administrative data, instrumentation and diagnostic equipment, departmental systems and patient care, continuing a trend that began in the laboratory and spread to clinical care
way, with a limited number of standardised data -related deï nitions and processes supporting only a
issues to be addressed include training, physical security and conï dentiality of patient-related data Human factors:
The automation of processes and services is not feasible without data standards that allow communication
and conï icts in deï ning minimum data sets for operational management and clinical decision-making.
unauthorised use, data corruption, intentional or unintentional damage, theft, and fraud is a universal concern and a high priority issue in most countries
to data management responsibilities in all functions at all levels, creating an additional burden to the
and exchanging patient data, with concomitant distrust for oï €-site data storage and access control
Data from those sources is limited however very Ëoe Speeding up adoption depends on the presence of factors such as incentives, competition, return on
Data modelling and collection in the digital age is a far greater challenge than the more classic'book-finder
Europeana Data Model has made important steps toward such standardisation and offers a valuable example for museums.
interpretation of large volumes of data defining more effective ways for people to live within the boundaries of resources and
the data, content, knowledge and technology that Europeana and its partners make available to them.
data. However, despite such digitisation material was stored still on hard disks in museums. During the second stage of
museums do this, the open data ideology and expectations concerning museums are undermined as open data enthusiasts and the
majority of museum customers expect to receive everything from museums for free THE THIRD PROBLEM arises
The open data philosophy does not bind the end user and it is highly likely that
2010, this data has been shared nationally and internationally with online portals such as Europeana, Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek and
asâ augmentedâ realityâ (combiningâ realâ worldâ andâ digitalâ information), Â Bigâ Data, Â andâ serviceâ
processâ ofâ joiningâ materialsâ toâ makeâ objectsâ fromâ 3dâ modelâ data, Â usuallyâ layerâ uponâ layerâ (asâ inâ 3dâ
Muchâ moreâ analysisâ willâ beâ neededâ toâ drawâ anyâ programmaticâ conclusionsâ fromâ theâ data, Â butâ itâ isâ
It is very important to understand why data information, and knowledge are actually different things
Data is always correct because it deals with the â€oefacts of the world. †For instance, during the crisis in
dispute that this footage was aired on RT (data. Now, the RT presented to us that these couple of hundred men armed with
) Information captures data at a single point, by the subjective informant. So, the information is not always
an accurate reflection of the data. In this case the public is informed by giving certain interpretation of the data (a single
man talking into the camera. Computers can store data and information, but cannot store knowledge.
Only human brains Manuscript received April 2, 2014; revised June 17, 2014 Mladen Milicevic is with the Loyola Marymount University, Los angeles
two sources to build this knowledge-information and data Speaking in semiological terms information and data are the
â€oesigns†and knowledge is the human interpretation of those signs. In the case of Ukrainian paramilitary group, different
regarding the data and information presented to them. I tend to believe that the entire interview was â€oestaged†in order to
There is certain amount of data in the world, and there is plenty more information than data
however the knowledge in the world in exponentially grater that both data and information When comes to education we must be cognizant that the
explosion of information is not equivalent to the explosion of knowledge. The major problem of today†s education is how
The room features six monitors to track a number of data visualizations and dashboards. Tweets, Facebook activities and blog postings that mention the
Booz & Company has divided the data into four separate factors, each of which is defined by several sub-factors and components:
ACTION 7 †Open data initiatives Connect to the Commission†s open data initiatives in order to stimulate the use of open public
data for the creation of new business opportunities and services Description ï§Leveraging and connecting to the EU Open Data Strategy for Europe, initiated in 2011
ï§Strengthen existing initiatives on open data such as -The European union Open Data Portal, a single point of access to data from the
institutions and other bodies of the EU -Publicdata. eu, a pan European data portal providing access to open, freely
reusable datasets from local, regional and national public bodies across Europe This portal has been developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation, a UK-based
2 Impact: LOW Effort: LOW 2 Impact: MEDIUM Effort: LOW-MEDIUM 54 nonprofit foundation as part of the LOD2 (Creating knowledge out of interlinked
data) project, an ICT research project financed under the European commission's 7th Framework Programme -The Open data challenge, Europe†s biggest open data competition
ï§Encourage European entrepreneurs to access and use this data to transform raw data into apps, websites or other products
ï§Leverage success stories to increase awareness and encourage more people to use data and transform it into innovative products or services
ï§Feature best practices in order to attract more data, both from public authorities and the private sector
Owner: â'European commission â'Member States â'Private partners Data has been referred to as the new raw material of the twenty-first century.
Open data employed by digital entrepreneurs in combination with open platforms, open standards and open
licences, has the potential to create enormous business opportunities. However, companies and entrepreneurs using open data need to be nurtured
and supported if they are succeed to. In this respect, action can be taken by the European commission to encourage the supply side of the
business landscape in opening (public) data and supporting digital entrepreneurs willing to use this data (demand side
ACTION 8 †Embedding entrepreneurship in education Strengthen the development of the European reference framework on embedding
entrepreneurship in education (especially in the fields of science, technology, engineering and mathematics) listing best practices and providing Member States with recommendations on
7 Open data initiatives 8 Embedding entrepreneurship in education 9 Encourage students and graduates to start adigital start-up
7) Open data initiatives Connect to the Commission†s open data initiatives in order to stimulate the use of open
public data for the creation of new business opportunities and services Pillar 4 Ease the access to
finance and enhance investments 13) Promote use of existing financial instruments Promote the use of existing European financial instruments and initiatives such as
use of open data, promotion of existing financial instruments and leveraging the national Points of Single Contact are
Amongst other elements, the program captures data on how many companies (of the total number of companies with 10 or more employees) use
Booz & Company divided the data into four separate factors, each of which is defined by several sub-factors and components
integration comprises such activities as electronic data interchange, including the electronic transmission of data with business partners, public authorities, and financial
institutions, as well as activities like supply chain management, which includes the use of electronic data transmissions to and from business partners both upstream and
use of computer networks as well as electronic transmission of data suitable for automatic sales processing 4. Infrastructure:
The overall index has been constructed by aggregating the results of the data collected for each factor within each industry
Data from across Europe and around the world demonstrates that companies that use design are
The micro-data has subsequently become a case-study of the OECD Secretariat 13 in collaboration with
Data from the European Scoreboard (2009) and Statistics Norway (2007) found that the level of innovation in Norwegian busi
generating huge volumes of data every day. It is estimated that up to 30%of the total health budget may be spent one way or another on handling
information including, for example, information governance, common data definitions, and the exchange of electronic health information
administrative data (2) offering a number of benefits including ï¿better and safer care ï¿
while secondary uses of the data in EPRS for audit and research may be rendered more efficient by the deployment of EPRS, there is evidence from some studies that primary work
including, for example, information governance, common data definitions, and the exchange of electronic information This consultation document focuses on the development of what might be termed †technical
to exchange data accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been exchanged â€oe (39.
user interfaces can still communicate meaningful data if they capture the same terminology using an agreed standard (42
data, health information standards must cover both the syntax and semantics. Messaging standards specify the syntax (structure) of an electronic message and Terminological
support for semantics except in the case, for example, of the exchange of quantitative data in laboratory messages (49
which are underpinned by a data model. Figure 1. 0 summarises the pros and cons of these standards and is adapted from NEHTA€ s Standards
Classification systems are by far the most widely used approach to coding data in healthcare today. They group together similar diseases
For example, ICD-10 is used widely to code data for case-mix and reimbursement in many countries including the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry System (HIPE) in
for the purpose of generating data for secondary use, for statistical and epidemiological analysis, external reporting requirements, measuring quality of care
Standards for protection of patient data by means of e g. data encryption and electronic signatures to prevent loss
and theft DICOM ISO DTS 25237 Psuedo -anonymisation ISO 22600 Privilege Management and Access control Safety Standards Standards in healthcare to emphasize
data definitions ï¿clinical concepts and archetypes ï¿messaging standards ï¿terminological Systems including classifications (ICD) and clinical terminological
computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data To fully exploit this potential, we must ensure that network
of their own data (â€oeinformational self-determinationâ€), the protection of intellectual property, consumer protection the protection of minors in the media, and the protection
of computers and data We will devote particular attention to ensuring undistorted competition between companies, further reducing barriers
This use of data is based on the storage and analysis of huge volumes of data and may have serious implications
for freedom of action and the protection of privacy. More -over, people are concerned already about the increasing
not feel that their data is safe online, we have good cause to feel alarmed:
and the transparency of data usage serve to safeguard our democracy, and must be championed more vocally at both
data, i e.,, the publishing of machine-readable state data on the Internet, we will strive to create greater transparency
and promote new digital services. We will work with our partners in industry and science to ensure early identifi
Ever greater volumes of data (so-called big data) are being interconnected to build smart data, resulting in new
products and smart services. Meanwhile, business pro -cesses, which are being influenced by mobile Internet use
global data economy. In particular, we are evaluating ways of preventing market-dominant platform operators from
Informational self-determination and data autonomy for consumers must be based on the core principles of trans
and data portability. We are strongly supporting the adop -tion of an EU-wide basic regulation on data protection
-tant in this context as standards for ensuring data protec -tion, data security and interoperability. We will therefore
-parent state offering easy access to reliable data To tackle the tasks ahead, we must join forces across all
regard to state geo data, statistics and other datasets open data. With open data, we are also supporting the
growth of innovative small and medium-sized enter -prises. As a result of our efforts, the federal authorities
are pioneering the provision of open data in Germany In this context, we are presenting a â€oenational Action
Plan on Implementing the G8 Open-Data Chartaâ€oe zz Remote sensing data such as satellite images are increas
-ingly vital for industry, science and many federal author -ities. We are therefore examining ways of providing
central digital access to such data and derived products 20 I I I. INNOVATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
zz Basic services for Federal government departments must only be developed once and in a single location
to route data belonging to the federal administrative authorities zz With the major government network consolidation pro
content and data or developers of software. We will set up information platforms with this goal in mind
zz We want to promote the networking of research data -bases, repositories and virtual research environments
-cations and data To fully exploit the potential for science, research and edu -cation, we will improve the use of protected content for
data to exploit its inherent potential for business (e g Industry 4. 0), science (e g. life sciences) and the health
data offers great opportunities for our knowledge society but also presents us with new challenges for preserving this
data. Public digital content is also available in a wide vari -ety of media and formats.
-data openly available, free of charge wherever possible in a way that does not infringe copyright zz We are building
data is protected and they can operate with maximum security on the Internet. Consumers will not trust online
shops, email services and social networks unless their data is secure and not misused. Companies will not trust new
to protect themselves and their data online zz We support and demand simple security technologies
technologies and the protection of data in tomorrow†s world. The programme will also focus on the develop
zz We will modernise and harmonise European data pro -tection law in the digital internal market in order to
-guard of the development of international data protec -tion principles. To this end, we are engaging in dialogue
zz We will clarify the future status and role of the Data Protection Foundation (Stiftung Datenschutz
the analysis of existing data and to make communica -tion patterns much more visible zz We will expand the expertise in the Federal office for
the handling of stolen data zz In the area of cyber espionage, we will reinforce meas
Chapter 2 presents data on the state of youth unemployment and underemployment, illustrating the scale of the challenge and some of the factors that
This chapter provides data and context about youth unemployment, and discusses the primary causes of this acute state of affairs
geographical information systems (GIS), wireless sensor networks, data mediation software, and short message service (SMS). At the same time, the expansion of telecommunication networks into rural areas
Tools that help collect agricultural data are useful for yield technologies like improved seeds, crops
The World health organization (WHO), using data from the Center for Health Market Innovations (CHMI analysed 176 programmes that use innovative solutions in global health.
4. Improve data management: Data collection and data analysis, particularly in remote areas, is eased by using devices like personal digital assistants that electronically collect information
5. Streamline financial transactions: Using mobile phone applications, financial transactions are expedited between physicians and patients
Improve data management Streamline financial transactions Mitigate fraud and abuse Other/Unknown Pe rce nt
voice and traditional data entry, coding, tagging, and text-based tasks can be broken down into small
to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation, and other services. Component tasks (â€oemicrowork†are distributed to the workforce,
•understanding operating system, programmes, and data •managing files Intermediate computer skills (sample •performing basic functions of common productivity programmes (word processing
proliferation of data-enabled phones (smart phones) that offers the greatest opportunities for mobile learning.
Data depulication A technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data Digital native A person born after the general introduction of digital technologies
and displaying geographical data Gold Farming Playing a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players
be driven data, clearly linked to defined outcomes, well connected to the goals of all stakeholders,
collecting reliable benchmarking data (such as nutritional deficiencies in each community. This motivates and enables continual improvement beyond current targets.
collaborative tools, sharing of open data and a process of bottom-up peer-supported activities and applications.
data from sensor networks and community use of mobile phones. The impact measurement of the DSI initiative at social, economic and environmental level is
Our data comes from the EU activities and R&d grants awarded up to 2014 We describe the concept, the context,
support stronger links (data exchange, visualization) and thus to multiply the potential effect of grass-root initiatives.
Europe (data of August 2014. Actors and initiatives were crowd-mapped trough the project platform digitalsocial. eu were data are updated constantly.
Considering the typology of organisation engaged, 194 are social enterprises, charities or foundation, 183 are businesses,
the â€oeself-assessment toolkit†(SAT) and the â€oeuser Data Gathering Interphase†(UDGI. The first one is dedicated to CAPS projects coordinators
6. The data inserted by CAPS representatives will be elaborated in real time by the SAT that will provide them an impact assessment report.
IA4SI team will use all the gathered data for developing two impact assessment reports one will include the assessment of each CAPS project
and one will analyse the data at aggregated, domain level. Besides this, a set of best practice will be identified and further
data improves impact measurement, but that ultimately it is stakeholder engagement that makes the difference to sustainable social innovation
Twenty-first century social science needs to have access to new data gathering resources to collect to sample to validate hypotheses
data portal is experimenting with this distributed data resource. The findings can be reapplied to generate more collective intelligence.
"Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data Passani A.,Monacciani F.,Van der Graaf S.,Spagnoli F.,Bellini F.,Debicki M.,and Dini P
network people, ideas and data across boundaries of any nature: geographical, cultural disciplinary, linguistic, social, economic
social media, distributed knowledge creation and data from real environments "Internet of things")in order to create awareness of problems and possible solutions
collaboration of human and nonhuman actors we can think of data being gathered by engaging both citizens and sensors,
Safecast, which†after the March 2011 earthquake in Japan†provided data about radiation by using a sensor network;
surround personal and sensitive data With reference to more action-oriented research questions we have, first of all, questions
Moving from citizen engagement to the data that these citizens produce on the web intentionally or unintentionally, a main research question is how to make that data
reliable, trustworthy and meaningful? To this end CAPS projects study manners of visualising behavioural patterns and information diffusion, of supporting and
official and unofficial statistical data In addition, CAPS projects support existing communities by intensifying the analysis
knowledge, visualisation of digital (open) data, and copyright All such topics involve the understanding of collective forms of behaviour and of self
†Users of online communities interested in knowing more about their data and in defending their online rights
could be used as a useful data source to identify the type of organisations, technologies and movements with which CAPS projects are already engaging
statistical data collections (WEB-COSI), and reputation and rating systems (WIKIRATE e-Democracy, e-Participation, Direct Democracy
Open) Data Integration Each social network has a different affordance for users. Twitter, Facebook and other widely-adopted social systems format the content in different ways,
Integrating user-generated data from different media, analysing the content as well as user participation, and providing
insightful visualisations are some of the complex tasks related to data integration addressed by CAPS projects
and WEB-COSI are focused on open data integration by providing different standards, tools and methods for data federation.
DECARBONET and D-CENT work on the modelling of social media data for mining and presenting it in an aggregated
way. CATALYST, DECARBONET, and WIKIRATE are also together in that they aggregate data from different social media sources (such as Facebook, Twitter and emailing systems
Online Deliberation†From Group-Based to Large-scale Recent events have given evidence to the fact that communities can be created and
provide unstructured conversations where data is not presented in a way that makes it easy for other people
results, from statistical data (SCICAFE2. 0) to scientific themes (SCICAFE2. 0), and passing through knowledge on corporate social responsibility (WIKIRATE
and data quality discrimination WIKIRATE and WEB-COSI 38 Privacy-Aware Tools and Applications Privacy-aware systems have evolved over the last decade from privacy-enhancing
full control of their data, maintaining privacy and trust in the technology they use FOCAL is motivated by privacy concerns about the data and location of the end users that
contribute to CAPS. It is concerned thus with the analysis of privacy, reputation and trust in
provide a secure environment for effective control over relevant data Social networking & Social media Enhancement The confluence of network-centric systems, mobile telecommunications, semantic web
with tools to enable the use of their data by entities outside of the OSN, for example, in
7. CKAN http://ckan. org CKAN is a powerful data management system that makes data accessible†by providing tools to streamline publishing, sharing, finding and
using data. CKAN is aimed at data publishers (national and regional governments companies and organisations) wanting to make their data open and available
8. Climate Quiz https://apps. facebook. com/climate-quiz A Facebook application in the tradition of â€oegames with a Purpose†for Measuring Environmental Knowledge
9. Cohere http://cohere. open. ac. uk Cohere is a visual tool to create, connect and
share ideas, and back them up with websites. By using Cohere people can support or challenge each other's ideas
and maintain data about roads, trails, cafã s railway stations, and much more, all over the world
to perform semantic fusion of data that can make sense of the underlying causal processes of a problem situation (i e. the
Integrating quantitative data with content analysis of self-reports is a possible way to evaluate,
The results of the data and evidence collected in such a way can be used to
Systems Methodology to Analyse Qualitative Data'.'Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Systems Thinking in Management, Salford, UK, April 2002
Data De Paoli, S. & Teli, M. eds. 2011)' New Groups and New Methods? The Ethnography and
data included in this study. Neither the Commission nor any person acting on the Commission†s behalf may be
data †open data. Open data increases awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation,
and strengthens inclusion, participation and ultimately, human well-being Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and
open data to create more transparency around public spending. We call this Digital Social Innovation (DSI
Open Data and Open Knowledge Open hardware: These projects are inspired by the global do-it-yourself maker movement and the spread of maker spaces
All data is plotted on a map that visualises radia -tion levels in a given geographical area,
Open data: This refers to innovative ways of opening up, capturing, using, analyzing and interpreting data
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial
crisis to make information about companies and the corporate world more transparent and accessible. It has grown since to
including data on 60 million companies and their subsidiaries and searchable maps and visualizations. OC is used widely by journalists
decentralised environment for open data 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce, and use all their powers
data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge; and they give rise to new DSI areas such as:(
Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s Screenshot of the crowdmap www. digitalsocial. eu
Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or e Fi lt er s 1 2 3
of scientific data allows for some scientific research to be conducted by nonprofessional scientists; new ways of making
cognitive mapping based on real-time data analysis and visualisation There have been lots of attempts to har -ness collective intelligence to address
of environmental data, where people col -lectively identify their own high-carbon intensive behaviour, then brainstorm and
amounts of data available for collective transformation into knowledge 17growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
-mitting data coming from people, sensors the environment and objects themselves However, we cannot expect the Internet
-cess to social data held on third-party sites and permissions to get into proprietary †app stores. †The lack of standards forces
hands of a few data aggregators, none of which are based in Europe (Google controlling nearly 82%of the global search
-lytics and are producing valuable data about people, the environment and bio -metric and sensor data.
The amount of data produced by open platforms and used for social innovation is dwarfed still
by the amount of data collected on propri -etary platforms, with the danger that much of this data is not available for the social
good. For example, even the European Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google
and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of alternatives Take for example the commercial success of Google:
-der to expand into other data-driven ser -vices in order to increase their value, profit and marketability.
environmental data, which raises signifi -cant issues of privacy and competition Right now few of these opportunities are
all data-driven services, this threatens the ability of the European innovation system to compete
the network, service and data layer. We emphasize the importance of building European public distributed, privacy-aware architectures that can provide the underlying open digital
The development of open data federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor networks, open hardware and distributed social
Making data available as part of a common distributed and decentralised architecture open to all, allow new entrants to aggregate data
on demand and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data
devices, services and networks. This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial
appropriating users†data and discriminating network traffic. By centralising computing, data storage and service provision (via the Cloud), and
by striking strategic alliances between the largest Over-The-Top (OTT) iand largest network operators
NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations, with huge implication on civil
used to capture data on DSI organisa -tion via www. digitalsocial. eu. We have mapped 1000 DSI organisations and 630
Data is categorised by 1. A typology of organisations (e g Government and public sector organi -sations, businesses, academia and re
e g. open data, open networks, open knowledge, open hardware 4. The area of society the organisa
Open Knowledge, Open Hardware, Open Data, Open Network. 4 Areas of Society: Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and
data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born
send open data information requests to Spanish public bodies Goteo SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.
results in open business, open government or open data. Projects like Open source Ecology are promoting a shift towards a more sustainable lifestyle
open source software and open data. Projects and areas of work like Safecast or open source Geiger, the Smart Citizen Kit and open wearables are showing interesting
transaction across the world and to present that data in a useful and engaging form.
Anyone interested in spending data of any kind is invited to contribute data to the Openspending data
andâ CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe, which is underpinning a new
now able to aggregate data coming from people and the environment in order to create a new generation
data and open sensor networks that are changing the provision and delivery of public services;
-ning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment, in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioural change9
and freely share their radiation measurements in open data sets. The overarching aim of Safecast
is to encourage people to actively contribute to the generation of a body of data that might alleviate environmental problems
decided to take part in surfacing data on radiation levels across Japan, caused by the meltdown at the power plant.
were massive holes in the public radiation data sets available. As a response to this, the team developed the bgiegie Geiger
-work where bgiegie owners could share the data they were collecting. Safecast then worked with hackerspaces and used
use GPS technology to timestamp the data and log the location. All Safecast data is uploaded to an open data set, which
visualises radiation levels across Japan. To date, the Safecast network has used the Geiger counter to map more than 13
and organise crisis data from a variety sources, such as social media, sensors or even quasi-real-time data.
The hope is that the quick and easy access to real-time crisis data will make it
easier for organisations and developers to quickly to build their own applications without the need to spend days locating
identifying and processing data, thereby enabling much quicker responses to crises such as Ebola or conflicts
Many activities in this area exploit the power of open data, open APIS, and citizen sci
-ence such as Open Data Challenge and Open Cities that provide citizens with better public services, or Citysdk which is defining interoperable interfaces for city-scale
open data, free and open software and open hardware Github, the collaborative service for open software developers, is revolutionising
The Open Data Institute†s start up programme, which has supported organisations like Open Corporate and Provenance
to grow their open data projects, is one of them. 13 Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their pres
The Open Data Institute (ODI) OPEN DATA ACCELLERATOR Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help
up public data sets Delivering or partnering with DSI services Delivering services Providing funding for
open knowledge, open data, open net -works, and open hardware Through case study analysis we have
such as open data, open networks, open hardware and open knowledge, are be -ing harnessed by digital social innova
data to share and analyse the data cap -tured across all of the Geiger counters Within these broader technology areas
we have been identifying a variety of more specific technologies and activities adopted by DSI activities such as:
and to pass their data through the network to a single or replicated data -processing location.
An open sensor network (OSN) is a wireless sensor network that manages open information in an open environment.
The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed
as it uses public data from different sensors and forwards the gathered information to the central point within a
Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the
fed by open data from the OSN A number of European cities have established sensors that detect traffic density and
order to provide external parties a single point to consume this data For instance, Smart Santander demonstrates the potential of creating large networks
OPEN DATA Innovative ways to capture use, analyse, and interpret open data coming from people and
from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no
longer only government or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data.
By making data open, governments and other large organisations and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable
citizens to hold government to account for what it spends, the contracts it gives and the assets it holds
Local authorities are playing a leading role in implementing open data policies and driving forward the open data movement.
The social benefits of open government vary from citizen engagement to increased transparency and accountability, as well
as enhanced interaction between governments, other institutions, and the public. For instance, citizens are gaining greater insight into how their tax payments are being spent
Beyond the social aspects, open data also supports public sector innovation by break -ing the competitive advantage gained by proprietary access to data
and data lock in Innovation is most likely to occur when data is available online in open, structured
computer-friendly formats for anyone to download, use, and analyse, as long as the privacy and data protection of all citizens is preserved
and that communities are entitled to share the value and social benefits of public assets. Thus, open data, together with
open and standardised APIS is crucial for open innovation, as developers are able to access and use public data and mesh it with other sources of data produced by the
crowd to build novel applications that have a social utility Another important trend, boosting the diffusion of open data is the increasing number
of mobile devices. Smartphones, tablets, PDAS and other devices are becoming smaller faster, smarter, more networked and personal.
For instance, the city of Vienna has, with its Open Data in Vienna programme demonstrated the potential in opening up its data.
The city opened its data records to the population, businesses and the scientific community. Released data ranges from
statistics and geographic data on traffic and transport to economic figures. It then in -vited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data
which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens. Other pioneering examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis
on the Meiraha project, which focuses on opening up and visualising the Estonian budget. The citizen science project Globe at Night is yet another example of this
where citizens using the camera and geo-tagging functions on their smartphones help the research project measure global levels of light pollution,
data and citizen science 42 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Helsinki Region Infoshare OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS
Through an entity called Helsinki Region Infoshare34, Helsinki and three of its neighbouring cities publish all of their data in
formats that make it easy for software developers, researchers, journalists and others to analyse, combine or turn into web
The movement for more and better open data has grown significantly over the last few years through projects funded by the European commission, such as City SDK that help cities to standardise
open data portals. In the United states, the cities of Chicago, San francisco, Philadelphia and New york are only a few of the examples worth mentioning.
set up open data websites at the regional level that can be considered good practices and in the Barcelona Metropolitan Region, the city of Barcelona is leading Multicouncil
Open Data Open Data Challenge OPEN DATA FOR REGIONS There are several examples where Governments and the developer communities interact.
One of them is the examples of competitions and challenges. One of Europe†s biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros in prizes to win and
Price Visualization, Better Data Award, Open Data Award, and Talis Award for Linked data. In total, 13 awards were given
There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and
Apps for Amsterdam promoted by the City of Amsterdam to make accessible to developers and citizens the data of the City
emerged, such as Apps for Goodi or the Open Data Institute†s (UK) open data training
itself and the platform used to share data between people operating a kit. The kit is an electronic board based on the Arduino
equipped with sensors that capture data on air quality, temperature, noise, humidity and light. The board also contains a Wifi
antenna that enables the direct upload of data from the sensors in real time. A number of cities, including Manchester in the
UK and Amsterdam in The netherlands, have shown an interest in supporting citizens to monitor environmental data and have
and measure data about real-world activity. This is possible due to the increasing number of powerful smart personal devices, which facilitate the
personal and social data in massive data centres. This can also mean increased surveil -lance, prediction and control of people and the environment.
allocation, the best possible decision making based on a real time data and information from open sources and the best possible alignments of my local providers with the
Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe
Open Data Arduino Avaaz Avoin Ministeriã Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe
streams of data from interviews to social media into a central repository capable of giving a †big picture†of European DSI
Using the network data, stored as W3c Linked Data at http://data. digitalsocial. eu in combination with our hybrid iterative
strategy of case study interviews, work -shops and events relevant to these com -munities, we have identified DSI actors as
Open data for open access is the last dense community (4. 95 per cent), with
working on open data, such as Salford in the UK. Interestingly, although the open hardware network is the smallest overall
-munities, such as those around open data are connected developing communities Nonetheless, the vast majority of commu
such as those of open data, open knowl -edge, open hardware and open networks Even if an organisation is not central and
-bining open hardware, open data, open knowledge and open networks 56 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
data (turquoise Successful actors in DSI have managed to leverage large networks using the Internet in order to accomplish innova
social innovation in the data in Figure 4 at least for organisations with more than 3 connections.
Looking at the data, if we want a single scaling European DSI network, an additional magnitude more of
for the creation of an open data incuba -tor within Horizon 2020 aims to help SMES
information and sensor data to improve collective wellbeing Furthermore, there are initiatives in the area of open access, such as Global System
identity and payment data Many US companies have patents on identity, social and payment data.
There is a need to require the European Public sector and EC funded projects to not fall into this trap
and provide open data sets in particular on social identity and payment. Public data sets will remove barriers for social
innovators who often rely too much on proprietary data 2. EU public Digital ID with
citizen control Create a European standardised public digital ID for all citizens with guidelines and rules to
open data distributed repositories, distributed cloud, distributed search decentralised social networking public identity management and encrypted email service
open data, ubiqui -tous broadband Enabling some of the radical, disruptive innovations emerging from digital SI †new
Open data Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership
The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality
Open data Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership
The EU data protection reform package Directive on the reuse of public sector information Copyright reform Net Neutrality
waste, data to education. In 2014 Nesta revived the 300 year old Longitude Prize and
The Open Data Challenge Series42 is a collaboration between Nesta and the Open Data Institute and has been very suc
-cessful, attracting developers and social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions to social challenges using open data
The European Social Innovation Challenge44 was launched by the European commission in 2013 in memory of Diogo
-serving citizens†rights and data protec -tion. One of the first steps of DSI policy implementation should be to integrate
-ve transparency/open data and privacy /data protection as complementary issues and not as opposites. In fact, the right
in both legal frameworks (such as data protection) and technologies (such as en -cryption) should apply to individual citi
-tween data, devices, services and networks Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stake
so that innovators can build data mashups on top of a distributed data infrastructure (technological neutrality) without fear of unfair licens
-ing issues Open standard licences, for exampleâ Creative Commons (CC) licencesâ could allow the reuse of PSI without the need to develop
-ers who have the right to use the future Internet infrastructure (including both data in
All functionality must be exposed by way of open APIS51 that expose data using open standards.
User data and metadata should be represented in open formats such as XML52 and RDF53 (which includes Linked Data54 and SPARQL end-points55.
OPEN DATA People are not passive consumers of the data, but actively engaged in producing it.
primary advantage of open data is that it prevents the concentration power by leverag -ing asymmetries of information and differentials of access.
Open access to data would enable developers to create applications and services built on freely acquired data, as
long as they respect provisions in the license. Private data should also have its privacy
dimension encoded using open standards and the correct licensing, as well as clear requirements for how to access this data
and determine its ownership, both by vendors and end-users. This should include the right to remove data by its creators
Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 75 The preservation of Net Neutrality56 is a crucial to define
and governments should treat data traffic equally. Net neutrality protects freedom of expression and freedom of information online, reasserts the principle of fair
data policies. The directive provided an EU-wide framework for governments, at all levels, to begin opening data.
The European Commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum.
European commission Directive on the reuse of public sector information will further enable the opening of public sector data
Although changes in the European legal framework in the field of transparency and open data have already been implemented
over their social data and sensitive information, to make it easier for businesses to innovate on top of the infrastructure.
role of data brokers64 will be crucial for understanding the future of bottom-up digital economies. New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens
should be encouraged. For instance, in the UK, the government backedâ Midataâ pro -gramme is encouraging companies to bring data back to public control, while the US
has introduced green, yellow and blue buttons to simplify the option of taking back your data (in energy, education and the Veterans Administration respectively
76 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe DATA CONTROL AND DATA OWNERSHIP PRIVACY-AWARE
TECHNOLOGIES AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop
standards to make it easier to build and integrate social applications. These standards will give citizens greater control over
their own social data, allowing them to share their data selectively across various systems. The federated web standards will
User data is moving more and more into the †Cloud†and people are getting their music
The aggregated data extracted from the analysis of our identities (what companies define as â€oesocial graphsâ€) and behavioural patterns of the
In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and prevent lock in, therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the
management, fully respecting the users†privacy and ownership of the data Personal data stores There are also new available solutions, such as Mydex, Qiy,
receive guidance on data anonymisation and pseudonymisation. This should prevent any unauthorised collection processing and tracking of personal information
or by the Open Data Institute (ODI) and Open Knowledge Foundation on open data, and by organisations such as Tactical tech or Open Rights Group on privacy and digital rights
Most reports about innovation refer to GDP and financial return as one of the main in
or analysing existing data sets to understand the extent of the social issue •Online responses to the proposed service from partners or potential
draw upon existing data and research from other sources Level 2 You are gathering data that shows
some change amongst those using your product /service At this stage, data can begin to show effect but
it will not evidence direct causality. You could consider such methods as: pre and post survey
standardisation of delivery and you will need data on costs of production and acceptable price point
The Global Open Data Index developed by the Open Knowledge Foundation80 and the Webindex developed by the World
statistical sources for measuring input (such as firm level micro data, R&d statistics, labour force survey), which could evolve
à Explore DSI specific indicators such as Open Data access, digital skills and proliferation of open source projects or creative commons licenses
As an example, the Fukushima prefecture in Japan hosts a map of the Safecast data on its website, and in
what public data is, and the question of who controls it, is becoming more important.
Thus data portability, federated identity management and trust frameworks should be encouraged. Defining sensible governance modalities for the data infrastructure and the DSI ecosystem will require a large col
-laboration between public and private Ultimately, just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.
The incubator programme run by the UK€ s Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support
/open-data-challenge-series 44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise /policies/innovation/policy /social-innovation/competition
/documents/reports/data-brokers -call-transparency-accountability -report-federal-trade-commission-may -2014/140527databrokerreport. pdf 65 http://www. citizenme. com
Brendan Lea (2013) â€oeopen Data Institute Annual Summit 2013†online Flickr Open Data Institute Knowledge for
Everyone. Available from: https://www flickr. com/photos/ukodi/10590223144 /in/photostream/Accessed 29th january 2015
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