Synopsis: Entrepreneurship:

3. Promoting mobility and supporting new services...10 4. Harnessing the potential for health care...11

1. Public sector digital services for citizens and companies...19 2. Government IT: protecting its autonomy

3. Ensuring secure government communication...20 IV. Shaping digital environments in society...22 1. Engaging in greater dialogue with social groups...

23 2. Strengthening digital media skills for all generations...23 3. Making digital participation a reality...

4. Shaping digital environments: supporting family life and equal opportunities...24 5. Fostering digital engagement...24

Building security, protection and trust within society and the economy...30 1. Greater online protection for citizens and companies...

opportunities that digitisation presents to strengthen Germany†s role as an innovative and highly productive

economy within the European union and across the globe We advocate the continuing development of the global

and industry of our citizens and our enterprises. We must ensure that these strengths are maintained in an

enhance these with intelligent services to ensure sus -tainable growth and a consistently high level of employ

our economy and society. Increasing public confidence therefore involves securing communication via digital networks, protecting access,

and promoting the use of simple encryption methods. However, it will also be necessary to protect our critical infrastructures.

information, purchase products and services on the Inter -net or do training courses online. Our home, learning and

enterprises must be able to access the Internet via fixed and mobile networks. In addition, more powerful networks are

required to cope with increasing communication between computers and an increasingly automated exchange of data To fully exploit this potential,

Internet services The digital transformation has become a central challenge for industry, science, society and policymakers.

Digitisation offers tremendous opportunities and potential for synergies to develop. Policymakers therefore must actively support this structural change

competition between companies, further reducing barriers to market entry, and, above all, countering abuses of domi

-ness and investment. ICT drives innovation, increases productivity and contributes to safeguarding sustainable growth, prosperity and employment

euros of economic value added, and therefore contributes more to the economy than the traditional industries such

as mechanical engineering or automotive. The sales figures also speak for themselves, with this industry generating turnover of some 228 billion euros globally.

further exploit the opportunities presented in the areas of Industry 4. 0, 3d, smart services, big data and cloud com

-puting. Innovations and new business models are emerging in the fields of industry, agriculture, energy, health, traffic

and education in particular However, the Internet does more than merely drive growth and innovation. It also facilitates participation in societal

espionage is ever present †not only for our economy and citizens but also for the state.

solutions that do not diminish the opportunities presented to all of us by digitisation If, as recent surveys indicate,

but also to the business models on which the network economy is based. The use of encryption and other security

mechanisms is necessary to ensuring Internet safety. Com -panies must also bear a large degree of responsibility in this

the use of secure information and communications tech -nologies. Where necessary, we will also offer our citizens

services that enable safe use of the Internet. Nevertheless, it is the common duty of industry, science and policymakers

developing new business models and bringing these to market. Individuals play their part by using digital offer

-ings and services both at work and as part of their daily lives. Digitisation also gives everyone an opportunity to

become part of the digital space. By contributing content making information available or developing software individuals play an active part in the digital world.

huge opportunities presented by the Internet and digitisa -tion, in particular the new forms of communication and

access to information they enable, are exploited fully for the purposes of learning and research The State is also a major player in the digital space.

and creating demand for modern IT solutions, making use of the latest digital administration services and insisting

on innovative IT SECURITY and data protection, we want to act as a beacon for digitisation in Germany. Through open

and promote new digital services. We will work with our partners in industry and science to ensure early identifi

market penetration and use of digital services. Demand for rapid Internet access is rising sharply: this is as a result of

increasing volumes of video communication and transfer simultaneous use of digital devices in the home, digital

learning and other applications, greater use of networking in the home to optimise energy costs, for example, or for

-gent mobile services are helping to expedite penetration rates. Government support is directed towards those areas

communication between cars and between cars and other devices will be enhanced †thus enabling warnings to be

consider whether private capital can be used to expand the passive broadband infrastructure, for example, the civil

that supports investment and innovation, creates legal and planning certainty for all stakeholders and also gives due

regard to expanding networks in rural areas. During the course of negotiations on enhancing the European legal

planning certainty required for investment The â€oenetwork Alliance for a Digital Germany†(Netzallianz Digitales Deutschland) is established a forum by the govern

market investments. It acts both as a forum for new ideas and as a discussion platform.

The range of digital services available can help redress the technological shortcomings of rural areas in particular

-vide services to a small number of households. Measures to preserve these regions†attractions while providing access

-tion of radio frequencies to mobile communications in the 700 MHZ range †a frequency range that enables wireless

we are further incentivising investment in the expansion of the broadband network 3. Promoting mobility and supporting

new services Frequency resources are an essential prerequisite for mobility. For planning purposes, all stakeholders need

to know in advance which frequencies are available for which requirements. These frequencies will be coordinated together with neighbouring countries.

the future broadband communication of the security agen -cies and the Federal Armed forces in the 700 MHZ range

innovation competition â€oeeuropean Satellite Navigation Competition†(ESNC We will continue to expand the multilevel geodata infra

products and smart services. Meanwhile, business pro -cesses, which are being influenced by mobile Internet use

for new business models. These changes are having a mas -sive impact at the very heart of our economy.

Networked production or â€oeindustry 4. 0â€oe has the potential to recast value added chains and dramatically influence the business

and set the benchmark for key digital applications to make Germany not only the leading provider in the area of smart

medium-sized enterprises (SMES) in particular to improve their capacity for innovation, both in relation to new goods

and services and the optimisation of business processes, by implementing and developing new digital technologies.

-tion-friendly business environment. This support includes a modern regulatory framework for ensuring freedom transparency, data protection and security and also for

preserving competition in the digital world We intend to monitor more closely the effects of digital

forward-looking projects Industry 4. 0 and smart services outlined in the High-tech Strategy for Germany.

stakeholders in government, industry and science while engaging with existing committees and platforms. Existing communication barriers between the individual stakehold

-ers are being removed Other measures are zz the establishment and expansion of research and tech

zz the initiation of new business models and innovative services by fostering the development and distribution

of big data and cloud applications that offer greater security and data privacy zz reinforcing security and confidence in relation to the

use of digital services, including measures to strengthen the German digital security sector zz assisting small and medium-sized IT enterprises with

their internationalisation efforts and facilitating their access to growth capital zz the promotion of norms and standards to ensure the

smart services to the SME and skilled craft sector and also supporting user friendly applications and services

usability 14 I I. THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND DIGITAL WORKPLACE zz supporting smart home applications zz facilitating ICT-based support for (electro-)mobility

creative industries, opening up sizeable opportunities for new customer groups zz promoting sustainability and climate protection

create additional opportunities for growth and efficiency through ICT in the education, energy, health, transport and

economy and provide stimulus for social progress 2. Supporting the young digital economy By bringing together established businesses and young

innovative enterprises under a future-oriented innovation and growth policy, Germany now has the opportunity to

join the ranks of the leading global digital economies and increase the number of annual business start-ups from

zz fostering entrepreneurship in Germany by continuing to develop the range of information and advisory

services available to people starting new businesses with a particular focus on IT start-ups zz improving the financing conditions for start-ups by

creating an internationally competitive environment for venture capital and crowdfunding zz helping to â€oematch†established businesses with start-ups

zz supporting female entrepreneurs with specific measures zz linking German start-ups with other international start-up hubs

We are strengthening innovation and competition by con -tinuing to develop a sustainable regulatory framework

-ment of new and innovative services that can cater for new business segments. However, this must not occur at

regulatory and competition authorities will continue to monitor market activities and put a stop to unauthorised

all stakeholders †from the spheres of industry, science civil society and politics 15i I. THE DIGITAL ECONOMY AND DIGITAL WORKPLACE

by their customers. We will be drafting appropriate legis -lation in this area shortly We will ensure that innovation

and competition can develop unhindered by any abusive activities carried out by domi -nant Internet corporations.

global data economy. In particular, we are evaluating ways of preventing market-dominant platform operators from

Internet enterprises based outside the EU (marketplace principle We want to adapt the legal framework for protecting intel

see to it that service providers whose business models are essentially based on infringement of copyright can no longer hide behind the liability privilege as hosting provider.

areas of activity and job opportunities. It offers employees more flexible and family-friendly ways of working.

-prehensive evaluation of the opportunities and challenges presented by the digital working world and to take action

digital working, within a healthy and secure environment that enhances employability The skillsets of employees and job seekers will need to

economy and social system. By 2030, Germany†s economi -cally active population threatens to decline by several

These are affecting small and medium-sized enterprises in particular We want to take advantage of the opportunities afforded

by digitally supported, working models based on flexible working hours and locations to help people reconcile

development of demand for labour in the digital working world and the possible consequences of this for the social

range of support services to facilitate the integration of young people into the workforce, to further promote and

-ing environment in Germany to attract IT professionals from abroad. Implementation of the Assessment and Recognition

cost-effective communication infrastructure is as impor -tant in this context as standards for ensuring data protec

The State is only one of several stakeholders in this area Industry is required also to make its contribution towards

citizens to be able to avail of digital services from public authorities as easily and efficiently as they would from pri

procurer of IT services, we will play a role in promoting innovation and security in IT.

1. Public sector digital services for citizens and companies In order to offer attractive, user friendly and secure digital services, the Federal government will apply the following

principles to its actions zz Further modernisation of public administration can only succeed if we implement measures in a coordi

e-government services zz Citizens must be able to rely on straightforward, secure communication with public administration.

We are therefore setting up citizen accounts in conjunction with the Länder: these accounts will also allow secure

possible number of administration services at local authority, Länder and government level zz The provision of electronic services for public adminis

-tration requires efficient interfaces between public administration, citizens and companies. We are further developing existing, cross-level solutions, such as the

administration services available online zz It should be possible to contact public authorities via a

-ther expansion of electronic services. We are therefore reviewing all administrative formalities and dispensing with these where possible

zz Basic services for Federal government departments must only be developed once and in a single location

and developing these services within the framework of the programme â€oesharing Government IT€ (Gemeinsame IT des Bundes) and making them avail

-nies and boosting competition in the IT sector zz We are supporting uniform standards and championing

opportunity 3. Ensuring secure government communication We will maintain and further improve the trustworthiness of the German government†s communication systems

zz We use our own dedicated networks to the greatest extent possible, using trusted components,

-mental communication infrastructure offering high -level security. The three cross-departmental or Federal and Länder networks (IVBB & IVBV/BVN and DOI) are

Shaping digital environments in society IV. Shaping digital environments in society 23iv. SHAPING DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTS IN SOCIETY

Our daily lives are in a constant state of flux. Skills that we have acquired in the past,

such as particular ways of communicating with each other, operating machinery and devices or sourcing information, are becoming less impor

opportunities offered by these changes We will therefore engage in debate with the greatest possi

with the digital daily environment. Many of our citizens are involved already in nonprofit making activities for the

offers new opportunities in this area. The Federal Govern -ment will support new ways of allowing citizens to become

media environments and by developing and imple -menting a coherent and up-to-date policy on protecting

interesting, age-appropriate digital services for children zz Among older social groups, many people remain scep

services play an important role in this regard by fostering enhanced dialogue in the democratic environment, while

also providing to information that was often previously difficult to access zz We are improving our citizens†opportunities to partici

-pate online. For this purpose, we are supporting public participation platforms based on real-life models and

opportunities to participate and become empowered at local authority level, in industry associations, in volun -tary and youth work, for men and women, people with

SHAPING DIGITAL ENVIRONMENTS IN SOCIETY zz To become empowered and participate in processes citizens require equal access to information and services

We therefore demand accessibility in digital media. In addition, we are reviewing the relevant standards in the

4. Shaping digital environments: supporting family life and equal opportunities Digitisation is already helping us to achieve a more flexible

therefore assessing how family support services contracted on the Internet can be targeted better towards helping parents reconcile family and working

and secure family support digital services can be enabled As part of this examination, we need to establish the

help build more trust in the online environment zz Everyday family life is also facing new opportunities

and challenges as a result of the digital transformation The digital transformation is affecting everything from questions concerning responsibility for education to

positive family environment in the digital age while encouraging them to be critical and sovereign consumers

zz The flexibility of digital environments also offers huge potential in the area of equal opportunities policy.

offers, for example, opportunities for better reconciling family and working lives on a partnership basis, new

forms of political participation and fresh opportunities for men and women to enter atypical gender areas of

-zens can availing of tremendous opportunities in the above areas for learning, further training, continuing education

also opens up new potential applications, business models and means of dissemination. In order to exploit the new

opportunities for development and participation created by digitisation, the government, business sector and society must make concerted efforts to invest sustainably in educa

-bases, repositories and virtual research environments and to support this networking by means of strategic

Länder and other stakeholders in the education sector to support greater use of digital media in education and

the Länder and all education stakeholders, the Federal Government will develop a digital learning strategy that

media opportunities to deliver high-quality education 28 V. EDUCATION SCIENCE, RESEARCH, CULTURE AND MEDIA zz To be prepared for the main challenges posed by digiti

forum Digitalisierung) identifies opportunities for digi -tisation in universities and drafts recommendations for action 4. Exploiting digitisation†s potential for

the opportunities for shaping and expressing opinions on the other. The online provision of digital content and

data offers great opportunities for our knowledge society but also presents us with new challenges for preserving this

telecommunications law and competition law zz We are also advocating a review of the Audiovisual

Media Services Directive PERSONALFÃOEHRUNG30 VI. Building security, protection and trust within society and the economy

VI. Building security, protection and trust within society and the economy 31vi. BUILDING SECURITY, PROTECTION AND TRUST WITHIN SOCIETY AND THE ECONOMY

The Federal government has set itself the task of ensuring that the network is secure in order to reap the full benefits

of digitisation for German society and its economy. People will not trust new digital services and offerings unless their

data is protected and they can operate with maximum security on the Internet. Consumers will not trust online

shops, email services and social networks unless their data is secure and not misused. Companies will not trust new

business models unless they can be sure that the hardware and software used guarantees the confidentiality of their

trade secrets and the integrity and availability of their IT systems. System security and data protection are the key

communication on the Internet. We are creating the conditions to ensure that every individual is in a position

-ware products and services that users can deploy to increase their online security zz We are providing secure infrastructures so that users

encryption of private communication must be adopted as standard across the board. We are expanding the use of security technologies such as De-Mail

zz We promote business models that use anonymisation and pseudonymisation measures. We help companies improve their IT SECURITY.

enterprises (SMES), in particular, often do not have the necessary resources. The complementary initiatives â€oeit security in business†(IT Sicherheit in der Wirtschaft) and

opportunities offered by digitisation for our society and economy zz We will modernise and harmonise European data pro

-tection law in the digital internal market in order to strengthen the rights of citizens in the networked world

confidence in digital products and services. We support the establishment of an Internet arbitration board

and services at an early stage, we are setting up a market watchdog to monitor the digital world (Digitale Welt

are essential to maintain trust in digital services and products. We are therefore supporting and demanding

trust services for electronic transactions in the internal market. The improved provision of resources is also part

the economy in the digital age. This requires a strategic realignment of the cyber security architecture and better

communication and the communication behaviour of terrorists and extremists PERSONALFÃOEHRUNG34 VII. European and international dimensions

-pation, innovation and as an engine for economic growth and work. Rules and conditions for the global network can

Multi-stakeholder processes, in which stakeholders from industry and busi -ness, science, government and civil society work together

transparently within the framework of their respective responsibilities, are particularly important in this regard We are also broadening our strategic bilateral and multi

-stakeholder focus We are opposed to a †cyber arms race†but instead favour a peaceful alignment of international cyber security policy

all stakeholders (multi-stakeholder approach 36 VII. EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF THE DIGITAL AGENDA

with German stakeholders We also support the development of the Sao Paolo Process for creating universal Internet principles.

opportunities for democratic participation in the global communications network. The right to privacy, freedom of information and free speech must also be enforced in the

1. Public sector digital services for 2. Government IT: protecting its auton 3. Ensuring secure government communica

Shaping digital environments in so 1. Engaging in greater dialogue with s 2. Strengthening digital media skills

4. Shaping digital environments: suppo 5. Fostering digital engagement V. Education science, research, cult 1. Accelerating the digital transforma

Management Services; Summer 2014; 58,2; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 13 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner.

tã lã communications (UIT Bureau de zone Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e à tage Boulevard du 20 mai

tã lã communications (UIT Bureau de zone 19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayã§al, 4e à tage

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment February 2014 This report was developed and published by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),

out of the youth employment and entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation. The partnership seeks to advance youth employability, entrepreneurship, and social inclusion

by addressing challenges surrounding integrating young people into the employment market, highlighting innovative approaches and uses of ICTS,

3 Please consider the environment before printing this report ¤ITU 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, by any means whatsoever, without the

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iii Lead authors Chris Coward is the cofounder, Principal Research Scientist,

research programs that improve policy and practice in the area of information and communication technologies (ICTS) and international development.

education, information and communication technologies, knowledge sharing, health, and natural resource management. Silvia spent 14 years at Canada†s International Development Research Centre

Heidi has a Master of arts in Communication, Culture, and Technology from Georgetown University Nathalia Rodriguez Vega is an economic analyst with experience performing macroeconomic and market

analysis. She worked for Citigroup analysing economic trends and providing investment recommendations on Latin America†s financial assets.

economy. Nathalia holds a Master of science In public Policy and Management and a Bachelor of arts in Economics The authors wish to thank Susan Schorr, Head, ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau Special

Initiatives Division, for her advice, direction and contributions during the preparation of the report Digital opportunities:

Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment iv Foreword Today†s youth face enormous challenges finding a job

why it†s imperative that we take concrete steps to ensure youth have meaningful work opportunities and

entrepreneurship opportunities. The ongoing information technology revolution is transforming established sectors from agriculture to health and creating new ones from microwork to apps

the most basic to very advanced, offering opportunities for people of varying abilities The information technology revolution is also fuelling new business creation.

entrepreneurship can be a viable career option, many governments are enacting policies aimed at encouraging more graduates to become job creators, not job seekers

Entrepreneurship initiative between ITU and Telecentre. org Foundation. As Director of the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (BDT),

Youth have advantages in this new environment which provides access to a myriad of learning systems

job matching services, entrepreneurship courses, contests, and even start-up funding. The private sector is behind many of these resources, with government and nonprofit organizations playing important roles

new Youth employment and Entrepreneurship Resources Database at www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth What will be required to connect more youth to this new world of opportunities?

Part of the answer lies in building awareness and an appreciation of the forces and innovations that are constantly shaping and

reshaping pathways for employment and entrepreneurship. It is a dynamic environment where governments and other stakeholders need to be more adept at developing

and launching initiatives in real time. This is a challenging task, yet it is something that can,

and must, be done. Successes can be found in every corner of the world, making it imperative that we act quickly to improve the workforce prospects of

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment v Table of contents Page 1 Introduction...1 1. 1 Organization of report...

3. 3 Offshore services...15 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities †Emerging sectors...17

4. 1 Online job services and job matching...18 4. 2 Microwork and crowdsourcing...18

4. 3 Apps development...21 4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries...22 4. 3. 2 Tech hubs for app development...

23 4. 4 Accessibility...24 4. 5 Gaming...25 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly...

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment vi Page 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support...35

6. 1 Entrepreneurship skills...36 6. 2 Mentoring and networking...38 6. 3 Crowdfunding, contests,

and other sources of capital...39 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes...41 6. 5 Mobile resources...

41 6. 6 Comprehensive programmes...42 7 Getting there †becoming ICT-savvy...42 7. 1 New learning models...

8. 5 Policies to support youth entrepreneurship...61 9 Conclusion...62 References...64 Glossary...69

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 1 1 Introduction Youth make up 17 per cent of the world†s population and 40 per cent of the world†s unemployed

unemployment not only hampers economic growth, for youth it can be a debilitating experience that affects their desire

and provide them with better opportunities for employment Against this backdrop, ongoing advances in information and communication technologies (ICTS) are

transforming old sectors and creating new ones. No sector has been untouched, from farming to manufacturing to service industries.

an even wider range of opportunities brought about by the growth of the â€oeapp economy, †mobile phones

For today†s youth this signals an opportunity, if the right steps are taken. Youth with access to technology

needs to be done to realize these opportunities. Youth in developing countries lag their developed world

Against this gloomy picture there is an explosion of new learning opportunities that employ novel (and

and entrepreneurship skills and seize new ICT-enabled career prospects? is there need for action when the market is creating new opportunities for people with ICT

skills, and people can go online and learn these skills? Unquestionably yes. Many opportunities are still

largely untapped, and policies and programmes are aligned not to take advantage of the possibilities. The nonstop proliferation of new applications and services makes concerted efforts to prepare youth with the

appropriate skills all the more challenging. Accordingly, the primary aim of this report is to spotlight emerging trends, focusing on new work opportunities, new skills,

and new ways of acquiring these skills The hope is that readers will gain a better understanding of a range of new and innovative ways that

services, employability programs, contests and other programs for entrepreneurs, online learning platforms, and other useful resources.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 2 adequately represent all of these in a report of reasonable length.

employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. The database is available at: www. itu. int/ITU-D/youth

generating new opportunities, services, and products. It is possible to pilot a new curriculum, for instance, without having to create one.

and identifying and incorporating emerging opportunities. Institutional nimbleness is a key attribute of successful initiatives,

and offshore services †to demonstrate how ICTS have transformed and created new job opportunities in

both traditional and new industries The primary focus of the report follows, covering new employment sectors, new skills,

and discusses a range of emerging work opportunities, from microwork to app development, that are a direct result of advances in ICTS and global internet diffusion.

of the new opportunities, with Chapter 5 looking at employability skills and Chapter 6 focusing on

entrepreneurship skills as well as programs that foster entrepreneurship. Chapter 7 examines the diverse ways in which youth can become equipped with ICT and entrepreneurial skills, again with a greater focus

and entrepreneurship. Chapter 9 offers some concluding thoughts 1. 2 Notes and limitations Each one of these chapters could occupy many books,

One of these is a working definition of employment and entrepreneurship. For purposes of this report a

this categorization, entrepreneurship is a form and subset of self employment. Self employment, though can be a double-edged sword. â€oemany businesses in developing countries are started not to exploit

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 3 business opportunities but because the owners cannot find satisfactory jobs. †2 In fact, â€oemost micro-and

small enterprises in developing countries are just forms of survivorship, with limited chances to grow. †3

This definition is intended not to diminish the importance of self employment. It is crucial for job creation

Entrepreneurship, on the other hand, adopts Schumpeter†s idea of an entrepreneur as one who is dynamic and willing to take risks to exploit existing business opportunities

and create new ones. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor4†the largest ongoing global study of entrepreneurial dynamics in the

world†measures the multiple phases of entrepreneurship. The phases start out with potential entrepreneurs†those that see opportunities in their area

and believe they have the capabilities to start businesses†and moves through nascent and new entrepreneurs.

Other definitions include the extent to which individuals would not be deterred by fear of failure in pursuing opportunities.

In addition, the broader society can influence the spread of entrepreneurship through perceptions about this activity as a

career choice, the status of entrepreneurs in society and positive representation of entrepreneurs in the

media. 5 This report focuses on the early stages of entrepreneurship 2 Youth and unemployment

problem is immense, holding back economic growth while stifling the aspirations of people recently entering the workforce and at the beginnings of their careers.

Opportunity Entrepreneurs in the Informal Sector, †2009 http://works. bepress. com/mohammad amin/15 3 World bank, World Development Report 2013:

4 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, â€oegem 2011 Global Report, †(Babson Park, Mass: Babson College, 2011

dynamics in the world, measures multiple phases on entrepreneurship, sponsored by Babson College (USA Universidad del Desarrollo (Chile) and Universiti Tun Abdul Razak (Malaysia.

of entrepreneurship occurring in a wide basket of countries. It measures entrepreneurship through both surveys and

interviews to field experts, conducted by the teams of each country 5 World bank. World Development Report 2013:

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 4 Underemployed youth is triple the unemployment rate. 9 These are predominantly youth who work in

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 5 Figure 2: Unemployment rates by age range Source:

In addition to the protracted economic crisis from which many countries are still trying to recover, a troubling trend has emerged that experts call the skills mismatch.

in some developing economies, meaning they are unemployed, in irregular employment †most likely in the informal sector,

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 6 Figure 3: Youth unemployment rates, by region Source:

Developed Economies & EU 13.5 12.5 13.3 17.3 18.1 18.0 18.0 17.7 17.2 16.5 16.0

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 7 Youth not engaged in employment, education, or training (NEET) is one of the main challenges

policymakers in developed economies face. In Japan and the United states, NEET rates were 9. 7 and 15.6

new opportunities. As a consequence, NEET youth are entering adulthood already in a marginalized position

economic crisis started. 26 2. 4 Regional trends: Developing countries The labour market in the developing world is highly diverse

21 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods,(Baltimore International Youth Foundation, 2012), 8, hwww. microsoft. com/en-us/news/presskits/citizenship/docs

23 Clive R. Belfield, Henry M. Levin, Rachel Rosen, â€oethe Economic value of Opportunity Youth, †(Washington, D c

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 8 2. 4. 1 Latin america and the Caribbean

wherein there is stronger demand for workers with a college education than those with secondary education

32 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 6 33 UNESCO Santiago, Education, Youth,

34 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 2 35 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †18

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 9 Youth face an underdeveloped private sector and a growing informal sector.

represents an opportunity for economic growth, the private sector has created not the number of jobs needed in the region to meet this demand.

As a result, young people with a university degree are more likely to be unemployed than their less-educated peers,

and math. 47 This mismatch is demonstrated in surveys indicating high rates of employer dissatisfaction with the availability of skilled workers, 40 per

40 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 3 41 World bank.

42 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 5 43 Internation Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action:

Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods, 5 44 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †17

47 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelhoods, 5 Digital opportunities:

Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 10 cent in one 2008 survey. 48 Educational achievement as measured by the Programme for International

51 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelhoods, 10 52 Ibid, 11

/55 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelhoods, 12 56 International labour organization,"Global Employment Trends for Youth 2013, †20

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 11 Africa has the highest rate of working poor,

2015, highlighting the need for new opportunities beyond the traditional sectors Figure 5: Informal sector employment shares, by region (2009

The demand for them cuts across sectors†from agriculture and construction to education and service industries. 61

Developed Economies & EU Central & Southeastern Europe (non-EU) & CIS East asia Southeast asia & the Pacific

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 12 This chapter explores how ICTS are transforming three sectors:

agriculture, health and offshore services These sectors were chosen to illustrate the range of changes brought about by ICTS, from agriculture, a

services, a sector whose very existence was made possible by ICTS. As will be shown, ICT-related applications and innovations are generating oftentimes profound gains in efficiency and effectiveness, as

well as ushering in entirely new opportunities ICT-led transformations of all workforce sectors should improve the employment and entrepreneurial

opportunities in the offshore services sector where the majority of employees are youth 3. 1 Agriculture

opportunities for ICT-related job creation. Upgrading workforce skills is becoming a key factor in the

enforcement of strict public and private industry standards and the growing competition among developing country suppliers, highlight the need for strategic investments in workforce development. 63

Timely access to information and communication allows farmers to cope with and even benefit from challenges like a growing population, constant price changes, climate change,

or the integration of food markets. ICTS have found a foothold even in poor smallholder farms and in their activities. 64

there are growing opportunities to use ICTS to monitor them track the interventions of numerous stakeholders in multiple processes,

and evaluate system performance more effectively. 66 The Community Knowledge Worker (CKW) programme is an initiative of The Grameen

technology to deliver agricultural information and services to smallholder farmers. Services include agricultural tips and advice, weather forecasts, a market platform, and supplier

directory, among others. The Grameen Foundation works with local agricultural research organizations and other experts to curate content

and administer the services. Currently there are 98 CKWS operating in Eastern Uganda, with expansion plans underway for the coming

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 13 3. 2 Health Healthcare is a global multi-trillion dollar industry that is undergoing massive changes as a result of ICT

Unequal access to affordable and high-quality health services continues to be a critical challenge in many low and middle income countries. â€oeinefficient allocation of scarce resources and lack of

coordination among key stakeholders have made duplication of efforts, overlapping responsibilities, and resource wastage common and troublesome problems. †67 As a result, policymakers are looking for

2. Facilitate patient communications: Technology is used to ease the flow of information between health workers and patients outside regular office visits

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 14 Figure 6: Technology-enabled programmes, by purpose

or both. 69 Text messaging services do not appear to be used widely. Programme implementers seem to prefer voice messages over text messages, especially if

communications Improve diagnosis and treatment Improve data management Streamline financial transactions Mitigate fraud and abuse

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 15 THE WHO study also reveals many programmes that face important barriers. 71 Problems with end-user

Ministry of Health and Social welfare, IBM, Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV), The swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), Vodacom and Vodafone.

3. 3 Offshore services Over the past two decades the offshore services industry has turned into one of the most dynamic

sectors, employing directly about 4. 1 million people around the world. The ICT revolution allowed the

separation of production and consumption of services and the possibility for emerging economies to contribute for the first time to the world†s services industry,

changing the way companies do business Skill-intensive activities, once performed by the developed world,

These services include information technology outsourcing (ITO), business process outsourcing (BPO), and knowledge process outsourcing (KPO) as well as industry specific services. 72 73

Offshore services are a potential vehicle for low-and middle-income countries to participate in the global

knowledge economy. 74 This industry offers a good salary, career development opportunities for graduates and professionals,

and the opportunity to incorporate into the labour market marginalized groups like rural women or unemployed youth.

Offshore services can also be performed via microwork and crowdsourcing channels as described in the next chapter.

The development of this sector has created also secondary effects like the demand for education useful to work in this sector.

Therefore, besides creating a large number of direct jobs, it is estimated that an additional four indirect jobs are created for every

offshore services job that is created. 75 71 Ibid. 6 72 Gereffi et al.""Skills for Upgrading:

73 ITO is the basic building block for the offshore services value chain and is centred on the production and use of

BPO is a diverse category that contains activities related to the management of enterprise resources (ERM

that often require professional licensing, e g. legal services 74 Gary Gereffi,"Skills for Upgrading: Workforce Development and Global Value Chains in Developing Countries,"140

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 16 Firms or countries tend to follow any of the five following trajectories

A common way through which an economy can enter the offshore services value chain is by establishing call centre operations.

This creates an opportunity for low-income countries to enter the knowledge economy 2. Upgrading within the business process segment:

Companies that have established basic BPO operations, like call centres, can develop new higher value services. For example, firms can

expand their call centres to include CRM management 3. Offering full package services: Companies positioned in the ITO and KPO segments may opt to

provide a more comprehensive range of activities and include BPO services 4. Expanding IT firms into KPO services:

IT companies may engage customers to find solutions for unsolved business problems 5. Industry specialization:

Companies offering some ITO, BPO, and KPO services for a wide range of industries can start specializing

and focus on key high or low value industries to develop expertise A country aiming to enter the offshore services global value chain requires a workforce that has more

than basic skills. Most workers are likely to require specialized training in order to fill the knowledge gap

between local education systems and the high-quality standards required to serve the global market. 77 This includes training in English language as well as in new technologies and processes, the latter of which

is obtained through global certifications in the ITO sector. 78 Dominican republic, Guatemala, El salvador While countries such as India and the Philippines steal the headlines in the offshore services

sector, many other countries have discovered tremendous opportunities as well. The Dominican republic, Guatemala, and El salvador, for example, have implemented successfully

a â€oenear-shore†concept, principally for the Hispanic market in the United states. This concept leverages these countries†time zone proximity, cultural and language compatibility, as well as

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 17 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities †Emerging

sectors The increasing adoption of ICTS in everyday life, and the growing marketplace for digital goods and

services, are creating opportunities for youth to find employment that transcend traditional paradigms The way young people find

-and project-based work opportunities-many of which are restricted not to highly skilled developers, but can also extend to semiskilled

opportunities for youth. Great potential for employment growth derives from a demand for services enabled by mobile phones. 81 Young people can now find

and carry out work, launch their entrepreneurial endeavours and even get paid via their cell phones.

M-PESA82 are making it easier for young people to receive payment for services rendered and to launch

addition there are opportunities for developers with entrepreneurial ambitions to start their own apps -based businesses

This chapter explores a range of emerging opportunities involving ICTS and youth employment and entrepreneurship. First, the ways in which young people find work through digital job matching services is

covered, followed by new opportunities for ICT enabled employment. The chapter then turns to the

growing app industry, its potential for employment, and some of the issues related to becoming an app

-based entrepreneur. This includes a need for people with skills to develop accessible software and

Lastly opportunities that green jobs may hold for youth are examined 80 Vili Lehdonvirta and Mirko Ernkvist. â€oeknowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy:

Converting the Virtual Economy into Development Potential, †(Washington, D c.:infodev, 2011), 28, www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 1076. html

81 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012 Maximizing Mobile,(Washington, D c.:World Bank, 2012), 75,

http://go. worldbank. org/0j2ctqtyp0 82 M-PESA (M for mobile, pesa is Swahili for money) is an innovative mobile transfer solution that enables customers to

transfer money. It is aimed at mobile customers who do not have a bank account, either by choice,

because they do not have access to a bank or because they do not have sufficient income to justify a bank account.

83 The app economy refers to the range of economic activity surrounding mobile applications. The app economy

encompasses the development of and sale of apps, ad revenue or public relations generated by free apps, and the

hardware devices on which apps are designed to run. www. techopedia. com/definition/28141/app-economy

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 18 4. 1 Online job services and job matching

While it may be skilled common for, educated workers to use existing web-based job-matching services to

find job openings, many workers may not have access to job postings on the internet and may lack the

social networks to find out about work opportunities. Searching for informal sector jobs often occurs through word-of-mouth,

services target more qualified candidates Mobile phones are becoming an important tool for job seekers and there are a number of job-matching

services in the developing world that simplify the job search process. These services are proving to be very

beneficial for people with basic literacies but who may not possess the knowledge to create a rã sumã Ì or

offshore services have turned into one of the most dynamic sectors employing people around the world.

84 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile, 75 85 â€oecrowdsourcing, †Wikipedia, https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Crowdsourcing, accessed on December 3, 2012.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 19 Figure 8: Crowdsourcing vs. Microwork Source: Author elaboration and Howe (2008

Crowdsourcing business models benefit individuals with higher-level technical skills. With some models multiple workers complete a single task that has been broken down into small units (similar to microwork

to instantaneously increase their workforce †without the investment and commitments associated with hiring full-time employees †though,

offering a range of services from product categorization and labelling for major online retail and auction sites like Amazon

but the demand for it occurs in peaks and the work needs to be completed quickly

sent back to the customers. Crowdflower was started in 2007 and is based in San francisco. 87 Website:

and Ernkvist, Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, 28 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

20 Microwork Microwork is a series of small tasks that have been broken out of a larger business process

underemployment and could benefit from flexible income-generating opportunities. 89 The microwork market is growing rapidly.

employing people with limited opportunities for sustainable employment as principal workers in business process outsourcing centres to provide high-quality, information-based services to domestic and

international clients. Often referred to as impact sourcing, the idea is to concurrently deliver value to

outsourcing enterprise There are other types of microwork initiatives as well, such as the m2work challenge (named after mobile

89 World bank, â€oenew Frontiers and Opportunities in Work. ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job Market†(ICT

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 21 Samasource is a nonprofit organization that brings digital work opportunities to people

around the world. Samasource secures contracts with companies including Google, Intuit, and CISCO; it has provided services to Linkedin and the U s. State department,

to provide data entry, digitization, content moderation, and other services. Component tasks (â€oemicrowork†are distributed to the workforce,

including 1 600 women and youth working with partner organizations in countries such as Haiti, Pakistan, and Uganda.

the app economy has generated roughly 752 000 app related jobs in the United states alone as of July 2013.92 The figure is

Interestingly, winners of Pivot East†s recent app competitions for the mobile and developer communities in East Africa have both been games-a Matatu racing game that has

However, the verdict is out in terms of how sustainable the app economy will be, and whether it will

profits to come in. It requires investment in constant development, upgrades, and new features. App stores are highly competitive

and offering new features is essential to maintaining an app†s ratings and reviews Sizing the number of jobs generated by the app economy is difficult.

Any particular app could be created by a single teenage programmer, or by a large team at a big company

92 Michael Mandel, â€oe752, 000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store, †(Progressive Policy Institute

July 2013), www. progressivepolicy. org/2013/07/752000-app-economy-jobs-on-the-5th-anniversary-of-the-app-store

/93 Andreas Pappas, â€oethe EU App Economy: 530,000 jobs and rising, †(Vision Mobile, September 2013

www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising /94 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012:

The New App Economy,(June 2012) 4 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app-economy

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 22 Jobs in the app economy can be categorized as follows

•IT-related jobs that use app economy skills†the ability to develop, maintain, or support mobile

applications •Non-IT jobs (such as human resources or marketing) which support app developers in the same

company •Jobs in the local economy that are supported by app developers The following is a list of types of app economy employers95

•Large, medium, and small app developers, who may be creating apps for themselves or for

clients •Media and software companies that engage in app development for consumer use under their

own name •Finance and retail companies that use apps to reach customers •Other large non-tech companies that are developing apps for internal and customer use

•Smaller non-tech firms who need a small number of app developers •Nonprofit organizations and government agencies, including the military,

for the app economy •Accounting and IT consulting firms, who provide app development as part of a larger suite of

services 4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries While most attention to date has been on the potential for youth in developing countries to develop apps

in English, it is believed that the next 10 million apps are not going to come from the current leading

markets, but from the demand for localized apps in the developing world. 96 Developers in North america

see relatively small demand from other regions, with Europe being their top export region (22 per cent of

share of developers (44 and 38 per cent respectively) that do not see high local demand-developers there

mostly export apps to North america and Europe, where demand for apps, and paid apps in particular, is

local demand in these markets will reach the levels of local demand in Europe and North america,

as smartphone penetration rises and people in these regions become more engaged 95 Mandel and Scherer, â€oethe Geography of the App Economy, †15

96 Vision Mobile, Developer Economics 2012: The New App Economy, 73 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

23 Figure 9: Global map of app trade routes Source: Developer Economics 2012 For developers focusing on in-region, for-region development, the opportunity may lie in addressing

market gaps in app categories in their own country. Opportunities exist for developers to produce apps

that are relevant in terms of both local language and content. Emerging app economies have potential markets that are much larger than that of English speaking regions and Europe.

Developers worldwide must close the language deficit by accelerating production of local language apps. These opportunities

could be particularly strong in countries with large markets, rapidly increasing levels of user engagement

and smartphone penetration as in Asia, Latin america, Eastern europe, Russia and Africa 4. 3. 2 Tech hubs for app development

One of the most exciting developments currently happening for tech entrepreneurs are the tech hubs

springing up across the developing world. These incubation spaces are key to emerging digital economies because they solve a lot of the problems that young digital entrepreneurs face by providing connectivity

For economic growth in the app economy, it is crucial for developers to be able to continuously update

In response to demand by local mobile entrepreneurs, a number of incubators, or â€oelabs, †focused on mobile entrepreneurs have

been established over the last five years in emerging markets, including the Grameem Foundation†s Applabs in Uganda, Indonesia, Ghana and Colombia,

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 24 The World bank Bank†s infodev programme, in collaboration with the Government of Finland and Nokia

which promote networking among stakeholder communities in the mobile industry; provide advice, mentorship, idea and product development

competitions, and; offer access to investors through regular informal events and conferences. Both the mlabs and mhubs are managed

of enterprises in mobile content and applications and are part of a wider mobile innovation programme

In addition to local incubators, there are now numerous regional competitions for app developers in emerging markets, many with a social agenda, that offer financial support and training for developers to

For example, Apps4africa features a competition where young companies are offered six minutes to demonstrate their app†s utility, their business model and their case for investment

The competition targets start-ups and businesses through competitive funding, offering venture capital mentorship and other forms of support.

The goal for the 2012 competition was to catalyse the growth of Africa†s early-stage start-ups to address the issue of youth unemployment across the continent

In many developing countries where mobile phones are the primary means of accessing information via the internet, mobile apps that improve people†s health, finances,

services have not been â€oeapps†per se, but aggregated services or lower tech solutions such as SMS or

instant messaging 4. 4 Accessibility Persons with disabilities number over one billion worldwide, or 15 per cent of the world†s population

build community and provide opportunities for accessibility professionals to engage with each other. 98 There are also numerous targeted efforts to spur the development of accessible ICTS.

example, the Ministry of Communications and Information technology has held a contest to promote the development of accessibility mobile phone apps and other software applications, with the most recent

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 25 winners receiving incubation, financial, and other forms of support. 99 This is a model that many other

opportunities, for a huge proportion of the population. â€oeaccessible ICTS have the potential to provide

well as the opportunity to participate in the economic, cultural and social life of their communities. †100

of small tasks through third-party gaming services like Crowdflower. The gross revenues of the third-party gaming services industry were approximately USD3. 0 billion in 2009

Third party gaming services have enabled thousands of young people from modest backgrounds to create employment for themselves as digital entrepreneurs.

An estimated 100 000 young, low-skilled workers in China and Viet nam earn their primary income by outsourcing their services to gaming platforms. 102 The

third-party online gaming services segment consists mainly of activities known as â€oegold farming†103 and â€oepower-leveling. †104 Both are essentially services where an online game player hires someone else to play

the game on their behalf. 105 Players in more developed countries, wishing to save many hours of playing

time, may be willing to pay gold farmers or power levellers to play for them An industry analyst has estimated that the near-term opportunities for further rapid online game market

growth in East Asian developing countries are located primarily in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines Thailand, and Viet nam

The ICT Opportunity for a Disability-Inclusive Development Framework; ITU 2013,3 101 Ibid. 11, International Telecommunication Union.

Making Mobile phones and Services Accessible, 2012 102 Lehdonvirta and Ernkvist. Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy, p51

103 Gold Farming refers to when individuals play a multiplayer online game to acquire in-game currency that other players

Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 26 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly

Mobile phone repair as well as computer maintenance and assembly continue to be important areas of youth job training and employment in many regions around the world.

people†s first interactions with technology as well as a huge source of employment and entrepreneurship There are countless initiatives that offer youth skills training in device repair, local employment

opportunities, as well as business training for local micro enterprises Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire Action Technique pour un Developpement Communautaire (ATEDEC) is designed a project to

opportunity for employment in which ICTS and youth could play a major role. It is estimated that a shift to

a greener economy could generate 15 to 60 million additional jobs globally over the next two decades and

the green and smart economy pays a double dividend by encouraging job creation and accelerating the

The United nations Environment Program†s 2011 Green Economy Report makes the claim that economic progress and environmental sustainability can go hand in hand,

and that the green economy will deliver green jobs and thus lead to decreased unemployment rates.

the most from job creation, including forestry, agriculture, building, transport, services, administration and renewable energy. 109

106 International labour organization, Working Towards Sustainable Development Opportunities for Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green Economy,(Geneva:

International Labour Office, 2012 107 OECD, â€oeict Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy, †OECD Digital

Economy Papers, No. 198,(OECD Publishing, 2012), http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en 108 Angelica Valeria Ospina, â€oethe Outcome of Rio+20:

An ICT Perspective on †The Future We Want, ††Notes on ICTS, Climate Change and Development, http://niccd. wordpress. com/2012/06/27/the-outcome-of-rio20-an

/109 United nations Environment Programme, Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication,(Nairobi, Kenya:

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 27 Employment growth in the renewable energy sector alone is projected to be impressive for the coming

to protecting the environment and reducing the harmful effects human activity has on it (mitigation), or helping to better cope with current climate conditions (adaptation) â€. 111

Data centres and other ICT infrastructures are increasingly vital for all sectors of the economy, and green

jobs will be related to greening the economy, such as working on the systems that operate wind farms installing and maintaining the equipment that smart buildings use to control lighting and temperature

Other areas of employment in the green economy that involve a range of ICTS from geographic

In emerging economies and developing countries, the gains are likely to be higher than in industrialized

110 United nations Environment Programme. â€oegreen Economy, Renewable Energy: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency, †(UNEP, 2011

New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy. †112 United nations Environment Programme, â€oetransition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million Jobs, †UNEP News

Centre, May 31, 2012, www. unep. org/newscentre/default. aspx? Documentid=2683&articleid=9145 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment

28 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth The dialogue around ICTS and the green economy has centered largely on food security, sustainable

agriculture, and energy efficiency. Interestingly, youth participation in the green economy has not been an area of focus;

however in the context of the 2012 Rio+20 conference on sustainable development youth advocacy groups lobbied that young people should be seen as an asset for a green economy that

would in turn generate youth employment. 113 Youth have expressed a strong interest in renewable energy and fighting climate change as evidenced in

economy. In addition to jobs that require higher education such as engineering, the pervasive use of ICT applications from web portals, text messages (SMS), mobile phone based monitoring systems, community

energy-efficient economic growth, and environmental protection 5 ICT employability skills What skills are required to take advantage of the opportunities described in this report?

As shown, there is a wide range of ways that ICTS are revolutionizing all sectors of the economy

and creating new avenues for starting a business. The popularization of Web 2. 0, social media, mobile apps, and other ICT

literacy is not sufficient to pursue the majority of new opportunities described in earlier chapters.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 29 a variation of ICT skills that is becoming increasingly important for some careers.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 30 5. 2 Digital literacy Most of today†s attention around ICT skills is focused on the concept of digital literacy.

2. Communication 2. 1 Interacting through technologies 2. 2 Sharing information and content 2. 3 Engaging in online citizenship

4. 4 Protecting the environment 5. Problem solving 5. 1 Solving technical problems 5. 2 Identifying needs and technological responses

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 31 Second, being digitally literate involves much more than having technical skills.

web-based collaborative services (e g. track changes, comments on a document or resource, tags, contribution to wikis, etc

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 32 All of these distinctions have important implications for digital literacy training.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 33 Figure 12: Web skills/Competencies/Literacies grid

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 34 5. 4 Complementary skills The discussion in this chapter so far has focused on the ICT-related skills required for meaningful

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 35 Learning and innovation skills •creativity and innovation

•communication and collaboration The following chapter shows that many of these soft skills are also essential for entrepreneurs

services aimed at improving the employment prospects of their clients. These services include: 125 •CV preparation

•job counselling •employee connection services •information on local labour markets •sector-specific training, often in collaboration with industry

•language training, especially English 6 Entrepreneurship skills and support It is recognized widely that entrepreneurship is a necessary ingredient for stimulating economic growth

and employment opportunities around the world. In developing countries successful small businesses are the primary engines of job creation, income growth,

and poverty reduction. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) estimated that 388 million entrepreneurs were engaged actively in starting and running

new businesses in 2011 around the globe, and 165 million of them were young early-stage entrepreneurs

Entrepreneurship, Emprendimiento, Ujasiriamali The importance of entrepreneurship is being elevated around the world. Governments, multinational corporations, and NGOS are joining forces to promote entrepreneurship as a strategy for economic

development. It is becoming easier for entrepreneurs to find the information they need to start their own

businesses, and an increasing number of government initiatives are helping to make the process quicker

of the new national priority that governments are assigning to entrepreneurship. Over 120 countries now

participate in Global Entrepreneurship Week activities promoted by the Kauffman Foundation. As a result young people everywhere are participating in pitch fests, competitions, startup events and other activities

sponsored by local governments, NGOS and the private sector 125 Maria Garrido and Nancy Garland,"e-Skills and employability:

126 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, â€oe2011 GEM Global Report. †It should be noted that the GEM surveys entrepreneurs

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 36 Business incubators and accelerators are emerging around the world seeking to emulate the successes of

Silicon valley. Wired Magazine likens the opportunities in Africa to those of the pre-dotcom boom in

1995.128 Referred to as the â€oesilicon Savannah, †Kenya has become a new hotbed for innovation, startups

America is also experiencing a boom of start-ups, business accelerators and incubators. 129 While the excitement around entrepreneurship is unmistakeable,

it is also important to temper expectations as there is no definitive evidence that entrepreneurship will solve the job situation faced by

youth in the developing world. It is early days, and proper assessments of programmes and initiatives are

of opportunities and costs (being employed, being unemployed, being one†s own boss), and risk-reward relationships (what is at stake), among other factors.

Entrepreneurship education and start-up support contribute to the creation and development of entrepreneurial attitudes, motivations and skills needed to successfully run

6. 1 Entrepreneurship skills Many factors are required for successful entrepreneurship. Most important are entrepreneurship skills

and competences. 131 Motivated people need the right set of skills to identify entrepreneurial opportunities and to turn their entrepreneurial projects into successful ventures.

Becoming familiar early with the idea that running one†s own firm can be a potential career option is important, and education

has a core function in this In addition to the employability skills listed in chapter 5, there are a number of entrepreneurial skills that

129 Anna Heim, â€oe9 Latin american Accelerator Programs You Should Know, †(thenextweb. com, July 29, 2011

http://thenextweb. com/la/2011/07/29/9-latin-american-accelerator-programs-you-should-know /130 Andrea-Rosalinde Hofer and Austin Delaney,"Shooting for the Moon:

Good Practices in Local Youth Entrepreneurship Support,"(OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Working papers 11,2010), www. oecd

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 37 Figure 14: Core entrepreneurial skills and attributes132

•create business plans •develop revenue and funding models •market and sell a new product or idea

www. bioscience. heacademy. ac. uk/resources/entrepreneurship/skills. aspx 133 An â€oeihuber†is a person who frequents the IHUB co-working space and business incubator in Nairobi, Kenya

134 Andrea Bohnstedt in â€oesilicon Savannah: Hype or Reality? A recap of last week†s event, †I-Hub Blog, October 23, 2012

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 38 Important skills for digital entrepreneurs In addition, digital entrepreneurs also require skills in a variety of areas related to business

communications, customer relation management, finance and systems management, as shown below Operations and management •scheduling

Communications •email (and managing mailing lists •presentations •virtual collaboration Research •ability to find

ICT entrepreneurs identify their greatest needs as start-up capital and opportunities to network with business people and other technology entrepreneurs.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 39 Micromentor is an initiative of the nonprofit humanitarian agency Mercy Corps that offers

Services are provided to entrepreneurs, particularly those with low incomes and limited access to business

mentoring opportunity database, where volunteer mentors can offer to help. Help can also be requested from specific mentors.

purposes in the development of new ventures†discovering opportunities, securing new resources, and obtaining legitimacy†all of

and pitch products and services. Mobile Monday is one of the most prominent examples, founded in 2000 and currently with chapters in 140 cities around

entrepreneurship communities. Many organizations also sponsor networking events, such as pitch fests139 and Barcamps, 140 further underscoring the critical role of face-to-face interaction.

breeding ground for new ideas and business ventures to be conceived. †141 6. 3 Crowdfunding, contests,

and other sources of capital Funding is crucial to nearly every start-up. Once mostly limited to entrepreneurs in the developed world

This includes crowdfunding and contests, as well as new venture capital initiatives focused on the developing world Crowdfunding is the collective effort of individuals who network and pool their money, usually via the

internet, to support an entrepreneur†s business. Crowdfunding platforms have become a popular way for

entrepreneurs to get funding without giving up equity, and it is expected that start-ups will continue to

137 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile, 77 138 Mobile Monday, www. mobilemonday. net

139 A pitch fest is an event where entrepreneurs have the opportunity to pitch their ideas to potential investors

140 Barcamp is an international network of technology-related conferences where participants set the agendas

141 Nicola Jenvey, â€oesa delegation praises DEMO Africa innovation competition in Kenya, †Young Business leaders

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 40 turn to crowdfunding as one of their primary sources of investment capital.

According to Forbes crowdfunding will generate USD 500 billion in transactions in 2013.142 Venture capital for Africa is an example of a crowdfunding model to connect entrepreneurs

building promising companies in Africa with investors from some 159 countries around the world. The community currently supports more than 400 ventures in over 30 African countries

Entrepreneurs have been featured in mainstream media, established joint ventures and secured funding. Entrepreneurs can publish business ideas,

build a fan base, source feedback and meet experts. They can also receive dedicated mentorship support

can access screened ventures and review ventures that match their investment criteria. Members meet online as well as

organize offline-networking events called VC4AFRICA Meetups. These have been hosted in 35 cities around the world

The ITU Young Innovators Competition is held annually as part of ITU Telecom World. The 2012 event in Dubai offered nearly 400 entrepreneurs aged 18-25 from 77 countries the

opportunity to showcase their ICT-based projects. The young entrepreneurs had intensive one -on-one sessions with industry mentors, including ongoing support over a one-year

skills, as well opportunities to network with ICT representatives in industry, governments, and academia. Bangkok hosts the 2013 event on November 19-22

Venture funds are also being established by many organizations to fund startups. These funds are typically found in specific countries or regions,

It aims to support entrepreneurs by providing them with investment, training and mentorship in an effort to accelerate the transformation of their business ideas and start-ups into high

first stage of incubation, there is more angel funding, legal advice, mentoring and networking opportunities with local business leaders,

and possibly investment directly from Oasis500 Since 2010, it has received 2 000 applications and has invested in 49 companies

Website: www. oasis500. com 142 Devin Thorpe, â€oewhy Crowdfunding Will Explode In 2013, †Forbes, October 15, 2012

www. forbes. com/sites/devinthorpe/2012/10/15/get-ready-here-it-comes-crowdfunding-will-explode-in-2013

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 41 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes There are many digital resources designed to help young entrepreneurs that have been created by the

major software companies, many in conjunction with development agencies. Some of these resources are available entirely online,

Build Your Business (BYB) is an interactive entrepreneurship training course designed to introduce young people aged 16-35 to the basic ideas, actions,

An increasing number of mobile phone resources are enabling entrepreneurs to access capital, process transactions, refine product design,

developing countries and rural areas, a mobile device is a tool not only for contacting customers and accessing the internet,

146 World bank, Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile, 75 147 https://squareup. com

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 42 Providing access to market information has long been a goal of many initiatives,

many services are helping small businesses, farmers, and others buy and sell over the internet, bringing

Many organizations and initiatives provide a suite of services, including entrepreneurship skills, ICT training, apprenticeships,

business training, funding and/or mentorship, among others. These comprehensive programmes offer integrated services for young entrepreneurs with the aim of facilitating

as much as possible the arduous process of starting a new business. Many of these programmes are the

Microsoft Youthspark is a global initiative that aims to create opportunities for 300 million youth in more than 100 countries during the next three years.

connecting them with greater opportunities for education, employment and entrepreneurship Through Youthspark, Microsoft will dedicate the majority of its cash contributions to nonprofit

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 43 A study looking at learning spaces and the influence of ICTS identifies six trends as the hallmark of the

key commodities The chapter presents evidence from a range of programmes and activities aimed at exploring new

opportunities for learning that capitalize on the characteristics of the knowledge society and provide youth with spaces for engagement and creativity.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 44 Figure 15: Story of Kelvin Doe Source:

and teaching is done, creating new opportunities and challenges for teachers and learners alike. Teachers can take on the role of expert-facilitators of learning

interacting in the learning environment are also emerging. Three key trends are explored below: blended learning, self-directed learning, and collaborative learning

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 45 Figure 16: Blended learning and ICTS Source: Authors

The blended learning process relies on digital environments called Learning Management Systems (LMS LMS enable the creation of a virtual classroom for the students,

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 46 Blended learning has gained popularity mostly in European and North american high schools, colleges and

programmes by turning them into blended learning opportunities to reach migrant populations living abroad, mostly in Europe and the United states. These universities operate through satellite offices

innovative use of information communication technologies. AVU has the largest elearning network, and it currently works in 27 countries, through 53 partner institutions, reaching

vicious circle of low skills, low productivity and low income. †151 The opportunities to learn in a self

151 International Labour Office, Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa,(Geneva: ILO, 2008 Digital opportunities:

Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 47 Prominent and emerging models of self-directed learning include open universities,

Coursera is a for-profit social enterprise that facilitates large-scale participation of students who sign up for free online courses with top universities around the world.

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 48 Similar services continue to grow as universities

and other educational institutions seize the power of ICTS and adopt connectivist pedagogy principles156 to deploy free and open access to instructional material on

There are vast opportunities for youth to engage in collaborative (or peer) learning using ICTS Collaborative learning allows peers to share their knowledge,

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 49 Figure 18: Social capital and collaborative/peer learning

Source: Authors In the context of youth employment, it is important to consider the benefits that participating in

Collaborative learning events are opportunities for young people to learn ICTS (basic and advanced) as well as entrepreneurial skills.

opportunities that may lead to participants learning about jobs as well. The sustainability and success of

or develop skills is to have the opportunity to put them to use preferably in a job situation.

agencies †offer training opportunities, internships, apprentice programmes, and mentoring. Several reports point to the importance of mentoring in learning

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 50 work alongside more experienced workers they acquire

opportunity for employment Website: code. google. com/soc 7. 3 Learning and innovation places The classic notion of the learning place is associated with organized institutions such as schools

environment for learning collaboration and co-creation 164 See reports by the European Youth Forum (2008;

Opportunities to work and learn on the job Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 51 A report prepared for the European commission in 2008 predicted some of these changes by arguing that

the emergence and wide adoption of web 2. 0 technologies would give rise to social networking collaborative content creation and democratized innovation. 165 The technological changes seen in the

work environment where members have access to facilities such as a desk, meeting space, office equipment, kitchen and other amenities.

services, hackathons, pitch fests, job boards, and contests that cater directly to the technology community.

People join for the opportunity to meet like-minded people, share ideas, and learn from other members

and business incubator in Nairobi that was started in March 2010 by Erik Hersman, Cofounder of Ushahidi.

mentorship, internet connectivity and the possibility of venture funding through connections with the international venture capital community.

The space is a tech community facility with a focus on young entrepreneurs, web and mobile phone programmers, designers and

and part incubator. Since it was founded, the ihub has generated over 30 start-up companies, held over 120 events,

from research to a tech incubator, engaged with the university community, and created partnerships with numerous high-tech companies. 166 Most importantly, the ihub has created

an ecosystem that connects people and fosters entrepreneurship Website: www. ihub. co. ke 7. 3. 2 Hacker/maker spaces

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 52 7. 4 Repositories, games and mobile resources

and gives rise to multiple opportunities for expanding the scope and uses of game playing

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 53 7. 4. 3 Social media Social media are used extensively for learning as well.

entrepreneurship training. 170 As described elsewhere in this report, private and public entities have stepped up to offer mobile learning programs in

the potential of mobile phones to vastly expand learning opportunities, especially for those in developing countries. 171

proliferation of data-enabled phones (smart phones) that offers the greatest opportunities for mobile learning.

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 54 There is an opportunity for public access points, such as telecentres, libraries,

and cybercafã s to combine the portability of smart phones with the broader functionality of personal computers.

institute services that would leverage their mobiles as well. 172 7. 5 Certification The certification process is a verification of competencies

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 55 The European Computer Driving Licence is an international computer skills certification

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 56 Figure 20: How Open Badges work Source:

designed to harness ICTS for youth education, employment, and entrepreneurship. The examples are the result of a combination of factors:

and civil society) investments; supportive policy environments, and partnerships across sectors to spur innovation, economic growth and employment.

International agencies have played a vital role by bringing attention to the urgent needs of youth, and convening governments

and other stakeholders to set a global agenda and advocate for strategies to address the situation

175 Mozilla Open Badges, www. openbadges. org/about 176 Ban Ki-moon, â€oesecretary-General†s Message for 2012:

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 57 This chapter looks at the role of governments in advancing policies, programmes and strategies for youth

employment and entrepreneurship. It is concerned especially with the school to work transition, an important period in the lives of youth.

entrepreneurship opportunities 8. 1 ICTS in education The opportunities for learning and innovating with ICTS are immeasurable,

as this report has shown However, despite significant investments, formal educational systems continue to face challenges in

preparing youth with the ICT-related skills they need to succeed. As a recent OECD report on the Outlook

preparing students to meet the demands of a changing job market. 177 The report emphasizes that formal

infodev, â€oeinformation and Communication Technology for Education in India and South Asia,"(Infodev. org, June 4, 2010), www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 876. html

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 58 programmes in Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Laos, Pakistan,

new learning environments and the generation of an adequate context for Uruguay†s children to be able

to answer to the demands of the information and knowledge-based society. †188 This programme aims to

182 infodev, â€oeinformation and Communication Technology for Education in India and South Asia; †OECD, OECD Science

Opportunities for a New Generation of Women (Geneva: ITU, 2012 186 ITU, Measuring the Information Society 2012 (Geneva:

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 59 8. 2 ICT skill development in non-formal educational settings

opportunities governments need to pay attention to and support as they have shown to be fertile sites for

collaboration to create tools that help government deliver better health services. Representatives discussed and prioritized needs,

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 60 At the same time, it is important for governments to recognize the growth and influence of alternative

investments are designed to attract students into science, technology, engineering and mathematics STEM) fields. Similar programmes are emerging in developing countries.

coordination of investments in skills development and education. Many businesses make public-private partnerships a priority and have dedicated budgets for apprenticeship, job placements, and other

opportunities with CISCO. 199 In Jordan the Ministry of Social Development is responsible for a programme

designed to provide marginalized youth with training and job opportunities in private sector institutions Youth gain real work experience and on-the-job training through this programme. 200 In Malaysia, the

"197 International Youth Foundation, Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods; ITU, Tandon et al

A Bright Future in ICTS Opportunities for a New Generation of Women; World bank, World Development Report 2013

A Bright Future in ICTS Opportunities for a New Generation of Women; see also Penang Skills

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 61 Another area for government-private sector partnership is job placement.

and also have the opportunity to study part-time After completing the programme, participants are expected to find jobs on their own.

apprenticeships, internships or any other form of on-the-job-training opportunity, they limit their commitment to the duration of the programme.

trends and opportunities in macro sectors as health, agriculture, and business process outsourcing, as well as in a vast array of emerging areas from microwork to green jobs to accessibility solutions for persons

8. 5 Policies to support youth entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship has become a policy priority in many countries.

Whether driven by necessity or opportunity, entrepreneurs need support to succeed. This is especially true for young entrepreneurs who

have less social and financial capital, smaller business networks, and less experience. Government programmes and policies can create favourable conditions to launch

and sustain youth entrepreneurship initiatives. Examples of strategies that have proven effective include •Develop a culture of entrepreneurship by providing appropriate training that encompasses

innovation, personal development, leadership and practical business skills. Ensure training opportunities can be accessed through formal and non-formal channels

•Ensure access to business, legal and related information to help new entrepreneurs in the early

stages of their business development •Simplify business registration processes •Provide financial incentives for new entrepreneurs, such as:

financial advice. Also provide access to microcredit without need for collateral. Financial assistance should be complemented with mentorship and other support

•Organize and offer mentorship opportunities for youth to learn from more experienced business people.

For instance, chapter 7 mentioned workshops, conferences, and competitions that bring together investors, business people, and government representatives.

opportunities and seek financial investments •Promote and support collaborative innovation spaces, including co-working spaces, tech hubs

business incubators, and hacker/maker spaces. These spaces offer vibrant locales for apps development and other activities, stimulate creativity,

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 62 •Foster innovation through contests and competitions.

This can be accomplished by partnering with other actors such as donor agencies, corporate businesses, and NGOS, and can be

•Use government procurement to purchase products and services from entrepreneurs and small companies 9 Conclusion

The transformations taking place around youth, ICTS, employment, and entrepreneurship are characterized by rapid change and innovation.

and generating new opportunities for entrepreneurs developing ICT products and services for these sectors. Beyond these sectors, the internet itself is

responsible for making possible new opportunities that have generated livelihoods for millions of people Crowdsourcing, microwork, app development,

and other emerging income generating activities owe their existence to global internet expansion that continues to connect more and more of the world†s

Seizing these opportunities requires the right skills and knowledge. Which skills are needed for which jobs

office work, such skills are insufficient for many of the new opportunities described in this report

these new opportunities require one or more of several other abilities in such areas as information seeking, communication, collaboration, content production, multimedia creation

web design, security and privacy, solving technical problems, and programming, among others. Becoming a successful entrepreneur requires business skills as well, such as operations and management, finance

marketing, communications, research, and technology management Soft skills such as critical thinking and problem solving, flexibility and adaptability, social and cross-cultural

Fortunately, the market has responded with a multitude of new opportunities for people to learn different types of skills, in different ways, using different technologies,

introducing new products and services. Advances in mobile learning are opening new doors. Moreover many of the resources are available at little or no cost.

Indeed, some of the greatest opportunities may be realized by combining online and offline activities Youth are suited ideally to take advantage of these opportunities.

In general they are naturally comfortable with technology and operating in online environments, adept at absorbing new concepts and

skills, and capable of seeing new possibilities. Youth are the heaviest users of most digital technologies

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 63 and have driven the explosive expansion of social media and other web 2. 0 applications.

applications that have underpinned many of the new job and entrepreneurial opportunities How can youth be prepared better

and positioned to seize new employment and entrepreneurship opportunities? The report has outlined a number of strategies pertaining to the role of government

Government can lead efforts to incorporate a number of the learning programmes and pedagogical models, such as blended learning and flipped classrooms, into K-12 and higher education.

entrepreneurship require another level of dedication. This ranges from creating favourable conditions for start-ups such as ease of business registration and access to low-interest loans, to direct support for such

initiatives as innovation spaces and incubators to attract creative talent Community organizations also have an important role to play in equipping youth with the relevant skills

and connecting them to employment and entrepreneurship opportunities. Telecentres, libraries community technology centres and other places that offer computer resources, internet connectivity, and

skills and experience they need to pursue these opportunities. They represent a non-formal channel for

and otherwise provide an environment that facilitates learning. While self -directed youth can take advantage of online programmes on their own,

the needs of youth and support governments in implementing youth employment and entrepreneurship strategies, while development agencies and foundations can provide financial support and expertise

All stakeholders in the ecosystem †international organizations, governments, development agencies private industry, nonprofit organizations, and foundations †have important roles to play to realize

greater opportunities for youth. Doing so requires that stakeholders embrace the innovative process: be open to experimentation, ensure robust feedback systems are in place to learn from successes and

failures, be nimble to change direction as needed and incorporate new technological advances, not seek a

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 64 Gestion du spectre radioã lectrique au Niger

Opportunity Entrepreneurs in the Informal Sector. 2009 http://works. bepress. com/mohammad amin/15 Ban Ki-moon. â€oesecretary-General†s Message for 2012:

"The Economic value of Opportunity Youth "Washington, D c.:Corporation for National and Community Service and the White house

Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. â€oe2011 GEM Global Report. †Babson Park, Mass: Babson College 2011 www. gemconsortium. org/about. aspx?

Heim, Anna. â€oe9 Latin american Accelerator Programs You Should Know. †thenextweb. com. July 29 2011. http://thenextweb. com/la/2011/07/29/9-latin-american-accelerator-programs-you

-should-know /Hersman, Eric. â€oe3. 5 years later, what has done the ihub. †Whiteafrican, last modified October 15

/Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 65 Hofer, Andrea-Rosalinde and Austin Delaney.""Shooting for the Moon:

Entrepreneurship Support.""OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED Working papers 11 (2010. www. oecd-ilibrary. org/content/workingpaper/5km7rq0k8h9q-en

infodev. â€oeinformation and Communication Technology for Education in India and South Asia Afghanistan Country Report. †Infodev. org, June 4, 2010

Apprenticeship in the Informal Economy in Africa. Geneva International Labour Office, 2008 International labour organization.""China Youth employment Report."

Working Towards Sustainable Development Opportunities for Decent Work and Social Inclusion in a Green Economy.

Geneva: International Labour Office 2012 International Telecommunication Union (ITU. A Bright Future in ICTS Opportunities for a New

Generation of Women. Geneva: ITU, 2012 International Telecommunication Union. The ICT Opportunity for a Disability-Inclusive Development

Framework. Geneva: ITU, 2013 International Telecommunication Union. Making Mobile phones and Services Accessible, 2012 International Telecommunication Union (ITU.

Measuring the Information Society 2012. Geneva: ITU 2012. www. itu. int/ITU-D/ict/publications/idi

Opportunity for Action: Preparing Youth for 21st Century Livelihoods Baltimore: International Youth Foundation, 2012. www. microsoft. com/en

Jenvey, Nicola. â€oesa delegation praises DEMO Africa innovation competition in Kenya. †Young Business Leaders, November 16, 2012. http://ybl. co. za/demo-africa-south-africa-contestants

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 66 Johnson, Larry, Samantha Adams, and Michele Cummins. â€oethe NMC Horizon Report:

Knowledge Map Of The Virtual Economy: Converting the Virtual Economy into Development Potential. Washington, D c.:

infodev, Information for Development Program, 2011. www. infodev. org/en/Publication. 1076. html Lewin, Tamar. â€oeafter setbacks, online courses are rethought, †New york times, December 10, 2013

Mandel, Michael. â€oe752, 000 App Economy jobs on the 5th anniversary of the App store. †Progressive

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 67 OECD. ICT Skills and Employment: New Competences and Jobs for a Greener and Smarter Economy

OECD Digital economy Papers, No. 198. OECD Publishing, 2012 http://dx. doi. org/10.1787/5k994f3prlr5-en

/Pappas, Andreas. â€oethe EU App Economy: 530,000 jobs and rising. †Vision Mobile. September 2013

www. visionmobile. com/blog/2013/09/report-the-eu-app-economy-530000-jobs-and-rising /Partnership for 21st Century Skills."

Thorpe, Devin. â€oewhy Crowdfunding Will Explode In 2013†Forbes, October 15, 2012 www. forbes. com/sites/devinthorpe/2012/10/15/get-ready-here-it-comes-crowdfunding-will

-explode-in-2013 /UN Focal point on Youth. â€oewhat Are the Up-and-coming Areas for Youth employment in Your

United nations Environment Programme (UNEP. Green Economy, Renewable Energy: Investing in Energy and Resource Efficiency. Nairobi, Kenya:

UNEP, 2011 United nations Environment Programme. Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication.

Nairobi, Kenya: UNEP 2011 Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 68 United nations Environment Programme. â€oetransition to Green Economy Could Yield up to 60 Million

Jobs. †UNEP News Centre, May 31, 2012 www. unep. org/newscentre/default. aspx? Documentid=2683&articleid=9145

Vision Mobile. Developer Economics 2012: The New App Economy. 2012 www. visionmobile. com/blog/2012/06/report-developer-economics-2012-the-new-app

-economy /Walton, Marion, and Jonathan Donner. Public Access, Private Mobile. Global Impact Study Research Report Series.

Seattle: Technology & Social Change Group, University of Washington Information School, 2012. www. globalimpactstudy. org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Public

-access-private-mobile-final. pdf World bank. ICT in Agriculture: Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and Institutions

WASHINGTON DC: World bank, 2011 http://documents. worldbank. org/curated/en/2011/11/16569539/ict-agriculture-connecting -smallholders-knowledge-networks-institutions

World bank. Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile Washington, D c.:The World bank, 2012. http://go. worldbank. org/0j2ctqtyp0

World bank. â€oenew Frontiers and Opportunities in Work. ICT is Dramatically Reshaping the Global Job Market. †ICT Policy Notes, World bank, June 2012

http://documents. worldbank. org/curated/en/2012/06/17817177/new-frontiers-opportunities -work-ict-dramatically-reshaping-global-job market

World bank. The Road Not Traveled: Education Reform in the middle East and North africa, Executive Summary. Washington, D c.:

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 69 Glossary Accelerators For-profit incubator that support start-ups with funding and other services in

exchange for equity Affordances of the web Refers to properties of a web site†s user interface that allows the easy discovery

Crowdfunding The collective effort of individuals who network and pool their money, usually via the internet, to support an entrepreneur†s business

The management of an organization†s interactions with its customers, typically involving technology Data depulication A technique for eliminating duplicate copies of repeating data

Enterprise resources management (ERM A business method that addresses an organization†s relationships with all of its

constituencies (customers, partners, suppliers, employees, etc..ERM goes beyond customer relationship management (CRM Flipped classroom An instructional model where students view video lectures and other online

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment 70 HTML Hypertext markup language (HTML) is the main markup language for creating

Incubators Programs that support start-ups through business support services and resources Information technology Outsourcing (ITO Refers to the outsourcing of computer or internet related work, such as

research, legal services, and patent applications Mashups The combination of individual parts of digital music, video, or applications to

Pitch fests Events where entrepreneurs have the opportunity to pitch their ideas to potential investors

Venture capital Financial capital invested in start-up companies Web 2. 0 Websites that allow users to interact,

tã lã communications (UIT Bureau de zone Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e à tage Boulevard du 20 mai

tã lã communications (UIT Bureau de zone 19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayã§al, 4e à tage

Digital opportunities: Innovative ICTSOLUTIONS for youth employment Lead authors Foreword Table of contents 1 Introduction 1. 1 Organization of report

3. 3 Offshore services 4 New employment and entrepreneurship opportunities-Emerging sectors 4. 1 Online job services and job matching

4. 2 Microwork and crowdsourcing 4. 3 Apps development 4. 3. 1 App demand in developing countries

4. 3. 2 Tech hubs for app development 4. 4 Accessibility 4. 5 Gaming 4. 6 Mobile phone repair and computer assembly

4. 7 Green jobs 4. 7. 1 Green jobs and ICTS 4. 7. 2 Green jobs for youth

6 Entrepreneurship skills and support 6. 1 Entrepreneurship skills 6. 2 Mentoring and networking 6. 3 Crowdfunding, contests,

and other sources of capital 6. 4 Toolkits and training programmes 6. 5 Mobile resources

6. 6 Comprehensive programmes 7 Getting there-becoming ICT-savvy 7. 1 New learning models

8. 5 Policies to support youth entrepreneurship 9 Conclusion References Glossary

< Back - Next >

Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011