Synopsis:
Entrepreneurship:
(Focus) Eunika Mercier-Laurent-The Innovation Biosphere_ Planet and Brains in the Digital Era-Wiley-ISTE (2015).pdf.txt
Chapter 4 describes the main experiments being performed around the world that are aiming to amplify innovation by increasing the involvement of more players and stakeholders.
Eunika Mercier-Laurent is Associate Researcher at IAE Lyon University as well as being the founder of an international enterprise dedicated to knowledge and innovation management,
and the dissemination of a culture of innovation for the knowledge economy. She is also an expert for French and European institutions.
91 3. 2. 4. Best practices in matching offer and demand...94 3. 3. Innovation policy...
157 Contents vii CHAPTER 5. ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS...159 5. 1. Know, appreciate and protect what we have...
and prototypes fail. However, the most important is to fail fast, as then the limited resources can be focused on the more promising approaches
How to engage all the stakeholders to a common vision? How to create the safety net in innovation ecosystems for experimenting the new in our seeking for the unexpected?
Open Innovation 2. 0. Living Labs (or any open innovation ecosystem) interlinked with other same-minded sites can be very powerful drivers for large-scale solutions engaging all stakeholders.
Let us use that opportunity better, Foreword xiii interlinking bottom-up approaches with the target to find pan-European solutions and concepts.
The biosphere consists of living things and the environment †the atmosphere, the land and the oceans †from
Humans and animals take in oxygen and food and return carbon dioxide and other matters to the environment.
We will use this metaphor for innovation systems acting in harmony with the environment. Innovation has always been a part of human activity.
However, each new product, technology and process has an impact and consequences on the development of economy, the living and the planet.
Nevertheless, their visibility should be improved to facilitate the transformation of these promising results into products and services.
Many countries focus on entrepreneurship but the conditions for success are understood not always by politicians who want growth
and jobs without investment into new laws facilitating development of activities, such as lower taxes and employment flexibility to help bypass the â€oedeath Valleyâ€.
however, the politicians consider information and communication technologies, biotechnologies, nanotechnologies and applications related to health as the most promising Introduction xvii areas.
Politicians would like the immediate results of their financial investment on selected institutions; however, they have to focus on the right persons and actions.
while inventors (all categories) think about the services their invention may provide. Businesses and their investors expect to make money through sales.
the market is global, full of competitors and opportunities. This situation requires the overall innovation. The environmental impact of innovation is taken not really into account from the beginning, except perhaps eco-innovation projects.
such as sustainable development and corporate social responsibility (CSR), mainly focus on social and environmental aspects. xviii The Innovation Biosphere Can we really target sustainable development in a global world of greedy economics designing products
Planned obsolescence CAS 13 and manipulation of customers lead to accumulation of waste and waste economy.
Advertisement-based business models empowered by Internet make customers unhappy with what they have and push them to buy something newer and â€oebetter†right now (consumerism).
and is adapted not yet to start-ups or small and medium enterprises (SMES). Too many events and actions are simply â€oegreen washing†without a real value,
We can observe a knowledge economy paradox †many are overeducated, and this knowledge and the past knowledge are used under.
the return on investment (ROI) is measured not. The user-driven innovation policy may improve this situation.
Agence de l†Environnement et de la Maã trise de l†Energie (French national agency for environment and mastering of energy) AKARI:
Gross domestic product, the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country†s borders in a specific time period.
Intellectual Capital IDATE: Organization conducting studies in the field of broadcasting and telecommunications. Available at:
Integrated Services Digital Network IT: Information technology LCPC: Laboratoire central des ponts et chaussã es MRI:
Petites et Moyennes Entreprises (Small and Medium Enterprises) PSS: Product Service System RFID: Radio frequency identification Abbreviations and Acronyms xxiii RITA:
In a single lifetime, people have seen remarkable advances in medicine, transport, communication and other technologies,
Innovation Landscape and Fields 3 whole World wars may start over the scarcity of waterâ€, said Li Haifeng, the vice president at sewage treatment company Beijing Enterprises Water Group Ltd.,
in a telephonic interview BLO 10. â€oearound 85%of global fish stocks are depleted overexploited , fully exploited or in recovery from exploitation†FAO 12,
This mess which we have created leads to waste economy and although it creates jobs for now,
The five-dimensional (5d) return on investment (ROI) could be applied for better evaluation of impact MER 11.
but also represents a huge global market facilitated by communication technology, e-business and transportation means. The Google business model based on advertisements generates intellectual and visual pollution
and is an important theft of time †time to find how to close the advertisement window
and English became the world communication language. It would be fairer if everyone learns a new common language instead of privileging one†s mother tongue.
Esperanto was created by Ludwik Lazarus Zamenhof in 1873 ZAM 87 with the aim to provide a world communication language that everybody has to learn as a second language.
but not about the overall behavior inside the environment. Business people want to sell more; nowadays, a global market is addressed without thinking about the right benefits.
and later the Internet, shortened distances between places and people, created new opportunities for businesses,
Information and communication technologies (ICTS intelligent traveling and local 6 The Innovation Biosphere development may reduce the number of planes,
and become clever in communication in order to become leaders. People share their knowledge through Wikipedia, blogs and social networks.
and all the services it provides very quickly. Every click and â€oelike†is tracked and used commercially.
The Internet and Web 2. 0 services may have created a lot of opportunities, but they have opened also a â€oehighway†for cyber-criminality.
and Communication Technologies (ICTS) enable us to see the connections between seemingly disparate issues, like transport and energy or health and economic growth,
push productivity and lead to new opportunities for EU citizens and businesses ICT 13. Pushed by students, on the one hand,
the educational program is adapted not to changing industrial and economic environments. To give one example the conquest of the space could not be done without technology.
In space, satellites extend the communication facilities On earth. But since the launch of the Soviet â€oesputnik I†in 1957, over 4, 500 spacecrafts have been hurled from the Earth†s surface, nearly half
Computer simulation makes a direct contribution to an economy†s progress in terms of sustainability issues, particularly with regard to environmental protection, the scarcity of raw materials and the emergence of a low-carbon economy.
The Future Internet focuses on new network architectures and more user-oriented services. Among the objectives are:
machine to machine-machine (M2m) communication and Internet-enabled innovation. We could hope for a disruptive innovation, for example biometrics instead of logging and password,
3 http://www. digiworldsummit. com. 10 The Innovation Biosphere Google has evolved from search engine to many other services related to data collected from users
Their vision, strategy and innovation attitude have been fruitful †in possession of a huge amount of data they have become the â€oemaster of the world†through data, the new capital.
Their advertisement-based business model is copied around the world but their ethics should be reviewed †it is impossible to see a video on Youtube without losing 30 s,
In continuous improvement and real-time innovation, they forget the users †they â€oeoffer†new services that they think we need.
Sweden This provides Facebook center local job creation and impacts the regional economy. Concerning the environmental aspects
The cold climate also makes it possible to cool the thousands of servers by cold air from the environment.
Designed to best use the natural environment and conditions, they use outside air and sea water in cold climates (Hamina,
Bull†s various enterprise servers share many advanced energy-saving features, such as dynamic management of the energy envelope of critical applications, dynamic management of the load supply function and the extensive use of low-consumption components.
Innovation Landscape and Fields 13 The Waste Electrical and Electronic equipment Directive (WEEE) management system is accompanied also by a specific â€oeon-demand service†(ODS),
smart objects and smart solutions to promote new administrative digital services, facilitate access to transport networks
Such remote services are of great environmental importance because they allow acting quickly at a distance, without traveling.
Telepresence ambition is creating a genuine environment to let people experience an environment even when at, a distance,
as if they were given in a place. Several companies now produce moving robots representing a distant person
offering cloud services. We can certainly improve these results if only we could reduce the amount of e-mails
In fact, CRM software contains confidential information about clients (customer capital), and companies are not keen to use cloud for processing.
They have seized a great opportunity to use local abundant 100%renewable geothermal and hydro energy infrastructure
as well as online games, have a strong impact on the culture of communication and behaviors †teenagers become addicted
http://eco18. com/minimize-electronic-waste-to-help-protect-the-environment/)The most efficient process within the company is automated an machine,
Daniel Byman (Professor in the Security Studies Program at the Edmund A. Welsh School of Foreign Services at Georgetown University) states that drones offer a comparatively low-risk way of targeting terrorists
services and experiences. It combines the concepts of ubiquitous technology, intelligent systems and advanced user interfaces AMI 14.
Ambient intelligence intends to provide personalization of services according to the users†preferences, for example tracking the user of a smartphone to suggest they buy
Multiple connected devices are embedded into the environment, adapting to, and anticipating the needs of, the users.
while in the majority of cases it is used to make tracked people buy products or services (clothes,
Offering the targeted services, corresponding to the user†s real needs could be of great importance.
The main goal of intelligent matching is to save us time and gain opportunities. Smartphones and future devices embedded with machine-learning techniques will learn from real-time Innovation Landscape and Fields 21 interactions with the user and not from navigation (too many errors) or a published profile only.
all kinds of attacks and thefts, the demand for global security is growing. There are two ways to fight this scourge:
Miniaturization and availability of high-performance communication 8 http://ec. europa. eu/programmes/horizon2020/./22 The Innovation Biosphere services (ISDN, digitalization of networks and Minitel at home) influenced the emergence of innovative systems-oriented communication and exchange inside the housing and outwardly thereof.
An effort to bring more comfort, security and usability in housing management has guided the early days of home automation.
What services can these technologies provide that may significantly improve our daily lives? do need we really a fridge that is able to order milk?
but it also adopted the advertisement-based business model. The users need an effective way of searching instead of pushing tracking-based advertisement.
Health care practices are supported now by electronic processes and communication (e-health. Many hospitals have constructed a knowledge-flow connecting patients, doctors and other stakeholders based on patients information and their treatments,
health information systems offering an electronic agenda for appointments, as well as medical research survey for medical staff.
Services such as telemedicine, including distance diagnosis and monitoring, 9 http://www. naturalmachines. com/.24 The Innovation Biosphere and surgery are now available.
as foreboding, intuition, communication and action at distance or energy feeling and transmission. Today, if someone has a capacity that science has discovered not yet
and services to offer a better life to older and dependent persons. Such services require some physical equipment to be connected using various networks
and controlled by specific software. Besides these technological solutions security, privacy and acceptance will be considered to ensure that the proposed solutions fit the requirement of older and dependent persons,
Innovation Landscape and Fields 27 Ambient assisted living offers intelligent environments (devices and automated services) for the elderly to allow them live independently in their own homes,
and to assist people with special needs. More sophisticated environments can adapt autonomously, proactively and context-sensitively to their activity.
Sometimes these individuals just want some company and may prefer that someone simply comes to see them. 1. 3. 3. Biotechnology The OECD defines biotechnology as â€oethe application of science and technology to living organisms,
research related to the environment †it is divided into two areas: biodiversity maintenance and contaminants removal ELS 14.
if abuses or misuse of these new opportunities is done. Nowadays, biotechnology plays an important role in the field of health care and in the innovative industrial processes.
It has an emerging role in the areas of environment agriculture and food. Currently, there are more than 250 biotechnology health care products and vaccines available, many for previously untreatable diseases.
and reduce the impact of farming on the environment. More than 50 biorefineries are being built across North america to test
be it in medicine, environment, electronics or any other field HUL 08. â€oenano†is a technology
the industrials involved in production, consumers of a finished product and the environment during the end of life of products.
Global competition imposes low prices to meet the criteria of purchasing power. As a result, the central purchasing for supermarkets requires the low prices,
Drugs and a lot of services are readily available to make you slim. Many practice self-medication †drugs are available and often cheaper online. 11 https://www. gemeentewestland. nl.
which helps farmers improve the way they farm for the benefit of the environment, the profitability of their business and social responsibility, including all important aspects of sustainable developmentâ€.
In modern times, they (farmers) have been helped greatly by scientific research and innovation, sound professional education and high quality advisory services.
we need to find a balance between research satisfaction, business from innovation, growth and impact on living and the environment.
Other Smart City programs are devoted to intelligent or green buildings, providing useful information to citizens and to their well-being and environment.
a specialist contractor in all mechanical and electrical services and an expert in energy performance.
when it wisely manages its tangible and intangible capitals, such as intellectual and social, traditional and digital communication, natural resources and quality of life,
economy, mobility, environment, living and people are among the indicators to define which city is the smartest.
regional competitiveness, transport and digital economics, natural resources, human and social capital, quality of life and participation of citizens in the governance of cities.
To face the economic crisis, cities and territories have to optimize their functioning and reduce their costs.
wanting to preserve their beautiful environment KOH 14a, but often business wins. Some technological applications, such as e-and m-tourism, are tried to spread knowledge about a local ecosystem,
European programs encourage mobility through various opportunities such as Erasmus students, Phd and scientific exchange (Marie Curie Actions17.
The ICT offers a very good quality of videoconferencing and other distance communication tools, but paradoxically, it has decreased not the business travels.
Paris was always a capital of fashion but today The french and Italian models are copied and counterfeited, bringing a prejudice to coveted brands. 18 ceti. com. 19 http://www. wearabledevices. com. Innovation Landscape and Fields 43 Figure 1. 12.
Technology transfer, entrepreneurship or influence of their research on the progress of other fields are taken not into account.
The knowledge economy is supposed to generate values from our individual and collective knowledge. The main barrier in developing this economy is the psychological barrier †it is a strong culture of context instead of the value of the brain.
Very often, people ask about a company instead of asking about the given person†s knowledge and experience.
and make life easier without deteriorating our conditions and the environment. Searching for the simplest solutions and taking into account the consequences from the beginning are vital.
services and methods taking into account the 5d impact. do need we really to grow to be happy?
grow and reproduce without destroying this environment. Innovation is expanding and evolving with time. This chapter presents innovation as a reflexive process and a component of ecosystems including research
enterprises, technology (digital ecosystems), users, policy, education and environment. Apart from helping humans, innovation also has a potential to influence our culture and society.
While innovators are expected to supply an economic value, they also have a duty to evaluate and reduce the impact of their activity on natural ecosystems
We switched from manufacturing to new industries of services; from a local market to the global one;
Producing various services, it is now the largest and fastest growing sector of the economy in the Western world.
A plethora of services were born due to the Internet and smartphone. Technology-empowered communication, television (TV), cinema, video games, writing and creation of other cultural assets changed the need for skills.
Culture is one of the biggest employers in Europe. We moved from factories to offices.
E-learning m-learning (mobile) and e-commerce work is becoming e-work and m-work. The first and second industrial revolution paradigm is no longer valid,
and hypercompetition influence the strong â€oequick business†culture amplified by innovation in marketing-and advertisement-based business model.
He applied to the open competition for the centerpiece of the exposition that he won.
For this purpose, he often used the material that was most common in the nearby environment.
and other intangible benefits and capitals will be given. Few barriers and paradoxes are pointed also out. 2. 2. Some definitions According to Ron Dvir
Addressed simultaneously, they create an environment in which innovation has better chances to flourish and have an economic impact DVI 08.
and analyze the complex relationships that drive innovation in the emerging global economy GRI 09. They examine the governmental
economic and technological factors contributing to country†s innovation ecology that have an impact on sustainable economic growth.
Î Î Î, â€oestudy ofâ€, is the scientific study of the relationships that living organisms have with each other and with their natural environment;
The biosphere consists of living things and the environment †the atmosphere, the land and the oceans †from
Humans and animals take in oxygen and food and return carbon dioxide and other matters to the environment.
†Ecosystem ecology5 field studies living and nonliving components within their environment †how these factors interact with each other,
In June 1992, the first United nations Conference on Environment and Development, held in Rio de janeiro, adopted Agenda 21:
How do we define needs in the context of a greedy economy? According to Por POR 00, by analogy to natural ecosystems, â€oeknowledge ecology is an interdisciplinary field of management theory and practice, focused on the relational and cultural aspects of knowledge creation and utilization.
and focuses on technological product innovation â€oea technological product innovation is the implementation/commercialization of a product with improved performance characteristics such as to deliver objectively new or improved services to the consumer.
but economic impact is not easy to estimate because of complex business models. Some examples of social innovation:
help in transfer capacity to project and small businesses in Africa, inclusion of prisoners via online business management, free services for students, social gardens with free vegetables, innovation
Service is usually related to the use of products and a base of open-source business model. Designers of products have all the necessary knowledge to be used for related services, for example, software training.
This â€oeknowledge economy†is linked, in general to industry; however, the sectors of â€oetertiaryâ€, such as entertainment, telecommunication services, cinema, creative and cultural industry, health, tourism, restaurants, banking and insurance, are concerned also with innovation involving knowledge about clients BEY 13.
The employment capacity of the tertiary sector is growing in Europe. Regional authorities in France focus on developing personal services,
such as meal delivering, home services, senior sitting, etc. Product service system (PSS), or servicizing, is a part of service innovation and a new business model.
The concept is based on the idea that what customers want from products is not necessarily the ownership,
but rather the function that the product provides or the service the product can deliver STA 94.
For example, Michelin offers fleet management solutions whereby truck tires are sold per kilometer driven instead of selling tires.
conserve and enhance the Union†s natural capital; to turn the Union into a resource-efficient, green and competitive low-carbon economy;
and to safeguard the Union's citizens from environment-related pressures and risks to health and well-being†ECO 14a.
Clean energy and transportation, water management, recycling, green buildings and 56 The Innovation Biosphere construction are a part of this program.
†the creation, evolution, exchange and application of new ideas into marketable goods and services for:
†the success of an enterprise; †the vitality of a nation's economy; †the advancement of society.
This definition focuses on the economic impact of innovation and highlights the importance of knowledge at all levels.
The three pillars of CSR are environment, society and economy. Technological and cultural aspects are still missing here.
It may include economic innovation such as circular economy and PSS. CSR refers to companies taking responsibility for their impact on society. â€oeas evidence suggests,
CSR is increasingly important to the competitiveness of enterprises. It can bring benefits in terms of risk management
it can be the object of innovation itself, helping in finding relevant 8 Small-and medium-sized enterprises. 58 The Innovation Biosphere knowledge,
the innovation ecosystems form a suitable environment to the good progress and to the sustainable success of the e-co-innovation process.
The environment is considered a participant, because we take benefits from its resources and we have to minimize the impact of our activity with the aim to preserve the initial balance.
shared and applied through information and communication technology (ICT) and intelligent and creative technology (another meaning of ICT).
services or methods but also to capture new opportunities and new ideas. Figure 2. 3. e-co-innovation process 60 The Innovation Biosphere Innovation is seen here as a perpetuum mobile
used to capture opportunities and work in collaboration based on complementarity. Today, companies must innovate not only to survive
That is why the expected outcome will be a sustainable success of all stakeholders, including those of our planet.
or non-governmental organization (NGO) innovation. 2. 3. 2. Innovation dynamics The key components of innovation ecosystems are education, research, companies, funding organizations, politicians, supporting technology and environment,
The economic crisis is affecting national and European funding; the applicants are encouraged to supplement two-thirds of the overall budget by private ones;
some are trying crowdfunding. The evaluation and management of â€oereturn on investment†and benefits, in particular for research, will be improved.
imagine that customers absolutely need their products and they are rather pushing their solution instead of listening,
and take advantage of the exchanges to improve their products and services, even to transform the clients†wishes into new offers.
It imposes a close relation of companies with their customers and their involvement in the collaborative innovation process.
The teaching methods do not facilitate obtaining the skills required by the current economic environment. Each subject of â€oecore curricula†is taught by specialized professors (geography
The impact of education on employment/entrepreneurship is evaluated not. A little feedback from companies is possible via internship at the condition of willing to take this point into account.
Researchers are pushed for entrepreneurship without any preparation by educational system. Innovation Ecosystems 63 The task of technology is to provide an intelligent support to the whole system.
All activities benefit from the environment and all participants have a duty to minimize their impact with the aim of respecting the initial balance.
of smart communication, audaciousness and other capacities shown in Table 2. 1 are essential to establish
The role of politicians is enhanced by a two-way communication with others participants; it helps them to define an appropriate policy leveraging the efforts of all.
industrial transfer of results and entrepreneurship is taken not into account by the current evaluation system.
A huge amount of public money, national and European as well, was invested through initiatives and programs such as PÃ'les de Compã titivitã (Competitiveness Clusters) in France, Investment for Innovation Ecosystems
Large companies, members of PÃ'les de Compã titivitã or other initiatives aiming at making work together large and small enterprises,
In reality, very few prototype an innovative solution together DEG 13. Another attempt of connecting research and companies is initiated Rendezvous Carnot9 by Instituts Carnot10 grouping 34 French research centers.
in addition to realistic business plan. Public and private actors are offering speed dating hoping to match demand of large companies
and aiming to offer of start-ups. In fact these actions reinforce the competition between small companies instead of encourage them to elaborate a common offer to win.
Start-ups have to be very smart in elaborating of pitches. Another condition for fruitful innovation is taking into account the impact on living and planet and learning from the environment.
Knowledge of natural ecosystems influences the respectful and is inspired even by nature innovation. Considering the economic impact is a great progress,
and maintain a positive workplace environment and to encourage cooperation among workers with differing backgrounds.
which is insufficient to evaluate tangible and intangible benefits for the firm and stakeholders. Technological innovation focuses mainly on technology
because this Environment Social Culture Technology=social networks Economy Environment Social Culture Technology Economy Innovation Ecosystems 69 element is evaluated not for ranking
and using more ICT for it, such as machine to machine-machine communication, visualization, optimization and decision support.
or services and the sustainable success of companies. 2. 3. 3. 3. Way of thinking The way of thinking has consequences on the innovation capacity, efficiency of innovation and its impact.
system and holistic MER 11 ways is also important to succeed in the knowledge economy.
Innovation Ecosystems 71 †real-time knowledge of challenges and opportunities; †knowledge of the market, of competitors, of possible alliances;
†ability to combine the innovative business models; †knowledge of customers, their needs and motivations;
†knowledge of context (policy, taxes, legislation, prices and trends; †ability to evaluate the 5d impact and potential risk;
All these types of knowledge are possessed by the different actors of the company and by the stakeholders.
and grow by progressively integrating new needs of company and stakeholders. Depending on the firm 72 The Innovation Biosphere activity,
The insight may come from external stakeholders such as partners, subcontractors and clients. That is why companies who innovate with clients are more successful than others that don†t
Traditional skills related to industrial economy and still taught in school are aligned not with those required by the new economy.
Table 2. 1 presents the evolution of skills from industrial to knowledge economy. Industrial Economy Knowledge Economy Functional title Focus on New role Enterprise Manager Planning
organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal.
Leader, visionary and strategist, focus on dynamic governance, sustainable success manager, stakeholders, strategic alliances R&d Managing research and development projects Manager of the e-co-innovation dynamics
Human Ressources Manager Managing human resources, training and layoff Talent miner and optimizer, manager of the Intellectual Capital Marketing Manager Market study and customer relation Opportunity
hunter Risk taker Communication Manager image Image and links maker Corporate Social Responsibility Manager Image, environmental impact, recycling
cheaper workers finder Practitioner of the e-co-innovation culture Financial Estimation of ROI (return on investment) Measuring the capacity to innovate and the of tangible and intangible benefits and values Computer user Planning,
constraints and paradoxes We are living in a global world, practicing global economy without global governance.
Beylat and Tambourin BEY 13 state that the innovation policy should strongly encourage entrepreneurship and value creation.
and position the public investment where it contributes best to the growth and revitalization of the economy.
and reward the creation of economic value and jobs. What example can be given by politics that never lead a company?
Communication plays an important role in amplifying innovation effect. Most people act in â€oepush†mode †they talk about themselves instead of listening more to others.
This communication is practiced mostly in professional social networks used to evaluate the person who talks instead of creating synergies
Figure 2. 11 presents the main types of capital comprising human relationship and structural elements. All these elements influence each other.
Intangible capital While the evaluation of tangible benefits is rather easy, that of intangible benefits is not evident.
image, creation of joint ventures to extend the initial market, rate of new products and services per year, environmental impact, participation of stakeholders, real-time learning, collaborative watch and opportunity hunting, financial
and will be adapted to each case. 2. 7. Trends and future innovation In search of economic growth and job creation,
the most difficult task is to find the right business model and to evaluate the economic impact of such activities.
Service innovation was pushed by the economists in the 1990s GAL 96 as another means to generate growth
The awareness that services in combination with products could provide higher profits than products alone was probably a trigger for this move.
The concept is based on the idea that customers may want the function that the product provides
because it reduces the use of materials ZHA 13.80 The Innovation Biosphere Economy of sharing that has already been practiced in the Eastern europe after the WORLD WAR II makes its entry to developed countries becoming poor.
Sharing of cars, tools and houses is a practice by individuals in parallel to the sick economic systems.
impact of sensitive technology to manage, business transformation, economic growth, knowledge preservation, food and water for all,
A fast-growing human population and the consequent growing demand for food, energy and water are the most serious.
Only the use of new technologies will allow us to bridge the gap between economic growth
as well as unemployment and lack of workforce in the services areas such as tourism, hotels and restaurants, agriculture and others?
†How can transnational organized crime networks be stopped from becoming more powerful and sophisticated global enterprises?
†How can growing energy demands be met safely and efficiently? †How can scientific and technological breakthroughs be accelerated to improve the human condition?
China†s growth is driven entirely by exports and state-investment. The internal Chinese economy needs to be reformed
and opened up to make it more productive. This is politically difficult. China is getting old due to the one-child rule.
making the EU the most competitive economy in the world and reaching full employment before 2010.
of innovation as the innovation in public sector, open government, business model innovation, and innovative scheme open innovation and science 2. 0, to assist universities
entrepreneurship and collaborative work with local companies and organizations. Smart Region may provide an enabling environment for such a synergy.
The Horizon 2020 program also contains sections regarding Excellence Science and Industrial Leadership. Excellence Science comprises Future and Emerging Technologies (FETS.
The relocation to Europe creates jobs in various services for expats. According to Confrontation Europe CEU 14
Their information systems are programmed not for effective and relevant matching of offer and demand. They need to be revisited,
The Europatriates initiative deals with young employment in Europe HAR 12. â€oethe unemployed young people are given opportunities for personal and professional development in a partner country.
direct placement in one of the partner companies or coaching to establish a company of their own in their respective home countries to further create opportunities for employment in their country of originâ€.
While such opportunities are offered mainly to 18†25 years old, the other age brackets are concerned also (25†40) †those in between the young and the seniors.
There is a need for systematic management of human capital by companies, cities, regions and countries, exploration of local talents and balance between health of companies,
The cultural capital and related knowledge is considered not, while it has potential to bring another perspective
In the industrial era, they contributed to more products and economic growth. According to Brynjolfsson and Mcafee BRY 11, increases in jobs corresponds to increases in productivity,
which fueled more economic activity and created even more jobs. Then, beginning in 2000, the lines diverge;
showing economic growth with no parallel increase in job creation. Brynjolfsson and Mcafee call it the â€oegreat decouplingâ€.
and globalization caused the transition to a service economy. Workers repeatedly adapted by acquiring new skills
Supermarkets are offering services of mobile phone payement. To avoid the long lines, shoppers can just scan barcodes of the items they are picking out
†the silver economy, innovation for longevity; †the valuation of big data. These challenges â€oecan be seen as seven critical pillars to initiate in France the process of long-term prosperity and employmentâ€.
†information and communication society; †innovative, inclusive and adaptive societies; †freedom and security of Europe, its citizens and its residents.
and services Inhabitants are deprived of basic services, such as post offices bakeries, groceries and medical services considered to be unprofitable.
Many are elderly and cannot get around for the nearest services. Yet the majority of these lost villages are beautiful
and have the potential to be explored. Some positive examples of such an evaluation should be shared and copied.
but an opportunity for offering new, or bringing back old, services, such as a social link through a postman,
should be considered using a holistic approach. Many elderly people are victims of scams of any kinds
How many 94 The Innovation Biosphere investments, time and energy, are wasted just to keep people believing that politicians are motivated in creating a prosperous future?
stress and taking care about the well-being of citizens. 3. 2. 4. Best practices in matching offer and demand The Innocentive website2 publishes challenges proposed by various organizations with the aim to find solvers,
Their global network of problem solvers and cloud-based innovation management platform help their clients in quick matching of offer and demand.
Some examples of demands are given below: †NASA is seeking applications that utilize the Climate
96 The Innovation Biosphere Major rethinking University IP policies †including Chief Academic Innovation Officers †with a focus on building the â€oeflow of knowledge†across stakeholders.
New field of Knowledge/Innovation Economics has emerged †learning to measure the intangible value. The recent OECD publication OEC 14a reviews the key trends in science, technology and innovation policies,
and performance in more than 45 economies, including OECD countries and major emerging economies. Eighty pages of this report (see Appendix 2. A in the report) present comparative tables of national STI strategies or plans, OECD countries and some major non-OECD economies.
This policy analysis and measurement use a â€oedata approach†and are based on statistic methods, and not on real knowledge about the current situation.
lack of information on the economy and strong asymmetry with private actors, and the lack of capability in the public sector for effective policy makingâ€.
and who know the areas for productive investment. This way may allow the policy makers to learn from the experience
The emphasis is made on involving the venture capital (VC) industry at the early stage of start-ups lifecycle.
The main innovation here is considering VC as an initiator of search network for identifying and combining finance, technical expertise, marketing know-how, business models, standard-setting capacity and others.
The green innovation policy is discussed in Chapter 7 of DUT 14 that explores the role that innovation can play in achieving a greener economy.
what are the results in terms of economic growth and how the whole process is monitored. Figure 3. 2. Comparison between Maryland
For instance, knowledge-based services and creative industries are targeted frequently by service innovation policy, while the retail sector is targeted not by service innovation policy in any of the surveyed countries;
†demand-and user-driven innovation policy approach was indicated by majority of surveyed countries as a new emerging approach to service innovation support.
The services related to smart cities and other public services are mentioned not. The authors state that â€oeat present the value of service innovation across the industries is recognized not fully.
100 The Innovation Biosphere Figure 3. 3. Key services identified on the basis of their innovation activity KUU 12 3. 3. 1. Innovation policies in Europe Innovation
creating competition between countries instead of considering Europe as a whole. Politicians are connected not with the reality; they are not entrepreneurs.
We also coordinate the implementation of the Innovation Union actions under the responsibility of General Directory for Enterprise & Industry.
developing, producing and accessing new products, industrial processes and services which they consider vital for creating more jobs,
and manage change through investment in skills and training. A platform Challenges and Innovation Policies 103 against poverty will support
and make the various stakeholders work together. We do not know what actions make it possible to remove obstacles from innovation.
put in place financial instruments to attract a major increase in private finance, investment in knowledge transfer and start-ups;.
The Commission proposes to launch the necessary work for the development of a new indicator measuring the share of fast-growing innovative companies in the economy.
a new headline indicator allowing as part of the EU 2020 strategy to benchmark the EU€ s performance against its main trading partners.
They are adapted not to evaluate the progress in facing the main challenges, such as job creation, employment and economic growth.
Such a ranking encourages competition between the European countries instead of challenging them to act as a whole. 3. 3. 1. 3. Digital Agenda Digital Agenda aims â€oeto reboot Europe†s economy
these technologies should deliver sustainable economic growth. To accomplish this ambitious challenge, 101 actions grouped around seven key areas were elaborated.
1) creating a new and stable broadband regulatory environment. Providing fast and ultrafast Internet to match world leaders such as South korea and Japan,
In parallel with the US Global Environment for Network Innovations and Japanese project AKARI, Future Internet Research and Experimentation Development research programs have been funded by the EU to foster research on the future developments of the Internet architecture, technology and services.
It is considered also vital to the continued economic growth in Europe BLE 08. The EU aims at fostering favorable conditions through coordinated action including joint development of related skills.
The other tasks include: †services and networking architecture; †location independent, interoperable, coherent, consistent, scalable, pervasive, reliable, secure and efficient access to a coordinated set of services;
†tools supporting collaborative business models and social network applications; †technologies ensuring the robustness and security of the networks, managing identities,
protecting privacy and creating trust in the online world; †approaches and tools to leverage the full potential of the Internet of things;
†skills for supporting the creation, sharing, locating and delivery of new-media content. The Future Internet Initiatives and activities are grouped in the EC portal http://www. future-internet. eu. 108 The Innovation Biosphere 3. 3. 1. 4. European Open Innovation Strategy
attracting researchers and enterprises of all sizes around various experimentations. Their Yearbook 2013 PUB 13 presents the policy from an open innovation perspective and highlights some of the new thinking to support the objectives of Europe 2020 and those of Innovation Union for European competitiveness
Successful innovation combines several disciplines, all stakeholders and societal and technological drivers. While the linear innovation model may still be valid for some industries†but the more we shift to knowledge society-related innovation,
All the stakeholders (industry, research, public sector and the user community) need to be involved, and crowdfunding may accelerate the process.
This open system of user-centric and sharing-based innovation approach requires new types of IPR to foster sharing
access to capital, removing regulatory barriers, mentoring by business experts and lowering taxes. Access to market is important
Challenges and Innovation Policies 109 Figure 3. 6. The bridge analogy PUB 13 The Horizon 2020 program structure supports demand orientation that links interdisciplinary
and extended to provide the necessary bridge from prototypes and experiments to scale up. Public sector procurers have tremendous purchasing power,
shared societal capital, and the systematic harvesting of experimental results. Information technology will play a special role
†corporate entrepreneurship: enhancing corporate venturing, start-ups and spin-offs; †proactive intellectual property management: creating new markets for technology;
In the 20 drivers, the environment, as well as the evaluation of the innovation impact, is missing.
such as Ministry contest for innovative enterprise creation by researchers that was initiated in 1999, Retis8 network, Technopoles and others.
the Plan of Future Investments of â 35 billion was launched in 2010 and centered on higher education, research and industries of tomorrow.
In 2012, on demand of new government, Anne Lauvergeon, the former president of AREVA, led a group of experts studying the main ambitions for France to stimulate innovation in companies
energy storage, recycling of rare metals, exploration of sea resources, vegetable proteins and plant chemistry, personalized medicine, silver economy and longevity and valorization of Big data.
and transportation of goods and people will continue and increase, following the unchanged principles of global economy.
The change of mentalities and the creation of a political ecosystem enabling innovation and sustainable entrepreneurship remain the greatest 116 The Innovation Biosphere challenge.
ANR has also been the principal operator of the Investments for the Future program in the field of higher education and research.
The french ANR supports the development of public†private partnerships that have a direct impact on the economy and competitiveness.
and Innovation Policies 117 projects involving enterprises. In addition, the following specific programs were defined: †Industrial chairs:
for the purpose of establishing chairs at public research facilities, in partnership with enterprises, and financed jointly by the latter and the ANR;
According to the public policy goals for energy, environment and energy transition, ADEME supports the innovation, development and research activity.
development and environment (soil and air. The OECD Reviews of Innovation Policy: France 2014 provides an OECD view of innovation policy in France OEC 14b.
and investments is holding back private-sector R&d spending. It suggests that easing overall corporate taxes
and services and open to those who wish to improve these â€oediamonds†in the rough. Politicians are dreaming about growth,
For example, persons in charge of smart city projects have difficulties to directly collect the ideas or needs for services from inhabitants.
Masters†of Entrepreneurship and schools are now booming, but only a few teach modern entrepreneurship. In Europe, the United states and other countries, efforts are made to encourage students
and Phd scholars to start their companies. Almost every university in France has the transfer service.
and spread the entrepreneurship spirit promote professionals such as football players, top models and other â€oestarsâ€. Recently, â€oechefs de cuisine†competitions have become a point of interest.
Just one channel in France devotes 30 s daily for the presentation of a selected profession with the aim to inspire those who have to take a decision or change a professional life.
Many private initiatives focus on greening, matching demand for jobs and offer, or try to help unemployed people to become entrepreneurs.
This bidirectional communication is vital to successfully face the current challenges. Removing administrative barriers by involving citizens
To progress, Europe needs a clear vision elaborated with all stakeholders and measures tangible and intangible, the result of actions and their impact on a regular basis.
such as incubators and clusters, hoping to attract companies and influence economic growth. Traditional policy is applied and there is still a misunderstanding of the difference between innovation and research,
and between the industrial era and the global knowledge economy. A huge amount of money is being spent on public and private initiatives.
and the progress made, probably due to the absence of measures and diversity of stakeholders and institutions involved.
Their experiments cover the various aspects of smart cities and the applications of information and communication technology (ICT) for lighting and water management
One of them is devoted to green innovation and covers the fields such as food security and sustainable agriculture, the ocean and the blue economy, keeping water clean and fresh, sustainable cities, biodiversity and ecosystems
but social innovation and services are also developing. This trend is global †all continents are innovating.
However the involvement of customers, evaluation of impact and of progress, on regular basis, is not yet general.
The Silicon valley Global Network2 group was founded by Sheridan Tatsuno with the aim to share entrepreneurship experience all around the world.
Companies in Silicon valley are still based on competition and a few consider the impact on livings and the environment.
They are pushing technology and only economic success is considered. The Innovation Forum jointly sponsored by the National Academy and Innovation Ecologies Inc,
grounded in classical economics. Some of this is bound to federal funding for research and development (R&d. Other aspects include immigration, training and education.
The infrastructure of innovation considers the role of universities, incubators and other possible supports for innovation-related activities.
and provides a tool for policymakers to benchmark regions. The interest of this attempt to develop a National Innovation Strategy is in its overall approach,
and Communication at Stanford university, has the ambition of disrupting unemployment. They try to find a solution for the intersectoral problem of unemployement.
â€oethe current economic crisis has brought the interplay between innovation and jobs. Countries badly need innovation-driven productivity gains to grow out of debt,
but how do we connect offer and demand? This statement points out main â€oetruthsâ€, difficulties and challenges:
innovation knows how to create products and services but not jobs; economy is task-centered instead of being centered people;
students must learn real-world problem-solving; we have to connect science and business. There is also the need for a common language facilitating communication between innovation and social/labor experts.
Among the topics for the next summit are: how do we accredit marketable skills, design and finance public services,
Each of the founding companies brought a specific area of expertise to the enterprise: GM brought vehicle design and integration and a distribution system,
while Hughes contributed communications and satellite technology and automotive electronics. Their offer relies on CDMA6 mobile phone voice and data communication, primarily via Verizon Wireless in the United states and Bell Mobility in Canada,
Drivers and passengers can use its audio interface to contact Onstar representatives for emergency services, vehicle diagnostics and directions.
enabled by technological capabilities entailing wireless telephony, satellite communication, vehicle integration systems and internal sensors,
as well as the technologies needed to integrate the vehicle diagnostics into public networks, call center operations and external services such as 911 emergency networks.
The above platform has been developed incrementally by adding other useful services that help not only clients but also other stakeholders such as police, insurance companies and others.
Such collaboration has multiple positive impacts †competitive advantage for GM and their partners, more services for clients, contribution to fighting criminality and reduction of C02 emission due to guiding.
Involving customers may improve their real impact; the possibility to send feedback is given only using their multiple choice survey
It made it clear that this problem should be addressed using an overall approach †communities needed to be provided with greater educational opportunities for the island†s youth to ensure that young adults were qualified for the new jobs that ought to be there (rather than training young people for the existing job market),
and diversify the economy. With this realization, The Kohala Center was founded in 2000 as an independent, community-based center for research, conservation and education.
and connect intimately with the environment in the valley †and to work in partnership with neighbors to maintain
and prospering with assistance from the Kohala Rural and Cooperative Business Development Services team. They are making efforts to reduce their economically crippling dependence on imported fossil fuels,
and its damage to the environment spawned an implementable plan to increase ridership and efficiency in Hawaiâ€
Examples include the environment sustainability, economic phenomena and life itself. These are open and dynamic systems with the potential to change each larger system,
One of their projects is to explore open energy systems able to dynamically transmit power in ultradispersive environments,
This would help improve education and medical services, and contribute in some way to economic independence. To deal with information overload, new representations allow people to assimilate data in a simpler way not only through the use of existing visual channels,
and reconstructs a natural environment under any arable climatic condition. It plans to establish a new relationalistic life science of an â€oein natura†state, beyond conventional reductionism,
For occupants of Synthetic Space, transforming the makeup of the surrounding built environment will be as easy as changing the wallpaper image on a present-day personal computer (PC.
In the Earth†s environment, various disturbances (environmental factors, gene transformation chemical substances, etc. are entangled integrally, leading to unpredictable reactive properties.
Experimentations and Results 135 The Sony CSL Paris center focuses on personal music experience, developmental cognitive robots, self-organizing communication systems and sustainable environment simulation.
and participatory sensing of pollution. 4. 2. 2. Qatar Foundation The Qatar Foundation (QF) is an example of intelligent investment of money other than in buying cars and malls.
because growing in harsh environment, it is a symbol of perseverance and nourishment across the borders of the Arab world and of solidarity and determination.
It outlines how Qatar will use the vast revenues from its hydrocarbon resources to transform itself 7 http://www. qf. org. qa. 136 The Innovation Biosphere into a modern knowledge-based economy.
Through these activities, the foundation supports an innovative and open society that aspires to develop sustainable human capacity, social and economic prosperity for a knowledge-based economy.
and services delivery platform that provides real-time air quality information. The e-survey aims to gather information from Qatari citizens
and actions to transform into a green economy. These conditions include social environmental and economic innovation;
and covers biology and medicine, social sciences and humanities, energy and transport, environment and society, IT and telecommunications,
Its objective was to deploy convergent Future Internet platforms and services for the promotion of sustainable lifestyles in and across emergent networks of â€oesmart†peripheral cities in Europe
and enhances the Save Energy project†s Social Information Architecture, integrating key new components †sensor networks, real-time 3d and mobile location-based services
†with the Future Internet (FI) paradigms of Internet of things, Internet of Services and Internet of People.
where mobile e-government services are delivered. Pilot projects have been initiated in Malmó§Sweden (SE), Bremen Germany (DE), Athens Greece (GR),
This Living Lab activity covers both domains of nature diversity (insular tropical environment) and culture (creative industries.
enhancing and disseminating the island heritage know-how through serious games as tools for knowledge acquisition in physical and virtual environments.
science (medicine), communication and tourism can be empowered by ICT in a sustainable manner by following some innovative methods for developing e-service.
if it facilitates communication between teachers and learners. The University of Reunion Island Living Lab for Teaching and Learning (UR.
and computer sides converge for codesigning e-services with ICT on a Creativity Platform and therefore enhance the sharing of live subjective interpretations with Semiotic Web,
researchers and other stakeholders of the living labs. Enoll members meet on a regular basis and continue to collaborate,
There are no reports on how far this investment improved economic growth, job creation and young employment and has addressed other strategic European challenges.
and the environments have changed all fundamentally. It is important to see how these changes in the drivers for success have led to different policy approaches by all stakeholders.
Also the roles and collaboration of stakeholders is very different from the past†PUB 14.142 The Innovation Biosphere To illustrate this purpose,
the above Yearbook presents some experiments following the OISPG method presented in Figure 4. 3. Figure 4. 3. Innovation 2. 0 method PUB 14 This method is not new;
It may lead to cocreative and more inclusive economy. The principle is shown in Figure 4. 4. Experimentations
and Results 143 Figure 4. 4. Principle of wealth†welfare†well-being cocreation PUB 14 Stakeholders are considered here as cocreators.
The author believes that cocreation thinking expands the current approach (wealth generation) to create wealth†welfare†well-being in economy and society.
he gives example of Onstar telematics †providing information to passengers for their safety and emergency service to customers.
Telematic is solely about providing paid service to customers. While customers may feel more secure,
the author does not explain if and how the customers participate in the innovation process of provider.
Another more convincing case for the above approach is those of Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) public†private organization.
social and other public sector enterprises can build services and applications that benefit residents across India.
if the possibility was given to citizens to participate in improving this system or asking for specific services.
and early-stage projects into innovative products and services in areas of socioeconomic importance for the future.
The best ideas and early-stage projects will be awarded seed grants (below EUR100 000) and supported by an incubation program hosted by one of a European network of business incubators.
The other cases described in the Open Innovation Yearbook 2014 are about innovation networks such as Oulu Innovation Alliance, Big data exploration, smart urban lighting and innovative services for lawyers.
and Results 145 traditional training center by a special innovation enabling organizational environment using all senses,
Openfutures10, a 2-year long international research project funded by the 7fp of the EC provided an opportunity to a group of 13 organizations (FCS,
The communication between the Alliance members includes annual or biannual meetings of the community usually hosted by one or several FCS, collaboration between FCS on joint projects and informal communication between the community members.
Finally, Futur Centers can be defined as special working environments helping participants to break out patterns and routines, see issues from 10 http://cordis. europa. eu/project/rcn/80168 en. html. 11 http://www. fc-alliance. net. 146 The Innovation Biosphere multiple perspectives
develop, prototype and communicate ideas, strategies, plans, solutions and actions that help them to deal effectively with today†s
ideas, visions, solutions and action plans are developed through a collaborative process that involves diverse stakeholders;
†thinking-dreaming-playing-doing work environment: integration of physical, virtual, emotional and mental spaces in order to create rich environments that contribute to effective group and individual processes;
†time-out: the center invites people to take a time-out from their daily workload and routine stress,
in order to ensure that the FC remains relevant to the changing environment in which the organization operates.
The business model bloc deals with finding the right funding and/or sales the results. Based on the specific opportunities that the center identifies,
other business models can be applied. Each FC has a unique lifecycle †from the initial idea of launching an FC to its ongoing operation/transformation (and in some cases
closing down. It is influenced by the specific circumstances of the initiative †the organizational culture of the parent organization, the available resources, the objectives of the center and even the personalities of the people involved.
Experimentations and Results 149 Some benefits from Future Centers Each FC develops its own business model depending on its mission.
Moreover, frequently, the business model changes over time and is modified to new circumstances and needs (or constraints) of the mother organization.
†assisting stakeholders in building consensus in complicated circumstances; †helping the organization to invent new products, services and ways of working.
Some of them are real breakthroughs; †supporting organizations in conceiving, designing and launching large-scale projects;
While the impact for the organization having 150 The Innovation Biosphere an FC may be evaluated in terms of new products and services,
The environment and equipment of an external FC may have an impact on creativity. 4. 3. 3. Green
and eco-innovation DG Environment12 (The Environment Directorate General of the EC) was set up in 1973 to protect,
preserve and improve the Europe†s environment for present and future generations. The Commission proposes policies
improve knowledge about toxic chemicals and help businesses move toward a sustainable economy. They also make sure that member states apply EU environmental law correctly by helping them comply with the legislation they have agreed,
Its main aims are to ensure a high level of protection of human health and the environment from the risks from chemicals
The DG Environment website offers access to the base of â€oegood Practiceâ€. As usual, the access to this base follows the traditional IT logic †access by area,
Agriculture (9), Air quality (4), Biodiversity (1), Cities (1), Construction (11), Energy efficiency (30), Industry (15), New services/business models (3), Recycling
The beads spin in the washing machine along with the 12 http://ec. europa. eu/environment/./Experimentations and Results 151 dirty garments,
The Sustainable Urban Metabolism for Europe (SUME) project focused on how to design future 152 The Innovation Biosphere urban systems to be less damaging to the environment.
and urban environments on resource use in order to significantly reduce resource and energy consumption and transform urban building and spatial structures for the future.
†functional mix in urban quarters (i e. residential, jobs and services; †combine urban and building (object) reconstruction.
providing access to health care, education, services to older people and those with disabilities, connecting activities for better impact or connecting generations.
However, the economic impact is not easy to estimate †the various business models are experimented. Some of these projects help to create jobs;
the aspects of job generation and business models should be improved. The H2020 opened the opportunity for more social
and service innovation and introduced a social innovation as crowdfunding †the applicants are encouraged to find complementary private funds to succeed with their projects.
Experimentations and Results 153 Among other social innovation initiatives, there are networks of people that need
and technology may help to enhance services not only in traditional fields such as health, banking, insurance, tourism and other,
but also help in â€oeindustry renewalâ€, by offering services related to products. Several reports on service innovation are available.
allows mobile banking and mobile services, e-invoicing, e-identity, e-procurement and crowdfunding. Smart City represents an innovation in city management
and it provides innovative services to citizens, organizations and companies. e-Health and telemedicine are also examples of service innovation. 4. 4. Experiments in France For several years,
the various initiatives are booming. Some companies such as Bouygues telecom organize Open Days to show their innovations
and to connect with their customers (resellers), providers and other related partners. Faced with competition from China some companies went bankrupt leaving a precious space in the center of Paris. The association Silicon Sentier was born in 2000 with the aim to offer digital services in this area.
They have initiated several key projects such as La Cantine, primarily intended for digital players, offering collaborative workspace,
The association is also at origin of Digital District project, a laboratory for 154 The Innovation Biosphere experimentation of innovative services.
†accelerator camping which hosts 12 start-ups per 6-month season. Some of the supported companies have been bought by Twitter or Intralinks;
developers and influential individuals fostering brand neutral cooperation and cross-border peer to peer (P2p) business opportunities through live networking events to demo products,
The opportunity is given to start-ups and small companies to present their offers, mainly products, expecting to find clients, funding or alliance.
and in Paris is three-month accelerator program offered to selected start-ups. 13 http://en. numa. paris/Numa-About. 14 http://orangefab. com/.Experimentations
Since 2009, Greater Lyon has been leading a â€oedigital mission†that includes an approach dedicated to innovative services
which digital technologies can improve our lives through new services. As a result, this approach has brought together domains as diverse as mobility, culture, tourism and the postcarbon city.
natural hazards and environmental and health impacts in man-made environments; †designing and planning sustainable cities and regions:
How are the principal stakeholders †citizens †involved, instead of involving only researchers, providers and sponsors?
Web 2. 0 services are modifying the whole landscape †everything becomes virtual â€oee-†and connected.
to develop social and military economies, to buy directly from producers, to plant vegetables to take for free
While many people dream about disruptive innovation, only a few put emphasis on creating the favorable conditions for fruitful innovation in terms of environment, places,
It already happens in some projects concerning the environment and they are successful. Some understood that the education is the base of progress.
The Return on Investment (ROI) is applied not to research projects. The most promising projects need evaluation and visibility for a quick transfer.
5 Environment and Sustainable Success 5. 1. Know, appreciate and protect what we have Many examples from the real world show that the intensive industrialization
but this is not sufficient because of the long history of the mechanical Industrial Model of the distrustful/devaluing and competitive enterprises and veins that work in exactly the opposite direction,
A greedy economic system empowered with ubiquitous advertisements and continuous innovation 160 The Innovation Biosphere in marketing requires us to transform into buying machines.
The â€oebusiness first†attitude replaced the respect for our natural environment. Amplified by cultural diversity,
Some call it â€oeresponsible innovation†but it only focuses on environment without considering the other system impacts. 1 http://wwz. ifremer. fr/institut eng.
Environment and Sustainable Success 161 HP Living Progress the HP framework â€oefor thinking about how we do businessâ€,
Another company called Greentech GRE 15b offers products and services such as modular natural turf, green roofs, roof gardens and urban agriculture.
Environment and Sustainable Success 163 or are concerned not with the long-term impact that may have on living organisms absorbing the nanoparticles in various forms.
Why future customers need it, what the connections with existing environment are, what the best solution is,
how this solution will interact with the environment, what impact it will have and how far it will change the natural context are only few examples of questions to ask.
Problem solving requires humility and questioning: has something similar already been invented? What are the connections with past knowledge and the existing environment?
Is it possible to find a solution by observing nature? What impact could this solution produce?
All these wonders enhance mankind†s creative intelligence and are an inexhaustible source of inspiration and knowledge.
This experience like many others demonstrated that every effect may be a result of complex chain of causes. 3 http://saudiaramcoworld. com/.Environment
Briefly, there are common bases for communication between plants and insects (and humans, in part) †the range of plants†colors corresponds to the range of insects†visual ability.
allowing plants to cope with the excess of heavy metals in the environment, caused by humans. However, while Nature was playing with anthocyanin pigments to tune the coloration of flowers,
it Environment and Sustainable Success 167 turned out that one â€oeside-effect†of these compounds allows anthocyanins to chelate heavy metal ions,
Plants have an ability to perceive the environment and to feel the world around itself.
They explore opportunities (twisting around a branch) BAL 05. Plants have the ability to protect themselves from dangers (their leaves being eaten) by generating gas
and communication at all levels of biological organization, from genetics to molecules, cells and ecological communities MAN 13.
we can learn from our environment †from dolphins: how to communicate in water; from prairies:
Environment and Sustainable Success 169 any other shape †for maximizing space with the least amount of building material.
Environment and Sustainable Success 171 Figure 5. 3. Nature picture and low-magnification optical microscopy, low-magnification FESEM (Field emission Scanning Electron microscopy) images
They are far from reaching the performance of biological quadrupeds in natural environments. The horse capacities are superior to any other animal of equal size;
And all this with enough economy of effort to provide endurance, which is achieved by means of elastic energy storage in tendons during certain phases of the locomotion cycle and the later return of this energy to the more exigent phases HIL 87.
it reduces the degradation of their output due to self-cleaning effect XCO 15b.7 http://biomimetics. mit. edu/Environment
But it fell short of surviving a shot at normal speed from a. 22 caliber rifle, the benchmark for protection for a type 1 bulletproof vest.
Thus, it impacts directly or indirectly living things and the environment †the atmosphere, the land and 8 http://www. uakron. edu/im/online-newsroom/news details. dot?
The greedy economic system which produces things to throw out should be replaced by Environment and Sustainable Success 175 a more sustainable one.
clusters provide common services but cross-fertilization is rather weak. Our life is too short to know everything;
Nevertheless, it involves an intelligent management of the intellectual capital †knowing and planning it in relation to the regional projects and vision.
and services that will make life easier. For example, a virtual assistant should be intelligent and able to provide directly the right answer to a customer†s or visitor†s questions.
to respect the environment and manage one†s own time, to take care of one†s physical and mental health,
of oneself and the surrounding environment GUM 68. She puts emphasis on eating wisely. She wrote several books to explain what
Environment and Sustainable Success 177 The only way to know whether progress is being made to measure it using the right indicators †key progress indicators †another KPI †including the right use of technology, training, stakeholders†networks, environmental impact, leadership,
As in the United states, entrepreneurship has to be a part of educational programs in Europe too. There are still too many barriers,
there is strong competition and the amount of allocation in France and Europe is decreasing to encourage crowdfunding.
The funds are allocated not always to the right projects and teams because of traditional evaluation system.
Customers and pilot users may provide considerable help all along the innovation lifecycle. Science was split into various areas
Many stakeholders are used to perpetuate the same mental schema †to reuse that which they already know,
Environment and Sustainable Success 179 The diversity is not an excuse for lowering the educational level;
and there is no competition for thinkers and visionaries, nor a Nobel prize. A new mindset is required connecting intuition, imagination and innovation AMI 14.
it is not enough on the new capacity of double connection between environment and innovation:
innovation for environment and from environment. We need geeks who are fascinated by new technology and who are able to evaluate what is really useful
and repair services such as with 3d printed spare parts. To increase the quality and reduce waste,
and lacking in effective association of supply and demand, should evolve or be replaced by effective
It opens a great opportunity for game designers, but who will sponsor such games? Living in permanent stress and searching for well-being and happiness, we need to reconsider our professional and living conditions.
Conditions for a Sustainable Future Jeremy Rifkin RIF 14 claims that â€oezero margin cost†is a trigger for a new economic system based on two things:
â€oezero margin cost†will replace the old economy which is looking for an increase in productivity and a reduction in margin cost.
Prosumers would rather share physical goods and services instead of buying them, which is happening already,
Low-cost business and the free business model generate a disastrous and slave society, managed by the almighty Google,
tools and cars today because we have to share scarcity. According to specialists, it is too late to protect the planet;
AMI 97 AMIDON D.,The Innovation Strategy for the Knowledge Economy, Butterworth Heinemann, Boston, 1997 AMI 98 AMIDON D. ed.),Collaborative Innovation and the Knowledge
Economy, The Society of Management Accountants of Canada available at http://www. entovation. com/backgrnd/future. htm, 1998.
ANR 14 AGENCE NATIONALE DE RECHERCHE, http://www. agence-nationale-recherche. fr/en/funding-opportunities/major-societal-challenges/
BOU 12 BOUYGUES ENERGIES & SERVICES, Le drone pour diagnostic thermique †l†inspection et la maintenance des centrales photovoltaã ques, available at http
and Irreversibly Transforming Employment and the Economy, Lexington: Digital Frontier Press, 2011. BUL 13 BULL GROUP, Corporate social responsibility and sustainable development 2013-2014, Sustainability by and for IT, available at http://www. bull. com/download/bull/Bull csr report 2013-2014 gri4 en
ECO 14a EUROPEAN COMMISSION, About Eco-innovation, available at http://ec. europa. eu/environment/ecoap/about-eco-innovation/index en. htm, 2014.
www. ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/innovation/policy/index en. htm, 2014. EST 10 ESTATEBURN, The effect Touse and its impact on France, http://estateburn. com/the-eiffel-tower-and-its-impact-on-france/,2010.
EUR 10a EUROPEAN UNION, This is European social innovation, available at http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/flipbook/socialinnovation/files/social innov. pdf, 2010.
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GAL 96 GALLOUJ C.,GALLOUJ F.,Innovation dans les services, Economica, 1996. Bibliography 191 GAL 12 GALLOIS L.,Pacte pour la compã titivitã de l†industrie franã§aise, La Documentation Franã§aise, available
a cross †country empirical investigationâ€, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 375†390,2009.
A Guide to Federal Programs for Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry, Entrepreneurship, Conservation, Food Systems, and Community Development, USDA, 2014.
introducing environmental aspects to design activitiesâ€, Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Intellectual Capital, Knowledge management and Organisational Learning, pp. 267†272, WASHINGTON DC, 24†25 october 2013.
RIF 14 RIFKIN J.,The Zero Marginal cost Society, The Internet of things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
â€oethe evolution of technology, communication and cognition towards the future of human computer interactionâ€, Ambient Intelligence, Emerging Communication, IOS Press, vol. 6, available at http://www. neurovr
SHE 14 SHEMET S.,Personal communication, 2014. SLA 12 SLAT B.,How the oceans can clean themselves TEDXDELFT, available at https://www. youtube. com/watch?
STA 94 STAHEL W.,The Utilisation-Focused Service Economy: Resource Efficiency and Product-Life Extension, National Academy Press, WASHINGTON DC, pp. 178†190,1994. 198 The Innovation Biosphere STA 14 STARCK P.,Betting on 3
WAR 01 WARD P.,How Penguins Are adapted to Their Environment and Survive Cold Conditions. Science of the Cold, available at http://www. coolantarctica. com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/cold penguins. htm, 2001.
, 181 business model, 107 innovation, 62,126, 155 intelligence, 64,72, 113 watch, 79 computer science, 7†11,21, 26,69, 132 computers, 7, 13,15, 16,52
132, 138†141,145, 149,150, 160,161 curiosity, 73,164, 168,174 customers, 13,55, 62,71, 77,79, 124,128, 143,153, 163,177 cyber-physical systems, 21 D
, 137†144 entrepreneurship, 46,62, 64,75, 86,112, 115,119, 120,125, 176 European union policy, 108†113 programs, 38,41, 55,79, 92,123, 157 feedback, 5
success indicators, 176 knowledge discovery, 9 ecology, 54 economy 47,55, 70,73, 123 cultivators, 60,63, 64,137, 178 management, 46,67, 71,103, 139 processing, 177 knowledge-based systems, 99 Kohala Center, 128
S R&d, 73,112, 114,118, 125,145 recycling, 12,13, 16,43, 44,55, 91,114, 115,120, 150,151, 155,174 region, 61,86, 92,95, 113,136 return on investment, 4
, 8, 34,35, 38,46, 51,87, 130,134, 137,145, 148, 153†156,160, 168,169 stakeholders, 23,60, 68,71, 72,79, 103,108, 121,127, 141,143, 146
â'Value and Economy of Marine Resources MUTTIN Frã dã ric Marine Coastal and Water pollutions:
Chapter 4 describes the main experiments being performed around the world that are aiming to amplify innovation by increasing the involvement of more players and stakeholders.
Eunika Mercier-Laurent is Associate Researcher at IAE Lyon University as well as being the founder of an international enterprise dedicated to knowledge and innovation management
and the dissemination of a culture of innovation for the knowledge economy. She is also an expert for French and European institutions.
progress and employment 3. 2. 3. Challenge for France 3. 2. 4. Best practices in matching offer and demand 3. 3. Innovation policy 3
Environment and Sustainable Success 5. 1. Know, appreciate and protect what we have 5. 2. Problem solving 5. 2. 1. Motivation 5. 2. 2. Understanding the problem to solve 5. 2. 3. Solutions from the past and alternative solutions 5
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