pervasive corruption, security concerns, and uncertainty around property rights protection seriously undermine the quality of the institutional framework on which
high insecurity, poor infrastructure, inefficient allocation of production resources caused by insufficient levels of competition,
security (96th) remains a general concern, and judicial independence is deemed one of the lowest in the region (132nd.
of the high costs associated with the lack of security 137th) and the low trust of the business community in
and high levels of security are the cornerstones of the country†s very solid institutional
vulnerability to commodity price fluctuations will require diversification into other sectors of the economy and
As in previous years, the security situation remains fragile and imposes a high cost on business (65th
by 22 positions to 106th and the security situation which was affected particularly by the events,
highlight its simultaneous resilience and vulnerability to global economic developments, with regional variations Although growth in sub-Saharan middle-income
The poor security situation remains another important obstacle to doing business in South africa. The high business costs
and a good security environment. Its labor markets are efficient, its financial markets are relatively well
The security situation in Kenya is also worrisome (125th Liberia enters the rankings for the first time at 111th
The security situation in the country continues to be dire and has worsened since last year
assessment, particularly related to corruption, security and government favoritism, although overall the assessment of this pillar is better than it was just a few
unimportant on the KPIS of Cargo Security and Safety 4. 2 Benchmark Scenarios The next target was to develop the green corridor benchmark with ICTS.
effect in terms of cost, time, safety, security, environmental sustainability and reliability It is our belief that the results of this work support the general conclusion that the
profitability, environmental impact and social safety and security. What is clear is that all the examined ICTS can provide vital benefits to all the stakeholders involved
 •Identification of possible implementation risks  •Real data for costs and benefits evaluation and decision
 •Possible security issues 26 ï¿ï 27 HR: Demo projectsâ'†key facts
Data security, Protocols Infrastructure, System security &-arcitecture Balancing price flexible demand DK: National thematic focus
ï¿ï 35 FI: Demo projectsâ'†key facts  •(Ongoing) Demo Projects  †One large project starting 2011, several small
interoperability, safety and security  •Testing models of added value generation and business processes
management, risk management with SG roll out  •Accompanying activities  † â€oeenergy21 initiativeâ â€:
x Security of supply x Integration of distributed generation structures (also considering traditional buyers with supply-and storage capacities
electricity branch to guarantee security and high level of quality of supply. A possible Smart Grids system of the future must comply with this law
security, cost competitiveness and sustainability x Take part in developing these strategies and contribute to meeting their
security of supply to cope with increased amounts of wind energy and other renewables. Additionally, it promotes the use of intelligent electricity consumption
and in parallel, guarantee security of supply And finally, there is an estimation of the enhancement needs for the German
security of energy supply and energy efficiencyâ †(2006-2009. Focus points of a ï
the integrated energy markets, contribute to increasing the security of supply and further economic development
the same time it focuses on a broad range of objectives such as supply security, fair
reach security of energy supply, efficient energy use, increased share of renewable energy sources and to decrease CO2 emissions.
security of supply as well as energy efficiency is highlighted. A formulated goal is to bring Turkey  â€oeinto the position of a transit country between energy producing and
as well as averting the risks of misuses that inevitably accompany any step of human evolution I am thankful to the authors for this startling journey into a nascent field,
the military to espionage. But there has been much less systematic support for innovations that use digital technology to address social challenges
hackers and activists The Commission must create the conditions where digital businesses, social entrepre -neurs and DSI communities can thrive.
There is great potential to exploit digital network effects, in social innovation activity and new services that generate social value,
-ers in†at the expense of security, privacy and openness: protocols are often propri -etary, the systems are centralised (particu
A main Internet trend-threat is recognised today: an increasing con -centration of power in services in the
Smart Cities project risks being dominated by US companies such as IBM, Google and Ciscos, partly because of the lack of
net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model
A major risk for the Future Internet is the realisation of the †Big Brother†scenario, with big industrial
there is a risk that the innovation ecosystem will become more closed, favouring incumbents and dominant players, thereby in time constraining
NSA data-gate showed that intelligence agencies and governments have been engaging in mass surveillance operations, with huge implication on civil
liberties and privacy 20 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 1 1 7
-ing, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology
3d printing facilities (maker spaces and hacker spaces. There are now 96 known ac -tive hacker spaces worldwide, with 29 in the United states, Â according to Hackerspaces
org. There are many more Hacklabs around the world that are branded not as hacker spaces, but are community labs that incentivise the diffusion of free and p2p culture
and open technology Makerspaces are new and rapidly evolving hotbeds of innovation, which have been facilitated by the latest in prototyping technology,
have expanded from the electronics-centric hacker spaces to having a stronger emphasis on groups that attract a diversity of professionals such as artists, machinists, robotics
of civic innovators and hackers) to design and deliver public services that meet our societies†changing needs
respond to community emergencies Some of the best examples of DSI in Europe are clearly positively impacting society.
Make, a five day outdoor international camping festival for hackers and makers, and the Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place
every four years, organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal associa -tion of hackers from across Europe
OPEN ACCESS The Open Access Ecosystem approach (including open access to content, open standards, open
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC), Europe†s largest network of hackers, is the most prominent example of grassroots commu
and provide information about technical and societal issues, such as surveillance, privacy freedom of information, hacktivism and data security.
The CCC is based in Germany and other German-speaking countries and currently has over 4, 000 members.
Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and
The Chaos Computer Club (CCC) HACKERS NETWORKS 34 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
HACKER SPACES ADVISORY OR EXPERT BODY INVESTMENT AND FUNDING 152 26 13 7674 70 32313030
-ing cybe-security and mainstreaming digitalisation The Digital Agenda for Europe20 Innovation Union21, and Horizon
Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package
Privacy-aware technologies and encryption Federated identity management Data control and data ownership The EU data protection reform package
and hackers. Recognising DSI€ s strong social value, besides its strategic contri -bution to repositioning Europe worldwide
In particular, more support is needed for encryption and anonymity technologies, such as attribute-based credentials built by ABC4TRUST63
AND ENCRYPTION An important effort towards a federated identity system Is federated the W3c Social Web Working Group58 to develop
extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and
and freedoms, to keep the Internet open, without surveillance and censorship, and to halt power abuses from Governments
However, noninstitutional actors (hackers geeks, social innovators and activists) are key in this process since they are able to generate creativity,
and offer more incentives for risk taking Entrepreneurial knowledge involves much more than science and technology.
on embeddedness, a regional development strategy may risk increasing vulnerability to changing economic conditions. Therefore, it is crucial that the second principle of
Production and automation technology, Cleantech, and Security. These fields present the regional strength in regional publicly funded R&d and industrial activity.
The key to successful differentiation is to exploit related variety, suggesting that a regional economy can build its competitive advantage by
linear view of innovation, run the risk of autarky, and take a narrow view on the role of policy in
stimulation of entrepreneurship/management of risk and uncertainty; market formation mobilisation of resources; and legitimation.
involved in the RIS process), the design of the RIS3 architecture needs to anticipate the risk of
but it does mean that the costs and risks associated with entrepreneurial search are shared and therefore do not become too prohibitive for
Prioritisation always entails risks for those who have to select those few domains that, as a result
assets, are the best guarantees to avoid both the risk of capture by interest groups and the risk of
Strategies that stop before this step run the risk of remaining unimplemented and/or not credible.
Developing a RIS3 involves a degree of risk-taking, since there is always some uncertainty in the choice of priorities, both in the events that can change the
before possible extension, limiting risk Even more than for conventional projects and actions, pilot projects need to be
of the industrial base, uncovering specific risk factors, such as the existence of a number of industries in need of modernisation or the dependence of the regional
This implies, for instance, verifying that the vulnerability and capacity of adaptation of the regional innovation system have been and are
security, intelligent energy networks and smart energy services. To best harness EU funding from these various financial instruments, one of the key challenges
smart cities, trust, security, etc b) have a sectoral focus targeting ICT industrial and technological leadership in
EU level debt instruments (guarantees/risk sharing: CIP-SMEG, RSFF, LGTT •Risk Sharing Finance Facility (RSFF.
The Risk-Sharing Finance Facility (RSFF) aims to improve access to debt financing for promoters of
research and innovation investments by sharing the underlying risks between the EU and the EIB.
Together, the European commission and the EIB are 113 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/finance/cip-financial-instruments/index en. htm
-sized firms, the Risk-Sharing Instrument (RSI), was launched at the end of 2011. It was operated by the EIF on behalf of the EIB and provides
risk and consequently improves the financial viability of such TEN-T projects. 117 Policy DG in charge:
to film producers in order to reduce their risk and increase their lending activities in favour of the sector.
particular to vulnerable groups in risk of social exclusion, for the purpose of setting up small commercial operations;
risk finance product range of SME finance initiatives, complementing the products offered by the EIB with
low cost, low risk, and off-the-shelf solutions once the (political) decision on what to buy and at which price has been made even
pooling of risk and resources across countries and different administrations •Difficulties for innovative SMES to become involved in public procurement
and by decreasing the potential innovation costs and financial risks through ERDF co-funding •The recognition of the procurement phase as strategic in public policy
There is a risk of it being hampered by insufficient knowledge limited support of grass roots, social enterprise and social entrepreneurship
risk of poverty and social exclusion, the need for better and more transparent governance, and a more sustainable resource management
risk management and strategic planning with a view to obtaining a better access to the private capital markets, to expand
6. 3 Does the strategy include a clear reflection/proposal on how to exploit synergies between different European, national and regional funding sources, in
9. Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine and maritime and inland water research and the bioeconomy
Secure societies †Protecting freedom and security of Europe and its citizens DRS-17-2014/2015
risk assessment, market study, user involvement, Intellectual Property (IP) management innovation strategy development, partner search, feasibility of concept and the like to
as access to the financial facilities supported under Access to Risk Finance of this work
the higher risks resulting from international opening of the schemes. Financial incentives, for example co-funding a limited number of initial transnational cooperation projects with
to Risk Finance Work Programme), and should help ensure greater access to risk finance by
2. Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine, maritime and inland water research and the bioeconomy
solutions to problems such as energy supplies, global warming, public health, security or water and food resources
•Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine and maritime and inland water research, and the Bioeconomy
•Secure societies †protecting freedom and security of Europe and its citizens The Importance of Health
of pandemic threats and will help to fight antimicrobial resistance The return on this investment will include new ways to
drugs and tobacco consumption, environmental risks accidents at work, in traffic or at home, etc •Protecting citizens from health threats:
combat pandemics or biological incidents and address the threat of bioterrorism and climate change •Supporting dynamic health systems and new technologies
e-health, genomics and biotechnologies revolutionise healthcare and health systems, lower costs and contribute to their future sustainability support and the shift from
Food and feed security and safety, the competitiveness of the European agri-food industry and the sustainability of food
2. Food security, Sustainable Agriculture, Marine Maritime and Inland Water Research, and the Bioeconomy  F
Managing food risk information in an online world Food scares can undermine consumer confidence, ruin business reputations and create unnecessary panic
putting our security competitiveness and employment in jeopardy It is essential then for the EU to spark a new industrial revolution
mobility, less congestion, greater safety and security •Keeping transport competitive: the European transport industry
Water is fundamental to human health food security, sustainable development and the environment. It is also an economic sector
estimated 80 million people are at risk of poverty and 14 million young people are not in education,
Europe (job insecurity, youth mobility, adult education, social political engagement of young people •Reflective societies (transmission of European cultural heritage
The Importance of Security Ensuring the security of its citizens is one of the primary
obligations of any country. Without safety and security as its basis, society cannot thrive. Governments keep citizens secure
by fighting crime and terrorism, protecting them against natural or man-made disasters, providing effective cybersecurity and
protecting borders against illegal trafficking. But while ensuring the security of citizens is an essential task of any administration
it is also a highly sensitive area that needs to incorporate respect for privacy and the safeguarding of fundamental rights.
The respect of privacy and individual freedom is thus at the heart of EU security research
Competitive, EU-based security industries can make a substantial contribution to the quality of life in European societies.
European companies are among the world leaders in most security sector segments thanks to their strong technological innovation
The security industry is one of the sectors with the highest potential for growth and employment in the EU. In 2011, the security sector
in the EU employed 180,000 people, with an annual turnover of some â 30 billion
What is EU Research and Innovation doing to support Security In 2013, EU research on security focused on â€oeaftermath†crisis
management and on â€oelogistics and supply chain security†addressing issues such as trafficking and contraband Other research topics include fighting forest fires,
rescuing victims of disasters and the use of social media in crisis management By the end of 2013, the EU will have financed over 250 security
research projects, with more than 1, 500 participants, from 45 countries and with an SME participation rate of over 21
security industry, to stimulate its growth and to promote the creation of jobs include •Overcoming market fragmentation through the creation of
for security technologies as well as better exploitation of synergies between security and defence technologies •Reducing the gap from research to market by introducing new
funding schemes such as Pre-Commercial Procurement •Better integration of societal considerations by thoroughly assessing the impact of security technologies on fundamental
rights, and by setting in place procedures to test societal impact during the R&d phase This societal challenge will continue to be supported under the
About EU-funded research into cyber security and online privacy The digital and online economy are central to the EU€ s economic
because they were worried about security. The Commission is working to increase confidence in the online economy in particular
through research into cyber security and online privacy. â 350 million were invested in this field over 2007-2013, through the
This research addresses security, trust and privacy coherently from technological, economic, legal, social perspectives, helping
The project is developing countermeasures that detect signs of â€oeliveness†(e g. blinking, perspiration) and improve
security of biometric systems. TABULA RASA has already transferred five of these countermeasures to companies Knowledge gained will help improve the design of future
biometric sensors, thus opening up the huge potential of biometric technology Project coordinator: Idiap Research Institute (Switzerland
Terrorist acts committed using Home Made Explosives (HME) pose an increasing threat to our citizens.
Our capacity to deal with this threat is challenged by terrorists†ability to easily manufacture explosives from common components
The overall objective of the LOTUS project is to develop a new anti-terrorism tool for law enforcement agencies, in the form of an
integrated surveillance system for continuous chemical background monitoring with fixed site and/or mobile detectors to identify
today's global market environment, various risks and opportunities provide reason for business to engage
and the level of uncertainty or risk involved. Hybrid approaches are increasingly common So is collaboration.
Four billion people worldwide are estimated to earn less than $4 a day. 7 These four billion represent both risk
On the risk side, poverty breeds despair, and people without hope are a threat to stability and progress.
This risk affects business generally, and the ICT sector by extension. But the primary motivation for ICT companies to help the poor get richer is opportunity, not risk
2. 1 New and Expanding Markets As described above, ICTS increase efficiency, productivity, and access to goods, services, information, and
markets. Demand for these benefits is high. If the right complements †such as power, connectivity, content
Celtel has partnered even with Leadway Assurance Plc to offer SMES a 70%discount on auto insurance through the bundle. 35
the risk of becoming an impediment to future success: when industries are young and the current stakes are
For customers, these services reduce the risk associated with carrying cash; save time and expense in money transfer;
The UK€ s Department for International Development (Dfid) matched Vodafone†s investment, reducing its risk
worked with public and private partners on a number of options to reduce risk, such as payment by payroll
There are a number of potential threats; for instance, because the ROI on a PTA is significantly
advanced skills, covering subjects such as UNIX, Java, security, wireless, PC hardware and software, and networking operating systems.
identifying and responding to risk and opportunity throughout the extended enterprise Drivers So far, Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, the Kyrgyz Republic,
•formalize the link between EITI adoption and sovereign risk ratings Nigeria received a mark up in its sovereign risk rating after implementing EITI.
However, for rating agencies to consider EITI implementation on an ongoing basis, they will have to be sure that the processes in place to collect
SAP€ s Governance, Risk, and Compliance (GRC) team develops solutions that help customers collect and
enterprise has unlocked value for SAP€ s customers by helping them identify risks and opportunities earlier and
Amit Chatterjee, Senior vice president of the Governance, Risk and Compliance Business Unit for SAP AG in Palo alto, believes that similar value can be unlocked through
Chatterjee is optimistic. â€oearound more complex problems, with higher risk and higher betas of success,
Chatterjee, Amit, Senior vice president, Governance, Risk, and Compliance Business Unit, SAP AG. 2007. Personal communication (telephone
and disseminating risk management concepts and capabilities at Booz Allen Hamilton, the consultancy, with special emphasis on the strategic
risks companies face as a result of social, environmental, and international development issues. Beth also spent four years working on base-of
too high risk of innovation projects, too expensive tech -nology. This applies both to SMES and large firms.
-est rates (3%p. a.)and the abstention from securities The average project support consists of 60%loans and
on risk, technological advance, and economic situation of the firm. This means that a newly established firm
pursuing a high-risk and technologically ambitious inno -vation project will receive a higher percentage of the
, novelty, R&d risk, feasibility, func -tionality, technological upgrading) and economic performance, marketing experience and perspectives
and mediation of risk capi -tal The technological level of firms benefiting from direct support, in particular the FFF scheme,
lack of finance, too high risk consultancy, reduction of risk Technological effects: technical services, technical know-26.9 10.3 Technological problems:
lack of technical know-how how inavailable or too expensive technology Manpower effects: funds for personnel 44.9 11.5 Manpower problems:
-ing the risk of collective failure at cluster level (Bathelt 2004: 155. This has conse
skills and resources which are needed to exploit technological innovation and to support the reorganisation of work processes.
a lack of interoperability, reliability and security, "which could hamper the realisation of productivity gains (p. 7
and security of European shipping, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, B-1049 Brussels: http://ec. europa. eu/transport/maritime/doc/maritime transport policy en. pdf
Security FREIGHT TRANSPORT LOGISTICS ACTION PLAN Framework for the ITS Regulatory Framework for the standardisation of
ensure energy security promote minimum labour standards for the sector; protect passengers and citizens innovate in support of the above aims;
prosperity would be at risk. 39 36 EEA Report No 1/2007: Transport and environment:
security and environmental emissions, this sector has been a priority policy area within the EU for many years.
solutions for public transport-in terms of comfort, quality, security and environment †is illustrated by Värmlandstrafik AB case study,
impacts, in providing better security and comfort to transport passengers, and in a better standard of the overall transport service
Smart technologies should be introduced to avoid delays in the supply chain for security and other reasons.
contribute to improved efficiency and security, and provide new quality services for mobility of people and goods. For instance, the railroads, have fortified RFID with even
improve security, resulting in decreased theft and tampering maximize revenue and market share optimise logistics costs and effectiveness
practitioners, particularly in ICT strategy, security and new business solutions. 66 ICT training for employees
cryptography used to simulate the security properties of a signature in digital, rather than written, form. 89 Digital signatures use
Impostors, by minimising the risk of dealing with impostors or persons who attempt to escape responsibility by claiming to have been impersonated
Message integrity, by minimising the risk of undetected message tampering and forgery, and of false claims that a message was altered after it was sent
90 American Bar Association Section of Science and Technology Information security Committee E-business in the transport & logistics industry
Open systems, by retaining a high degree of information security, even for information sent over open, insecure,
of ICT security measures. In total, about 15%of firms (accounting for 21%of employment) reported that they had such rules.
efficiency and security, and provide new quality services for mobility of people and goods Using RFID,
-procurement, counterfeiting, homeland security, and environment, the European Commission has launched a wide-ranging public consultation on the policy issues and
efficiency and security. RFID systems are playing a role in increasing load factors and hence reducing empty running.
as to lower implementation risks and consequently maximize investment returns. As an example, while the European commission, ETSI, industry associations and commercial
in business is to diminish the risk of such transactions by introducing some uniform rules
Security is guaranteed via SSL encryption of information and via a dedicated login and password for each user.
document processing, security and non-repudiation. An example of the benefits of the implementation of a track and trace solution is the case study â€oecargo Tracing at Saima
25%),legal (25%)and security (31%)issues, technology too complicated (32%)and e -business technologies too expensive as a barrier to e-business adoption
+Security concerns 31 28 29 24 35 0 20 40 60 80 100 TLS EU-7 (total
place, costly investments bear the risk of becoming ineffective. Thus, revisiting the two initially specified working hypotheses (see 4. 1. 1),
disabilities, safety/security issues and environmental information allows the company to draw important conclusions when making
important factors like the vehicles characteristics, additional services, transport security etc. However future concessions are probably going to take into account also new ICT
The centralised information system has also a positive impact on data security. It is now possible to make backup copies of all the relevant data from the central servers
avoiding duplicating task and minimising the risk of losing important data. The system allows eliminating existing duplicated processes and reducing errors in the information
system increases the security in the service, for example ensuring the fulfilment of the vehicle revision calendar.
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) like the vehicle management and security tools implementing smart card and other types of ITS in their vehicle fleet and SAE system
increased the transport security and services productivity, using the alarm controls and the intelligent incidence management and real-time analysis tools.
-port service security, one of the key areas for a passenger transport company like ALSA
The security for the checkout process is very low regarding the identification of the consignee (person receiving the goods) of a cargo unit
Increased security due to the attribution of a pick up code for the delivery of transport goods
Security is guaranteed via SSL encryption of information and via a dedicated login and password for each user
technology, offering considerable advantages in terms of time, security, and operational efficiency. â€oee-billing†is a service allowing the customer to receive,
competitive threat for domestic UK firms such as N c. Cammack & Son, for whom 98%of
Security requirements include user identification and password The typical process is as follows: when a shipment is produced,
provided by the system about functional disabilities, safety/security issues and environmental information allows the company to draw important conclusions when
passenger comfort, security and environment and controlling the respect of the requirements and the activity of the operators
Comfort, security, safety and appearance are important aspects in the choice of means of transportation.
quality, security and environment Another important driving force to implement a solution was that the PTAS in Sweden
security, quality, and environment 5. 12.2 E-business activities The solution chosen by Värmlandstrafik had been developed initially by Nordic Port and
information about safety/security of transport such as bus, train and tram. The information is available for the PTA through a Web interface.
environmental impacts, in providing better security and comfort to transport passengers and in a better standard of the overall transport service
respect in terms of bus equipment, quality, security and traffic. The bus operator put the information about its vehicles and equipments into the system.
The solution allows to insure better follow up of vehicle quality and security and to provide a better service level to the passengers
skills in place, costly investments bear the risk of becoming ineffective IT practitioners. Interviewed SMES often lack a coherent ICT investment strategy or the
security and privacy, governance, radio spectrum and standards and called for an RFID Stakeholder Group to provide an open platform allowing a dialogue between
E-business W@tch Special Study on ICT Security, e-Invoicing and e-Payment Activities in European
security of European shipping, Directorate-General for Energy and Transport, B-1049 Brussels: http://ec. europa. eu/transport/maritime/doc/maritime transport policy en. pdf
http://technology. inc. com/security/articles/200609/tipsnetworksecurity. html Thompson, G. 2004. Interfirm Relations as Networks.
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