Synopsis: Security:

their capacity to exploit'network effects'to scale up or join forces and multiply the potential of grass-root initiatives across social networks.

social networks and the engagement and security issues of CAPS 6 Tab. 2-CAPS ongoing project and related website

Another important area of analysis is related to data security, protection and data sharing in the use of online social networks and the value proposition and business models that

the main risks, and an important aspect to consider, when talking about citizen engagement is the danger of engaging only those people who are engaged already in an issue

economically sustainable approaches in the face of specific threats to their sustainability Moreover, the experimental approach requires that such models of democracy or of the

study CAPS projects with a special focus on trust, security and engagement issues The CAPS EC funded projects pool is indeed a network of networks, building from existing

and specific topics within this domain such as privacy, security, rewards and engagement USEMP aims at empowering social network users with regards to the sharing of their

which puts users in control of their data security and was touted by the media as a'Facebook killer

-friendly encryption and privacy features 29. Media Watch for Climate Change http://www. ecoresearch. net/climate

Global warming, implications of population ageing, the digital divide and security issues across the internet, are examples of problems experienced across nations, to a greater

pollution and global warming, environmental sustainability, energy and food security antibiotic resistance against new mutations of pathogens,

and cyber and physical security protection against terrorism, etc. tend to exhibit the characteristics of what has long been

recognised as the wicked or messy type of problem situation (Rittlle & Webber, 1973 Ackoff, 1981.

stage exposes the facilitator to the risk of a circularity of bad interpretations. This is why the

†Assurance of no harm or hurt, which includes both physical safety considerations as well as ensuring that the individual exposed to the solution does not suffer from any

as well as averting the risks of misuses that inevitably accompany any step of human evolution I am thankful to the authors for this startling journey into a nascent field,

the military to espionage. But there has been much less systematic support for innovations that use digital technology to address social challenges

hackers and activists The Commission must create the conditions where digital businesses, social entrepre -neurs and DSI communities can thrive.

There is great potential to exploit digital network effects, in social innovation activity and new services that generate social value,

-ers in†at the expense of security, privacy and openness: protocols are often propri -etary, the systems are centralised (particu

A main Internet trend-threat is recognised today: an increasing con -centration of power in services in the

Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of

net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model

A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the †Big Brother†scenario, with big industrial

there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed, favouring incumbents and dominant players, thereby in time constraining

NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations, with huge implication on civil

liberties and privacy 20 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 1 1 7

-ing, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology

3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces. There are now 96 known ac -tive hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, Â according to Hackerspaces

org. There are many more Hacklabs around the world that are branded not as hacker spaces, but are community labs that incentivise the diffusion of free and p2p culture

and open technology Makerspaces are new and rapidly evolving hotbeds of innovation, which have been facilitated by the latest in prototyping technology,

have expanded from the electronics-centric hacker spaces to having a stronger emphasis on groups that attract a diversity of professionals such as artists, machinists, robotics

of civic innovators and hackers) to design and deliver public services that meet our societies†changing needs

respond to community emergencies Some of the best examples of DSI in Europe are clearly positively impacting society.

Make, a five day outdoor international camping festival for hackers and makers, and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place

every four years, organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal associa -tion of hackers from across Europe

OPEN ACCESS The Open Access Ecosystem approach (including open access to content, open standards, open

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots commu

and provide information about technical and societal issues, such as surveillance, privacy freedom of information, hacktivism and data security.

The CCC is based in Germany and other German-speaking countries and currently has over 4, 000 members.

Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and

The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe

HACKER SPACES ADVISORY OR EXPERT BODY INVESTMENT AND FUNDING 152 26 13 7674 70 32313030

-ing cybe-security and mainstreaming digitalisation The Digital Agenda for Europe20 Innovation Union21, and Horizon

Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package

Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package

and hackers. Recognising DSI€ s strong social value, besides its strategic contri -bution to repositioning Europe worldwide

In particular, more support is needed for encryption and anonymity technologies, such as attribute-based credentials built by ABC4TRUST63

AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop

extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and

and freedoms, to keep the Internet open, without surveillance and censorship, and to halt power abuses from Governments

However, noninstitutional actors (hackers geeks, social innovators and activists) are key in this process since they are able to generate creativity,

at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion Social innovation can be a tool to help achieve these targets

•20%of surface water is at serious risk from pollution; 60%of European cities over

One issue that social innovation seeks to address is the risk that each administration will develop its

including the willingness to take risks and find creative ways of using underused assets ï Social enterprises are driven not solely by the need to maximise profit for shareholders and

capital risk funds, local development funds) to support regional and local development and to foster

security cameras; renovation of playgrounds; creating a new football ground; creating small gardens and open spaces between houses, a new public agora for outdoor leisure and other

goods and services to persons in risk of poverty or exclusion. They are involved also often in civil

guarantees, thereby sharing the providers'potential risk of loss, or by providing funding to increase microcredit lending

sufficient revenue from loans to pay staff, costs and cover risk, the model becomes genuinely

Safera Ltd's cooking guards ensure the safe use of a cooker54; Motivaatioverkko Ltd. developed a service that motivates working people

could test a wireless nurse alarm system for free during three months before having to make a

ï experimentation and risk taking and ï involvement of stakeholders 88 BEPA definition: Social innovations are innovations that are social in both their ends and their means

However, when looking at long-term risk and the de -velopment of prevention and risk reduction, the human factor in social innovation

could be a strong lever. The European Commission†s contribution to the World Hu -manitarian Summit in 2016 will concentrate more on social innovation;

to the new social risks with new and more effective approaches and shrinking budgets The crisis has enhanced that process.

-tity, security, data, and collective governance, based on democratic and participatory processes. The only practical response is the development of distributed

and manage social performance was the best guarantee against the risks to see exploitation of poor people for the sake of profit and system drifts

-tion, controlled risk taking, and an agile and personalised response to new constituent challenges. This will help unleash the potential of an innovative public sector that can

sharing the providers†potential risk of loss, or by providing funding to increase mi -crocredit lending

and food insecurity and agricultural issues exacerbated by poor soil quality or lack of pollination.

•developing offers that meet newly emerging risks, beyond fixed social and participation rights and entitlements

However, there is a risk that inequalities among citizens/individuals will increase in terms of revenue, especially in Europe and the

-stitutions and an increasing aversion to risk. This could translate into a crisis of polit

Yet, innovation may be slowed down by a culture of risk aversion y The interaction of the widening skills gap, digital divide and unequal benefits of

Regarding the rise in inequality leading to vulnerability •Across the spectrum of expected problems is a surge in inequality.

and skills, security or freedom. This will include improving the innovative capacity of SMES; bridging the digital divide between Member States;

be to break the trend of rising poverty risks, increasing income inequality and long -term unemployment without relying on economic growth as a panacea.

-ly exploit the benefits that an economy can generate. Mutual societies, cooperatives third-sector organisations in general and social business are an integral part of this wid

and jobs and ensuring security and the protection of property 63p A r T I I †M A i N d E V E L O P m E N t S i N e U P O

%as well as to have at least 20 million fewer people in or at risk of poverty and social exclusion by 2020.

to step up reforms to improve flexibility and security in the labour market, to equip people with the right skills for the jobs of today and tomorrow, to improve the qual

-aries with equity, debt, and risk-sharing instruments y Improve their visibility (mapping of social enterprises, database of labels

address vulnerability and poverty 121 See 3. 1. 1 122 Full text on http://ec. europa. eu/internal market/conferences/2014/0116-social-entrepreneurs/docs/strasbourg

%Security and citizenship: 2 %The exercise started in June 2011 with the adoption by the Commission of its basic legislative proposals for the

of risks that an individual can face during his life course. Developing new responses to

offering senior loans, subordinated loans, risk-sharing loans and equity participation to microcredit providers 85p A r T I I †M A i N d E V E L O P m E N t S i N e U P O

Risk management; Reporting Standards; and Management Information Systems The European microcredit market is a young and growing sector

exercise on crowdfunding in late 2013 to explore the benefits and risks of this newly

concerning the rules applicable to crowdfunding, potential risks, such as the risk of fraud or misleading advertising,

or investment risks related to financial-return crowdfunding as well as the high cost of cross-border operation for crowdfunding platforms that host

campaigns offering financial returns The European commission adopted a Communication Unleashing the potential of Crowd -funding in the European Union179 on 27 march 2014.

terms of improving transparency and reducing the risks of fraud. The Commission will also hold regulatory workshops with Member States to discuss any obstacles related

sustainability threats which our society is facing nowadays. It is articulated along the following three main lines

and the motivation of young people at risk of ESL. Emphasis will be on prevention and intervention

-based programming in emergencies has become commonplace: communities empowered to use local markets via vouchers or smart cards

too busy responding to emergencies to innovate, or too wary of the risks? Far from it;

but certainly more could be done to scale up and adapt local innovative solutions globally, and to work together to address recurrent problems

Aid and Civil protection has launched recently a policy reflection process with its humanitarian partners on how

particular grassroots communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES open source and DIY makers,

maintaining security while allowing greater freedom of movement and freeing up financial and staff resources.

shouldering the burden of risk. Indeed, with competitions, it is the participants who are expected to foot the financial risk.

In the social economy, however, there are arguments for sharing, rather than shifting the risk. This can be achieved through a stage-gate process, where

participants increase the level of investment as they pass through the various stages. This is how NESTA€ s Big Green Challenge was organised

and reward community-led innovation in response to the threats posed by climate change. The Big Green Challenge, aimed at the not-for-profit

mitigate the risks of flooding and provide local residents with cheap, renewable energy. Through hydro, wind and

systems for risk management These will be translated into an economic or business plan, which details the service or initiative, how it will be provided, by whom, with what inputs, how

shares, and seek subordinated loans from sources ready to share early risk without demanding a counterbalancing share in the project†s equity

specialised social finance organisations, sometimes seeking security usually from property), and sometimes lending against contracts

and risks are reduced. They sometimes have an advantage over venture capital funding in that they can tap investors

reliable risk) or whether they will be used to finance innovation (see also method 368 151) Venture philanthropy uses many of the tools of venture funding to

and risk-taking social ventures. It plays an important role in diversifying capital markets for nonprofits and social

and impact †by increasing capacity, reducing risk, or by facilitating adaptation to changing markets and environments.

brings a number of benefits such as distribution of risk and financing But it can only work

capacities, the diffusion of risk, and increasing efficiency and standards A recent example is Age UK, resulting from the merger Of age Concern

return for security; disclosing private information (in return for more personalised services; giving time (for example, as a school governor

& Jerry†s franchises to help train at-risk youth. †Stanford Social Innovation Review. †Summer, 2003

Incumbents tend to deflect threats, or to reinterpret radical new ideas in ways that fit existing power structures.

and Sure Start providing intensive support for children to reduce risk factors. Where these succeed they create a political constituency for

Innovation in the public sector always risks being a marginal add-on †small -scale in terms of funds, commitment of people and political capital.

317) Appropriate risk management. Public agencies tend to be fearful of risk. The challenge is to manage risk,

not eliminate it. Risk can be managed across a portfolio of projects that span the high return/high risk

1 148 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION end, as well as medium and low return agendas.

A balanced view of risk is vital †some innovations spread too slowly but others spread too fast

without adequate evaluation and assessment, particularly when they win the backing of leaders. A commitment to evaluation and evidence, and

staged development of new approaches, helps reduce risk 318) Formation and training to integrate innovation into personal

development, training, and culture. Some need to become specialists in spotting, developing and growing ideas.

generally, innovation, including a licence to take appropriate risks should be part of personal development plans

innovation rather than a barrier to healthy risk-taking 1 SUPPORT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR 155

351) Socialising risk. New forms of social insurance for long term care †for example, to create incentives for providers to develop innovative

social impact elements of an investment †and reducing risk 359) Local bonds, including Tax Increment Financing (TIF) and Business

366) Layered investments combining tranches with different rates of risk /return and different sources of capital (philanthropic, public, private

can handle high levels of risk, and do need not the certainty of returns of the

they face limited access to risk and growth capital, and to highly specialist technical knowledge,

hackers, designers) Â are key stakeholders in support of innovation for social good. Â In the research we

This event was one of Europe†s largest gatherings of hackers and makers, with over 8, 000 people in

on †civic hacking and the nature of digital social innovation† which to an audience of policy

Forum Warsaw and promoted the Digital Social Innovation mapping to hacker communities and regional organisations including sponsors of the festival †Tech Soup†who promoted the map to their regional

can issues such as trust and security, privacy, net neutrality, e-democracy, and e-governance be tackled.

One of the risks of Future Internet is that big industrial players (mainly US-based) will reinforce their dominant position by implementing platform lock in strategies,

computing, data storage and service provision according to the cloud paradigm there is a risk of closing the innovation ecosystem in favour of incumbents or dominant players,

It implies innovating with partners by sharing risk and sharing rewards. Chesbrough (2003 and Forrester (2004) define the main divergences between the principles of closed and open innovation (see

standardisation (due to individual decisions), security threats, existing charging models (some government charge for the data), and uncertain economic impact (it is still not clear

and means of access as well as access security Actually, according to Kitchin (2013), it is not clear that open data is leading to innovative products that create

According to Wikipedia, seed funding is a form of securities offering in which an investor purchases part of a business.

area of developments which has so far been isolated left to developments, activists and hackers, despite its

DSI, there are a number of perceived future Internet threats (such as concentration of power and surveillance

A main Internet trend-threat in the current and future Internet ecosystem is recognised today: an increasing

have accepted exploitative business models based on privacy infringement and often hidden surveillance mechanisms in exchange for free services.

insofar been isolated left to developers, activists and hackers. Recognising its strong social value, besides its strategic contribution to repositioning Europe worldwide,

Recent Snowden revelations and the developments in the security and intelligence services have shown a fundamental weakness in notions of end-to-end security that over

-impact the requirements of our systems. A EU platform able to rethink notions of privacy, trust and

security by design is needed and related technical solutions that are privacy enhancing †by designâ€. It

also needed to provide an open architecture for managing online identity, security, and personal data in an integrated fashion and based on democratic and participatory processes.

competition, and surveillance. A broader investigation and the understanding of the implication of such mechanisms are crucial for the understanding of future bottom-up digital economies.

Security will be hardcoded into the device. The device allows talks to only EU platforms (Iot-A, Fi-wareâ€) and the

risks of conflict and mutual resentment y The rising incidence of chronic diseases such as arthritis, depression, and

Change rarely happens without some brave people willing to take risks and take a stand.

anyone who does promote innovations risks upsetting powerful vested interests It†s all too easy to conclude that the apparently promising new idea depends too

Innovation is therefore easier where the risks are contained; where there is evi -dent failure; where users have choice

where the risks are contained; where there is evident failure; where users have choice; and where expectations are

so too does funding directed to genuinely risk-taking ideas, exper -iments, and trials. Yet we are not aware of a single government that has developed

that are not just based on altruism, reputation or hacker ethics. The key actors in the development of an open source

The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a

security of property from theft and looting, the transparency of government procurement macroeconomic conditions or the underlying strength of

put at risk. Where governments make registration easy, more entrepreneurs start businesses in the formal sector, creating more good jobs and

security agency. The PAE will also help the entrepreneur to set up an appointment with a notary that will grant the public deed of

hazardous construction that puts public safety at risk Where compliance is simple, straightforward and inexpensive, everyone is better off

•Security and health certification or a basic certification regarding RD 1627/1997 de 24 de octubre

determinations, the atmosphere and the security of its specific destination As soon as construction is finished, in order to receive the first

consider when assessing risk. And they permit borrowers to establish a good credit history that will

as security to generate capital†while strong creditors†rights have been associated with higher ratios of private sector credit to GDP

Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in a single category of

Does the law allow businesses to grant a non possessory security right in substantially all of

May a security right extend to future or after-acquired assets, and may it extend automatically

Does the law allow parties to agree on out of court enforcement at the time a security

collected through a survey of corporate and securities lawyers about securities regulations, company laws and

court rules of evidence and procedure. To construct the six indicators on minority investor protection, scores are

significant accounting policies, trends, risks, uncertainties and other factors influencing the reporting Yes 1. 5

security contributions 1 online filing 90 30.9 %gross salaries 35.68 Corporate income tax 1 online filing 33 30

security contributions 0 paid jointly 6. 35 %gross salaries 0 withheld Value added tax (VAT) 1 online filing 44 21

tools to facilitate trade†including single windows, risk -based inspections and electronic data interchange systems.

 There is great potential to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that generate social value.

-cal mass of users and exploit the network effect Digital social innovation plays a central role in the development of the Future Internet.

and civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) Â are key stake -holders in support of innovation for social good.

communities of civic innovators, web entrepreneurs, hackers, geeks, SMES, open source and DIY makers but also policy makers and decision makers at various levels

There is great potential to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new ser

security, privacy and openness: the protocols are proprietary, the systems are centralised (and in particular in terms of property and decisional processes),

A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the â€oebig Brother†scenario, showing that big industrial players (mainly US based) will reinforce their dominant

-Top (OTT) and largest network operators, there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more

digital social innovations that enable new types of collaborations and exploit the network effect. By using

The proposed approach to mapping and visualisation exploits the flexibility of linked data. All data points will have their own URIS that will allow mapping to Open Street Map objects.

-ties (e g. civic innovators and hackers) to design and deliver public services that meet our societies†chang

Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of Hackers, is the most prominent example of grass

such as surveillance, Â privacy, freedom of information, hacktivism, data security etc. The CCC is based in Germany and otherâ German-speaking countries and currently has over 4, 000 members.

the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and technological infra

hacker spaces Fablab Amsterdam (hosted by Waag Society Through research projects or research networks Desis network

Maker and hacker spaces 11 Other 12 Table 8 32 If we analyse these data based on all 289 organisations,

festival for hackers and makers, and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers

that takes place every four years, organized by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC)( GE), an informal associa

-tion of hackers from across Europe Theâ Chaos Computer Clubâ (CCC) hosts the annual Chaos Communication Congress, the largest hacker con

-gress in Europe. Every four years, the Chaos Communication Campâ is the outdoor alternative for hackers

worldwide. The CCC started a new yearly conference called SIGINT in 2009 inâ Germany. The CCC event has

facilities (often referred to as maker and hacker spaces), for digital fabrication and hacking data that entre

There are now 96 known active hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United States, Â according to Hackerspaces. org.

are many more Hacklabs around the world that are branded not as hacker spaces, but are community labs

and hacker spaces, have begun to proliferate. The MIT founded a precursor in 2002 called Fab Lab,

expanded from the electronics-centric hacker spaces to having a stronger emphasis on multi-disciplined

•Hacking culture as sharing skills and knowledge Running research projects or research networks With a growth in DSI practice, there has been an increase in research activities and research networks aim

and civic hackers who are developing digital social innovations Services that directly target and engage a large number of citizens and end users for a variety of causes:

There is no such thing as perfect security and ano -nymity, but projects like Tor strive to make the network as secure and anonymous as possible, while clearly

data in massive data centres with little privacy and security. The hypothesis of this model is that people

civic innovators (developers, hackers, designers) Â as key stakeholders in the support of innovation for social

The technical predominance of the hackers and other digital innovator can be overcome by digital natives present in the community itself,

verified by Geotrust, a world leader on Internet security verification The Avaaz donation pages have addresses beginning with https://rather

Security Upgrades: One challenge Avaaz was forced to overcome was a â€oemassive†persistent cyber attack, which it believes a government or

large corporation was behind. Hours after the initial attack, the organisa -tion made a public appeal on its website,

security audits of the site†s servers) and Arbor networks (who provid -ed defensive hardware which helped fend off the attack) all supported

upgrade their IT SECURITY in the event of similar future attacks. Avaaz consequently launched a campaign (the first of its kind in over 5 years

asking for donations to allow for this security upgrade Avaaz†s site shows that almost 42,000 people have donated to this cam

likely be used to employ a full-time or part-time security office; upgrade to the service level for defensive tools;

helping to ensure the physical security of the organisation†s staff According to Patel, the funds generated should support this priority for

this perceived loss of trust in politicians, these civic hackers stepped in to encourage citizen participation in governance.

under threat, especially as a result of the lack of participation by young people. They hold that the Internet is the best way to reach out and

Github so that like-minded civic hackers can contribute to and improve this coding, users are encouraged also to translate the site†s contents if

exploit Facebook, finding that it is one of the best ways to attract people to electronic democracy both via sharing and Facebook advertisements

infrastructures that exploit locality, react to environmental changes and rely on cross-layer optimizations Regulation can also be a barrier,

This leads to different threat models and a new notion of trust between users What helps to reach goals

ground to achieve similar assurances about other materials used in the phone and to negotiate terms with manufacturers to ensure a living

a commercial venture with global production processes, with the risk of subcontracting critical tasks to global sweatshop factories

†health food access and equality, environment, food security, and com -munity cohesion. †Part of the difficulty in assessing the impact of the project relates to the

Help streamline the design Makers can reduce risk by basing designs on open-source hardware and taking advantage of a proven design that

might be particularly suitable for civic hackers to try working on. Fur -thermore, developers are encouraged to contact the mysociety team

professionals, makers and hackers Undoubtedly, initiatives like Open Government Vienna have played a part in Vienna being voted Europe†s most innovative city.

To ensure the site was compliant with security standards, the National Communications security Authority audited the site†s code

its security policies and its service/hosting providers to ensure that the details of citizens are safe

and can†t be hacked into. The system verifies the people†s identity through the APIS offered by banks and mobile

granular, structured and detailed than data from the Securities and Exchange Commission. To address issues around quality of Opencorpo

-ers, hackers, the DIY community, urbanites and crowds, events attendees and organizers. In addition large numbers of users are students, teachers

and people at the Tokyo Hacker -space took part in the initial twitter discussion about building the device

possible to produce narratives of nuclear risk as numbers, measurement data per se cannot be a useful resource for nuclear risk knowledge pro

-duction. Volunteer Geiger counter users and social media users among others are necessary to produce specific type of nuclear risk knowledge

To date, Safecast volunteers have mapped radiation levels of over 11 million data points, providing a comprehensive and accurate dataset that

As a pro-data organisation, Safecast generates nuclear risk knowledge by harnessing measurement data in multiple ways.

Internet freedom and security Technology Trends: Open networks DSI activities: Operating a web service Key Facts:

After the NSA surveillance revelations in 2013, a new wave of users joined the service. Â Between 19 august and 27 august alone the number

-prove their privacy and security on the Internet. It also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy fea

video over the Tor network, improving usability, security and anonymity stronger cryptography capabilities and exciting new tools designed to

security and critical infrastructure by making communication among individuals, organisations, corporations, and governments more vul

Internet surveillance known as â€oetraffic analysis. †Traffic analysis can be used to infer who is talking to whom over a public network.

Recent revelations of the NSA€ s expansive surveillance programmes harm user trust in the digital ecosystem, stifle innovation, and lead

bolt-on security tools get protected communications, or worse yet become reluctant to use digital

a â€oelayer†of encryption to reveal only the next relay in the circuit, in order to pass the remaining encrypted data on to it.

the last layer of encryption and sends the original data, without reveal -ing or even knowing its sender, to the destination.

willing to hack into machines, they†re willing to run botnets. †In a recent

take risks in the pursuit of changing the traditional way that information flows. †To this end, Ushahidi builds technological tools for democratising

and continues to be a resource to the emergency response community there. A Haitian partner, Solutions, was identified

-dated computers, browsers as well as Internet communication security policy as significant obstacles to accessing the UHP website and data

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