potential use of advanced technologies and intelligent information/communication technologies. This paper presents the methodology developed
Communication Technologies (ICT) such as single window systems, expert charging systems, centralised and decentralised transport systems
indicators (KPIS) on the environment, economy and service quality •To analyse the role of advanced technical measures, the so-called green tech
-nologies, and Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) towards the goal of greener corridors •To provide the EC with recommendations on green corridor,
experience of public and private transport stakeholders •To recommend policy strategies and future Research and development (R&d
2. 2 Benchmark Objective The next project milestone was twofold •First, to assess the potential impact of green technologies to be applied on the
Table 1 Baseline corridor benchmark 2 Corridor Mode Cost â/tn. km Av speed km
To develop a green corridor benchmark with green technologies, the steps below were followed Step 1:
analysis) and development of a green corridor benchmark. This process required a) Quantitative data on the technology impact, validated against real-life per
Since such data were not available for all corridors, a limited set of benchmark scenarios was produced based on the baseline transport chains (Sect. 2) and the
3. 2 Benchmark Scenarios After an extended review on industry and academic works 8†11, the impact of
The development of the green corridor benchmark was based on the technol -ogy-specific analysis. The benchmark consisted of 20 scenarios;
each scenario corresponded to a baseline transport route, combined with a green technology that would improve the route performance.
Tables 2 and 3 present the green corridor benchmark. Uncertainty regarding the baseline calculations and the technology impact may have affected the results.
investment and its impact on the operating cost were considered not. This reduced the resolution of the analysis, to include only the effects on fuel consumption
change if the return of investment is included in the analysis. For the maritime 0 %20
Also, the benchmark does not imply any endorsement on the routes and/or the green technologies, by the Supergreen consortium, or the EU
In this paper, the benchmark scenario for exhaust gas abatement systems on the Mare nostrum corridor is presented;
To develop a green corridor benchmark with ICTS, the steps below were followed Step 1: Conduction of a specialised expert ICT workshop (held in Genoa, Italy
4. 2 Benchmark Scenarios The next target was to develop the green corridor benchmark with ICTS.
A set of 15 benchmark scenarios was constructed (Table 4), aiming to reveal the impor -tance of ICT implementation on the corridors.
The importance level had 5 grades plus the ability to characterise the importance as ††unknown†â€.
The benchmark scenarios were compiled by individual experts or subgroups of experts, during the Genoa workshop.
-dor-specific ICT benchmark with respect to the KPIS. An example (only one among several) for the mean importance of the Congestion Charging ICT on the
Table 4 ICT benchmark scenarios Scenario no Corridor Mode ICT 1 Mare nostrum SCM Tracking units
network in periods of peak demand, to reduce traffic congestion •The ††Pay as you drive††(PAYD) ICT, where the Automobile insurance is
Similar analyses were performed for the benchmark scenarios of Table 4, but are reported not here due to space limitations
The benchmark also shows the technology potential benefits and drawbacks compared to conventional practices 5. 1 Green Technologies and Corridors
benchmark scenarios, for which there was sufficient availability of data This work revealed the need for adequate and consistent statistical information on
basis), including their return of investment. To facilitate the adoption of green technologies, future analyses should examine large-volume transport paradigms
win††option for logistics stakeholders. The benefits would affect fuel economy operation time variables, safety and reliability.
At the same time, it was seen also that there are cases in which deployment of ICTS may have adverse impacts on some
that all the examined ICTS can provide vital benefits to all the stakeholders involved in the transport process.
and Economics, SNAME Greek Section Athens, Greece, 17†18 Sept 2012 6. Ilves, I.:Benchmarking of green corridors version 1. Supergreen deliverable D2. 4
2. 2 Benchmark Objective 3†Benchmarking of Green Corridors with Green Technologies 3. 1 Green Technology Survey and Qualitative Assessment
3. 2 Benchmark Scenarios 3. 3 Implementation of Exhaust Gas Abatement Systems in the Mare nostrum Corridor
4. 2 Benchmark Scenarios 4. 3 Implementation of Expert Charging ICT in the Brenner Corridor
the opportunity to initiate and organise together with the Austrian Institute of Technology a workshop, helping to get an overview over local demonstration projects
 †National stakeholder working groups (SG Technology Platform  †Accompanying Meta-Studies and accompanying coordinating
Distribution Networkdistribution Network Demand Side Managementdemand Side Management Planning Operation Load Management Customer Integration Integrated Planning & operation of
 †Regional Smart Grids Platform with all stakeholders (Smart Grids Flanders  †Belset-platform for coordinating input to/from SET
 †communication infrastructure in 800 MV and LV substations  †interaction with customers
 •Funding mechanism  †public funding is still under consideration  †in accordance with national and EU funding guideline;
funding under national stakeholders andor Distrubution operator (at present 24 ï¿ï of research 25  †Smart regions
 •Smart metering for the customers above 30kw load demand  •Large scale integration of RES/CHP in MV and
LV networks  •Large scale integration of wind energy in transmission system  •ICT support systems for market operation
Communication Networks & control Prosumersderdistributiontransmissionproduction DK: Demo projectsâ'†key facts 32 ï¿ï of research:
communication Infrastructure D12 50 Total 1. 200 Active Demand Response and integration with Smart homes Smart Metering
Infrastructure & Data Processing Integration of RES, storage and EV Planning monitoring and control Cost
Ancillary services provided by DSOS TD3 50 Ecogrideu TWENTIES Ecogrideu EDISON Ecogrideu Cell Project Cell Project
communication Infrastructure D12 50 Total 1. 200 Active Demand Response and integration with Smart homes Smart Metering
Infrastructure & Data Processing Integration of RES, storage and EV Planning monitoring and control Cost
Mobilising customers short term markets Managing LV network with EV, PHEV & Heat pumps State Estimation Asset management
-demand response -active market participation of customers and distributed resources -ICT-solutions for market actions and management
-2nd generation AMR -interactive customer -customer behaviour -demand response -active market participation of customers and
distributed resources -ICT-solutions for market actions and management Power systemspower systems Active resourcesactive resources
Societysociety Marketsmarketsâ •Further developed energy markets via SM •Further developed energy markets via SM
opportunities and models -service business opportunities -network business models -business opportunities and models -service business
opportunities Energy marketsenergy markets Power systemspower systems -HV power systems-HV power systems DISTRIBUTION TRANSMISSION 38 ï¿
ï 39 DE: Demo projectsâ'†key facts  •Ongoing Demo Projects  †6 model projects in the framework of E-Energy
 †7 related projects on electric mobility  •Accompanying research and/or activities
funding rates for enterprises and research institutions according to national and EU funding guideline  †Orders to experts to produce studies on specific topics
starting soon (incl. all stakeholders of the electric system  †ISGAN  â€oeint. SG Action Networkâ â€:
Recognizes a higher Return on Investment rate to operators for these projects; starting mid 2011;
DSO  †business model Infrastructure is owned by the DSO 2 important demonstrators 1) Milan, Pisa, Rome
DSO  †business model Infrastructure is owned by the DSO DISTRIBUTION 50 ï¿ï 51 LV:
for additional services  Accompanying research and/or activities  †Smart Grid Competence Centre
 †DSO investment programme and Latvenergo investment programme 52 ï¿ï of research R&
Customers Metering Infrastructure Smart metering data processing Integration of Smart Metering Monitoring and control of MV
marketplace for the grid services needed to realise renewable input smart grid Develop the technology
communication solution -Monitoring and control of LV networks -Automation and control of LV networks -Methods and
communication solution Smart Distribution Network Smart Distribution Network Transmission/Distrib ution Coordination Transmission/Distrib ution Coordination
-Ancillary Services provided by DSOS -Improved defence and restoration plans -Forecasting DER generation -Increased observability of the
-Ancillary Services provided by DSOS -Improved defence and restoration plans -Forecasting DER generation 66 ï¿
 †National Technology Platform for Smart Grids (36 stakeholders  †National Smartgrids Roadmap (CC SURE
DSM/Ancillary services DCN (data communication network Dynamic thermal rating WAMS (wide area measurement system DSM/Ancillary services
DCN (data communication network AMI DSM/DR Voltage control/Automation Virtual Power plant Infrastructure for e-mobility
-Demand Response -Energy Storage -Offshore HVDC -Demand Response Active Consumersactive Consumers Integration of Renewables Integration of
Renewables Low Environmental Impact Low Environmental Impact Low Life cycle Cost Low Life cycle Cost Sustainable Power Systemsustainable Power system
 †National stakeholder technology platform à FUTURED  •Funding-/programme mechanismen  †Period 2008-2012
customers involved in demos 1 2 3 81 ï¿ï 83 NL: Demo projectsâ'†key facts
80%of all customers with smart meters until 2020  †Smart charging: Technical issues/service provided involving consumers (2011
-Active Demand Response -Energy efficiency from integration with smart homes -Active Demand Response -Energy efficiency from integration with smart homes-Metering
Infrastructure -Smart metering data processing -Metering Infrastructure -Smart metering data processing Integration of Smart Customers
Integration of Smart Customers Integration of Smart Metering Integration of Smart Metering -DSO integration of
small DER -System integration of medium DER -Integration of storage in network management -Infrastructure to
-keep communication flow up -redistribute collected information after preparation and -meet for discussions and workshops on a regular basis
environment. This shall be reached by implementing joint activities WP 4  †Implementation of Joint Acitivties
environment. The detailed categories of the questionnaire used to collect the necessary information are stated in the beginning of the subsequent section.
any law shaping Austriaâ'†s smart grid research environment explicitly Quite vast is the Smart Grids support in terms of research & development (R&d) and
Danish R&d environment is given by the document System Responsibility and Transmission Grid, which is available in Danish only
the fields of climate, agriculture, transportation and economics. It will be presenting suggestions as to how Denmark in the future can phase out fossil fuels,
prototype on Bornholm is planned Table 19 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in Denmark Project Data bases, Websites with Project
-Ecogrid. dk-project scenarios-now first SG prototype on Bornholm planned Documents or Websites about National & regional
Economic Affairs and Communication) identifies high priority activities and measures in the electricity sector to ensure continuous electricity supply, more sustainable
-Physical and Social Environment Development Action Plan (Estonian Later-Energy Sector State Development Plan up to year 2020 (Estonian
research environment (as presented in Table 22. The most relevant R&d funding programme in the context of Smart Grids is the Energy Technology Programme.
Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communications manages the programme Table 22 R&d Framework, Programmes & Policy documents in Estonia
greater competitiveness of Estonia within the global research environment. Concrete research topics or areas are not content of this publication
Enterprise Estonia (www. eas. ee), Archimedes Foundation www. archimedes. ee) and the Estonian Science Foundation (www. etf. ee.
Enterprise Estonia is a large institution within the national support system for entrepreneurship providing financial assistance, advisory, cooperation opportunities and training for
entrepreneurs, research establishments, public and third sector. Archimedes Foundation coordinated and implements different international and national
programmes and projects in the field of training, education, research, technological development and innovation. The Estonian Science Foundation (ETF) is an
-Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communication (www. mkm. ee: Enterprise Estonia: Business and regional development promition
-Ministry of Education and Research (www. hm. ee: Archimedes Foundation Estonian Science Foundation -Ministry of Finance (www. fin. ee
/Physical and Social Environment Development Action Plan (Estonian) www. struktuurifondid. ee/public/OP2 21JUUNI2007 EST. pdf Energy Sector State Development Plan up to year 2020
Estonian Competition Authority www. konkurentsiamet. ee Enterprise Estonia www. eas. ee Estonian Science Foundation www. etf. ee
Estonian Ministry of Economic Affairs and Communication www. mkm. ee Estonian Ministry of Education and Research www. hm. ee
Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Estonia www. fin. ee Estonian Research Portal-projects data base www. etis. ee/portaal/projektiinfo. aspx?
designed by the Environment, Nature and Energy department (www. lne. be/en Table 25 National Official documents, Laws and Rules in the Flemish Region
market for the required technologies, products and services in a multidisciplinary and sustainable way Table 26 R&d Framework, Programmes & Policy documents in the Flemish Region
 â€oeenergy networks and demand side managementâ â€. The equivalent document containing R&d implementation guidelines of the innovation policy
on the link provided in Table 32 is  â€oesmart Grids, demand-side management and
R&d-programmes Available-Call for R&d projects"Energy networks and demand side management "R&d and Innovation policy, Innovation Agenda
-Smart grids, demand-side management and decentralised electricity production: Mounting a national R&d programme -Roadmap for smartgrids and electicity systems that integrate renewable
between companies, research institutions, training and institutional stakeholders Table 31 Scenarios, Project Information & Platforms in France
Smart grids, demand-side management and decentralised electricity production: Mounting a national R&d programm www. google. at/url?
framework of a technology competition held by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology in close cooperation with the Ministry for the Environment, Nature
Conservation and Nuclear Safety. Furthermore, focus areas of this programme are innovation policies, information society and telecommunications.
technical solutions for grid operation, new business models and electronic market places Table 34 R&d Framework, Programmes & Policy documents in Germany
Available-Potential of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for the optimisation of energy supply and the energy consumption (eenergy
-E-Energy-Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWI -Innovation policy, information society, telecommunications. E-Energy
funding programme E-Energy (Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology R&d Framework, Programmes & Policy Germany
The energy economy on the way to the internet era -dena-Netzstudie II (Grid Study: Integration of renewable energies in the
Potential of the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for the optimisation of energy supply and the energy consumption (eenergy
Federal Ministry for Economics and Technology www. e-energy. de/documents/2009-02-23 untersuchung des normungs -und standardisierungsumfeldes e-Energy (1). pdf
demand side management No scenarios, project information or platforms are available in Greece R&d Framework, Programmes and Policy
x Communication techniques and power electronics x Power quality x Innovative materials and components x Planning of electrical active networks
x Interrelation between the electrical system and the environment Scenarios, project information and platforms The results of the Rds for 2000-2005 and from 2006-present as well as activities
environment List of links to Latvian documents ï The following Table 47 lists all links to above mentioned Smart Grids related
The R&d support environment of the Nordic Region, represented by the research funding agency Nordic Energy Research (www. nordicenergy. net), is defined by both
therefore a unique opportunity to for example, provide large amounts of wind power to the European market and to test new concepts for sustainable transport
promising research areas including those enabling a sustainable economy. As an example  â€oe  †technologies in the domains of energy and environmental protection
The major documents building the environment for R&d in general in Slovenia are the Research and development Act, the Public Administration Act as well as the
pricing and protection of the environment Scenarios, project information and platforms Detailed information about single projects can be found in the Energy research data
different stakeholder-to bring forward and coordinate the necessary activities. The defined key areas of actions which are elaborated in the position paper are listed
-The built environment of The netherlands-Energy Innovation Agenda R&d Framework, Programmes & Policy The netherlands In 2008 the Innovatieagenda Energie (Energy Innovation Agenda) was published.
Furthermore, the document The built environment of The netherlands  †Energy Innovation Agenda gives  â€oean outlook on energy-neutral new construction and
and strategy by asking a wide range of stakeholders enterprises, energy companies, municipalities, building and construction
end-users) for feedback. The symposium is part of the process to decide later in 2011 about the experimental gardens,
The built environment of the Netherlands-Energy Innovation Agenda http://www. senternovem. nl/mmfiles/Energy%20innovation%20agenda%20
and works through a combination of research, investments networks, grant funding and practical support to innovators
Futureeverything (FUTURE) is a not-for-profit digital innovation lab, festival and conference. It is a member
awareness and coordination, creates new opportunities for innovation, and strengthens inclusion, participation and ultimately, human well-being
Society, economy, and even human psychology itself are undergoing an irreversible change, which we as citizens and
Opencorporates (OC) provides a good example of the opportunities in open data. It was set up to in the wake of the financial
social enterprises. We†ve tried to explore who the people and organisations working on DSI are,
and economy solutions, such as crowdfunding for social good projects (104 The network analysis shows that although there are few very active organisations
funding and sustainable new business models This research has identified the goals of policy, the policy tools and funding instruments
decentralised environment for open data 3. Educate a technology-savvy multidisciplinary workforce, and use all their powers
the collaborative economy, cities and public services; open tools and distributed architectures; and citizen engagement and direct democracy
when procuring services. Particularly for DSI this could include valuing the network effect and digital engagement of users provided by procured
services 3. Increase the potential value of DSI (for instance, making available dis -tributed architectures, common frameworks, open standards and through
instruments (such as crowdfunding, challenges and prizes) should be experimented with through R&d funding, while support to Innovation Spaces (such as Fab Labs
In some cases substantial investment will be needed to achieve this 5. Expand the European DSI network
enable more opportunities for collaboration; increasing early stage seed-funding programmes and other types of nonfinancial support for DSI start-ups;
which services are designed explicitly to tackle societal challenges such as climate change and unemployment. This research project has iden
economic value is understood relatively well, yet its potential for solving large-scale social challenges remains largely untapped.
While massive commercial investment and business models fuelled the web†s incredible growth, the use of platforms like Facebook to serve social good has
political and economic control over their lives, the existing commercial services built on top of this lower technical layer continues for the most part to empower existing
and possibly game-changing innovative services aimed at tackling large-scale societal challenges Online innovation developed specifically to effect major positive social change remains
arguably, in its infancy, with relatively few services reaching global scale. There are a few impressive success stories in obtaining a global reach, in particular campaigning sites
such as Avaaz and parts of the collaborative economy and the maker movement. Yet services that exist to help communities collaborate on problems that may not fit in tra
-ditional institutional or commercial models are still underexplored and badly supported What is innovation The nature of innovation has changed dramatically over the past decade.
and new services that generate social value, but much of this potential has not yet being
The goal is to enable more of these smaller innovative services to sprout and flourish and effectively help to solve global scale societal problems
underpinning DSI services. These combine novel technology trends such as open data, open hardware, open networks, and open knowledge;
economy;( (4) new ways of making;(5) open democracy; and (6) acceleration and incubation. Crowdmapping DSI organisations and their activities:
spreading, scaling and attracting funding opportunities. Equally, as DSI evolves policymakers need to understand the extent to which the policies they are putting
Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or
Collaborative economy Awarness network Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Open Hardware Organisations M or
these digital services can take advantage of the network effect of the Internet i e. that the benefit of a network and its
-forward manner for some services such as social networking sites like Facebook and sites that require large user-bases like
easily to some other services such as e -democracy platforms, caring networks and local currencies. For each kind of social
the collaborative economy, local exchange and trading systems, digital currencies, and awareness networks that incentivise experimentation with new models in a variety of domains.
By allowing new forms of communication collective memory and algorithmically mediated attention, the Internet forms
crisis, climate change, and the demand for quality healthcare, seem to require digitally-extended collective intelligence
economic value, but that result in large -scale social impact. At the present mo -ment, the Internet offers unprecedented
opportunities for collective intelligence via its increasing ubiquity and the massive amounts of data available for collective
involves society and the economy, driven by the fast evolution of ICT. More than five billion additional people will connect
the environment and objects themselves However, we cannot expect the Internet by itself to drive innovation to help citi
Yet on the level of services, the emerg -ing cloud model of some services (propri
-etary social networks, big data providers implementations of the Internet of things is convenient for users but also â€oelocks us
mobile market and cloud-based services platforms Apple has started a market that was en -tirely new;
-ing actual innovative services. Thus, there is a danger that once users are locked †in†to various monopolies, the level of in
-novation in these services will decrease Furthermore, most users have accepted giving away their personal data in
exchange for â€oefree†services. Yet this bargain not only undermines privacy and weakens data protection but also commodifies knowledge, identity and
about people, the environment and bio -metric and sensor data. The amount of data produced by open platforms and
-vices in order to increase their value, profit and marketability. For example, the com -pany is now pushing into smart watch
-cant issues of privacy and competition Right now few of these opportunities are being taken advantage of by European
social innovators, for the most part due to a lack of an open infrastructure and difficulty finding investment
The future of the Internet should remain pluralistic, so that there is space for DSI alongside commercial services in the
Cloud. In the long-term, if only a few non-European commercial bodies control all data-driven services, this threatens the
ability of the European innovation system to compete This European infrastructure would en -able a whole new round of innovation
-rent business models, with new players evolving, shaping and structuring whole new markets and societal institutions that
-tion and competition. Bria 2012 One of the motivations underpinning this research is investigating how Europe can
Europe could provide an alternative model in the form of investment in open infrastructures on
Commercial services Entertainment (eg. IPTV DRM-heavy apolitical INDIVIDUALISM BUSINESS COMPETITION CENTRALLY CONTROLLED Open and distributed digital ecosystems
to foster grassroots social innovation and entrepreneurship The alternative is to accelerate innovations that align the capacities of the Internet better to social
needs and that decentralise power to citizens and communities. The development of open data federated identity, bottom-up wireless and sensor
on demand and create new services. Competition based on open standards, protocols and formats are essential to deploy interoperability between data
devices, services and networks. This vision requires more investment in fundamental research to promote net-neutrality, strong encryption, banning of trivial
patents, open standards and free software together with the multi-stakeholder governance model Avoiding anti-competitive dynamics and lock in
would engage all particapents in the value chain and allow for a replicable and sustainable solution.
It would also enable new economic models, including those beyond GDP and commons-based, as
-search organisations, social enterprises charities and foundations and grassroots communities 2. The way these organisations are
and environment,(4) participation and open governance,(5) science, culture and education and (6) public services
Social Enterprise Charity or Foundation, Business, Grass roots Organization or Community Network, Academia and Research, Government and Public sector. 2 Project Type:
-ing, Maker and hacker spaces, Investing and Funding, Event, Incubators and Accelerators, Advisory or expert body, Education And Training. 3 Technology
Health and Wellbeing, Finance and Economy, Energy and Environment, Education and Skills, Culture and Arts, Work and Employment, Participation and Democracy, Neighbourhood Regeneration, Science
24 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 2. 2 DOMAINS OF DSI Awareness
Economy Open Democracy Funding Acceleration and Incubation The organisations and projects identified to date can roughly be grouped within
-racy,(3) The collaborative economy 4) Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and lifestyles,(5 Open Access and (6) funding, accelera
The collaborative economy †and the many other umbrella terms used to describe the rise of digital marketplaces for people to make transactions and share skills, assets and
The Collaborative Economy has been documented by organisations like the P2p Foundation, Nesta, and Ouishare Across the world the burgeoning field of collaborative consumption is using digital
platforms to change how people share resources and exchange goods and services which range from household equipment to hotel rooms, cars to catering.
ECONOMY New collaborative socioeconomic models that present novel characteristics, and enable people to share skills, knowledge, food
new forms of crowdfunding and financing, new platforms for exchanges and sharing resources based on reputation and trust
Ouishare SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK Ouishare is a global collaborative consumption network founded in January 2012.
the focus of the economy to one that can find new ways to connect, create and share on the web.
two primary activities, Ouishare. net and collaborative economy events. Ouishare. net is an online community where members
which brings together the global collaborative economy community. The 2014 event took place in Paris
the collaborative economy In parallel thousands of alternative currencies are in use †some focused on localities
economies work †for example, valorising labour time equally, or linking currencies to data. In East Africa the development of M-PESA (a mobile financial payment system born
to secured financial exchange services. This African success story has completely revo -lutionised the regional business terrain, at the same time empowering local people by
Other interesting initiatives such as Goteo are building services around the idea of the Commons, to enable communities to
Goteo is a social network for crowdfunding and distributed collaboration (services, infrastructure, micro tasks and other resources) for encouraging the independent development of
creative initiatives that contribute to the common good, free knowledge and open code. Goteo is managed by the nonprofit
Goteo SHARING ECONOMY NETWORK A vibrant ecosystem of makers is developing across Europe and globally.
potential in combining innovative technology trends to generate unexpected services NEW WAYS OF MAKING An ecosystem of makers is
or digital social innovations, including the blueprint for a prototype of a 3d printed $50 prosthesis that can be used in developing countries.
and micro enterprises 28 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe MAKERS MOVEMENT Maker Fairs are interesting expressions of this new form of networking events that emerged out of the big diffusion of the
Another interesting example of collaborative innovation environments is the possibility of setting up Urban Labs in Cities.
in real world settings with all relevant stakeholders: citizens, companies and scientific institutions One interesting example of an Urban Lab is the Barcelona Urban Lab. It was created
test their products and services in a real environment. These pilot products and services have to respond to an unmet municipal need,
thus improving public service design and delivery. One project was the adaptation of all traffic lights in the city for the blind
Participatory democracy strives to create opportunities for all members of a population to make meaningful contributions to political decision-making, as well as broadening
the range of people who have access to such opportunities. Since so much information must be gathered for the overall decision-making process to succeed,
have developed services such asâ Fixmystreet, allowing citizens to report city problems andâ CKAN, the biggest repository of open data in Europe,
of investment. It is crucial for successful crowdsourcing to design the activity properly to prevent excessive demands and frustrations.
In Europe, interesting crowdsourcing projects for cities are emerging from the Open Cities project and Commons4eu
from people and the environment in order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering
behavioral change. Platforms for collaboration are used to solve environmental issues and promote sustainable behavioral changes
services; personal networks likeâ Tyze are generating new care communities that are being integrating with traditional social care provision;
and sharing economy platforms likeâ Peerbyâ Â are creating new forms of relationships and services.
Inspired by the open-source movement, individuals, self-organising groups and communities are begin -ning to aggregate the layers of data that increasingly permeate the urban environment, in
order to create a new generation of products and services, fostering behavioural change9 -for instance, platforms for collaboration to solve environmental issues and incentivise
sustainable behavioural changes, such as Safecast and Beaware The Open Ministry is now part of the European D-CENT project that is building privacy-aware tools and applications for direct
The team turned to †the crowd†via crowdfunding platform, Kickstarter, to finance the device
Chaos Communication Camp, an international meeting of hackers that takes place every four years, organised by the Chaos Computer Club (CCC) 11, an informal associa
rights and communication. Supporting the principles of the hacker ethic, the club also fights for free access to computers and
inclusive processes of decision-making amongst key stakeholders OPEN STANDARD BODYTHE World wide web Consortium (W3c The ability to access knowledge
open and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open University, based in the United kingdom,
learning environment Open standards A number of organisations affect DSI in Europe through acting as expert bodies on the
often need support in the early idea stages to refine their business models and grow their venture.
The global study Good Incubation (2014) 12 explores how social venture incubation has grown as a set of techniques to help founders develop ventures that are
investable propositions, including a focus on incubators with a specific focus on sup -porting digital social innovators
Incubators typically support innovators in exchange for equity, at pre-seed or seed stage There are nearly 100 incubators/accelerators in Europe
Large foundations and charities often play an active role in hosting and running mak -erspaces and incubators focusing on supporting DSI
The work by Nesta in the UK, on the tech for good incubator Bethnal Green Ventures, and the Waag society in Amsterdam, working on setting up and hosting
one of Europe†s first Fab Labs, are two examples of this in Europe. In the United states
Code for America provides seed funding, office space, and mentorship to civic start -ups through its accelerator
Y Combinator was the first of its kind when it started back in 2005 and its success
inspired many others. Bethnal Green Ventures in the UK, who support early-stage technology start-ups tackling a social or environmental problem with £15, 000 and 3
months intensive support in return for 6 per cent equity, is another example Nowadays, the biggest names are international start-up accelerators such as Techstars
Seedcamp or Startbootcamp. But there is an increasing number of big corporation -backed accelerators, such as Wayra from Telefã nnica or Orange FAB from Orange and
a plethora of regional start-up acceleration programs FUNDING ACCELLERATION INCUBATION A range of incubators, accelerators
impact incvestment schemes have been set up by public and private funders to support digital innovation projects
They do this through a combination of seed fundings as well as non -financial support such as access to co-working spaces and business
Although incubators and accelerators have been always around, their pres -ence in aiming to address social challenges has been limited rather to date
Traditional business accelerators offer advice and resources to fledgling firms to help them grow. In contrast, Civic Accelerators can match cities with start-ups, private firms
and nonprofit organisations interested in partnering with government to provide better services, bring digital technology to cities,
or change the way citizens interact with city government Finally, crowdfunding platforms serve as intermediaries to link people
and to stimulate and fund new ideas. There is the growth of the alternative finance industry,
crowdfunding and P2p lending that has been documented deeply by Nesta in the UK14 36 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
Accelerator Healthbox London Clearlyso Angels Bethnal Green Ventures Tor Open Garden Guifi. net Confine Smart
Santander DSI AREAS 37growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe 2. 3 WHO ARE INVOLVED THE ORGANISATIONS IN SUPPORTING OR
with DSI services Delivering services Providing funding for experiments/R&d particular the case for large Telco organisa
-tions Analysing trends and movements Providing new fundamental technologies and methodologies Stimulate multi-disciplinary research and innovation
SOCIAL ENTERPRISE CHARITY OR FOUNDATION BUSINESS GRASS ROOTS ORGANIZATION OR COMMUNITY NETWORK ACADEMIA AND RESEARCH GOVERNMENT AND
counter sensor kit, on Crowdfunding to fund the development of kit, and on open data to share
media, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding big data, machine learning, 3d print -ing, online learning and e-petitions The main technological trends in DSI
manages open information in an open environment. An OSN stands for an interoper -able sensor network, where many vendors or entities can connect their sensor solutions
standard communications. The open sensor network connects the sensor with the data repository where the information is processed
wireless environment Sensor networks are the key infrastructures of a smart city, providing basic data on the
future services based on OSN include mobile applications that support citizens using public transport by displaying real time information on arrival and departure, or traffic
These sensors provide the opportunity to implement applications that help citizens to move around in cities
self-provisioned, experimental and commercial services and applications. A common entry point allows researchers to select a set of resources,
network services, open Wifi bottom-up-broadband, distribut ed social networks, p2p infrastructures OPEN NETWORKS 40 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
and experiment with services and protocols. This is done on real-world IP community net -works that incorporate a wide variety of wired and wireless links,
TOR also enables software developers to create new communication tools with built-in privacy features and provides
from the environment The explosion of new types of data analytics and machine learning means that it is no
longer only government or corporate forecasters who have the opportunity to access and analyse data.
and companies that hold or generate data about society have the opportunity to enable citizens to hold government to account for
-vited programmers and developers to make apps and web services based on the data which to date have resulted in more than 60 applications for citizens.
examples include the work by the Estonian Government and the not-for-profit Praxis on the Meiraha project,
competitions and challenges. One of Europe†s biggest open data competitions is the Open Data Challenge15.
It was organized by the Open Knowledge Foundation, the Openforum Academy and Share-PSI. eu. It offered 20,000 Euros in prizes to win and
There are many other competitions, such as Apps4finland16, the biggest European apps contest organized since 2009 and
crowdfunding etc. Furthermore, the ability to access, use, and reuse without financial legal, contractual and technical restrictions (alligned with the Budapest open access
Recent global developments have revealed increasing demands of citizens for their governments and administrations to become more participatory, trans
issues concerning the public domain in the digital environment is one example of this, as is the work by the social innovation
LIPSE (researching innovation in public sector environments) are further examples of research activities and research networks aiming to further our understanding of DSI
change, sustainable energy and communication technology itself A very interesting project, which is funded not by the European union but shows how
commons-based knowledge economy. The project is a joint research effort sponsored by the Coordinating Ministry
and opportunities to develop the knowledge and self-sufficiency toachieve inclusion in decision-making processes. These are some of the main initiatives within the DSI
via the Goteo and Kickstarter crowdfunding platforms. With its relatively low-cost model the Smart Citizen Kit sees itself as
and to new services So-called Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), which are becoming increasingly important in this context.
-lance, prediction and control of people and the environment. However, as outlined by Rob Van Kranenburg, â€oesuccessful Iot means the best possible feedback on our physical
Finance and Economy Energy and Environment Participation and Democracy Smart public services Science and technology Education and skills
Culture and Arts Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making
Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino
Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe Confine Crisisnet Desis Network Everyaware
The Accelerator Tor Ushahidi Wikiprogress Wayra Unltd Wikirate Your Priorities Zooniverse 1 2 3 4
Finance and Economy Energy and Environment Participation and Democracy Smart public services Science and technology Education and skills
Culture and Arts Work and Employment DSI AREAS AREAS OF SOCIETY New ways of making
Collaborative economy Awarness network TECHNOLOGY AREAS Open Hardware Open Networks Open Knowledge Open Data Arduino
Bethnal Green Ventures Citysdk Clearlyso Angels Communia Commons 4 Europe Confine Crisisnet Desis Network Everyaware
The Accelerator Tor Ushahidi Wikiprogress Wayra Unltd Wikirate Your Priorities Zooniverse 1 2 3 4
INCUBATORS AND ACCELERATORS MAKER AND HACKER SPACES ADVISORY OR EXPERT BODY INVESTMENT AND FUNDING 152
26 13 7674 70 32313030 0 Pr oj ec t T yp e To ta
l 5 72 Liquid Feedback Communia Avaaz Open Government Wien Arduino P2p Foundation Goteo Ouishare
Ventures Tor Guifi. net Confine Smart Santander Makerfaire The different methods by which these organisations are supporting DSI
Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten Frysklab Democratie. Nu openpetition. de Petitions. nlfoundation Wesign. it
environment "ERGOLAB GAIA Fablabpalermo Factoryyouthzone Fullcirclearts Fairphone Fairplayalliance Firemny-Register. sk Farm2me Foam Folklabs Hernehillforum
-laborative economy and open knowledge is the specialty of the second largest †but also more scattered †community (7. 41
Crowdfunding. pl Myseed crowdsourcing CUBITSCARL DCLG Deheerprojecten Frysklab Democratie. Nu openpetition. de Petitions. nlfoundation Wesign. it
environment "ERGOLAB GAIA Fablabpalermo Factoryyouthzone Fullcirclearts Fairphone Fairplayalliance Firemny-Register. sk Farm2me Foam Folklabs Hernehillforum
Venture capital Big data and cloud computing Collective awareness platforms collective intelligence CENTRALISED TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS DISTRIBUTED COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS
COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web
economy and society by complementing the telecommunications regulatory en -vironment, modernising copyright rules simplifying rules for consumers making
to help the EU economy become more competitive, based on sustainable and inclusive growth fuelled by energy and
cloud computing and legal advice. Further support, investment advice and funding oppertunities for SMES and young compa
-nies are also available through the Startup Europe programme Other activities are happening in the
Venture capital Big data and cloud computing Collective awareness platforms collective intelligence CENTRALISED TOP-DOWN GRASSROOTS DISTRIBUTED COMPETITION ECONOMIC ENTERESTS
COLLABORATION SOCIAL VALUES Commercial social networks/markets FB, Apple, Android Federated Social networks Diaspora Crowdsourcing Social web
democracy, and the collaborative economy These platforms based on open technol -ogy can gather and integrate information
agents (stakeholders in a broad sense including implementers and decision makers The Futurium platform is based on the
stakeholders in the poliy making process Besides the standard tools available in most social networks, Futurium participa
digital environment. Big data and cloud companies but also States have a lot of control over an individual†s online identity
work opportunities for women SECTOR SPECIFIC REGULATION/DEREGULATION 8. Establish a European Innovation Lab Network
-erative environment. Although every real innovation is a complex story of loops and jumps, there are various stages that most
Opportunities and challenges These include all the initiating factors †for instance a crisis, new evidence, and
the opportunities that a new change could bring about. Â Generating ideas Most of the ideas you come up with at
-people who run services and who know what the problems/challenges/oppor -tunities are. Make sure they represent a
Opportunities and challenges What really helped them get their project of the ground and helped them to scale up
/opportunities We asked everyone in the room to indi -vidually complete this template to quickly generate ideas
Crowdfunding & Challenge Prizes Open access Open standards Interoperability Open licensing Open platforms Open data
Incubators & accelerators Knowledge sharing & networking Training Standards of evidence framework Impact assessment tools for aocial innovation
Crowdfunding & Challenge Prizes Open access Open standards Interoperability Open licensing Open platforms Open data
Incubators & accelerators Knowledge sharing & networking Training Standards of evidence framework Impact assessment tools for aocial innovation
funding and crowdfunding are also two important instruments Although previous analysis and policy ac -tions28 focus on the role of VC or business
government investment and subsidies in the USA than the EU. Approximately eight times as much public as private business invest
In the EU investment in research and technological development is more market-based †and demonstrably less
or the UK€ s Big Society Capital fund and India†s Inclusive Investment Fund. They combine investments in new hardware and software with experi
-ments to discover better ways of delivering healthcare or reducing carbon emissions PUBLIC/DIRECT FUNDING
President Obama set up an office for social innovation in the White house, with a fund for supporting NGOS.
the Mayor has designed programmes for the sharing economy and citizen engagement. Colombia set up a centre
and services to be open sourced. This means introduc -ing elements of open innovation into the procurement process, involving purchasing
and services by the EU are achieving their goals and if providers are able to deliver their outcomes
SME instrument in order to help small and medium-sized enterprises. DSI should also create new specific instruments for social entrepreneurship
SUPPORT TO SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURS & START-UPS Development and entrepreneurship programmes In public institutions there are examples such as the New york city Economic Development Agency and in particular its
entrepreneur programme34. Very similar to this is the example of Barcelona Activa, which is the local agency for employ
-ment and economic growth for the area of Barcelona35 69growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
more than 400 ventures were started among its members One of the most obvious measures is to crackdown on tax abuses by technology
in order to move to a system in which the country where profits are generated is also the country of taxation.
CROWDFUNDING SEED FUNDING & CHALLENGE PRIZES Crowdfunding should be included in thinking about the future of DSI.
The European Commission should start promoting more crowdfunding tools, involving the community in choosing the best projects to be funded,
as part of their R&d programmes Crowdfunding allows people to have the opportunity to support what they consider
to be an attractive idea and to help someone else†s dream to become a reality, while
of crowdfunding 70 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe Crowdfunding platforms In Spain, the first platform to be launched in 2010 was Lá
nzanosï¿., which in esperanto means â€oecreation lovers†Here, artists, designers, entrepreneurs, cultural promoters and creators can present their project
supporting community enterprises, creative startups and charities. Another example is Spacehive, which focuses on public
-peer consumer lending, equity crowdfunding, community shares, pension-led funding and invoice trading. In 2012, more than $2. 7 billion was raised through crowdfunding
worldwide †helping to fund more than one million new projects The main crowdfunding platforms are Kickstarter
and Goteo but there are also plen -ty of other platforms that are gathered in the directory of crowdfunding platforms
Crowdingin39, operated by Nesta (in the UK The platform Citizinvestor is an American portal where public projects †such as new
Seed funding is a very early-stage investment, meant to support the business until it can
or until it is ready for further investments. Seed money options include friends and family funding, angel funding andâ crowdfunding.
Seed funding is mainly aimed at start-ups and ventures There are other elements such as prizes, competitions, events, knowledge sharing
and dissemination that should also be included in the mechanisms for DSI policy The Nesta Centre for Challenge Prizes has run prizes in everything from energy to
waste, data to education. In 2014 Nesta revived the 300 year old Longitude Prize and
The competition invited Europeans to come up with new solutions to reduce unemployment and minimise its corrosive effects on the economy and society.
The three winning projects were awarded financial support of â 30,000 involved the public in choosing which of six big global challenges deserved to be the
to provide an environment conducive to openness and collaboration, while pre -serving citizens†rights and data protec
-tween data, devices, services and networks Standards will enable new business models for co-operation between multiple stake
-holders such as companies, public authorities and citizens to develop meaningful tech -nologies. Therefore, greater citizen involvement in standards should be supported (for
so that devices and services produced and de -livered by different companies can communicate with one another.
services themselves, access to devices and modular applications that talk to one another Today mobile devices with always-on Internetâ connectivity are becoming widespread
when it is perceived as fair by all stakeholders, seeking the right balance between the interests
and services built on freely acquired data, as long as they respect provisions in the license.
competition and guarantees that users may freely choose between services online. The European parliament adopted amend
Commission estimates the economic value of the PSI market at approximately â 40 billion per annum. The 2013 revision of the
economies. New forms of data control and data collective ownership by citizens should be encouraged. For instance, in the UK, the government backedâ Midataâ pro
extraction (e g. for marketing, economic competition and surveillance In this context, the infrastructure should preserve the right of data-portability57, and
therefore allowing for innovation in the wider economy based on the Future Internet users must be able to come (no barriers to entry)
engaging effectively in multi-stakeholder processes Distributed and open architectures Community and bottom-up networking 5. 3 RESEARCH AND INNOVATION SUPPORT
One important objective is to provide infrastructural investments such as broadband de -ployments and pan-European digital services that underwrite robust, equal, society-wide
access to connectivity. However, while most resources are going to top-up deployments from Telcos and systems integrators such as FIPP or 5g PPP, there is scope for more
INVESTMENT ON ENABLING INFRASTRUCTURES Community and bottom-up networking is an emerging mode of the Future Internet,
INNOVATION LABS In the context of future DSI policy, innovation labs present an opportunity to activate
networks and to create collaborative work environments. In this context labs can be understood as spaces
it needs investment in alternative archi -tectures that favour new players and allow for bottom-up innovation.
new open ecosystem of services and applications could flourish, based on open-source and open-hardware developments
seen in the private sector and making use of strong communications and engagement strategies. One example of this is the Seoul Innovation Bureau,
Suggestion Scheme that creates an opportunity for any public officer to directly submit ideas to improve public services.
and services, citizen engagement and policy development, there are vast often highly connected communities of private, academic and civic labs which proivde space and
Maker spaces (such as Fablabs), real-life testing and experimentation environments where users and producers can co
-create innovations (including Living Labs), Hackerspaces and hackathons (such as Chaos Communication Camp), and co-working spaces are a few examples
INCUBATORS & ACCELERATORS Mechanisms that foster social entrepreneurship such as incubators, accelerators or other intermediary platforms are necessary to provide resources in different phases
of the development of DSI. They represent a novel contribution to advancing social entrepreneurship around the world, helping young companies, and particularly high
-tech start-ups to grow and thrive. The number of accelerator programmes has grown rapidly in the US over the past years,
and more recently, the trend is being replicated in Europe.  For instance, the Nesta report â€oegood incubation†72 charts the rise of social
venture incubation, with a focus on what can be learned by this sector from other pro -grammes around the world.
Investment for this kind of innovation support programmes can come from public funds but could also be through public private partnerships or
crowdfunding TRANSITION project A good example to foster a European networks of incubators is funded the European commission TRANSITION project
It is coordinated by the European Business & Innovation Centre Network (EBN), and is a 30-month project that supports the
scaling-up of social innovations across Europe by developing a network of incubators, which brings together established
partners within the fields of social innovation (SI) and innovation-based incubation (IBI 80 Growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
DSI networking and crowdfunding platform Fabacademy 5. 4 DISSEMINATION & LEARNING 81growing a Digital Social Innovation Ecosystem for Europe
creative and innovative ideas, competitions and challenges or jams would be very helpful mechanisms to deploy
Secondly, beyond general events, the DSI strategy requires a communication strat -egy. This should include the use of social networking platforms, independent media and
-fies funding opportunities, and promotes new economic instruments (such as challenges, and prizes) should be promoted the
linking crowdmapping to crowdfunding and other bottom-up incentives mechanisms such as Prizes and Challenges Thirdly, knowledge sharing is key.
scaling and attracting funding opportunities. As DSI evolves policymakers need to understand the extent to which the policies they are putting in place to sup
the social capital and wellbeing of local areas What is measured? Common standards of evidence and adoption
The Triple Helix outlines how social tech ventures, and investors, should focus on three types of value †Social Value, User
the venture intends to create i e positive impact health resilience and sustainability society. Social value is the
key stakeholders, such as domain experts and possible purchasers of the service to establish what social challenges need to be addressed and how
customers Us er va lu e In order to realise any of the potential social value, a
and demand for the approach including the specific user problems the product or service would solve
analytics software to test demand Fi na n -ci al V al ue There has to be a market for
the venture to be sustainable and the venture has to be active in it. The generation
of sustainable income is understood as financial value which comes as the result of realising user or social value
The standards are used by the DSI accelerator Bethnal Green Ventures77 and Nesta†s Impact Investment team78,
which invests between £150, 000 and £1 million in organisa -tions whose digital social innovations are designed to address key societal challenges
for your customers Level 5 You can show that your product/service could be operated up by someone else, somewhere else
These indicators now include innovative entrepreneurship and innovation in firms universities and public research institutes,
and could include DSI products and services generated, as well as new types of actors such as Fab Labs and makerspaces
This focus could be on four key areas of opportunity in DSI a. Collaborative economy b. Digital social innovation in cities and public services
c. Open tools and distributed architectures d. Citizen engagement and direct democracy In general, European funding has invested heavily in core European institutions in terms of digital innovation, in particular the
for cities, regions, health authorities and universities to pilot large-scale DSI experiments around collaborative economy, direct
strong public investment that funded general-purpose technologies and basic research. However, noninstitutional actors (hackers geeks, social innovators and activists) are key in this process
Within the single digital social market it should be easier for digital social innovations such as collaborative economy and crowd
DSI has the opportunity to improve public services, cut costs and improve the environment. Easier procurement could be a route
to scale and higher impact †this requires attention to the details of how procurement is organised (e g. to make it easier for
-ing services. Particularly for DSI this could include valuing the network effect and digital engagement of users provided by
procured services CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS WHAT SHOULD POLICYMAKERS DO 1. Invest in digital technologies for the social good:
Interoperable, customised and modular services and applications based on open source, open access and open hardware can then be built on top of a public federated platform in a dynamic and flexible way,
Ultimately, just as in science and technology, innovation in society needs carefully crafted investment and support.
In some cases substantial investment will be needed to support innovations through to sustainability †just as in business, where many of the most transformative innovations required many
years of patient, large-scale investment before they delivered returns Alternative socioeconomic models based on trust and their reputations are emerging.
certainly maximise the societal impact of innovation and it would make sure that services deployed answer to concrete unmet
local needs and demand In countries where DSI is advanced relatively, such as The netherlands and the UK,
1. Grow the www. digitalsocial. eu network to enable more opportunities for collaboration through the platform, such as the
opportunity for organisations to jointly develop new projects and apply for funding through innovative mechanisms such as
challenges, prizes and crowdfunding 2. Increase early-stage seed funding programmes and other types of nonfinancial support that are vital in helping innovators
The incubator programme run by the UK€ s Open Data Institute and the DSI accelerator programme run by Bethnal Green Ventures have demonstrated potential in how models developed to support
early-stage businesses can be adapted to support and grow DSI projects 3. Support programmes that help people and organisations develop their skills to work on Digital Social Innovation, such as
service providers that develop services that are utilized over a network that is owned by traditional network operators
/making-sense-uk-collaborative-economy Manchester Institute of Innovation Research Compendium of Evidence on Innovation Policy
http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise/poli -cies/innovation/files/social-innovation /strengthening-social-innovation en. pdf
-entrepreneurship /38 http://www. oecd. org/sti /outlook/e-outlook/stipolicyprofiles /competencestoinnovate /taxincentivesforrdandinnovation. htm 39 http://crowdingin. com
44 http://ec. europa. eu/enterprise /policies/innovation/policy /social-innovation/competition /45 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki
/Knowledge commons 46 http://bit. ly/1kivc4h 47 http://www. w3. org /48 http://open-stand. org/about-us
/enterprise/policies/innovation /files/social-innovation /strengthening-social-innovation en. pdf 74 http://ec. europa. eu/environment
/beyond gdp/index en. html 75 http://www. oecdbetterlifeindex. org /76 http://www. nominettrust. org. uk/sites
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