Synopsis:
Entrepreneurship: Profit:
(Focus) Eunika Mercier-Laurent-The Innovation Biosphere_ Planet and Brains in the Digital Era-Wiley-ISTE (2015).pdf.txt
The awareness that services in combination with products could provide higher profits than products alone was probably a trigger for this move.
(Management for Professionals) Jan vom Brocke, Theresa Schmiedel (eds.)-BPM - Driving Innovation in a Digital World-Springer International Publishing (2015).pdf.txt
and the goal is not profit, but creating value. 4. 4 Execution Phase for External Participants In the execution phase,
The technology will help the insurers to increase their overall profits (Progressive, 2012. There are numerous benefits related to a UBI program for the insured car drivers.
whilst low-volume items that sell irregularly (but not necessarily make less profit) are hard to predict for humans
which is especially interesting from a theoretical point of view, practice profits, e g. from reductions in modelling costs, modelling time and modelling risk,
How general electric and others turned process into profit. New york, NY: Wiley. Hammer, M, . & Champy, J. 2009).
10_MOD_Innovation in Romanian SMEs - revised february 2013.pdf.txt
governmental financial facilities (such as decrease or tax exemption for profit reinvested in innovations. b) At organisational level.
2010 OECD SME Entrepreneurship and Innovation Report.pdf.txt
Kirzner (1973,1997) stressed the role of entrepreneurs as discoverers and early exploiters of previously-unnoticed profit opportunities.
which eliminates the profit. Innovation occurs as entrepreneurs discover new opportunities. But as opposed to Schumpeter†s view of the entrepreneur as a disruptor of markets and instigator of evolutionary economic development
Here the entrepreneur is seen as facilitating economic adjustment by predicting where new profit opportunities will open up
OECD research shows for example how unbalanced taxes on company profits and losses and high average tax rates on SMES relative to large firms can diminish SME and entrepreneurship activity (OECD, 2009).
Entrepreneurship is not only about profit-making. Social entrepreneurship and social innovation are important features of a broader vision of innovation
Knight, F. 1921), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Chicago University Press, Chicago. Jensen, M.,B. Johnson, E. Lorenz and B. Lundvall (2007), â€oeforms of Knowledge and Modes of Innovationâ€, Research Policy, Vol. 36, No. 5, pp. 680-693.
An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business cycle, Harvard university Press, Cambridge MA. Shane, S. 2004), Academic entrepreneurship.
2011 Missing an Open Goal_UK public policy and open innovation.pdf.txt
and future profit streams are not necessarily bound together. The following statements illustrate the power of creating greater flexibility between these elements:
Smaller companies lack resources to manage the process for profit. Source: Adapted from Dahlander and Gann (2010) The complex ways that these different strategies play out in practice is illustrated in the cases of Amazon,
while also making a profit itself. As is clear from the examples cited above, the debate about whether firms should engage in blanket open
who might even have been more likely to retain related jobs and profits in the UK.
but if mishandled †for example allowing the Patent Box to become used as a tax holiday for major organisations repatriating existing profits †could do as much harm as good to the innovation system.
2012 Evaluation_of_Enterprise_Supports_for_Start-Ups_and_Entrepreneurship-Publication.pdf.txt
profits and taxes generated. Financial supports are targeted at manufacturing and internationally trading companies and proposals are subject to a robust review by the Evaluation Committee30.
creating additional wages, profits and tax revenues. Nonetheless if resources for SYOB training supports were to become more limited
In this context start-up enterprises can deliver economic benefits by harnessing underutilised labour resources to generate additional wages, profits and tax revenues.
FORFÃ S EVALUATION OF ENTERPRISE SUPPORTS FOR START-UPS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP 93 The primary objective of a VC Fund is to make attractive capital profits for its investors by divesting its holding in investee companies after they have developed from being early stage companies
start-up activity may utilise surplus resources thereby creating additional wages, profits and tax revenues. The rationale for Government to provide start your own business (SYOB) supports rests largely on the concept of market failure.
start-up activity may utilise surplus resources thereby creating additional wages, profits and tax revenues. While the first category of impacts is difficult to quantify in monetary terms,
profits and tax impacts depends on the growth of the start-up and its longevity. Precise data are not available to measure these attributes â€
profits and tax revenues needs also to take account of the potential for labour market displacement. Our assessment has been informed by Forfã¡
profit and tax benefits should be reckoned in the context of tight labour markets135. Based on an average earned income of â 39,000 the annual value of these benefits is estimated at between â 12 million
profits and taxes created. This is apart from the productivity, cost saving and innovation benefits achieved.
profits and tax revenues are substantial. Accordingly, it is recommended that the level of resources devoted to SYOB supports through the CEBS be maintained at least.
Turning to impacts on wages, profits and tax revenues, these additional impacts are likely to be relatively small in the period up to 2008, because of the low levels of unemployment and consequent high levels of labour market displacement.
profits and taxes created. This is apart from the productivity, cost saving and innovation benefits achieved.
2012 Flanders DC Open Innovation in SMEs.pdf.txt
but most of the firms we examined were successful in crafting new ways to gain significantly more profits with the new business models.
A business model defines the way companies deliver value to a set of customers at a profit.
and design a profit formula. 11 The attractiveness and financial viability of a business model erodes over time as price competition starts to dominate.
SMES that successfully sidestepped the commodity trap have changed their existing business model successfully to deliver more value for the customer at a profit.
but it was increasingly difficult to make profits as price competition intensified over the years. The competitive landscape changed drastically in the mid-1990s
Facing rapidly declining profits, Dirk Vens, CEO of Curana, decided to change the firm†s strategy drastically.
First, small firms profit from pursuing markets that are too small (at least initially) to interest large companies.
Small firms can benefit from having several advantages compared to large companies depending on the activities that drive profits in different industries.
A business model defines the way a company delivers value for a specific customer group at a profit.
The idea was that 25 small profit centers could work with a relative autonomy to increase creativity and customer orientation.
and generate more profits, and increasing profitability can be the result of several changes. We have emphasized innovating SMES can increase profitability by increasing the number of control points
Open innovation allows companies to implement business models that generate more profits. We provide illustrations from the SMES we have analyzed.
and with lead customers on the other hand is essential for understanding how the company can continue to make profits in this way.
How do the manufacturers profit from participating in PROF? First, they gain direct access to potential customersâ€
but also about sharing profits equitably. 71 6. Developing an open innovation network also requires that partners manage the balance between internal management of the company and external management of the network.
thus changing the relationship with customers profoundly. ï The combination of different fields of expertise to develop a new offering can lead to attractive profits
In this way, increasing profits is the result of building control points for the innovating firm. ï Profitability through open innovation can be built in consecutive steps as we have seen in Chapter 3. Curana has changed its business model three times
SMES have limited for instance ability to profit from their intellectual property because they lack enforcement power,
Isobionics profits from the collaboration with DSM in different ways: First, it got access to a game-changing technology
2013-competitiveness-innovation-productivity-clearing-up-confusion.pdf.txt
and STEM education) that can spur more innovation in all three major sectors of an economy (for profit,
2014 Irish Entrepreneurship Forum Report.pdf.txt
The philosophy of the Forum also recognises that people establishing not-for-profit or social enterprises use many of the same skills as people starting a for-profit business,
and they create jobs and social value that is essential to building an inclusive and supportive culture in Ireland.
Despite entrepreneurship being perceived as a high-profit bloodsport entrepreneurial community services are given almost always without charge
Gross National Profit HBAN: Halo Business Angel Network, an angel finance group. HEA: Higher education Authority HEI:
2014 Irish Government National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland.pdf.txt
of profits from a new trade and chargeable gains on the disposal of assets used in the trade.
2014_global_rd_funding_forecast.pdf.txt
If universities are expected to perform as for-profit companies, driven by short-term returns on investment, then the foundations upon
2014-innovation-competitiveness-approach-deficit-reduction.pdf.txt
since their profits in more nations would be taxed at a higher rate than in the United states
or nothing to repatriate foreign profits. ITIF has estimated earlier that this change would cost the government $100 billion per year on a static basis. 13 However,
2015 Ireland Action Plan for Jobs.pdf.txt
which will be led by the not-for-profit organisation Startup Ireland as a key building block towards making Ireland a global startup hub by 2020.
2015-April-Social_Innovation_in_Europe.pdf.txt
Times New Roman nterprises seek to serve the community†s interest (social, societal, environmental objectives) rather than profit maximisation.
Social enterprises seek to serve the community†s interest rather than profit maximization; the underlying objective is,
A GUIDE TO ECO-INNOVATION FOR SMEs AND BUSINESS COACHES.pdf.txt
and generating higher profits. Business case for eco-innovation Cost avoidance Regulatory requirements anticipation of new standards Cost saving Material and energy cost savings due to efficiency gains Resilient business models Creating business models focussed on delivering services
and â€oeperformance†to customers New markets and customers Higher revenues and profit Cost saving Eco-innovations resulting in improved resource productivity save money by reducing costs of material
and waste•Reduce production costs by improving material and energy productivity •and by material substitution Build resilience to changes in commodity prices and resource supply •Increase your turnover and profits
and derive their profits from its use rather than its sale. Therefore, they have an incentive to make the product as durable and efficient as possible,
A Hitchiker 's Guide to Digital Social Innovation.pdf.txt
Monopoly rent or profits are based primarily on maintenance or acquisition of dominant position in established markets.
Currency control, profit motive ï¿Held by the elite ï¿Commands ï¿Leader-driven ï¿
the profit it will generate in the marketplace. From this point of view, the projects that the innovating entrepreneur undertakes
the problem of â€oescaling. †In the Innovation Society†s narrative, innovation projects scale with the profits they generate,
A NEW APPROACH TO INNOVATION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION.pdf.txt
1. Highly attractive terms and conditions (AAA rating and non-for-profit pricing) 2. Long maturities of up to 10 years or more 3. Direct EIB participation of up to
Barriers and success factors in health information technology- practitioners perspective 2010.pdf.txt
It was established in 1941 as an independent, mutual, not-for-profit health insurance fund. It underwent a change in status in 1995 following the passage of the Israeli National Health insurance Law,
Basedoc.scn
G#1v 12694 Profit 0#2#profit Profit G#1v 12732 Prototype 0#2#prototype Prototype
G#1v 12733 Scalability 0#2#scalability Scalability G#1v 12695 Scarcity 0#2#scarcity Scarcity
Best Practices in Universities Regional Engagement. Towards Smart Specialisation.pdf.txt
1000 for †profit companies were involved, 55 new products were developed, 25 start-ups companies were set up and all
Case study analysis report of online collaboration and networing tools for Social Innovation.pdf.txt
and earning profits, than the intrinsic value of the service itself in a particular context
typically leading to high impact and good profits, so it is being adopted and scaling fast, although
and good profits -Supporting improved matching and flexibility -Enabling: new business & marketing models shortening value
turnover & profit grown threefold 2007-12 TEM--Local Alternative Currency Unit EL) 43 Meeting all types of
room for business models that can keep costs low, make profits for commercial players, and generate real social benefits in collaboration with users.
it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are encouraged to use leftover and existing food and ingredients,
not to make a profit but to cover some basic costs), to find and use suitable meeting places,
economy, but as a very small payment it is designed not to create profits as the Cooks are
for private benefit so individuals can make a profit or professionals sell their services. It is for the
a for profit medical care-Derbyshire Health united provides after hrs access to doctors (UK) 87 or Social Enterprise Clinics-Penda Health88 offer
Another non for profit setup is cell slider. Cell Slider was developed by a team of four
sector or are run as non for profit organisations. Patientslikeme, the largest online network for patients, has
Another non for profit setup is cell slider. Cell Slider was developed by a team of four
Non for profit and private sector financed innovation -Creation of new resource to help efforts to find cures
learning environments, the ICT enabled social innovation ideas started as projects turn non-for profits and
profit setup The main policy implications demonstrated are the importance of affordable broadband access to a computer
profit setup †deals with specific segments in education or offers project modules to schools
eradicating poverty through profits. Pearson Prentice hall: New york Proserpio, G. Z, . and Byers, J. W. 2014) â€oethe Rise of the Sharing Economy:
profits to Wateraid and has pledged to raise £1m by 2020 How social innovation takes place
Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation_ An Introduction.pdf.txt
interpreted as a detachment from the walled gardens or closed systems of profit-driven ICT development in favour of more open, participatory-oriented practices.
Conference_Documentation_Museums in the Digital Age.pdf.txt
a profit Notwithstanding the problems, digitisation presents a great opportunity for museums. It gives them the chance to open mobile and
a UK based not-for-profit organisation that works with a network of 23,000 museums to open up their collections for discovery and use
Deloitte_Europe's vision and action plan to foster digital entrepeneurship.pdf.txt
The Entrepreneur First initiative for example-a not-for-profit programme launched by the UK Prime minister in March 2011-is a two-year programme which
Design-Driven Innovation-Why it Matters for SME Competitiveness.pdf.txt
Design Leads to Profit: businesses can expect £4 in net operating profit Design integration is correlated highly with innovation outcomes
particularly product and innovations, including new to-market innovations: The probability of introducing a product (marketing
Digital Opportunities_ Innovative ICT solutions for youth employment.pdf.txt
profits to come in. It requires investment in constant development, upgrades, and new features. App stores are highly competitive
Coursera is a for-profit social enterprise that facilitates large-scale participation of students who sign up for free online courses with top universities around the world.
Accelerators For-profit incubator that support start-ups with funding and other services in exchange for equity
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION Creating-shared-value.pdf.txt
business, where profit is earned revenues from customers minus the costs incurred. However, businesses have rarely
a firm that is already maximizing profits, says the theory, will inevitably raise costs and reduce those profits
A related concept, with the same conclusion, is the notion of externalities. Externalities arise when firms create social costs that
Blurring the Profit/Nonprofit Boundary The concept of shared value blurs the line between for-profit and nonprofit organizations.
New kinds of hybrid enterprises are rapidly appearing. For example, Waterhealth International, a fast-growing for-profit, uses innovative water purification
techniques to distribute clean water at minimal cost to more than one million people in rural India, Ghana, and the
Waste Concern, a hybrid profit/nonprofit enterprise started in Bangladesh 15 years ago, has built the capacity to
The blurring of the boundary between successful for-profits and nonprofits is one of the strong signs that creating shared
This leads to a bigger pie of revenue and profits that benefits both farmers and the companies that buy from them.
In the old, narrow view of capitalism, business contributes to society by making a profit,
In this kind of competition, the communities in which companies operate perceive little benefit even as profits rise.
perceive that profits come at their expense, an impression that has become even stronger in the current economic recovery, in
the profits for companies can be substantial. For example, low-priced cell phones that provide mobile banking services are
increase their profits, hire more people, and pay better wages†all of which will benefit other businesses in the community.
Not all profit is equal†an idea that has been lost in the narrow, short-term focus of financial markets and in much management
Profits involving a social purpose represent a higher form of capitalism†one that will enable society to advance more
which leads to profits that endure Creating shared value presumes compliance with the law and ethical standards,
distinction between for-profits and nonprofits is blurring The Role of Social Entrepreneurs Businesses are not the only players in finding profitable solutions to social problems.
and resources that cut across profit/nonprofit and private/public boundaries. Here, companies will be less successful
level playing field to encourage companies to invest in shared value rather than maximize short-term profit.
Shared value focuses companies on the right kind of profits†profits that create societal benefits rather than diminish them
Capital markets will undoubtedly continue to pressure companies to generate short-term profits, and some companies will
surely continue to reap profits at the expense of societal needs. But such profits will often prove to be short-lived, and far
greater opportunities will be missed The moment for an expanded view of value creation has come. A host of factors,
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION A Hitchiker 's Guide to Digital Social Innovation.pdf.txt
Monopoly rent or profits are based primarily on maintenance or acquisition of dominant position in established markets.
the profit it will generate in the marketplace. From this point of view, the projects that the innovating entrepreneur
the Innovation Society†s narrative, innovation projects scale with the profits they generate which can be used to produce
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION Collective Awareness Platforms for Sustainability and Social Innovation.pdf.txt
interpreted as a detachment from the walled gardens or closed systems of profit-driven ICT development in favour of more open, participatory-oriented practices.
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION Growning a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe.pdf.txt
Futureeverything (FUTURE) is a not-for-profit digital innovation lab, festival and conference. It is a member
-vices in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the com -pany is now pushing into smart watch
examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,
in order to move to a system in which the country where profits are generated is also the country of taxation.
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION Guide to social_innovation_2013.pdf.txt
ï Social enterprises are driven not solely by the need to maximise profit for shareholders and
objective is to achieve social impact rather than generating profit for owners and shareholders which operates in the market through the production of goods and services in an entrepreneurial
the commercial activity, often in the form of a high level of social innovation, where profits are
-profit private company created in 2007 to coordinate and promote innovation across the Basque Country.
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION social_innovation_decade_of_changes.pdf.txt
focus on financial profit and more on real demands or needs is indeed an attractive premise for reconsidering production and redistribution systems
y profits were invested mainly in achieving this social objective; and y the organisation and ownership used participatory principles aiming at social justice
of poor people for the sake of profit and system drifts 29p A r T I †S O C i a L I N N O V A t I O N, A n E w P A t H
than profit maximisation (see box. They are often innovative, through the goods or services they offer,
•Those where profits are mainly invested with a view to achieving this social objective, and where the method of
distribute profits to investors but only if the payment does not in any way undermine the primary objectives of the social businesses where the funds had been invested
This initiative is open to European individuals or teams with not-for-profit and for-profit business models from (or
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATION The-Open-Book-of-Social-Innovationg.pdf.txt
share and profit. In the social field the very measures of success may be contested as well as the tools for achieving results.
Cafã is a not-for-profit organisation which brings people together from all around the world in conversation through the use of Telepresence screens
The Big Green Challenge, aimed at the not-for-profit 3 PROTOTYPING AND PILOTS 55
the private market†s imperative for profit maximisation and capital growth. One example is Working Rite,
used for various kinds of social enterprises as well as for-profits. The forms used will include:
methods focused on profits residuals, and replacement costs; methods using multiple regressions and stepwise regressions; methods using artificial neural networks
Creating High Impact Non Profits. †Stanford Social Innovation Review. †Fall 2. A good summary of diffusion studies can be found in à berg,
-profit organisations trying to effect change on a systemic level. The Nike Foundation†s work to develop the ability of adolescent girls in developing
Grant programme which provides not-for-profit organisations with pro bono marketing, human resources and IT consulting services
which earn a profit but are focussed on their social goals. 1 The main challenge for social enterprises is to maintain their commercial
limit on dividends of 35 per cent of profits. The term also covers a wide
part of a company†s profits to a separate foundation, or the US model where an entrepreneur becomes rich through one business and then
451) Corporate not-for-profit management of social provision such as Academy Schools in the UK and Charter schools in the US
not-for-distributed profits such as BASF-GAIN initiative for Vitamin a in Africa, the Danone-Grameen yoghurt enterprise in Bangladesh and the
473) Bank-based funding for social enterprises and not-for-profit organisations including Banca Prossima in Italy
Digital Social Innovation_ second interim study report.pdf.txt
and does not only aim to generate profit; it is a concept that is about maintaining communities and
External R&d can also create profit and value Use the third partners for discovery, development and
at profit making; it is a concept that is about maintaining communities and enabling processes in a continuous
and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers within the open source community. For example, Canonical40 was created alongside Ubuntu to help it reach
were not yet generating profits. Competitions and hackatons have aimed at making datasets visible as well as at promoting apps development
Increase of profit Contracts/employability Developers Seed funding Events Support to entrepreneurs Incubators and accelera
Making profit Increase in visibility and reputation Direct payment Open democracy Legislation Transparency initiatives Participation projects
However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing new extensions of the core code.
to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit), such as the economic cost of no participation
Their findings show that many motivational factors apply consistently whether for-profit or for -fun.
for-profit communities Knowing what motivates the crowd and what tools they use give rise to the identification of incentives and
DIGITAL SOCIAL INNOVATIONThe_Process_of_Social_Innovation.pdf.txt
is motivated generally by profit maximization and diffused through organizations that are motivated primarily by profit maximization.
There are of course very many borderline cases, for example models of distance learning that were pioneered in social organizations but then adopted by businesses, or
for-profit businesses innovating new approaches to helping disabled people into work. But these definitions provide a reasonable starting point
A Roadmap to Creativity and Innovation for Not-For-Profit Organizations London, U k.:NFP Synergy, 2004
Doing-Business-Espa+¦a_2015.pdf.txt
profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory contributions, and VAT or sales tax. If an economy has no laws
profits, fines, imprisonment, rescission of the transaction Ease of shareholder suits index (0†10 Access to internal corporate documents;
Must the interested director repay profits made from the transaction upon a successful claim by a shareholder
Total tax rate(%of profit before all taxes Profit or corporate income tax Social contributions and labor taxes paid by
the employer Property and property transfer taxes Dividend, capital gains and financial transactions taxes Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes
pay total taxes amounting to 58.2%of profit (see the summary at the end of this chapter for details.
profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory contributions, and value added tax (VAT) or sales tax. In
dsi-report-complete-EU.pdf.txt
The partnership between the not-for-profit Praxis and the Estonian Government on opening up and visualising government budget data, created more
-amples of for-profit DSI business include US-based Patients Like Me, which delivers a peer support service
and delivered by not-for-profits, such as Avaaz†s e-petitioning and campaigning network and Ushahidi†s pioneering work on crowd-mapping.
platforms is an example of a not-for-profit providing a service that enables more DSI to happen by making
work by the Estonian Government and the not for profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,
†threaten their current ability to make profits from their previous innovations. The digital natives are not
It is within new noninstitutional actors motivated by ideals outside short-term profit and with an idea of
economic profit, naturally and creatively socially innovate and create often immensely profitable structures However, before the advent of the Internet their social innovation was limited in its reach, but with the
small profit †while allowing anyone else to do the same Arduino offers an interesting example of how an organisation might be
Not for profit Aim: Participation and Democracy Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware
not-for-profit global e-petitioning and cam -paigning network that works to ensure that the †views and values of the
Academia and research organisations, non profit and social enterprise organisations Aim: Participation and democracy, smart public services
or profit from it Finally, the 23 partners within the consortium work together for an
Cities, non profit agencies and academic institutions Aim: Participation and democracy; Culture and arts; Other Technology Trends:
-ent, Our goal is social change rather than profit. ††Fairphone founder and CEO, Bas van Abel
is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by
Type of organisation Maker Faire is a series of events created by Maker Media, a for profit
Not for profit, foundations and social enterprise Aim: Participation and democracy Neighbourhood regeneration Technology Trends:
is possible to make profits doing commercial work that can be re-invest -141 ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge
accounts for about half of mysociety†s profits, while the other half comes from donations from donors, large and small
Type of organisation Opencorporates is a for-profit company, based in the UK History and mission Opencorporates was created by Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon
Type of organisation Open Garden is based a San francisco for-profit start-up History and mission The Open Garden Mesh app was launched in Beta on May 21st 2012
Not for profit Aim: Collaborative consumptions Technology Trends: Open knowledge Key Facts: 120+articles from 70+contributors, published in French, English and
-ent, not-for-profit organisation, Ouishare has evolved from a handful of Parisian enthusiasts to a global community spread across Europe, Latin
Type of organisation Ouishare is a not for profit organisation, which organizes the global Ou
For-profit business Aim: Neighbourhood regeneration, Sharing economy Technology Trends: Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities:
Short description Peerby is a Dutch for-profit start-up that operates a peer-to-peer shar -ing service for products.
profit charity History and Mission The Raspberry Pi Foundation was set up in 2006 by Eben Upton, Rob
revenue and profit than Raspberry Pi. In defence to this however, Rasp -berry Pi have indicated that their goals are clearly set on achieving their
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