional value chains, leading to low local value addition
the lack of export data for service sectors †which includes ICT services †prevents the use of the Taymaz et al (2011) methodology.
World bank staff elaboration based on INS customs level data 31 Taymaz, Erol, Ebru Voyvoda and Kamil YÃ lmaz (2011.
data, it does not account for the domestic dimension of value chains thereby providing only a partial overview of
World bank staff calculations based on INS data 68. While declining value added at sector level is a global trend
Calculations based on data from Business Registry Note: Foreign firms include firms with any share of foreign participation, so
Calculations based on data from Business Registry Notes: â€oe2006 and 2007 Cohorts†refers to the firms that started (as evidenced by
opportunities draws on the Structural Business Survey data (for the 2008-2010 period) and follows a
First, the firm level data used for this analysis does not provide information regarding the set of specific products that are produced by each firm.
as the INS data covers 2008-2010 time horizon, the analysis reflects the immediate post crisis scenario and,
data (NACE 4 digit) sector analysis 49 80. In addition, whereas the firm-level data analysis has pointed to some high growth activities
In 2010, the last year for which Eurostat provides data on regional R&d outlays, the total intramural R&d expenditures (considering business enterprise sector
Eurostat data (rd e gerdreg 47 Although there are no dedicated financial means, the region can identify financing resources in specific cases
data.**Note: the latest available data for R&d over GDP indicator for the West region is for 2010;
2011 and 2012 levels are assumed to be the same Source: World bank staff simulations based on Eurostat and
IMF data 139. Building on the analysis conducted as part of this assessment, this chapter drafts
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