Greta! Nasi! Maria! Cucciniello! Valentina! Mele! Giovanni! Valotti and! Raffaele! Bazurli!( (Bocconi'University '30'may'2015'''This'policy'brief'presents'the'findings'of'the'fifth'work'package'(WP5)' of'the'â€oelearning (from Innovation (In public (Sector (Environmentsâ€'(LIPSE)' project.''''LIPSE'is'a'research'program'under'the'European'Commission†s'7th'Framework'Programme'as'a'Small'or'Mediumqscale'Focused'Research'Project'(2013q2016.''LIPSE'focusses'on'studying'social'innovations'in'the'public'sector.''Full'reports'can'be downloaded'via'www. lipse. org '†European Policy Brief†Policy recommendations for adopting, diffusing and upscaling ICT-driven social innovation in public sector organizations LIPSE: Learning from Innovation in Public sector Environments Work Package 5 European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))2 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments 1 Relevance! of! ICTCDRIVEN! social! innovation!''Nowadays,'the'issue'of'public'sector'innovation'is'very'important'in'light'of'the'economic'and'social'crisis'that'is'hitting'European'countries.''Public'sector'organizations'have'to'cope'with'soqcalled'â€oewickedâ€'societal'challenges'and'an'increasing'demand'for'highqquality'public'services, 'while'also'facing'a'reduction'in'their'budgets.''In'this'sense,'social'innovation'represents'a sort of'â€oemagic'concept†'since'it'claims'to'promise'public'sector'organizations'(PSOS)' suitable, 'costqsaving'and'inclusive'solutions'in'responding'to'the'emerging'needs'of'citizens.''The'LIPSE'project'(Learning'from'Innovation'In'public'Sector'Environments)' identifies'drivers'and'barriers'to'successful'social'innovation'in'the'public'sector.''LIPSE'is funded'by'the'European'Commission†s'7th'Framework'Programme'(No.''320090,2013q2016)' and'is comprised'of'researchers'from'12'Universities'in'11'EU'countries.''''Information'and'communication'technologies'(ICTS)' can'facilitate'the'spread'of'social'innovation 'because'they'are'able'to'process'significant'volumes'of'information 'and'thus,'can'overcome'physical'and'organizational'barriers.''The'EU'itself'has accepted'this'as'a'challenge 'and'as'a'way'to'respond'to'citizensâ€'needs'today. 1'To'deepen'our'understanding'of'this'critical'issue, 'this'policy'brief'(based'on'LIPSE'work'package'5)' focuses'on'two'innovative'practices'in'the'public'sector.''The'first'is'eqprocurement, 'which'refers'to'the'use'of'ICTS'to'carry'out'several'of'the'stages'of'the'procurement'process.''This'technology'is'relevant 'because'it'contributes'to'a'more'dynamic,'transparent'and'competitive'procurement'process.''The'second'practice'refers'to'ICT 'and'new'media'technologies'that'are focused'on'the'creation'of'new'ways'of'working'(the'soqcalled'telework), 'which'provide'civil'servants'with'instruments'to'work'at'home, 'while'making'use'of'the'ICT'infrastructure'of'their'organization.''This'offers'new'possibilities'for'public'employees'to'coqcreate'a'working'environment'that'is'compatible'with'their'work/life'balance'aspirations.''It'is'also'affects'the'attractiveness'of'the'public'sector'as'an'employer.''In'our'research,'we'also'paid'attention'to'followers,'late'adopters'and'laggards, 'whose'role'in'diffusing 'and'upscaling'ICTQDRIVEN'social'innovation'is'very'important.''''This'policy'brief'presents'the'results'of'a'systematic'literature'review'and'an'empirical'comparative'analysis'across'6'EU'countries.''Our'aim'is'to'disseminate'evidenceqbased'knowledge'on'the'determinants'and'barriers'ICTQDRIVEN'social'innovation,'relevant'for'policyqmakers,'managers,'practitioners'and'scholars.''''The'three'main'objectives'of'Workqpackage'5'can'be summarized'as'follows:''''1. To'theoretically'and'empirically'identify'the'determinants'and'barriers'that'play'a'role'in'upscaling'ICTQDRIVEN'innovations'in'two'policy'fields'(eqprocurement'and'telework),'in relation to'the'specific'characteristics'of'followers,'late'adopters'and'laggards 'in'six'European'countries '1 Cf. EU Social Innovation, the Digital Agenda for Europe (established by the European commission as a European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))3 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments 2. To'develop'policy'guidelines 'and'instruments'that'public'decisionqmakers'can'use'to'improve'adoption,'diffusion'and'upscaling'of'ICTQDRIVEN'innovations.''3. To'disseminate'the'research'results'and'policy'recommendations '2 How! did! we! examine! the! determinants! and! barriers! of! ICTCDRIVEN social! innovation?!''The'research'process'started'with'a'systematic'review'of'the'most'prominent'literature'on'the'determinants'and'barriers'of'ICTQDRIVEN'social'innovation'in'the'public'sector.''We'drew'on'194'journal'articles'and'another'59'relevant'publications.''We'then'developed'a'theoretical'framework.''The'determinants'and'barriers'found'in'the'literature'were organized'according'to'three'levels'of'analysis.'First, 'we'placed'the'identified'influential'factors'in'the'internal'or'external'context'of'the'public'sector'organization.''Within'each'context,'we'identified'more'specific'dimensions.''Finally,'we'examined'single'determinants'and'barriers.''We'verified'their'positive/negative'influence'on'adoption, 'diffusion'and'upscaling'and'connected'them'to'various'types'of'adopter'(i e.''innovators,'followers,'late'adopters,'laggards. 2'For'each'country'analyzed'(i e.''France,'Italy,'The'netherlands,'Romania,'Slovakia,'Spain),'we'explored 'and'compared'the'institutional'framework, 'the'legislation'and'the'stage'of'adoption'for'eqprocurement'and'telework'to'appreciate'their'peculiarities.''We'also'assessed'the'levels'of'ICT'â€oereadinessâ€'and'stage'of'eqgovernment'development 'We'then'did'a'qualitative'comparison'among'12'organizations'in'the'6'countries.''We'conducted'60'semiqstructured'interviews, 'reporting'the'results'through'standardized'reports.''We'then'carried'out'a'crossqnational'survey'among'regional'and'local'public'organizations'(117'and'269'responses'for'eqprocurement'and'telework'respectively.''The'aim'was'to'generalize'the'findings'on'determinants'and'barriers.''Eventually,'we'matched 'and'triangulated'policy'documents'with'the'qualitative'and'quantitative'evidence'to'provide'meaningful'policy'recommendations'for'policymakers'and'practitioners '3 Determinants! and! barriers! of! ecprocurement! adoption! and upscaling!''Evidenceqbased'knowledge'about'the'determinants'and'barriers'of'eqprocurement'adoption'is'critical'for'people'who'want'to'foster'such'processes.''As'anticipated,'a'distinction'is applied'between'the'external'and'the'inner'context'of'public'sector'organizations.''The'former'regards'external'environmental'factors, 'which'can'be influenced'effectively'by'policymakers:''we'then'propose'policy'recommendations.''The'latter'instead'refers'to'those'characteristics'that'are'related'to'organizations, 'and'which'are'in'the'realm'of'public'management:''in'this'case,'we'formulated'what'the'implications'are'for'practitioners '2 Such categories are referred to the single organizations analyzed, and not to regional/national contexts as a whole European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))4 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments Determinants (and (barriers (in (the (external (context('First,'we'found'that'determinants 'and'barriers'referred'to'eqprocurement'are'not'so'different'from'the'determinants 'and'barriers'to'innovations'that'do'not'require'the'use'of'ICTS.''Despite'its'technological'nature,'eqprocurement'implies'organizational'changes.''Technology'per'se'is'not'a'key'element'for'its'successful'implementation.''However,'the'development'of'territorial'ICT'infrastructures'(such'as'the'broadband'connection)' and'the'absence'of'a'digital'divide'are'important'determinants 'when'eqprocurement'has'not'been adopted (yet.''Our! policy recommendation! for! the! adoption! of! ecprocurement! is! to! strengthen! investments! in! ICT infrastructure! in! regions! where! this! infrastructure! is! weak.!'''Second,'law'obligations'are'the'most'powerful'driver'of'adoption'for'followers,'late (adopters'and 'non>adopters.''Mandatory'provisions'push'organizations'to,'at'least,'experiment'with'eqprocurement.''For'example,'most'of'the'Romanian'and'Slovak'regions'adopted'this'innovation'despite'these'countriesâ€'current'relative'low'levels'of'ICT'and'eqgovernment'development.''This'is'because'of'their'national'legislations'(harmonized'with'EU'Directives'on'public'procurement), 'which'oblige'regional'governments'to'adopt'eqprocurement.''Conversely,'Spanish'regional'governments'have'the'lowest'rate'of'adoption.''In'fact,'Spain'is'the'only'country'analyzed'that'does'not'oblige'regions'to'do'adopt'eqprocurement.''Spanish'Autonomous'Communities'are'very'independent'in'policyqmaking.''This'results'in'a'heterogeneous'â€oemap'of'adoptionâ€'in'the'country.''It'is'finally'meaningful'to'observe'how'most'of'the'adoptions'registered'occurred'just'after'the'approval'of'EU'Directives'in'20043.''Our! policy! recommendation! to! foster! the! adoption! of! ec procurement! is! to! elaborate! policy! guidelines! for! harmonizing! national! and! regional! laws with! the! proposals! adopted! by! the! European commission! in! December! 2011 IP/11/1580! on! public! procurement†s! modernization.!This! implies! fixing! the! following obligations:!( (a! use! of! electronic! means! for certain! phases! of! the! procurement! process notably! the! electronic! notification! of! tender! opportunities! and! the! electronic! availability of! tender! documents!( (originally! expected! by! midc2014);!)( b! use! of! electronic! means! of communication! for! central! purchasing! bodies!( (originally! expected! by! midc2014);!)( c! use of! electronic! means! of! communication! for! all the! contracting! authorities! and! all! the procurement! procedures!(by! midc2016.!Moreover,!, more! detailed! provisions! need! to! be adopted! for! encouraging! interoperability! and! standardization! of! ecprocurement processes.''''Third,'interqinstitutional'pressures'and'imitation'foster'the'upscaling'of'eqprocurement'among 'late'adopters'and'nonqadopters.''Public'sector'organizations'indeed'tend'to'replicate'the'best'practices'of'their'neighbors.''For'example,'after'the'innovative'Italian'experience'of'ARCA'S. p. A.,'numerous'public'sector'organizations'of'the'Lombardy'region'started'to'use'eqprocurement'because'of'the'benefits'achieved'by'territorial'â€oechampionsâ€.''Our! policy! recommendations! for the! upscaling! of! ecprocurement! is! to! disseminate! best! practices! that! encourage! other organizationsâ€! willingness! to! imitate.!Moreover,!, we! suggest! that! policycmakers! publish 3 2004/17/EC and 2004/18/EC, available online at http://goo. gl/u0yxiv and at http://goo. gl/L65h1t European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))5 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments data! on! the! level! of! takecup! of! ecprocurement! on! total! regional! procurement! to! promote â€oehealthy! competition. †Last,!, organizations'that'are'very'autonomous'in'managing'public'procurement'are'more'capable'of'upscaling'eqprocurement.''In'fact,'the'only'two'organizations'qualitatively'analyzed'that'have accomplished'upscaling'are'the'Italian'and'Dutch'ones.''In'contrast'to'the'other'cases'(in'which'public'procurement'is managed'by'regional'governments'through'their'units/departments), 'ARCA'S. p. A.'and'IBMN'are,'respectively,'a'publicly'owned'company'and'a'foundation'of'municipalities.''These'organizations'are dedicated'then'fully'to'the'management'of'public'purchases.''This'resulted'in'greater'expertise'and'more'slack'resources.''Our! policy recommendation! for! upscaling! ecprocurement! is! to! establish! autonomous! and specialized! public! sector! organizations! for! the! centralization! of! regional! procurement through! electronic! means ''Determinants (and (barriers (in (the (inner (context('While'the'external'context'seems'relevant'to'provide'the'â€oenecessary'conditionsâ€'for'implementing'eqprocurement, 'determinants'and'barriers'from'the'inner'context'are'instead'critical'to'eventually'upscale'this'ICTQDRIVEN'social'innovation.''''First,'similarly'to'the'external'context,'technological'factors'are'the'basic'conditions'necessary,'especially'among'non>adopters.''The'research'proves'how'such'actors'severely'suffer'from'the'lack'of'ICTS'skills'and'equipment.''The! implication! for! practitioners! in! the! adoption! of! ec procurement! is! enhancing! the! quality! and! the! quantity! of! ICT! equipment! within! public sector! organizations! and! investing! in! training! activities! to! improve! ICT! skills.!''Second,'a'fundamental'obstacle'is'the'riskqaverse'bureaucratic'culture'that'sometimes'characterizes'public'sector'organizations.''In'this'sense,'the'skepticism'of'single'employees'is'also'a'barrier.''For'example,'in'the'Slovak'context,'this'has'been attributed'to'the'bureaucratic'attitude'inherited'from'the'communist'regime,'characterized'by'a'strong'aversion'to'change'and'innovation.''In'Spain,'this'can'be interpreted'as a result of'the'conservative'culture'of'public'servants, 'who'often'benefit'from'a'comfort'zone.''This'makes'innovation'seem'excessively'risky,'especially'in'light'of'the'possible'negative'repercussions'in'political'terms.''Governance'traditions'thus'matter'a'lot.''The! implication! for! practitioners! in! the! upscaling! of! ec procurement! is! that! they! need! to! pay attention! to! change! management! when! modifying governance! traditions! and! employeesâ€! preferences! in! the! use! of! ecprocurement.''''Connected'to'this,'the'support'of'managers'in'arranging'training 'and'consulting'activities'for'endqusers'(both'public'servants 'and'providers)' is'necessary.''At'the'individual'level,'this'also'requires'visionary'leaders'to'generate'consensus'with respect to'eqprocurement.''The'eventual'achievement'is'the'increase'of'both'employeesâ€'ICT'skills'and,'more'importantly,'the'change'of'organizational'cultures.''The! implication! for! practitioners! in! the! upscaling! of! ec procurement! is! that! they! need! to! identify! a! pivotal! figure! who! acts! as! a! visionary! leader and! who! generates! consensus! on! this! issue,!, emphasizing! the! benefits! achievable! in! daily activities 'European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))6 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments Lastly,'a'prominent'barrier'is'the'lack'of'interqoperability;''that'is,'the'coherent'integration'of'organizational'processes'among'departments'or'organizations.''Although'this'issue'is'technical, 'managerial'competences'are needed'to'achieve'this'objective.''The! implication! for practitioners! in! the! upscaling! of! ecprocurement! is! that! they! need! to! invest! in! training! and consulting! activities! that! take! into! account! both! the! technical! aspects! in! the! use! of! ec procurement! platforms! and! its! organizational! repercussions 4 Determinants! and! barriers! of! telework! adoption! and! upscaling!''As'for'eqprocurement,'deepening'our'knowledge'of'the'determinants 'and'barriers'of'telework'is'critical'to'triggering'its'adoption'and'diffusion.''Here,'we'apply'the'same'distinction'between'the'external'and'the'inner'contexts'of'the'public'sector'organization.''Since'environmental'factors'can'be influenced'more'by'policy'makers, 'we'propose'policy'recommendations'for'the'external'context.''Conversely,'the'inner'context'regards'internal'factors'of'organizations'that'closely'concern'public'managers.''For'this'reason,'we'formulate'what'the (implications'are'for'practitioners'in'this'case 'Determinants (and (barriers (in (the (external (context Similarly'to'the'eqprocurement'case,'influential'factors'of'telework'are'not'so'different'from'the'influential'factors'of'innovations'that'do'not'require'the'use'of'ICTS.''Telework'rather'implies'a'deep'organizational'reshaping.''Technological'factors, 'thus,'represent'basic'elements'to'allow'the'first'implementation'of'telework.''For'example,'overcoming'the'territorial'digital'divide'is'a'necessary 'but'insufficient'condition'to (become (an (adopter.''Our! policy! recommendation! for adopting! telework! is! to! strengthen! the! investments! in! ICT! infrastructures!(e g broadband! connection! and! to! eliminate! territorial! digital divide.''''Second,'legislative'factors'are'also'critical.''Differently'from'eqprocurement,'law'imposition'is'not'so'relevant'for'the'adoption'of'telework.''The'latter'is implemented'through'decentralized'negotiations'between'employers'and'unions'at'the'organizational'level.''Yet,'the'legislation'has'to, 'at'least,'allow'for'experimentation'with'this'practice.''Romania'is'the'only'country'analyzed'that'lacks'any'legislative'framework'for'telework'(the'EFAT4'has'not'been implemented.''The'consequence'is'that'no'public'sector'organization'has adopted'it.''Our! policy! recommendation for! the! adoption! of! telework! is! to! implement! the! European-Framework-Agreement-on -Telework-(EFAT)- at! the! national! level! according! to! the! most! appropriate! regulatory! tools i e.!national! legislation! collective agreement! or! softclaw! mechanisms).!) This! implies! the establishment! of! clear! rules! rights! and! duties! for! employers,!, employees! and teleworkers.!Within! this! general! framework,!, telework! relationships! can! be! then arranged! in! autonomy! within! public sector! organizations! at! the! local! level '4 European Framework Agreement on Telework, cf. http://goo. gl/Cyisfq European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))7 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments Third,'the'external'context'is'relevant'in'pushing'organizations'to'adopt'telework'because'of'the'needqbased'demands'of'society.''Responsive'organizations'want'to'meet'the'emerging'(personal,'environmental,'etc.''needs'of'their'citizens.''The'survey'we'conducted'shows'how'this'is'also'connected'to'the'particular'geoqmorphological'contexts'in 'which'organizations'operate.''For'example,'where'there'are'relevant'distances'between'homes'and'workplaces'(because'of'mountainous'territories,'densely'inhabited'cities,'etc.''the'option'of'telework'is perceived'more'urgently.''Our! policy! recommendation! for! adopting! telework! is! to! be! responsive! to! the specific! emerging! needs! with! respect to! work/life! balance! and! other! dailyclife! aspects These! may! vary! depending! on! the! territory! considered.!Organizations! can! then! discuss the! most! appropriate! solution! in! light! of! employeesâ€! particular! needs! while! also! making clear! arrangements! with! respect! to! the! time! that! has! to! be! spent! at! the! employers†premises.''''Last,'interqinstitutional'dynamics'(e g.''topqdown'pressures'and'positive'imitation)' are'influential'for'upscaling'telework'in'the'case'of'followers,'late (adopters,'laggards'and'non >adopters.''In'The'netherlands,'telework'is diffused'largely'among'public'sector'organizations.''It'is'not'by'chance'that'positive'imitation'is'a'very'important'factor'in'this'national'context.''Our policy! recommendation! for! upscaling! telework! is! to! disseminate! existent! best! practices to! encourage! public sector! organizationsâ€! willingness! to! imitate! other! cases! and! to publish! data! on! the! organizational! well! being! achievable! through! the! implementation! of telework ''Determinants (and (barriers (in (the (inner (context('The'inner'context'is'much'more'important'than'the'external'one'in'the'case'of'telework.''This'implies'that'local'governments'should'focus'more'on'organizational'issues'to'successfully'implement'telework.''''First,'as'for'the'eqprocurement'case,'technological'factors'are'basic'enabling'conditions'for'implementation,'in'particular'for'non>adopters.''Such'actors'must'be equipped'with'the'proper'ICT'skills 'and'facilities'to'support'the'process'of'adoption.''The! implication! for! practitioners in! the! adoption! of! telework! is! enhancing! the! quality! and! the! quantity! of! ICT! equipment within! public! sector! organizations! and! investing! in! training! activities! for! improving! ICT skills.!''Second,'bottomqup'initiatives'are'fundamental.''According'to'a'â€oegrassroots'dynamic, â€'committed'employees'generally'design'telework'projects'in'autonomy, 'then'promoting'it'to'the'top'management, 'who'have'to,'at'least,'allow'some'experimentation'with'it.''''Top'management†s'decision'whether'to'consent'employees'to'telework 'or'not'is'necessary,'of'course.''Their'support'is'a'key'facilitator.''The! implication! for! practitioners! in! the! adoption! of! telework! is! that they! should! favor! the! spontaneous! emergence! of! â€oegrassrootsâ€! initiatives! among employees! for! experimental! telework! and! providing! the! necessary! support! through! top management†s! guidance 'European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))8 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments Third,'the'bureaucratic'culture'is'a'critical'barrier'to'upscaling,'especially'(but'not'exclusively)' among'late (adopters'and'non>adopters.''This'attitude'regards'the'emphasis'on'processes 'and'on'physical'presence'as'synonymous'with'productivity'and'is'related'to'the'absence'of'a'resultqoriented'managerial'style.''Knowledge'management'is'then'important'to'overcome'such'obstacles.''Attention'has'to'be paid'to'training'activities'that'go'beyond'the'simple'improvement'of'ICT'skills:''teleworkers'also'have'to'be'capable'of'autonomously'managing'their'working'activities.''The'wide'diffusion'of'telework'in'organizations'requires'change'management'for'modifying'the'ways'of'thinking,'especially'among'top'managers.''The! implication! for practitioners! in! upscaling! telework! is! that! they! will! need! to! invest! in! training! activities e g.!coaching,!, mentoring! that! take! into! account! both! the! technical! aspects! in! the! use! of telework! and! also! the! need! to! manage! work! activities! and! relationships! with! colleagues autonomously Connected'to'this,'the'ability'to'experiment'with'telework'projects'is'also'very'important.''Experimenting'with'telework'on'a'narrow'organizational'basis'through'pilot'projects'allows'managers'to'limit'the'consequences 'and'to'generate'consensus'as'benefits 'or'disadvantages'become'more'evident.!The! implication! for! practitioners! in! the! upscaling! of! telework! is! that they! should! highlight! the! diffused! benefits! achievable! for! both! managers! and! employees through! pilot! projects;!this! may! attenuate! their! perception! of! risk '5 8! Policy! recommendations! for! implementing! ecprocurement! and telework!''In'very'general'terms,'the'adoption'of'eqprocurement'and'telework'(especially'by'late (adopters'and'non>adopters)' is determined'more'strongly'by'factors'in'the'external'context.''Therefore,'the'first'adoption'mostly'requires'leverage'at'the'political'level,'rather'than'at'the'management'and'practitioner'levels.''Once'adopted,'the'challenge'is'to'scale'up'such'innovations.''This'heavily'relies'on'determinants'in'the'inner'context,'closer'to'practitioners'than'to'policyqmakers.''Indeed,'upscaling'requires'public'sector'actors'to'surpass'organizational'and'individual'resistance'through'instruments'that'can'deal'with'the'ICTQDRIVEN'social'innovation'as'a'â€oehumanqexecuted'processesâ€.''A'holistic'approach'that'takes'into'account'their'organizational'impacts, 'and'not'just'technological'ones'is'necessary ''Policy (recommendations (and (implications (for (practitioners (for (implementing (e>procurement To'summarize,'our'policy'recommendations 'and'the'implications'of'our'research'for'practitioners'are'that'public'sector'organizations'should'try'to:''''1.'Strengthen'the'investments'in'ICT! infrastructures'(e g.''broadband'connection)' for'eliminating'territorial'digital'divides.''2. Elaborate'policy! guidelines'for'harmonizing'national'and'regional'laws'with'the'proposals'adopted'by'the'European'commission'in'December'2011'(IP/11/1580)' on'public'procurement†s'modernization.''This'implies'fixing'the'following'obligations:'('a)' use'of'electronic'means'for'certain'phases'of'the'procurement'process,'notably'the'electronic 'European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))9 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments notification'of'tender'opportunities'and'the'electronic'availability'of'tender'documents'(originally'expected'by'midq2014;'('b)' use'of'electronic'means'of'communication'for'central'purchasing'bodies'(originally'expected'by'midq2014;'('c)' use'of'electronic'means'of'communication'for'all'the'contracting'authorities'and'all'the'procurement'procedures'(by'midq2016.''Moreover,'more'detailed'provisions'need'to'be adopted'for'encouraging'interoperability'and'standardization'of'eqprocurement'processes.''3. Disseminate'best! practices'for'encouraging'public'sector'organizationsâ€'willingness'to'imitate'other'cases;''and'publish! data'on'the'level'of'takequp'of'eqprocurement'on'total'regional'procurement'for'promoting'â€oehealthy'competitionâ€.''4. Establish'autonomous! and! specialized! public sector! organizations'for'the'centralization'of'regional'procurement'through'electronic'means.''5. Enhance'the'quality'and'the'quantity'of! ICT! equipment! within'public'sector'organizations'and'invest'in'training'activities'to'improve! ICT! skills.''6. Pay'attention'to'change! management! for'modifying'governance'traditions'and'employeesâ€'preferences'in'the'use'of'eqprocurement.''7. Identify'a'pivotal! figure'who'acts'as'a'visionary! leader'and'who'generates'consensus'on'''eqprocurement, 'emphasizing'the'benefits'achievable'in'daily'activities.''8. Invest'in'training! and! consulting! activities'that'take into account'both'the'technical'aspects'in'the'use'of'eqprocurement'platforms'and'the'organizational'implications'of'upscaling ''Policy (recommendations (and (implications (for (practitioner (for (implementing (telework'''To'summarize, 'our'policy'recommendations'and'the'implications'of'our'research'on'telework'for'practitioners'are'that'public'sector'organizations'should'try'to:''''1. Strengthen'the'investments'in'ICT! infrastructures'(e g.''broadband'connection)' for'eliminating'territorial'digital'divides.''2. Implement'the! European-Framework-Agreement-on-Telework-(EFAT)- at'the'national'level'according'to'the'most'appropriate'regulatory'tools'(i e.''national'legislation,'collective'agreement'or'softqlaw'mechanisms.''This'implies'the'establishment'of'clear'rules,'rights'and'duties'for'employers,'employees'and'teleworkers.''Within'this'general'framework,'telework'relationships'can'then'be arranged'more'autonomously'within'public'sector'organizations'at'the'local'level.''3. Respond'to'the'specific! emerging! needs! with respect to'work/life'balance'and'other'dailyqlife'aspects.''These'may'vary'depending'on'the'territory'considered.''Organizations'can'then'discuss'the'most'appropriate'solution'in'light'of'employeesâ€'particular'needs, 'while'also'making'clear'arrangements'with respect to'the'time'that'has'to'be spent'at'the'employersâ€'premises.''4. Disseminate'the'existent'best! practices'to'encourage'public'sector'organizationsâ€'willingness'to'imitate'other'cases;''and'publish'data'on'the'organizational! wellcbeing'achievable'through'the'implementation'of'telework.''5. Enhance'the'quality'and'the'quantity'of! ICT! equipment! within'public'sector'organizations'and'invest'in'training'activities'to'improve! ICT! skills 'European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))10 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments 6. Favor'the'spontaneous'emergence'of! â€oegrassrootsâ€! initiatives! among'employees'for'the'implementation'of'telework'experiments 'and'provide'the'necessary'support'through'top'management†s'guidance.!7. Invest'in'training! activities'(e g.''coaching,'mentoring)' that'take into account'both'the'technical'aspects'in'the'use'of'telework'tools 'and'also'the'need'to'manage'work'activities'and'relationships'with'colleagues'autonomously.''8. Highlight'the'diffused'benefits'achievable'for'both'managers'and'employees'through'the 'experimentation! of! pilot projects,'which'may'limit'the'perception'of'risk.''''In'conclusion,'the'adoption'and'upscaling'of'ICTQDRIVEN'social'innovations'is'a'critical'challenge'for'the'present'and'future'European'society.''Further'developing'our'knowledge'in'this'field'is'crucial'in'both'theoretical'and'empirical'terms.''The'determinants'and'barriers'of'ICTQDRIVEN'innovation'need'to'be investigated'to'overcome'the'bias'of'innovation'as'a'â€oemagic'solution†'and'to'eventually'take'meaningful'policy'and'managerial'decisions '''European) Policy) Brief)#)5)))11 Learning! from! Innovation! in! Public sector! Environments 6 Project! identity 'Project-Name-Learning'from'Innovation'In'public'Sector'Environments'(LIPSE ''Coordinator -Prof. (Dr. Victor (Bekkers,'Erasmus'University'Rotterdam,'Department'of'Public'Administration:''Rotterdam,'Netherlands,'bekkers@fsw. eur. nl ''Consortium -Bocconi'University'(Italy 'Catholic'University'Leuven'(Belgium 'Ecole'Nationale'd†Administration'(France 'Erasmus'University'Rotterdam'(The'netherlands 'ESADE'(Spain 'Hertie'School'of'Governance'(Germany 'Matej'Bel'University'(Slovakia 'National'school'of'Political'Studies'and'Public'Administration'(Romania 'Radboud'University'Nijmegen'(The'netherlands 'Tallinn'University'of'Technology'(Estonia 'The'University'of'Edinburgh'(The'United'kingdom 'University'Roskilde'(Denmark ''Funding-Scheme-LIPSE'is funded'as'a'Small 'or'Mediumqscale'Focused'Research'Project'by'the'European'Union†s'Seventh'Framework'Programme'under'grant'agreement'No.''320090,'Socioqeconomic'Sciences'&'Humanities ''Duration-February'2013'â€'June'2014'(42'months ''Budget-EU'contribution:''â'2. 5'Million ''Website-www. lipse. org ''For-more-information-about-Workdpackage-5-Prof.''Greta'Nasi'(Bocconi'University)' greta. nasi@unibocconi. it
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