system,(1) high costs for users and operators compared with the perceived benefits,(2) risk of
•Patient safety (reduced risk of patient harm •Quality of care (effectiveness and efficiency of care service provision
patterns, identify at-risk patients, and review the performance of individual physicians Business intelligence and in particular Data mining are useful tools in the detection of
and the hospital faced significant risk with written off debt. The claims office were constantly fielding calls from consultants
â â Assurance that all hospital treatments, procedures medication, management plans investigations are fully available
and safety threats as the patient is far from healthcare providers, and it becomes simpler to collect, store, and search electronic
organizational structure, their low risk and receptivity are the essential features facilitating them to be innovative (Harrison and Watson 1998.
and risks associated with manual claims processing In Australia, for example, electronic claiming over the internet has been
risks of failure and poor returns. The ability to share information interoperability) is also entirely dependent on the adoption of
or sharing the financial risk, and providing much more robust evidence on the advantages of health ICT can
condition or risk, and facilitate communication between providers have been cited as providing substantial benefits in health outcomes (Bates et al.
risks of failure and poor returns. The ability to share information interoperability) is also entirely dependent on the adoption of
financial risk, the decision to finance and adopt ICT, including which of the available technologies to adopt and for
and the current risk-averse culture public and private payers cannot simply rely on physicians â€oewillingness to
some of the risks and potential savings with health care providers Table 2. 3. Payment schemes in primary and specialist care, 2008
2) clinical requirements (e g. reliability of patient records, and risk management 2. 5. Lack of commonly defined and consistently implemented
implementation guidance for their standards, there is no assurance that this information will be conveyed reliably across different vendor systems or
or sharing financial risk, can therefore be expected to speed up ICT adoption Not surprisingly, the range of financial incentives used in the various case
reimbursement or fees paid to the care provider is at risk 76 †CHAPTER 3. ALIGNING INCENTIVES WITH HEALTH SYSTEM PRIORITIES
stages carries a risk that EHR will not be adopted. The same MGMA study found that together with lack of capital resources, concern about loss of
share of the financial risk This level of government intervention also reflects the â€oepublic goodâ€
Partnerships lower the intervention costs (and risks) for any one health care organisation and increases the likelihood of effectiveness and
instruments available to governments, certification helps mitigate risks and increases the confidence of users that the purchased systems will indeed
incentives programmes and simultaneously reduce the risks facing health ICT purchasers, thus acting as a two-stroke catalyst to accelerate adoption
•Reducing the risk of data loss in physician offices caused by human, hardware or
the risk increases that stigmatising disclosures could affect areas such as employment status, access to health
approaches have risks and benefits The MAEHC decided to use a global opt-in approach for patient
The risk that large numbers of patients would refuse to opt in had been an issue in other countries (e g. the United
•Reduction in the risk of clinical errors through improved legibility and reduced double-entry of patient information
the risk of death and severe disability Determinants of success Government leadership and strong political commitment to widespread
run the risk of a loss A migration to an ASP was recommended, therefore Use of the WDH,
role as visionary risk-taking and demanding reference customers. By taking these roles, these organisations can stimulate innovation through
information symmetries and risk assessment tools and systems are examples of government initiatives that can stimulate private initiatives
as visionary risk-taking and demanding reference customers and stimulate innovation through innovative demand side measures, such as public
that reduces risks and improves innovation management skills •Complement procurement processes with funding support that accelerates the scaling and
potential risk (they are vulnerable to loss of staff and knowledge and quality is based often
Without change, Australia risks being competed out in the world market, resulting in fewer jobs and lower economic growth.
•Accept international standards and risk assessments for certain product approvals Proposal 1, page 31 •Enhance the 457 and investor visa programmes (Proposal 11, page 55 and Proposal
approved under a trusted international standard or risk assessment, Australian regulators should not impose any additional requirements
All Commonwealth Government regulatory standards and risk assessment processes will be reviewed against this principle TPO00007 An action plan for a stronger Australia
and move to a more-effective risk-based approach for compliance and monitoring •The Government will improve the Significant Investor visa programme,
and take their own risks The Government is also acting to better translate Australia†s good ideas into commercial success
and risk assessments. VR Space has signed recently a three year partnership agreement with Simtars, a
efficiently manages risk and channels savings to the highest return investments •Stable, broadly based and efficient taxes that raise revenue while minimising market
•Risk-based regulation making and enforcement systems that target market failures and support relevant social, environmental or economic protections at the lowest
To achieve this, we must also promote a culture of entrepreneurialism and responsible risk taking by business.
risk taking behaviour. This is why the Government is laying the groundwork for Australian businesses to embrace structural economic changes,
and risks and to decide whether, and in which areas, to invest their capital. Government subsidies and other policies that have distorted
industry, government assistance to these industries still risks †crowding out†other productive industries, as the exchange rate and other economic variables adjust.
best placed to assess commercial prospects and risks, to foresee and take advantage of changing market conditions,
society function and manage risks. At the same time, regulations impose costs and reduce the flexibility of businesses and individuals to adapt to changing economic conditions
to standards and risk assessments of some highly regarded regulators in other advanced economies not being recognised in Australia.
example is that the Australian industrial chemical risk assessment system makes insufficient use of assessments and determinations conducted by highly-regarded overseas regulatory
Regulators will adopt a risk based approach, for example, by focusing on businesses and activities that are higher-risk,
and lowering compliance costs for lower-risk businesses. We are also continuing the roll out of Standard Business Reporting,
to provide quicker and more accurate reporting across government agencies, and reduce the cost of regulatory reporting
Accept trusted international standards and risk assessments To reduce duplicative domestic regulation, the Government will adopt the principle that if
risk assessment, then Australian regulators should not impose any additional requirements unless there is a good and demonstrable reason to do so.
The Government will review all Commonwealth Government standards and risk assessment processes in each ministerial portfolio and objectively assess whether unique Australian
standards or risk assessments are needed •As a first step, the Government will enable Australian manufacturers of medical
international risk assessments materials from trusted overseas regulators. This will be part of broader reform to introduce a graduated, risk-based approach to the
regulation of industrial chemicals that will streamline (and, in the case of low-risk chemicals, remove the need for) the pre market assessment of chemicals already
authorised for use in comparable countries Portfolio Ministers will conduct consultations as part of existing deregulation commitments
take a risk-based approach, and are consistent and accountable The Framework will apply to Commonwealth regulators that administer, monitor or
As not all employers are able to cover risks themselves, an alternative may be to allow other private employers to access cover under the Commonwealth laws as
new risk based model with improved information and education services, better recognition and greater autonomy for highly compliant providers and a more
on low-risk activities. For example, from 1 july this year, ASQA has been automatically updating the scope of courses a registered training organisation (RTO) can offer when a
risk-factors to reward low-risk applicants and re-focus compliance and monitoring activities on high-risk applicants
reduce risk. Among other things, the Centres will encourage businesses in these industries to form commercial research and development partnerships with each other, and with the
of success and well understood risk How a growth Centre could assist the food industry
is a risk that the employee will forfeit the shares, in which case taxation is deferred
and assuming there is no risk of forfeiting the options, if the employees accept the options then they will have to pay tax on the free options in the income year they are provided
schemes where there is a risk of the employee forfeiting the shares or options, and schemes provided
risk of forfeiture or when any restrictions on the sale or exercise of the options are lifted (vesting
options necessarily being at risk of forfeiture Further, for options, the deferred taxing point at vesting will be
carry and spread risks themselves, they can find it more difficult to attract and retain
risk assessments The Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime minister will continue consultations with industry and Ministers on opportunities to
) Opportunity at risk: regaining our competitive edge in minerals resources. Sydney: Minerals Council of Australia National Science Board.
and the threat of climate change and the scarcity of natural resources are increasingly more noticeable. the balance between people requiring care
requires the ability to take risks, think innovatively, see possibilities, and do something with them by effectuating them into the marketplace. entrepreneurs also depend on
their report The british Chamber of commerce indicated that UK productivity is under threat because small and medium sized enterprises (SMES) are failing to exploit the benefits of
-ies to evaluate their cost-effectiveness, risk analysis, design and development, new policies and pro
W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) and threats (T). Such an ana
-tunities and Threats from its external environment. Only when these four critical information elements are elaborated well and known,
into internal issues (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats. Once this is completed,
be overcome or minimised to achieve desired results (weakness or threat When doing SWOT analysis,
-ing the Opportunities and Threats you face. Carrying out an analysis using the SWOT framework helps you to focus your activities into areas where you are strong and where the greatest opportunities
impact of the weaknesses and threats "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-2. 2. SWOT Analysis
Gathering information on Opportunities and Threats should focus on the external factors 3. Create a workshop environment
4. List Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats in the SWOT Matrix 5. Evaluate listed ideas against objectives
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats. The SWOT template below includes sample questions, whose answers are inserted into the relevant section of the SWOT
ï Own known vulnerabilities ï Timescales deadlines and pressures ï Cash flow, start-up cash-drain
ï Competitors'vulnerabilities ï Industry or lifestyle trends ï Technology development and innovation ï Global influences
Threats ï Political effects ï Legislative effects ï Environmental effects ï IT developments ï Competitor intentions-various
The gathering information on Opportunities and Threats should focus on the external factors Step 3: The manager of the health centre encouraged all the members of staff to freely express their
Threats ï Low income of users ï Bad roads ï Low salaries ï Lack of budget
ï the risks are tolerated easily because the chance to find a solution is bigger ï it is an inexhaustible source of stimulating the individual creative potential
ï How do we manage the threat of the loss of key people and their know-how
and personal risks taken to drive innovation in the or -ganization 4. 7. 5. Guidelines for installing a corporate innovation system
of risks (implicit, career-wise) am I taking if I dedicate my time to innovation
ï Risk and challenges in thinking about innovation http://www. innovation. cc/peer-reviewed/glor-ethics. pdf
projects based on the assessment of the potential gain in balance with the risks involved. The evalua
which they were willing to risk. However, it was decided to have a webpage with information
so that the risks are minimised and profits are maximised. This text is designed to help SMES managers to understand the NPD methods neces
To manage risk via a stage0gate method, the parallel activities in a certain stage must be designed to
business risks. Each stage costs more than the preceding one, so that the game plan is based on incremental commitments.
Programme risk issues Proposed NPD proc -ess deviations System architecture Degree of new inven -tion & technical devel
Programme risk issues NPD process deviati -ons Final Design Review issues and proposed resolution Customer satisfaction
Programme risk issues NPD process devia -tions "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-6. 1. New product development methods
This team needed a product development process that would help them manage critical risk without slowing them down.
and legal risk issues to be managed. The senior management gatekeeping team has welcomed already the consistency of business cases produced
ï Monitor the potential threat levels posed by competitive products to understand competitive strengths and weaknesses
Another risk, which is undertaken without regular updating is that the original patents and the technology they protect may become obsolete
risks involved, the complexity of the project and the time needed for development The nature of a project is extremely important in determining the kind of financing that is sought
bear fruit, the risk is with the investor as much as with the company and so is the loss.
Since innovation is considered a high-risk business by most banks, it is sometimes difficult to find a
-high economic risks Acs and Audretsch (1990), Baldwin and Gellatly (2004), Rammer et al. 2006 Shortage of and hindered access to
location as a potential threat to their job security leading to resentments, antagonism and even non-cooperation,
b) What are the advantages and possible risks of internationalization of innovation activities, particularly of R&d?
recommended public programmes and support for venture capital and other types of risk financing through, for example, tax incentives.
risk assessment, market study, user involvement, Intellectual Property (IP) management innovation strategy development, partner search, feasibility of concept and the like to
as access to the financial facilities supported under Access to Risk Finance of this work
the higher risks resulting from international opening of the schemes. Financial incentives, for example co-funding a limited number of initial transnational cooperation projects with
to Risk Finance Work Programme), and should help ensure greater access to risk finance by
firm entry involves considerable risk, with survival chances that are difficult to assess, institutions that make exit very
Access to risk capital is a major obstacle to SME expansion High administrative costs and uncertainties about
mutually agreeable to investors and SMES looking for risk Key policy recommendations â Increase the ability of women to participate in the labour force by ensuring the
on provision of risk finance Regulations and supervisor arrangements designed to safeguard the soundness of financial systems can affect the
provision of risk finance to SMES. Such regulations should be subject to cost-benefit assessments before they are
â Subject new regulations which could adversely affect the provision of risk finance to cost-benefit tests of their likely effect before implementation and monitor their
e g. sharing the cost and risk of pre-competitive research  OECD 2004 21 PROMOTING ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND INNOVATIVE SMES IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY
ways of spreading risk; lowering and sharing costs, including R&d costs; and in many cases
But globalisation can also pose challenges and threats which SMES, from a resource viewpoint, are less well
Challenges and threats may concern the following: standards and international compatibility issues; intellectual property protection;
political risks; corruption; and rule of law issues SMES€ participation in global markets lags behind that of larger firms
with less risk of overestimating policy impact. Furthermore a consistent high level of sophistication across programmes
hand there is the risk that this closeness may impair their â€oeindependence†and subject the evaluation to â€oecapture†or
However, there is a risk that the discussion may engage those responsible for the programme less when it is led by outsiders,
incurring the risk of underestimating their innovation effort. In fact, innovation often occurs without the performance of formal
There is the risk that technical staff will push too far ahead of customers and lead to a product failure.
R&d expenses over large sales volumes nor spread the risk of failure across multiple projects
and increases the risk of intellectual property loss Although only a small proportion of SMES engage in innovation activities,
there is less risk of a disconnect between levels due to bureaucracy, delays, and miscommunication 10 SMES also vary in how much they focus on learning (Salavou, 2005.
There is a paradox in customer closeness and a risk, however, in that firms that work closely with only a few customers begin to depend mainly on their own internal
This transfers the risk of equipment failure to the service provider and focuses on relationship-based services centered around the product and
as the service firm†s risk increases and higher levels of solution expertise must be available
and focuses heavily on managing risk, and keeping the process on budget and schedule Firms in the middle region of the figure offer discrete services usually on a fee-per-event basis
Another aspect of incentives is to encourage risk taking. An individual (or team) should not be
A culture of risk-taking is essential for a successful innovation process. Unlike products, many services are delivered by
and risk associated with each idea. In most situations, the business analysis should include at least three scenarios:
•Shift downtime risk from customer to service supplier •Transition from transactional to relational selling
managers take risk â€oei am encouraged to experiment; we take calculated risks; we encourage trial and errorâ€
Stimuli The degree to which it is understood that unrelated knowledge can impact product, service and operations
assurance of status parity can help to bridge the gap between departments, and unite them for a
risks and inhibits feedback and learning opportunities from the field. It is better to overstaff in
-house personnel than risk ineffective response (Gebauer et al. 2005). ) The firm also can start to
L'innovation dans l'assurance: le cas de l'UAP (Innovation in insurance: The case of UAP), for UAP and The french Ministery of Research-University of Lille
SMES have some advantages (flexibility) and disadvantages (unable to spread risk across projects, can't afford to fund log-term R&d.
R&d, as decisions must survive several organisational layers of resistance, where an aversion to risk
Germany have not been able to overcome the risks inherent in a high degree of specialisation, and
especially their vulnerability to market changes 45. Despite their specialisation, the German Mittelstand companies pursue a strategy that is not
larger share of the target market, risk diversification, or access to vital information about potential inputs or
professional risk evaluators for new technologies and new business; and rapid access to secondary markets
Financial institutions, as well as government bodies, have difficulty assessing the risk-profit trade offs of innovative ventures.
technological feasibility, commercial risk, and managerial capacity of an SME and its proposed innovative project.
rating that would help reduce the uncertainty that limits private sector investments in high risk innovation
-term investments that tolerate fluctuation and short-term risks, while shareholders advocate an avoidance of any risk.
This is particularly problematic, because investments in innovation and new projects involve higher short term risks. Fourthly, managers meet competitive threats by
increasing their cost-cutting investments to rationalize on the firm†s resources and by pushing for innovation in management and operational aspects.
The shareholders tend to think mostly of selling the firm to get the best possible return on invested capital, especially upon the
innovation generally involves more risk (Green et al. 1995, Rice et al. 2001, O†Conner and 41
Creation of new knowledge in a firm involves risks (Teece and Pisano 1994, Howells and Michie 1997, Lei 1997),
such as those present in high-tech or dynamic environments, by taking risks, innovating, and exhibiting proactive behaviors,
threat to reliability is finding new literature that contradicts the existing findings The argumentation and
The only threat to reliability is finding new literature that contradicts the existing findings Same as in (d
Any threat to reliability in papers 1, 2, 4, 5, and 6 would come from the
However, there are risks and limitations of instability imbedded in the model, when input information is not intense enough.
identify bankruptcy risk of corporations. Journal of Banking and Finance 1 (1), 29†54 Altman, E. I.,Marco, G. and Varetto, F. 1994.
Entrepreneurs take risks and new technologies appear, leading to the creation of new enterprises. On the contrary, during the maturity phase--for example, the steel and
enhance the chances of policy success by eliminating the risks and costs of trial and error To take forward the programme†s key strategic task of sharing policy know-how, the new programme
SMES and Risk Sharing Finance Facility, RSFF 2. Those aimed at building greater European coherence amongst research projects in specific
innovation involved excessive economic risks •A 2009 Canadian survey37 found that 57%of world-first innovators judged a lack of skilled
Indeed, the vast majority of SMES do not take the risk to carry out in-house research as the process of
initiative, the Capital Investment and Risk management company of Andalusia INVERCARIA which is the first venture capital company at regional level
•Industrial leadership with initiatives like the KETS (Key enabling Technologies), access to risk finance, †SME instrument†(â 17 billion
•The second sub-programme is related to risk finance (â 2. 8 billion. It will consist in loans
and the relative risks for policy. It thus focuses on helping entrepreneurs identify their knowledge-based strengths at the regional level and in a more exploratory
Risks of policy induced specialisation While the central tenet of the concept of smart specialisation was accepted quickly by the EU policy
At the same time, the crisis has exposed also the vulnerability of global value chains to demand and supply shocks and has forced also OECD governments to look more closely at where economic value is
allocating resources in an environment of structural change and uncertainty, risk, and information asymmetries •Activities, not sectors per se are the level for setting priority setting for knowledge
over two decades stemming from a regional strategy based on risk sharing funding of original equipment manufacturer
but also bottlenecks and threats to push these opportunities further Source: OECD-TIP case-studies on smart specialisation
In Australia, future bottlenecks/threats of the Australian grains industry are detected by direct consultations among grain growers,
This balance not only relates to risk; GRDC also strives to balance its research portfolio in terms of short
There are a number of bottlenecks/threats that could affect the future of the Australian grains industry
threat is that spill overs will be limited Rather narrow (public knowledge base in Flanders (e g. process technology Connectivity
Bottlenecks and threats for the ecosystem that may hamper the entrepreneurial process include the following:
and ii) The high risk of lock ins due to the inertia of the chemical sectors innovation system
Nonetheless, there are bottlenecks and threats that can hamper entrepreneurial discovery in the ecosystem, especially in an increasingly competitive global market.
•Flexible production with competitive costs and risk sharing value chain •Sophisticated demand structure
Threats •Second hand vehicle imports from the EU •Uncertainties in studies conducted in energy efficiency and environment legislation
Bottlenecks and threats Regional innovation and specialisation strategies need to be reviewed regularly to ensure they
goals and desired outcomes for the region represents a serious threat. One of the key strengths of
demonstrating value and alleviating concerns about the risk of interaction  OECD 2013 99 •Buy in from industry:
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery The advantage of Lower Austria in terms of RTDI is definitely the fact that it does not have to offer
and any risk of trying to excel at everything •Impact of data and diagnostic tools:
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Future threats for the innovation ecosystem in Upper Austria that may hamper entrepreneurial
discovery are the lack of ongoing and systematic evaluations and assessing the effectiveness of strategy
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery The development and performance of the Estonian innovation system has been remarkable over the
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Low R&d levels in all sectors remain a key bottleneck for the region.
channels with risk-taking capabilities exist. The overall innovation service network and innovation infrastructure remain obscure.
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery The capital region hosts many internationally renowned universities as well as research institutes
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Many specific recommendations have been formulated during the work on RIS 2013-2020
Additionally, external threats detected in the Basque Country†s innovation system with a significance for the future are likely to include:
i) Risk of loss of international market position of some Basque sectors ii) Risk of non-differentiation in the new scientific and technological niches;
and iii) Risk that the continuity of the economic crisis may pose to the economic sustainability of the Basque Innovation
System Lessons learned and conclusions for political action During the last decade the government of the Basque Country (Euskadi) has learned the importance of
•There is a widespread understanding amongst policy makers of the bottlenecks and risks of top -down government induced specialisation
process of assessing cluster potential to reduce risks in policy implementation and in the practice of smart
there is an important risk of government failure: hence it is crucial that smart specialisation strategies develop into outcome-oriented policies and that, accordingly,
•What upcoming threats and challenges do you see for the regional key economic sectors (and the
what co-funding/risk-sharing scheme will be in place on the regional level? Which department (s is/are in charge of innovation policies and budgets
and threats for the development of a shared vision INNOVATION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN REGIONS: THE ROLE OF SMART SPECIALISATION
Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats Triple Helix Model of Innovation: Academia, government, and industry constitute the three helices
Risks of policy induced specialisation The global economic context for smart specialisation Key policy findings
Bottlenecks and threats Lessons learned and conclusions for policy Lower Austria: Regional policy mixes for smart specialisation †how to develop sustainable industry science interactions in a region without explicit lead sectors
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Lessons learned and conclusions for policy
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Lessons learned and conclusions for policy
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Lessons learned and conclusions for policy
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Lessons earned and conclusions for policy
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Lessons learned and conclusions for policy
Bottlenecks and threats for the innovation ecosystem that hamper entrepreneurial discovery Lessons learned and conclusions for policy
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