Synopsis: Entrepreneurship: Profit:


dsi-report-complete-lr.pdf.txt

The partnership between the not-for-profit Praxis and the Estonian Government on opening up and visualising government budget data, created more

-amples of for-profit DSI business include US-based Patients Like Me, which delivers a peer support service

and delivered by not-for-profits, such as Avaaz†s e-petitioning and campaigning network and Ushahidi†s pioneering work on crowd-mapping.

platforms is an example of a not-for-profit providing a service that enables more DSI to happen by making

work by the Estonian Government and the not for profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,

†threaten their current ability to make profits from their previous innovations. The digital natives are not

It is within new noninstitutional actors motivated by ideals outside short-term profit and with an idea of

economic profit, naturally and creatively socially innovate and create often immensely profitable structures However, before the advent of the Internet their social innovation was limited in its reach, but with the

small profit †while allowing anyone else to do the same Arduino offers an interesting example of how an organisation might be

Not for profit Aim: Participation and Democracy Technology Trends: Open Networks, Open Knowledge, Open Hardware

not-for-profit global e-petitioning and cam -paigning network that works to ensure that the †views and values of the

Academia and research organisations, non profit and social enterprise organisations Aim: Participation and democracy, smart public services

or profit from it Finally, the 23 partners within the consortium work together for an

Cities, non profit agencies and academic institutions Aim: Participation and democracy; Culture and arts; Other Technology Trends:

-ent, Our goal is social change rather than profit. ††Fairphone founder and CEO, Bas van Abel

is a not-for-profit organisation based in Berlin, Germany History and mission The Liquid Feedback software was published first in October 2009 by

Type of organisation Maker Faire is a series of events created by Maker Media, a for profit

Not for profit, foundations and social enterprise Aim: Participation and democracy Neighbourhood regeneration Technology Trends:

is possible to make profits doing commercial work that can be re-invest -141 ed in charitable, open source projects without having to employ a huge

accounts for about half of mysociety†s profits, while the other half comes from donations from donors, large and small

Type of organisation Opencorporates is a for-profit company, based in the UK History and mission Opencorporates was created by Chris Taggart and Rob Mckinnon

Type of organisation Open Garden is based a San francisco for-profit start-up History and mission The Open Garden Mesh app was launched in Beta on May 21st 2012

Not for profit Aim: Collaborative consumptions Technology Trends: Open knowledge Key Facts: 120+articles from 70+contributors, published in French, English and

-ent, not-for-profit organisation, Ouishare has evolved from a handful of Parisian enthusiasts to a global community spread across Europe, Latin

Type of organisation Ouishare is a not for profit organisation, which organizes the global Ou

For-profit business Aim: Neighbourhood regeneration, Sharing economy Technology Trends: Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities:

Short description Peerby is a Dutch for-profit start-up that operates a peer-to-peer shar -ing service for products.

profit charity History and Mission The Raspberry Pi Foundation was set up in 2006 by Eben Upton, Rob

revenue and profit than Raspberry Pi. In defence to this however, Rasp -berry Pi have indicated that their goals are clearly set on achieving their


eco-innovate-sme-guide.pdf.txt

higher profits Business case for eco-innovation Cost avoidance Regulatory requirements anticipation of new standards

Higher revenues and profit Cost saving Eco-innovations resulting in improved resource productivity save money by reducing costs of

¢Increase your turnover and profits from sales of resource-efficient †¢products and services Comply with and anticipate new regulations (including eco-design) â€

product and derive their profits from its use rather than its sale. Therefore, they have an incentive to


Education - technology and connectedness.pdf.txt

RAND is not-for-profit nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest RAND€ s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors

RAND Europe is an independent not-for-profit policy research organisation that aims to improve

rising profits from progress in the fields of cloud computing and new business models associated with data


Enhancing the Competitiveness of SMEs in the Global Economy Strategies and Policies.pdf.txt

Financial institutions, as well as government bodies, have difficulty assessing the risk-profit trade offs of innovative ventures.


Entrepneurial Orientation and Network Ties_ innovative performance of SMEs in an emerging-economy manufacturing cluster.pdf.txt

successful, in terms of both innovation and profit, compared to similar firms that are not part of a


Entrrepreneurial and Innovative Behaviour in Spanish SMEs_ essays on .pdf.txt

generate profits. In summary, â€oeentrepreneurial opportunities emerge when certain individuals have insights into the value of resources that others do not†(Barney et al

knowledge utilization, innovation, profit maximization entrepreneurship, and so on. †Borgatti and Foster (2003 p 1005 5 â€oean important source of new ideas and lucrative

relationship between the size of network and sales or profit growth. Nonetheless, when the absolute values of sales and profits were measured,

they found some support for this relationship. The authors found more support for the relationship


European Competitiveness in Key Enabling Technology_2010.pdf.txt

not-for-profit national industry association that works to articulate a national strategy for the

The CMC, also a not-for-profit organisation, is dedicated to facilitating strategic alliances between the semiconductor industry and Canadian universities and educational

profit (which is the case for many biotechnology firms), losses can be surrendered to the Exchequer in return for a cash payment of 24 percent of total eligible R&d spend.

The cluster is represented by the †Quebec Photonic Networkâ€, a non-for-profit organisation with mandate to accelerate the advancement of the Optics-Photonics industry in the Province

The field of photonics profits from a large and diversified industrial base with a large number of successful enterprises committed to R&d and innovation in photonics.

Turning the Potential into Profits. Chemical Market Reporter. Mckinsey & Company, 2004 Romer, P m. 1986), Increasing returns and long-run growth, Journal of Political economy 94, 1002â€


Exploiting the Potential of Creative Digital Business Clusters - Steve Brewer and David Rees.pdf.txt

 not- †for- †profit  research- †led  or

 non- †profit  mechanisms  and  support  to  aspiring


Factors Influencing Innovation in SMEs in Romania - Holban Ionica.pdf.txt

agencies or non profit institutions can †innovate†but in this paper we limit the discussion to

brut profit have increased also suburb economies. Suede, Norway and Finland, have gray economies of 19,

reducing the income tax and those on the profit to 16%,Romania with assistance expenses of

incomes and contributions by 2, 2%of the brut profit, and not 9%as the governors say


Fueling innovation through information technology in smes.pdf.txt

that met our criteria of being for-profit SMES (6†499 employees) with the key


Growing a digital social innovation ecosystem for Europe.pdf.txt

Futureeverything (FUTURE) is a not-for-profit digital innovation lab, festival and conference. It is a member

-vices in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the com -pany is now pushing into smart watch

examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,

in order to move to a system in which the country where profits are generated is also the country of taxation.


Guide to Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialisations.pdf.txt

-profit organisations representing citizens and workers should all be taken on board of the design process of RIS3.


H2020 WP 2014-2015 Innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises Revised.pdf.txt

investment and profit Type of action: SME Instrument The conditions related to this common call are provided below and in the General Annexes

supporting since late 2012 the launch phase of the not-for-profit IMPÂ rove-Academy by


Harvard_THE ROLE OF ICT SECTOR IN EXPANDING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY_2007.pdf.txt

pursues a for-profit strategy Drivers for international economic growth and development †offering equity investments, loans, and technical assistance

Our work is influencing the way business leaders think about markets, profit, poverty and the environment WRI's Markets and Enterprise Program produces economically sound policies, bold vision,


How effective is innovation support for SMEs An analysis of the region of upper Australia.pdf.txt

of sales and profits through other products (â€oecash cows†to the same extent as large firms, too few or insuf


How_to_make_regions_RTD_success_stories - Welter and Kolb.pdf.txt

knowledge to be codified externally and immigration of †talents†to profit from new ideas. Policy-makers can promote regional development best through upgrading


ICT and e-Business Impact in the Transport and Logistics Services Industry.pdf.txt

profits ICT enabled innovation Section 4. 1 Structure Conduct Performance Market/firm characteristics ICT adoption

profits ICT enabled innovation Section 4. 1 E-business in the transport & logistics industry 96

profits ICT enabled innovation Section 4. 2. 2 Section 4. 2. 3 Structure Conduct Performance

profits ICT enabled innovation Section 4. 2. 2 Section 4. 2. 3 E-business in the transport & logistics industry

but not on profits (Brynjolfsson and Hitt, 1996). Another study did not find positive effects of ICT capital on productivity,

profits ICT enabled innovation Sections 4. 3. 1, 4. 3. 3 Section 4. 3. 2

profits ICT enabled innovation Sections 4. 3. 1, 4. 3. 3 Section 4. 3. 2

Relation of Profit Rate to Industry Concentration: American manufacturing, 1936-40 Quarterly Journal of Economics Vol 65, pp. 293-324


Importance of technological Innovation for SME Growth-Evidence from India.pdf.txt

than to profits. Roper (1997) whose study focused exclusively on product innovations in German, UK,


Improving Health Sector Efficiency - the role of ICT - OECD 2010.pdf.txt

to profits for private sector firms. While a non-healthcare business selecting its investments in ICTS might consider only financial return on investment

•Not-for-profit: the not-for-profit initiatives are driven by their charter to help the patients and the community in

which they provide services. Their tax-exempt status can help to reduce funding challenges and costs, may also provide special tax credits/incentives

These initiatives can be set up as either for-profit or not-for-profit organisations; however, the key to this category is the collaboration

•For-profit (often resulting from the conversion of a not-for-profit initiative at a mature stage:

for-profit initiatives are created with private funding. These organisations look to reap financial benefits from their transactions (envisioned as a future development in the

Favourable Favourable Favourable Shared Not-for-profit Chronic disease management toolkit/EMRS Canada Neutral /Unfavourable

The not-for-profit model It is the nature of ICT projects that if there are too few active participants

The not-for-profit status of the GSMHN is an essential facilitator of the process

Health Infoway, an independent, not-for-profit corporation, was formed in 2001 by the Government of Canada to accelerate the development and

independent, not-for-profit organisation that certifies health IT products. HHS entered into a contract with the commission in October 2005 to develop

countries of a not-for-profit self-sustaining â€oee-health network†where health providers pay an

not-for-profit partnership agreement Targeted financial incentives The Practice Incentive Payments (PIP) Information management and Information

established in 2007 as a not-for-profit association between the Great Southern General Practice Network (GSGPN) and the University of Western

The GSMHN is a not for profit collaboration between GSGPN and the UWA. The University was not new to this type of partnerships as it had

dedication of its staff, the not for profit nature of the partnership and the extensive expertise in software development

-profit organisation offered medication to all Swedish citizens through its network of about 900 outlets nationwide, including both full-scale pharmacies and local village shops in more


innomeld_kortv_eng.pdf.txt

potential to make a profit on their innovations adequate and simple rules save industry unnecessary costs and release resources for


InnoSupport - Supporting Innovation in SMEs.pdf.txt

the company the greatest profits, as these would be areas that should be improved ï Identify potential partners

so that the risks are minimised and profits are maximised. This text is designed to help SMES managers to understand the NPD methods neces

cost of the proposal and the future profit after its materialisation. The rapid development of models will

has opened new ways either for direct profit-making (recycling companies) or for indirect profit-making

Profit=Revenue †Cost "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES "-6. 4. Recycling Strategies page 140 of 271

-nesses can cut costs and increase profits. Cost savings take the form of ï Lower waste disposal costs and lower waste treatment costs

Production efficiency, Profits, Good neighbour image, Prod -uct quality and Environmental performance "Innosupport: Supporting Innovation in SMES

trademarks with recognition and financial profit. Trademark protection also hinders the efforts of unfair competitors, such as counterfeiters, to use similar distinctive signs to market inferior or different prod

-keted and are expected to produce a profit Venture capitalists or informal investors (business angels) may be prepared to finance projects where

The investment is made not with view to an immediate profit, but is made expecting the company to grow

if the company is not making a profit or doesn†t have sufficient cash flow,

ï reduce costs and as a result boost productivity and profits ï e-business should bring new customers

profits to re-invest in the business ï http://www. advantest. com/aac/Careers/culture. html

ï The World Economic Forum (WEF) www. weforum. org is a private not-for-profit foundation


INNOVATION AND SMEs HORIZON 2020.pdf.txt

investment and profit Type of action: SME Instrument The conditions related to this common call are provided below and in the General Annexes

supporting since late 2012 the launch phase of the not-for-profit IMPÂ rove-Academy by


INNOVATION AND SMEs ITALY.pdf.txt

traditional economic analysis, factors such as having goals other than profit maximization, limited information about opportunities, or even social and cultural

to have goals other than profit-maximization. But this is to some extent speculative, and we hope to explore the question further in the future using these data


INNOVATION AND SMEs PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.pdf.txt

are again looking for organic growth to enhance both revenues and profits. This requires innovation skills and new innovative business models as outlined in our previous report (Warren

Once the profit opportunity within the service arena is identified, the firm must set up the structures and processes to exploit it.

to revenue and profits. More complex service additions that involve a closer relationship with the

profits, General Fasteners (GF), a manufacturer of bolts and other metal fasteners for the automotive industry looked for an innovative business model to change its

revenue and profits from the installed customer base. This reduces cost of sales, while adding

revenues and profits. In many cases, the addition of complementary services such as scheduled maintenance, remote monitoring of performance, benchmarking,

and realize maximum profit. Standard operation management skills can be used, and various external parties should be involved (e g.,

benefits in terms of increased revenues, profits and creating barriers to competitors. Yet although adding services may seem, at first, a rather easy expansion of current business, many

Discusses focusing on your business in order to profit from unrealized value Basu, R. and S g. Green (1997."

The new profit imperative in manufacturing.""Harvard Business Review 77 (5): 133-141 Discusses innovation via going deeper into your customer's value chain and going

downstream to make more sustainable profits via servicing a high installed base Woodcock, D. J.,S. P. Mosey, T b. W. Wood (2000."


INNOVATION AND SMEs STRATEGIES AND POLICIES.pdf.txt

Financial institutions, as well as government bodies, have difficulty assessing the risk-profit trade offs of innovative ventures.


INNOVATION AND SMEs SWEDEN.pdf.txt

period†s profits and costs. Inefficient firms which are unable to learn decline and exit,

control and profits (ibid. Collins (1975) combined Weberian and Marxian themes on social conflict to arrive at a general critical theory of organizations

profiling profits from empirical work. The last paper (paper 7) returns the discussion to the

6 gave a good example of how policy profiling profits from empirical work. The last paper, paper

Risk, Uncertainty and Profit. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press Koh, H. C. and Killough, L. N. 1990.

profits. Working paper. Boston, Massachusetts: Harvard Business school Mckee, T. E. and Greenstein, M. 2000. Predicting bankruptcy using recursive partitioning

Implications for growth-and profit-oriented strategies. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 33 (1), 125†148


Innovation capacity of SMEs.pdf.txt

profits on the markets with new products/services. Moreover, an increasingly complex innovation system combining †open†innovation approaches with closed ones requires more

target established companies that make profit, and this is precisely the group that might benefit most


Innovation in SMEs - A review of its role to organisational performance and SMEs operations sustainability.pdf.txt

and less than 30, making a profit and expanding in terms of infrastructure and growth (Nieman et al, 2003


Innovation, Performance and Growth Intentions in SMEs.pdf.txt

Currently the SBA defines a business concern as one that is organized for profit, has a place of business in the US,

growth and subsequent profit performance, which in turn can yield employment gains and contribute to the general economic


Ireland Forfas Report on Business Expenditure on Research and Development 20112012.pdf.txt

GDP for Ireland is inflated by the inclusion of profits of inter-firm activities of multinational firms but GNP excludes these profits giving a truer measure of

economic activity. BERD as a percentage of GNP has increased from 0. 93 per cent in 2003 to


ITIF_Raising European Productivity_2014.pdf.txt

communication technologies (ICTS) by all organizations (for-profit nonprofit, and government) throughout the European economy


LGI-report-Re-thinking-the-Digital-Agenda-for-Europe.pdf.txt

profits, it would be possible to cover far more of the population. In effect, those in geotypes

It is worth noting that these results are very sensitive to profit, which is the difference


Mid-WestResearchandInnovationStrategy2014-2018.pdf.txt

education, state agencies and the not-for-profit sector. The purpose of the Creative Dublin Alliance is to develop,


MIS2014_without_Annex_4.pdf.txt

rents, profits and labour income) from abroad. The Atlas method smooths exchange-rate fluctuations by using a three-year

29 For example, outflows of profits generated by a multinational operating in country A and transferred back to the country of


MIT_embracing_digital_technology_a_new_strategic_imperative_2013.pdf.txt

ways, like market share and profits †both areas where Digirati outperform their rivals. Business leaders who


NESTA Digital Social Innovation report.pdf.txt

Futureeverything (FUTURE) is a not-for-profit digital innovation lab, festival and conference. It is a member

-vices in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the com -pany is now pushing into smart watch

examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,

in order to move to a system in which the country where profits are generated is also the country of taxation.


OECD _ ICT, E-BUSINESS AND SMEs_2004.pdf.txt

as measured by profit or sales, is associated not with computer use (Bitler, 2001 12 Differences in Internet access in the 21 countries for which data are available seem to be greater

They are concerned more about how to increase their profits by using e-commerce than about costs of

NET An industry-led, not for profit, national initiative to foster awareness of e-commerce among


Online services, including e-commerce, in the Single Market.pdf.txt

objective of increasing profits by, for instance, appointing sales managers, creating online"boutiques"and offering the option of becoming a"power seller


Open Innovation - The Good, The Bad, The Uncertainties - Eliza Laura Coras.pdf.txt

innovation may then have a positive effect on short term profits and a negative effect on long term

profits (Huizingh, 2011 A firm's Innovation outsourcing project needs to seek domestic and/or foreign partners to

may then have a positive effect on short term profits and a negative effect on long term profits


Open Innovation 2.0.pdf.txt

not necessarily built on revenues and profits. In the case of the biotech industry, approximately 90

profits, do not even have a product on the market but they still convey very important economic value as

Productivity, and Profits Free Press (October 5, 2010 p. 108†111 9) Mark S. Granovetter. The Strength of Weak Ties

attacks on the business profit. If you want to stand out in the crowd you need to connect to


Open innovation in small and micro enterprises .pdf.txt

) Only a small number of SMES can profit from intellectual property in a sustainable way

the final profit of the new product will be high enough to compensate for these investments. â€


Open innovation in SMEs - Prof. Wim Vanhaverbeke.pdf.txt

new ways to gain significantly more profits with the new business models. In Chapter 3, we enter the

and design a profit formula 11 The attractiveness and financial viability of a business model erodes over time as price competition starts

successfully to deliver more value for the customer at a profit. In contrast with large firms, SMES

but it was increasingly difficult to make profits as price competition intensified over the years. The competitive landscape changed drastically in the mid

Facing rapidly declining profits, Dirk Vens, CEO of Curana, decided to change the firm†s strategy

firms profit from pursuing markets that are too small (at least initially) to interest large companies

advantages compared to large companies depending on the activities that drive profits in different industries We found that SMES can have a considerable advantage

value for a specific customer group at a profit. The value of open innovation activities in

was that 25 small profit centers could work with a relative autonomy to increase creativity and

and generate more profits and increasing profitability can be the result of several changes. We have emphasized

allows companies to implement business models that generate more profits. We provide illustrations from the SMES we have analyzed

profits in this way. Close collaboration with technology partners with leading-edge competences and detailed knowledge of the challenges of textile producers are key factors that explain why Devan

How do the manufacturers profit from participating in PROF? First, they gain direct access to potential

but also about sharing profits equitably 71 6. Developing an open innovation network also requires that partners manage the balance between

profits as long as the company can protect (or hide) a specific part of the total solution from its

In this way, increasing profits is the result of building control points for the innovating firm

SMES have limited for instance ability to profit from their intellectual property because they lack enforcement power,

Isobionics profits from the collaboration with DSM in different ways: First, it got access to a game-changing technology


Open innovation in SMEs Trends- motives and management challenges .pdf.txt

so that competitors could not profit from ideas. In open innovation, firms manage IP in a different way:

governmental or other not-for-profit institutions. Administrative burdens are also prominent when the company receives governmental subsidies and grants


Open-innovation-in-SMEs.pdf.txt

new ways to gain significantly more profits with the new business models. In Chapter 3, we enter the

and design a profit formula 11 The attractiveness and financial viability of a business model erodes over time as price competition starts

successfully to deliver more value for the customer at a profit. In contrast with large firms, SMES

but it was increasingly difficult to make profits as price competition intensified over the years. The competitive landscape changed drastically in the mid

Facing rapidly declining profits, Dirk Vens, CEO of Curana, decided to change the firm†s strategy

firms profit from pursuing markets that are too small (at least initially) to interest large companies

advantages compared to large companies depending on the activities that drive profits in different industries We found that SMES can have a considerable advantage

value for a specific customer group at a profit. The value of open innovation activities in

was that 25 small profit centers could work with a relative autonomy to increase creativity and

and generate more profits and increasing profitability can be the result of several changes. We have emphasized

allows companies to implement business models that generate more profits. We provide illustrations from the SMES we have analyzed

profits in this way. Close collaboration with technology partners with leading-edge competences and detailed knowledge of the challenges of textile producers are key factors that explain why Devan

How do the manufacturers profit from participating in PROF? First, they gain direct access to potential

but also about sharing profits equitably 71 6. Developing an open innovation network also requires that partners manage the balance between

profits as long as the company can protect (or hide) a specific part of the total solution from its

In this way, increasing profits is the result of building control points for the innovating firm

SMES have limited for instance ability to profit from their intellectual property because they lack enforcement power,

Isobionics profits from the collaboration with DSM in different ways: First, it got access to a game-changing technology


Policies in support of high growth innovative smes.pdf.txt

increase their profits which does not correspond to socially efficient allocations. In reality there are few, if

and lobby groups maximise their individual utility and the profits of their members, respectively. Governments may have different objectives.

Growing profitable or growing from profits: Put -ting the horse in front of the cart? In: Proceedings Max Planck Institute Schloss Ringberg Conference

Illawarra-based entrepreneurs who are looking to drive their businesses to achieve increased profits and sus


Policies in support of high-growth innovative SMEs - EU - Stefan Lilischkis.pdf.txt

increase their profits which does not correspond to socially efficient allocations. In reality there are few, if

and lobby groups maximise their individual utility and the profits of their members, respectively. Governments may have different objectives.

Growing profitable or growing from profits: Put -ting the horse in front of the cart? In: Proceedings Max Planck Institute Schloss Ringberg Conference

Illawarra-based entrepreneurs who are looking to drive their businesses to achieve increased profits and sus


Research and Innovation Strategy for the smart specialisation of Catalonia.pdf.txt

public or not-for-profit organisations in the science and technology system, and companies Government of Catalonia, European funds, State


Research and Innovation Strategy in Catalonia.pdf.txt

public or not-for-profit organisations in the science and technology system, and companies Government of Catalonia, European funds, State


RIS3_GUIDE_FINAL.pdf.txt

-profit organisations representing citizens and workers should all be taken on board of the design process of RIS3.


Romania and Smart Specialization Strategies - Background Document.pdf.txt

-governmental, not-for-profit institutions have few means to follow through on their initiatives The RDI system


Romania R&D and Innovation Potential at EU level and The Managerial Implications for SMEs - Victor Lavric.pdf.txt

splitting and protection of the knowledge become predominant and decisive for long term profit gaining and sustainability assurance†(Nicolescu, 2011

profit-based performance measure, is more conducive to firm innovation; and (3) CEO education level, professional background


SEFEP-SmartGrids_EU_2012.pdf.txt

 non- †profit  organisation  commit- †ted  to  the


SMEs, Entrepreneurship and Innovation.pdf.txt

entrepreneurs as discoverers and early exploiters of previously-unnoticed profit opportunities. They gain temporary monopolies until the attention that they draw to the

which eliminates the profit. Innovation occurs as entrepreneurs discover new opportunities. But as opposed to Schumpeter†s view of the

profit opportunities will open up and providing products, processes and business models to fit †at the risk of failure.

shows for example how unbalanced taxes on company profits and losses and high average tax rates on SMES relative to large firms can diminish SME and entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is not only about profit -making. Social entrepreneurship and social innovation are important features of a

Knight, F. 1921), Risk, Uncertainty and Profit, Chicago University Press, Chicago Jensen, M.,B. Johnson, E. Lorenz and B. Lundvall (2007), â€oeforms of Knowledge and Modes of

An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest and the Business cycle, Harvard university Press, Cambridge MA Shane, S. 2004), Academic entrepreneurship.

maximum of 50%of annual profit. In case of bankruptcy, the loan may be lost altogether. The time frame

selected firm variables (profit, turnover, employment growth, third-party funding and profit turnover ratio), labelled firms are performing better than non-labelled firms.

up with at least one small or medium-sized for-profit company, or may participate as a member within a

it, which would diminish the entrepreneurial profit to the point where present costs outweigh expected returns. One can only conclude, then, that different beliefs about

and in entrepreneurship, both â€oecommercial†(for-profit businesses pursuing as a primary objective economic value and its appropriation) and social (primarily

-profit sector †is difficult. This is due not only to the variety of the entities belonging to the

actually exceed for-profit wages in many of the fields where both sectors operate; Despite

the for-profit and public sectors? While many social entrepreneurship initiatives can be found in the nonprofit sector, some social entrepreneurship â€oeattitudes†also concern other sectors:

for-profit sector (for-profit business reaching outstanding, concrete levels of social responsibility and a high level of creation of social value) and the public sector6 (central

Box 5. 2. Social entrepreneurship â€oeattitudes†in the for-profit sector Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a concept distinct from that of social

Box 5. 2. Social entrepreneurship â€oeattitudes†in the for-profit sector (cont â A project for setting up residences to host mentally disabled people who have outlived their

traditional for-profit business do not, but where services are needed most by a local population that is not always in a position to pay for the services that traditional for-profit

business would provide at a higher price. In fact, as social enterprises can mix their financial resources combining public subsidies, grants and donations, market revenues

action is needed across the various sectors involved (nonprofit, for-profit, and government). ) Indeed, meeting the economic and social challenges of the coming decades

and innovation in the nonprofit sector or for profit private sector that improves public services or provides new ones.

It was founded as a mission-based, for-profit enterprise, in Dublin in 2005 by a serial

-profits, social entrepreneurs, corporations and foundations †as partners in solving social challenges. Located within the Domestic Policy Council, it will seek to:

of entities along a continuum from profit-oriented business engaged in socially beneficial activities (corporate philanthropies) to dual purpose business that mediate profit goals with social

objectives (hybrids) to nonprofit organisations engaged in mission supporting commercial activity social purpose organisations) †(2006, p. 2) and the narrower one in the EU (usually enterprises with

â€oenon-profit organisations more oriented towards the market and developing †earned income strategies†as a response to decreasing public subsidies and to the limits of private grants from

They argue that only social purpose ventures (for-profit) and enterprising nonprofits belong to the landscape of social entrepreneurship. â€oeregardless of profit

orientation, social entrepreneurs identify opportunities to solve social problems: both people and planet problems†(p. 18

through long-term projects, not constrained by the need of making profits in the short term, can

First, in the for-profit sector, social entrepreneurship encompasses activities emphasising the importance of a socially engaged private sector,

approaches in the not-for-profit sector in order to increase organisational effectiveness and foster long-term sustainabilityâ€.

ends rather than for-profits objectives, or alternatively, that profits generated are used for the benefit

of a specific disadvantaged group. †(p. 288 Institute for Social Entrepreneurs 2002 â€oesocial entrepreneurship is the art of simultaneously pursuing both a financial and a social return on

Thompson 2002 â€oealthough social entrepreneurship is in evidence in many profit-seeking businesses †sometimes in

profit organisations, or nonprofits in association with for-profits. †(p. 25 Sullivan Mort Weerawardena and

Carnegie 2003 â€oesocial entrepreneurship, the entrepreneurship leading to the establishment of new social enterprise and the continued innovation in existing ones. †(p. 76

the profit is invested in the activity or venture itself rather than returned to investors. †(p. 5

motivated by profit maximisation and diffused through organisations that are motivated primarily by profit maximisation. There are of course many borderline cases, for example models

of distance learning that were pioneered in social organisations but then adopted by businesses, or for-profit businesses innovating new approaches to helping disabled people into work

But these definitions provide a reasonable starting point (and overly precise definitions tend to limit understanding rather than helping it) †(Mulgan et al.

-profit sectors Entrepreneurship skills The skills that an entrepreneur needs to start and operate successfully a new firm

maximise profits on existing products and services Innovation system The actors, institutions and relationships which interact in the production, diffusion

entrepreneurial strategy and whose main purpose is not the maximisation of profits, but the attainment of certain economic and social goals.

opportunities in order to maximise profits Social innovation A type of innovation that answers to social problems by identifying

Box 5. 2. Social entrepreneurship â€oeattitudes†in the for-profit sector Social entrepreneurship practices Box 5. 3. Health and Social Care Cooperative (Wonju, Korea


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