Economy Open Democracy Funding Acceleration and Incubation Learn about digital social innovation Index Executive Summary 3
of many organisations and stakeholders: Policy (at all levels) can play a key role in creating coordinated
innovation through investigating more than 250 case studies of digital social innovation services, support organisations and activities.
hackers, designers) Â are key stakeholders in support of innovation for social good. Â In the research we
iii) The collabporative economy;(iv Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and lifestyles;(v) Open Access;
research organisations, social enterprises, charities and foundations; and grassroots communities tï¿5ifï¿XBZÏ¿UIFTFÏ¿PSHBOJTBUJPOTÏ¿
innovative socioeconomic models (3) energy and environment;(3) participation and open governance,(4 science, culture and education;(
Finally, the 1st interim study report demonstrated the prototype method for undertaking a network analysis of strong and weak DSI network in Europe, based on the open data set on organisations captured on www
and opportunities to nourish and scale DSI in Europe. We will also deepen our research in to policies and strategies that can support DSI in Europe,
significant opportunities to leverage the power of European talent by fully engaging stakeholders, citizens, civil
governance models, business model innovation and collective incentives, stakeholders†engagement models, research instruments and impact assessment methodologies †in relation to the Digital Agenda and
to exploit digital network effects both in social innovation activity and in new services and approaches that
of digital services has resulted in an imbalance between the dramatic scale and reach of commercial Internet
to gather a critical mass of users that can adopt the services The main question is,
and does not only aim to generate profit; it is a concept that is about maintaining communities and
TVQQPSU that are available from investors, incubators, accelerators or policy makers. Funders can also discover great DSI projects on the living map that they might want to
and policymakers to understand what services, standards or digital projects are being developed, and what is the density of DSI activities in Europe.
relational links between DSI organisations and projects, case studies and potential funding opportunities 9 In the new redesign,
collaborative economy, awareness networks; open access, and funding, accelerating and incubating We then created a new visual layout for the 36 DSI case studies that are showcased in on the website and also
organisations for collaboration and funding opportunities) as this is outside the scope of what we can do
provided French and Spanish organisations the opportunity to take the survey in French or Spanish with a link
funding opportunities that might be of interest to the larger community Events Throughout the project the project partners have done a number of workshops presentations and other events
is the largest conference in France focussing on the collaborative economy. Francesca Bria participated in a workshop on Collective Awareness Platforms and the collaborative economy in Horizons
2020, together with the European commission. The DSI mapping website and the overall research was presented during a dynamic debate about policy
Collaborative Economy session. We demonstrated how the website worked and how organisations could be added, and went over some of the high points of the final report regarding the potential of digital social
products and services. The discussions also highlighted the need to begin more strategic mapping of the
of many organisations and stakeholders: Policy (at all levels) can play a key role in creating coordinated
processes or services. Public policy can accelerate and enable developments that are societally desirable, such
as those that aim at supporting long-term R&d investment and economic growth, whilst reducing income inequalities, and increasing competitiveness.
crisis is an opportunity to propose a new model for European innovation. Delivering on the Europe 2020
2, and Horizons 2020 3 present an integrated approach to help the EU economy become more competitive
examples of multi-stakeholder processes that have already been implemented include the Healthy Democracy process6 and the Thematic Networks of Twinned Towns & Citizens Meetings7
This implies the engagement of various actors and stakeholders in designing and putting in practice novel ways to tackle a social demand.
Some projects that use this approach include Medlab (http://www. medlivinglab. eu/),Hero (http://urbact. eu/en/results
this category is Erasmus for Young Entrepreneurs (http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/policies/sme/promoting
-entrepreneurship/erasmus-entrepreneurs/index en. htm •*OGSBTUSVDUVSFÏ¿BOEÏ¿FOBCMJOHÏ¿GBDUPSTÏ¿ï¿This tool aims at contributing to developing a climate that is
that innovation policy will support societal challenges and economic growth better in the future. In summary there is a need to reinvent European innovation public policies to guarantee transformational impact
In recent years, new methods to foster entrepreneurship and innovation have grown rapidly across the world
investors and successful tech entrepreneurs such as accelerator and combinator programmes. 12 Early evidence suggests they have a positive impact on the economy
and society, creating powerful networks and fostering better digital entrepreneurship. 13 The real question is how these positive beginnings can scale to enable new forms of social innovation to
emerge to tackle societal challenges, such as unemployment, clean and renewable energy provision, poverty to improve public services such as education and health,
include technologically-led research, together with business models and socially and environmentally conscious approaches, as reflected in the Internet Science Network of Excellence funded by the European
open data incubator within Horizon 2020 aimsâ to help SMES set up supply chains, and to get access to
cloud computing and legal advice. Further support, investment advice and funding for SMES and young companies is also available through the Commission†sâ Startup Europe programme for web and tech
entrepreneurs. Other activities are happening in the Internet of things (Iot) arena, where theâ IERC -26 23
for instance in energy, mobility, government services, technology design, quality of care education and working patterns.
Role of customers Passive recipients Active co-innovators Core competency Vertically integrated product and service
R&d ROI, breakthrough product or business models Attitude towards intellectual property Own and protect Do not share internal intellectual
External R&d can also create profit and value Use the third partners for discovery, development and
Advantages First movers advantage Having better business models is more important than being a first mover
opportunities to transform governance and redefine government-citizen interactions, particularly within cities Chan, 2013; Pyrozhenko, 2011;
the early creative stages of ideation and the latter stages of experimentation and implementation. It is not just
and refer to RTD policies, interaction-oriented policies, entrepreneurship policies, science policies, education policies, labor market policies, and competition policies
However, the open innovation perspective assumes that innovation is the result of complex and intensive
and interdependent environments where companies, scientists, policymakers, governments, users, developers citizens, and other communities can interact productively to promote radical change.
ecosystems is supported usually by new developments in information and communication technologies The resources, facilities, and competences shared among the various actors form the core of ecosystems and
at profit making; it is a concept that is about maintaining communities and enabling processes in a continuous
Intellectual property Governance business models Intermediaries for search Intermediaries for enabling processes and maintaining communities Incubators Accelerators
Competing with your own products and services Competing with the ecosystem Governments as service providers:
resources to regulate zero-sum game Governments as platforms orchestrators: resources to leverage on (non
communities, free and not free, empowering entrepreneurship, driven by innovation, stimulating growth Table 5: Open innovation 2003-2014-Source:
hobbyists and anyone interested in creating interacting objects or environments The community of developers Developers are individuals who develop a new IT product or service.
Also, they provide a wide range of services and play diverse roles in the quest for articulating user involvement, from support to entrepreneurial lead users to needs-finding or
user experience services. Actually, their goal could be described as the creation of â€oeinnovation arenas†where
multiple actors can experiment in an open, real life environment. As a result, living labs are a great place for
particular technology such as mobile communications, others focus on a particular industrial sector, others focus on groups of services to local citizens.
We can therefore speak of urban labs (living labs methodologies and spaces applied in a urban context, such as Barcelona Urban Lab or the Lorraine Smart Cities Living
entrepreneurship, such as Ping in Nantes, Aalto Fablab, or Fabulous St. Paulis in Hamburg), just to give a
by sharing knowledge, services and even developments based on win-win strategies to pave the way for co
-selling developments and services on the European or global market, rather than just in their local regional
government, 3) citizen advocates who want services and information to make their lives better, 4) open
the other, they pursue to increase economic value by involving developers and entrepreneurs. The commonly accepted premise underlying these objectives is that the publishing of government data in a reusable format
and apps that bring local residents into the ideation and decision-making processes that lead to developments
One of them is Challenge. gov38 a collection of challenge and prize competitions, all of which are run
These include technical, scientific, ideation, and creative competitions where the US government seeks innovative solutions from the public, bringing the best ideas and
talent together to solve mission-centric problems. Another pretty different one is FLOK Society in Ecuador39 a
transition Ecuador to a social knowledge economy The open democracy community Beyond crowdsourcing (and co-producing/co-creating/co-managing g/†for that matter) public services
Accelerators/incuba -tors Venture capital firms Tech blogs and mag -azines Decentralized Cluster governance High entry barriers (technological
skills Lack of interconnection between developers Lack of visibility Innovation labs Innovation labs themselves Networks Networked
Competition organ -izers Networks of develop -ers Open data evange -lists Top-down (govern -ments decide what
and not-for-profit communities supporting open source activists are considered enablers within the open source community. For example, Canonical40 was created alongside Ubuntu to help it reach
looser environment, which allows for the existence of multiple teams of participants working simultaneously in
Barcelona and participates in different activities such as workshops and competitions. Montreal International Startup Festival is another example47 Since 2011, each year, over 2, 000 founders, investors, and analysts
messages about marketing (such as Startup Marketing53-),venture capital (such as The Startup Lawyer54), or technology news (such as The next Web55), to name a few examples
Accelerators and incubators are another type of enablers. Both accept early start-ups that have a potential
commercial viability and they both provide an environment that is meant to serve the needs of a start-up
For instance, an accelerator is fixed usually a-term programme that provides start-ups with the network and training they need to grow their businesses.
its Accelerator, for example, Code for America provides seed funding, office space, and mentorship to civic
The incubator focuses on providing the prerequisites for a company to develop, such as housing expertise and business contacts.
Innoenergy Highway57 for example, is a European incubator with interesting attributes: it has six entry points,
There are nearly 100 accelerators in Europe. Y Combinator58 was the first of its kind when it started back in
Nowadays, the biggest names are international start-up accelerators such as Techstars59 Seedcamp60or Startbootcamp61 But there is an increasing number of big corporation-backed
accelerators, such as Wayra from Telefã nica62 or Orange FAB from Orange63, and a plethora of regional start-up
Finally, venture capital can also be considered as an enabler in relation to the community of developers and entrepreneurs.
Wikipedia defines it as financial capital provided to early-stage, high-potential, growth start-up companies.
The venture capital fund earns money by owning equity in the companies it invests in. There are
many venture capital firms, many of which usually invest in technology start-ups. Accel Partners64, Founders Fund65, and Greylock Partners66 are only a few examples in the United states
very related to this issue, last March 2014, the Startup Institute67, a career accelerator that aims to equip
As a consequence, products and services are the result of individuals†bright ideas and, only to a small extent, of cooperative work
Many new IT-products and services just go unnoticed. This has further consequences. One of the most important has to do with funding.
They provide a wide range of services and play diverse roles in the quest for articulating user involvement, from support to entrepreneurial lead users to needs-finding or user
experience services. Within the innovation ecosystem, there is a wide community of living labs, which are the
spaces in cities, to carry out tests and pilot programmes on products and services with an urban impact, which
digital applications or services, or green living experiments. One interesting example is that of Barcelona68
laboratory available to companies that need to test their products and services in a real environment.
pilot products and services have to respond to an unmet municipal need and must provide a new service that
It offers different types of services to its members depending on the fee they pay: certification, communication and promotion, project development, and
32 learning and education activities are only a few examples. The Fab Foundation (http://www. fabfoundation
education, organisational capacity building and services, and business opportunities PWFSOBODF of the community actually depends on the networks.
It is them that organise the community around enabling/servicing structures, as it has just been described regarding ENOLL and the Fab Foundation
It also offers the basic network secretarial services in order to support the networking activities and information flow among these members.
labs organise users in needs finding exercises contributing to ideation, support them in acting as entrepreneurs
On one hand, despite the networking services offered by enabling structures such as ENOLL, living labs work very independently,
Almirall & Wareham (2008) refer to this flaw as the inability to scale due to the limited scalability of the
of the services it offers depends on the resources the living lab has. Going back to one of the examples
economic value by involving developers and entrepreneurs. This report will focus on the governments that mainly foster the second objective and,
One example is that of competitions. Particularly, competitions†organisers make sure developments and innovation takes place by means of using government open data.
the case of the Open Data Challenge74, one of Europe†s biggest open data competitions.
There are many other competitions, some of them organized by governments themselves. Apps4finland75, for example, is an open data contest that has been running
The competition has welcomed new data sources, applications, visualisations and ideas as entries Apps4ottawa76 is another open data contest organised by the City of Ottawa in Canada.
Some Governments do not interact with other stakeholders and there are many differences between them, both in terms of speed and pace and commitment.
therefore, we can only refer to the governance of relationships with stakeholders (users, first data providers
the information environment), such as Helbig et al (2012) do, but still in this case, it is each government which
and how it manages stakeholders and relationships between them Lastly, a lot has been written on open/big data failures.
and developers are being hindered in making open data products and services due to the poor quality
were not yet generating profits. Competitions and hackatons have aimed at making datasets visible as well as at promoting apps development
but these created solutions often remain at version 1. 0, with little after event follow-up, maintenance or development
in the June 2006 of Wired magazine, it describes a web-based business model that harnesses the creative
In that spirit, the business model of crowdsourcing is already being applied in nonprofit and government projects. The crowd in those projects are the smart citizens
that runs a communications platform by the same name82 for citizens to report non-emergency issues, and
Crowdfunding platforms are an interesting example. They serve as an intermediary between the funder and the person or organization looking for
models by which the crowdfunding platforms can be subdivided. One of them is Goteo85), a social network
for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, microtasks, and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of creative and innovative initiatives that contribute to the common
or ecological objectives that generate new opportunities for the improvement of society and the enrichment of community goods and resources.
Many other crowdfunding platforms can be found at Crowdingin86, (a directory of crowdfunding platforms operated by Nesta that facilitates individuals or
organisations in the United kingdom raising money from the crowd Finally, this community also presents some failures,
Although Challenge. gov is administered by the US General Services Administrations there are many agencies participating and the challenges are quite diverse:
What†s more, communication with the crowd is not easy for the organisation aiming to reach out to a group of people it does not know very well.
Scalability Less cost Increase of profit Contracts/employability Developers Seed funding Events Support to entrepreneurs
Incubators and accelera -tors/support to entrepre -neurs Building a company Developing new products /services
Solving initial support problems Exposure and capital Innovation labs Public funding (initial and projects Fostering growth
Bridging the digital gap Creating innovative societies Providing support to networks and civil society Extrinsic monetary motivation
Opportunities for learning and network -ing Visibility and reputation Open/big data Organization of competi -tions
Support for networking Knowledge sharing and dissemination New services Generation of economic value Transparency Political incentives (reputation
Technical support Monetary incentives Smart citizens Projects Platforms Intrinsic motivations, such as personal fulfilment/satisfaction and reputation
Making profit Increase in visibility and reputation Direct payment Open democracy Legislation Transparency initiatives Participation projects
Increase in democracy (gov -ernments Reputation (governments Intrinsic motivations (citizens Better electoral results (governments National and international pressure
However, related-services might not be For example, open source software and its supporting code are generally free of cost to download,
However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing new extensions of the core code.
For instance, R is an open source environment and programming language for statistical computing that is also free of cost. While R offers no cost access to its software and source code
and technical support services. Though the services cost money, the cost may still be smaller than what legacy commercial products charge and,
if an R user does not need the additional services, then, s/he does not have to pay for them
In this respect, governments might be interested in signing contracts with open source developers for 37 governments are, more and more,
to economic incentives (that may result in a increase of profit), such as the economic cost of no participation
Other authors have mentioned scalability. In this respect, government attitude towards the open source community is fundamental and may have an effect in terms of scalability for governments are in a unique
position in almost any industry. In the field of software, public services, organisations and territorial administrations collectively represent a major software user with great impact on the software market:
for some of them are also intermediary platforms that provide resources and offer services. That is the case of
festivals, hackathons, competitions, and other related events. It is also the case of incubators and accelerators
They may be considered a tool in themselves to make start-ups and incipient businesses grow. But, at the
same time they provide services to entrepreneurs that support their development. Incubators, for example are physical locations that provide a defined set of services/tools to individuals or small companies.
This may include specific types of office space, flexible lease terms, access to technology, financing, and technical
assistance (such as marketing, legal, finance, human resources, and other business development services). By locating similar or complementary entities in proximity to each other,
the incubator may also play a critical role in promoting knowledge transfer, both formally and informally,
and, therefore, in boosting innovation Other supporting programmes are also important instruments for this community.
The European Social Fund, for example, promotes entrepreneurship through financial and business support businesses. Targeted support is provided to women entrepreneurs and
They have several funding programmes such as the Knight Enterprise Fund (which provides early-stage venture funding for media innovation) and the Knight Prototype Fund
(which helps media makers technologists and tinkerers take ideas from concept to demo; with grants of 35, 000usd, innovators are given
and customised services to users. It serves as a new monetisation channel for app developers.
investment, meant to support the business until it can generate cash on its own or until it is ready for further
investment. Seed funding is probably the hardest money for aspiring start-up entrepreneurs to get. However
according to CB Insights (2014), 2013 was a big year of venture investments at the seed stage.
investments. Other companies organise events where start-ups are awarded with seed funding. In February 2014, at the Mobile World Congress in Barcelona, IBM promoted its Watson Mobile Developer Challenge
and developing and commercialising new products/services are the two main motivations for developers. The Developer Economic Report Q1 201498 particularly refers to mobile
apps developers and states that the explosive growth in smartphone adoption has created opportunities for 39
attracted hundreds of thousands of developers to the app economy. With the exception of some developers
that invest in mobile are in fact looking for a return on their investment In this respect, the report explores the two main types of business models that are in place:
1) app as a product, which calls for direct monetisation, via paid downloads, in-app purchases, or contract development
also, with support services. Some organisations have launched already incentive programmes that provide support for entrepreneurs in their initial business developments stages.
seed funding is very important but also, capital throughout later stages is needed. Literature and research has shown that many start-ups fail.
environment based on a business †citizens †government (public-private-people) partnership, which enables users to take an active part in the research, development and innovation process
number of firms willing to participate in a living lab. This business model limits its expansion.
as fostering economic growth, bridging the digital gap, creating innovative societies, or providing support to networks and civil society.
networks required to transform users†needs into real products and services Fostering economic growth is an important motivation as well.
The Living Lab for ICT-based Financial Services107 was created in spring 2010 by Ãoelemiste City AS and Mindware OÃOE.
environment that would bring together various ideas related to ICT-based solutions in financial services, the creators and the end-users,
In this respect, the Financial services Living Lab gives the opportunity to its creators to better test
One of the goals of the activity is to support the creation of new exportable products and services
and, therefore, to enhance economic growth Living labs aim at bridging the digital gap as well. Several of their projects have this motivation.
Finally, opportunities for learning and networking are a significant incentive As well as we already stated in section 4, intermediary organizations or enablers, such as ENOLL, can play a key role in this respect.
competitions, to support tools for networking and for knowledge sharing and dissemination. Competitions aim to bring together the data sets,
made available by (local governments, with the app developers or the community of open data users.
Competitions are aimed at developers, researchers, journalists and anyone who has a keen interest in the reuse of open data,
Many open data competitions have been organised throughout the years by (local governments themselves or by other organisations.
a competition to encourage the creation of innovative energy apps built with open data109. Several hackathons
2014, the Science for Solutions open data competition took place in order to encourage data visualisations application development or other unique treatments of the science datasets provided by the Department of
what is said to be one of the biggest competitions of open data in the region:
Competitions award participants with monetary prizes but they are also an important tool for developers†to
Offering better and new services is another motivation to engage in open data initiatives. According to Berners
More and more, citizens expect city services to be available online. Reusing public sector data can lead to the development of improved, more efficient online public services.
This can also lead to improved e-government services being developed by public administrations. What†s more, local authorities are actively pursuing open data strategies to collaborate with
citizens and the private sector in developing services from this data. Co-created or co-produced public services
better meet the citizens†demands. Also, local governments can use their data to provide (real time) information
Other services such as reporting tools can allow citizens to report local problems to the council just by locating them on maps
Finally, local governments are driven also by the possibility that companies produce economic value from their public data, creating services and applications from those free data.
This means a new market niche, based on digital contain, what helps to create richness and the possibility to offer added value services.
Additionally it promotes the competitiveness among companies, affording the possibility of tendering this public and free
incentives in terms of communication, diffusion and knowledge sharing are important as well Technical support in order to address the make the most of opened data is another incentive.
its objective, the programme provides to (potential) publishers of open datasets, three types of services:
services in the area of (linked) open data, aiming to build both theoretical and technical capacity to European
projects and others (mainly crowdfunding platforms) display a list of projects that need citizens†input.
we have referred already to online platforms for both crowdsourcing and crowdfunding initiatives There are several classifications of types of platforms,
new products and services), 2) crowd-voting (where the community votes for their favourite idea or product
and 4) crowdfunding (it offers financing to individuals or groups Dawson & Bynghall (2012) use a six-category classification of platforms.
and 6) competition platforms (that are becoming more popular to source experts and expertise in different areas
community, including 1) the opportunity to support an attractive idea or the producer the smart citizens
3) the opportunity to help others realize dreams, 4 the reward-oriented intentions of crowdfunders,
and 5) the reciprocity and cross investment between project 43 creators and crowdfunders. Another stream of literature (Organisciak, 2008) refers to academia, charity, money
Their findings show that many motivational factors apply consistently whether for-profit or for -fun.
for-profit communities Knowing what motivates the crowd and what tools they use give rise to the identification of incentives and
Contest/prize sites pay significantly more money or offer job contracts, product prototypes and royalties
In a recent communication, the Government of Pakistan described its motivations to become part of the Open Government Partnership,
open democracy initiatives provide an opportunity to be informed better of issues in their community. In this
and agents (stakeholders in a broad sense including implementers and decision makers. The Digital Futures vision is based on the metaphor of emergent
collective intelligence, according to which stakeholders and policy makers should form a bottom-up social network to co-design policies.
makers and external stakeholders, to gather opinions, improve and validate policy ideas, and ultimately build openness, transparency and legitimacy into the policy making processes
cases, new services cannot be envisaged at the time that these open tools are developed, but they are often
Romano (Arduino communication manager and head of wearable Unit) showed, has a diverse range of
build useful services and networks. The traditional emphasis on roadmap-driven programmes and research needs to be complemented by bottom-up initiatives
freedoms and rights in the digital environment Protect individual privacy, rights and fundamental freedoms There is increasingly more personal and social
-people who run services and who know what the problems /challenges/opportunities are Make sure they represent a sam
-ple of the type of practice you are developing policy for and that they focus their presentations
Opportunities and challenges What really helped them get their project of the ground and helped
Microsoft controlling the mobile market and cloud-based services platforms Furthermore, the Digital economy is now mainly based on business models that aggregate,
analyse and sell personal data, turning personal data in what has been defined as the â€oeoil of the Internet economyâ€.
have accepted exploitative business models based on privacy infringement and often hidden surveillance mechanisms in exchange for free services.
This bargain not only undermines privacy and weakens data protection but also commodifies knowledge, identity, and personal data.
and are producing valuable data about people, the environment, biometric and sensor data (as shown in the DSI map129
One big issue is how to provide infrastructural investments such as broadband deployments and pan European digital services that underwrite robust, equal,
society-wide access to connectivity. This includes the need for open data distributed repositories, distributed cloud, distributed
alternative to Apple or Android) as a kind of â€oeregulated monopoly†able to ensure some basic services at
European level, on top of which a whole new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish
If the environment is unstable and insecure it will be broken. Users should be able to set the terms for controlling their personal data,
competition, and surveillance. A broader investigation and the understanding of the implication of such mechanisms are crucial for the understanding of future bottom-up digital economies.
platforms it talks to and the platform determines which services, products or spinoffs are supported. One
only work when it is perceived as fair by all stakeholders, seeking the right balance between the interests
engage citizens and other public institutions as genuine stakeholders in discussions about key policy issues
New business models based on sharing resources (such as energy, talent and tools), fair distribution of the fruits of collective intelligence, trust
process of all organisations and stakeholders: a broad concept of innovation, both research-driven and
innovative in business models, design, and services that adds value for users and strengthens overall European
added value. Innovation should no longer be the result of top-down push technology strategies but of a
or services and thereby propelling broader-based innovation policies. Although, as stated in section 2,
experimental social innovation, more investment in this area is needed. Policy-making should encourage social innovations to be tested
and stakeholders actively and proactively. Therefore, innovation policies have to address other issues, that complement funding and regulations.
of these intermediaries offer technical support services and networking activities, a lot remains to be done in order for them to reach a wider audience
accelerators but also, regarding existing infrastructures, more fiscal incentives are needed as well as a legal space that could give more structure and governance and,
and to improve investment in those that really work. This is, therefore, also a recommendation related to policy making to support digital social innovation
This means thatthere is an opportunity for the European commission to connect the very small networks
and attracting funding opportunities. Even if it is impossible to foresee the precise impact and quantify the multiplier effect of the mapped DSI activities,
production and acceptable price point for your customers Level 5 You can show that your product/service could
products and services to see where they are placed currently on the Standards of Evidence, enabling funders (public and private) to understand how confident they can be
of all the products and services they fund, helping to build an understanding if and how the funded
and whether they should receive continued investment 4. As the basis for understanding and assessing the evidence of impact for a specific intervention or service
9. Competitiveness is defined as the capability of an economy to maintain increasing standards of living for
adapt to internal and external economic and social challenges, by providing new economic opportunities including higher quality jobs
36. http://ec. europa. eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/95-ict-31-2014
37. http://ec. europa. eu/research/participants/portal/desktop/en/opportunities/h2020/topics/2418-issi-5-2014
/57. http://codeforamerica. org/geeks/accelerator-faq /58. http://eit. europa. eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/Stories/Innoenergy creation highway web
/93. http://www. revolution-computing. com/revolution-r-enterprise 94. http://floksociety. org /95. http://publiclab. org
/96. http://www. whitehouse. gov/economy/business/startup-america 97. http://www. knightfoundation. org /98. http://www. kickstartseedfund. com
/99. http://www. visionmobile. com/product/developer-economics-q1-2014-state-developer-nation 100. http://www. visionmobile. com/product/developer-segmentation-2013
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