Expanding Economic Opportunity William J. Kramer, Beth Jenkins, and Robert S. Katz ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY SERIES
Written by William J. Kramer, Beth Jenkins and Robert S. Katz Designed by Alison Beanland
Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity. Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative Report No. 22. Cambridge, MA Kennedy School of Government, Harvard university
within the Economic Opportunity Program Printed on 100%post-consumer recycled paper PHOTOGRAPHS •Rupee notes, Hendrik De Bruyne
EXPANDING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY 1. 1 A Historical Perspective 1. 2 The Fundamental Role of ICTS in Modern Economic growth and Development
2. THE BUSINESS CASE FOR ENGAGEMENT 9 2. 1 New and Expanding Markets 2. 2 Innovation
3. BUSINESS STRATEGIES FOR EXPANDING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY 13 3. 1 Creating Inclusive Business models 3. 1. 1 Selling to Local Markets
3. 1. 2 Developing Local Partner Networks 3. 1. 3 Crosscutting Considerations 3. 2 Developing Human Capital
3. 3 Building Institutional Capacity 3. 4 Helping to Optimize the â€oerules of the Gameâ€
4. FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES 23 5. CASE PROFILES 25 5. 1 Emerging Mobile Transactions Businesses 5. 1. 1 SMART Communications†SMART MONEY
The past fifty years have witnessed a â€oerevolution†in global economic growth. Yet not everyone has participated in this revolution
Even worse, the world†s poor are constrained severely †and often completely lacking †in opportunity to do better for themselves
opportunities. The CSR Initiative†s Economic Opportunity Series, a product of our Economic Opportunity Program, explores this role
across a range of industries For the poor, livelihood choices †in employment and entrepreneurship †are constrained by a
wide range of interdependent obstacles, ranging from geographic isolation to market failures to political exclusion.
broadly about creating economic opportunity. Economic opportunity is not, in itself, a solution instead it is a context in
which individuals can create their own solutions. It is a combination of factors that enables the poor to manage their assets in ways that generate incomes and options
Creating or expanding economic opportunity could rightly be considered a responsibility of governments toward their citizens.
today's global market environment, various risks and opportunities provide reason for business to engage
opportunity. Business activity creates jobs, cultivates inter-firm linkages, enables technology transfer, builds human capital and
physical infrastructure, generates tax revenues for governments, and, of course offers a variety of products and services to
consumers and other businesses. Each of these contributions has multiplier effects on development In developing countries, companies†multipliers often fail to reach the scale
The Economic Opportunity Series explores four key strategies companies can use to expand economic opportunity
Creating Inclusive Business models Involving the poor as employees, entrepreneurs, suppliers, distributors retailers, customers, and sources of innovation in financially viable ways
Developing Human Capital Improving the health education, experience, and skills of employees, business partners, and members of the community
Building Institutional Capacity Strengthening the industry associations, market intermediaries, universities governments, civil society organizations, and grassroots groups who must all
determine how well the economic opportunity system works and the extent to which it is inclusive of the poor
â€oeeconomic opportunity enables people to manage their assets in ways that generate incomes and options. â€
depending on their industries, their particular business models and relationships, and the contexts in which they operate.
The industry reports in the Economic Opportunity Series explore this variation offering more specific and detailed examples for different industry sectors.
human capital, building institutional capacity, and helping to optimize the â€oerules of the game†can also have significant impacts
These strategies are used often in combination with inclusive business models, to enhance both their commercial viability and their
The research that has gone into this series also suggests that company efforts to expand economic opportunity can draw upon core
Complex, systemic challenges like expanding economic opportunity present frustratingly frequent bottlenecks to unilateral action, corporate or otherwise.
environments in ways that create new strategic opportunities The Economic Opportunity Series is part of a growing effort within the business
and development communities to make the links between business activity and poverty alleviation. Experimentation and learning are happening fast.
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 5 EO ICT GREY:
Economic Opportunity The information and communications technology (ICT) sector has been a pioneer and a powerful catalyst in
economic opportunity emerged 1. 1 A Historical Perspective One of the principal reasons is that much has changed in a short time.
and telegraph†services. Smile, if you wish; the words and services do sound anachronistic. So are the technological and business contexts
The PTTS, comprising much of the ICT sector of their day, were based landline and, to a large extent
Services were expensive, and in most parts of the world, they had deteriorated to the point where quality could be described as atrocious â€
Technological innovation, to say nothing of business model innovation, was slow The name of the game was rent-seeking;
or business model, often using the power of the state for that purpose The rate of technological innovation in ICT has accelerated dramatically,
and services, thereby increasing the value of their technologies. 1 This report, while acknowledging the incredible diversity in the nature and size of firms in the
1. 2 The Fundamental Role of ICTS in Modern Economic growth and Development Unbound from the strictures of the PTT days, ICT has become the foundation of every sector of every
economy, everywhere. The reasons for this are, by now, fairly well-known, but demand brief repetition here
Information and communications technologies •reduce transaction costs and thereby improve productivity •offer immediate connectivity †voice, data, visual †improving efficiency, transparency, and accuracy
and provide access to otherwise unavailable goods and services •widen the geographic scope of potential markets, and
telecommunications, and mobile telecommunications investment, in both developed and developing countries. 2 At the level of the firm, World bank surveys of approximately 50 developing countries suggest that
The attributes listed above are also critical in expanding individual economic opportunity, enabling people to
services. In developing countries, ICTS offer tremendous potential to eliminate or at least work around a
number of critical obstacles to economic growth (see Box 1 BOX 1 ICTS HELP ADDRESS ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY OBSTACLES
Geographic isolation: ICTS collapse distance and time, overcoming geographic isolation and substituting for expensive travel and lost work
Lack of competition and high prices for consumers: Faced with few options in the marketplace,
effectively increase competition, allowing consumers to maximize their incomes and driving reduction in prices over time
amplify, and transmit needs and demands, both domestically and internationally. 5 Social capital: Maintaining strong family ties is critical to mental and physical well-being,
especially while working away from home. ICTS allow people to pursue economic opportunity wherever they find it (or, at least,
they reduce the social or familial cost of doing so THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 7
EO ICT GREY: Layout 1 14/3/08 15:13 Page 7 And yet, ICTS are not the entire story.
and infrastructure investments †a recipe of interdependent ingredients which promotes initiative and innovation. †6 To fulfill their potential,
small-and medium-sized enterprises. In response, large ICT companies have begun to broaden their collaborative strategies to include actors outside the â€oebusiness ecosystem, †as traditionally conceived, such as
technologies and enhance their economic opportunity impacts THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity8
and opportunity for major ICT companies. On the risk side, poverty breeds despair, and people without hope
the primary motivation for ICT companies to help the poor get richer is opportunity, not risk
and access to goods, services, information, and markets. Demand for these benefits is high. If the right complements †such as power, connectivity, content
demand for ICT will be correspondingly high. New and expanding markets are to be found among low
-income individuals and households and among small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES 2. 1. 1 Low-income individuals an households
challenge is the fact that much economic activity among the poor goes unmeasured by surveys, meaning that
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 9 $ billions (PPP
Third, as economic opportunity expands, many of these micro-entrepreneurs will enter the formal economy, as the salaried employees of others or as formal small business owner-operators.
This will, inevitably generate new demand for hardware, software, and services Mobile telecommunications took 20 years to reach one billion users,
but only three years to reach two billion and, forecasts suggest, only two years to reach three billion. 12 Nine of the top 10 markets for new connections
and the diversification of services available via mobile from cash transfers to bill payments to direct deposit of salaries.
2. 1. 2 Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES SMES are the backbone of all economies, large and small, developed and developing.
While the precise causal relationships between SMES, growth, and poverty have not been determined conclusively, the numbers do
Economists and development experts have attributed much of this difference to excessive or otherwise unsupportive business environment regulation in developing countries,
which keeps much economic activity in the informal sector. 16 But positive business environment trends are taking place.
The World Bank†s annual Doing Business rankings, which track business environment reforms across 178 countries,
unleash governments†competitive instincts and motivate governments to improve. Between April 2006 and June 2007
the Doing Business team found 200 reforms introduced in 98 economies. Eastern europe and Central asia South Asia, the Middle east and North africa,
and Sub-saharan africa saw more than half of their countries make at least one positive reform. 17 Across all regions,
growing at twice the industry average. †19 With progressive business environment reform in many countries
â€oereliance Communications, Cisco launch services for SMES€ †Indian Business Insight, July 3, 2007 â€oetelefã nica, SAP sign agreement for SME services††Business News Americas, Peru, December 13, 2006
low-income customers (including individuals, households, and SMES) have sophisticated very requirements in terms of relevance.
more valuable †and, in the process, spawned hundreds of ventures building on top of the original technology
evolution of text messaging in the Philippines, where high demand and limited ability to pay generated a series
of business model innovations †first prepaid cards, and then over-the-air recharging, which reduced costs
Customers began to use text messaging units as currency transferring minutes among themselves. In short order, many Filipinos were using the new currency to â€oepayâ€
for items or services totally unrelated to telecommunications, such as taxi fares. The thousands of small retailers
interaction with customers. Both major carriers, Globe Telecom and SMART Communications, now offer a wide, and growing, range of formal â€oem-transactions†services
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 11 EO ICT GREY:
Layout 1 14/3/08 15:13 Page 11 2. 3 â€oeinnovation Blowback†While innovations like these are required to tap
and grow low-income markets, they have potentially broad applicability in higher-income segments and in developed countries as well, a phenomenon John Seely Brown
and services. †22 The result, they argue, is that only by facing â€oethe intense competitive pressures of serving the
In the ICT sector, both technological and business model innovations have the potential to blow back.
Economic Opportunity As we have seen, information and communications technologies help expand economic opportunity by enabling people to enhance their knowledge and skills;
identify, apply, and qualify for better-paying jobs; use their disposable income more wisely; manage their own businesses efficiently;
their goods and services. ICTS also enhance capacity in industries and institutions of all kinds
companies can expand economic opportunity is to get those technologies out there †and simultaneously drive
the development and diversification of relevant content, applications, and services. Profitable business models are the most sustainable,
scalable mechanisms for doing this, and ICT companies are experimenting with a range of them,
additional economic opportunity impact by working to bring smaller, local firms into their business ecosystems †for example,
Large ICT companies are also engaging in human capital development on a significant scale. Sometimes these
efforts are directly related to inclusive business models, but often they are motivated more philanthropically with business benefits expected to materialize only in the longer term.
and regulatory environments conducive to access and innovation. Whereas inclusive business models draw primarily on operational levers to expand economic
opportunity, developing human capital, building institutional capacity, and helping to optimize the â€oerules of the game†seek changes in a firm†s competitive context. 26 These changes enhance both the commercial viability
and development impact of inclusive business models, in addition to improving the economic opportunity environment more generally 3. 1 Creating Inclusive Business models
Inclusive business models in the ICT sector seem to take on one of two primary types: they can target local
individual, household, and SME markets for sales of technologies and services; they can also support the
development of local partner networks in developing countries, creating opportunities for local businesses to start up and grow.
These two essential operational modalities are discussed in more depth below. A series of crosscutting considerations in the development of inclusive business models in the ICT sector are
also highlighted THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 13
EO ICT GREY: Layout 1 14/3/08 15:13 Page 13 3. 1. 1 Selling to local markets
We see two essential and interlocking growth strategies in the ICT sector, which can be characterized as
â€oehorizontal deepening†and â€oevertical deepening. †27 The two strategies are used often in combination Horizontal deepening is essentially about adding new customers.
A company might sell first to the highly concentrated market (s) it can most easily
and cost-effectively reach, and then, over time, simply extend its footprint. A company could also engage in product extension,
and/or adapt its business model to accommodate their needs In mobile telecommunications, for example, one could say it was a business model rediscovery that set the
wheels in motion for the developing world, in the form of Grameen Telecom†s shared-access Village Phone
and customers could increasingly afford individual lines. Iqbal Quadir, founder of Grameen Telecom, successfully reinvented shared access, with the added
attribute of enabling entrepreneurship among village women. The result is a familiar story now: the creation
-enterprises, Grameen Telecom introduced a pay-peruse system. This system reduced capital and maintenance costs and established the viability of non-subscription mobile services.
It has been replicated widely, for example in Vodacom†s phone shops in South africa or Ghana Telecom†s Areeba-to-Areeba stations and mobile
vans. Other providers, including Globe Telecom and SMART Communications in the Philippines and Safaricom in Kenya, are now offering prepaid airtime
in addition to pay-peruse. Such initiatives have become paradigmatic inclusive business models in the ICT sector. ICT companies such as Reliance Communications
Cisco, and Nortel in India are even offering services on a pay-peruse basis to SMES, in response to the
perennial cash flow problems smaller firms face. 29 Other companies, such as IBM in Argentina and HP in
Brazil, are responding with financing programs for technology purchases that address SMES€ difficulty in raising capital for growth. 30
Vertical deepeningmodalities seek to grow markets by connecting technology more directly to opportunities and services that increase productivity, income,
and quality of life, thus strengthening its value proposition to the purchaser. Vertical deepening can be seen as a strategy for achieving horizontal deepening and for increasing
revenue per customer For instance, mobile telephony, on its own, brings a host of potential benefits for users:
At the same time, however, mobile carriers are beginning to offer a range of formal services via cell phone
Most of these services currently fall into the mobile THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity14
services. 32 The availability of these services not only encourages more people to buy phones, but can also help
currently partnering with banks to add these services to their value propositions. 33 For example, its main rival
SMART Communications, partners with Banco de Oro (BDO) so that SMART MONEY mobile accounts are actually BDO accounts, bringing many people into the formal banking sector for the first time.
In Nigeria, Celtel has launched a new bundle of services explicitly targeting the SME market. The bundle
includes a dedicated range of phone numbers, affordable rate structure, entrepreneurship training and exhibition opportunities, and business toolkit on CD.
Celtel has partnered even with Leadway Assurance Plc to offer SMES a 70%discount on auto insurance through the bundle. 35
-income customers or involve small producers and SMES in their value chains For example, ICTS are enabling the agricultural trading unit of ITC Ltd.
Since then, competition for contracts has tripled more than from 1. 7 to 5. 7 million bids,
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 15 â€oevertical deepening modalities in the ICT
inclusive business models in many other sectors †financial services, agriculture, retail †anywhere companies seek to target low
-income customers or involve small producers and SMES in their value chains. †EO ICT GREY:
developers and vendors to distributors and retailers to systems architects to technical support services. For example, network giant Cisco systems has 20,000 channel partners, from
its revenues. 38 SAP, the world leader in collaborative enterprise software with 50%of the market, employs
for the SMES in Brazil, with a focus on niche markets such as graphics and communications. The firm has
incubation services to help individuals and entrepreneurs establish careers and businesses in the software industry †at the same time laying critical foundations for its own future growth
reference design and decide for themselves whether there†s a business opportunity in it. †43
to more than a million small retailers by adopting business models based on prepaid, rather than subscription -based, usage. 44 These airtime retailers,
and, perhaps most importantly, front-line knowledge about what customers want and need. These retailers have served as primary drivers of service innovation in the industry.
opportunity, leveraging the core competencies their parent companies to invest in SMES, spin off new ventures serving low-income individuals
and entrepreneurs, and more Virgin Unite, the philanthropic arm of Virgin Group, says â€oewe†ve learned a lot about a range of different businesses over the years
So making †good investments†in businesses to build economies in emerging markets is one of the best
including IT-based platforms for access to capital and market opportunities. 48 3. 1. 3 Crosscutting considerations
Inclusive business models in the ICT sector often show a combination of several of the following
environment information collected by IFC, the private sector arm of the World bank, in its Investment Climate
Surveys and Doing Business reports. It is important to emphasize here that beyond macro business and business
environment data, an intimate feel for the target markets gained through firsthand, on-the-ground experience
Designing products and services to meet the market†s specific needs. BOP theory argues forcefully that product extension
It is insufficient simply to wring costs out of â€oea†market products and services and repackage them for â€oeb†and â€oec†markets.
to consume†through innovation in technology, business models, content, and applications which increase the value proposition to the prospective purchaser.
Business model innovation. The role of business model innovation in creating the capacity to consume among low-income individuals and households, entrepreneurs,
and SMES is worth additional emphasis, especially in the ICT sector. It†s not all about the technologies.
services, financing options, and more have played a role in the collection of examples profiled in this report
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 17 EO ICT GREY:
Commissioner for Enterprise and Information Society put it, â€oeinnovation is †a multidimensional concept which goes beyond technological innovation to encompass †new means of distribution, marketing or
the importance of business model innovation, finding that â€oeoutperformers††companies whose operating margin growth over five years exceeded the median †put twice as much emphasis on business model
innovation as â€oeunderperformers. †52 Collaboration. Collaboration helps ICT companies address two fundamental challenges to inclusive business
and services that increase productivity, income, and quality of life (or organizational effectiveness, for institutional purchasers) are also critical.
The second challenge is business model innovation and implementation. Internally, â€oetiger team†approaches combining executive, R&d, production, distribution, marketing,
and generation of local content and services that fuel demand for technology Patience. According to Rupert Murdoch, â€oebig will not beat small anymore.
It will be the fast beating the slow. †54 Paradoxically, perhaps, being â€oefast†involves considerable patience.
and wait for demand to happen. It didn†t. Many telecenters failed when donor money or interest ran out.
technology, with little consideration of the business model; and a belief that â€oedoing good†could, and to some
training, found new business models that have succeeded. Second, the donor community found new, more effective models for supporting access to technology.
centers, and as independent, entrepreneurial ventures 3. 2 Developing Human Capital Effective use of technology to expand economic opportunity, at the national, organizational, and individual
levels, requires a certain set of skills. Large ICT companies are therefore employing deliberate human capital
development strategies aiming to develop employees, business partners, and customers, both present and future The ICT sector has suffered always chronic shortages of technical
and engineering skills in the labor force †in both developed and developing countries. To address this gap,
corporate leaders including Cisco, HP, IBM Intel, Microsoft, and others have created robust education initiatives designed to contribute to a steady
BOX 4 HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT EFFORTS IN THE ICT SECTOR The ICT sector also requires a certain level of comfort with technology among customers.
In response, most major firms have implemented technical literacy programs. Helping to grow the number of technology users
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 19 Primary and Secondary education
Microsoft Math and Science Education Technology Training and Entrepreneurship Support Cisco Networking Academies Microsoft Innovation Centers
Intel Higher education Program Intel Emerging Markets Development Group IBM-IFC SME Toolkit EO ICT GREY:
critical in the context of expanding opportunity because â€oethere is increasing evidence that a dense and complex
system and for the economy. †58 Because of the fundamental role ICTS play, sales strategies can have direct institutional capacity-building
Particularly relevant for expanding economic opportunity are business registration and licensing procedures, which can prevent entrepreneurs and small businesses from entering
the formal economy where they can grow, diversify, and begin to create jobs at more significant scales.
-government business lines and sometimes offer product donations and pro bono services as well •Economic opportunity-related civil society organizations:
Capacity-building within this segment often includes equipment or software donations and training or support services in the form of pro bono time.
For example, the Chinese hardware company Lenovo, through its Hope through Entrepreneurship Program supports microfinance institutions such as peer-to-peer lender Kiva. org with donations of laptops and other
hardware that allow these institutions to function more effectively in the office and in the field
Expanding economic opportunity requires collaborative action among the different stakeholders involved. SAP AG, the market leader in collaborative enterprise software, is
leveraging its core competence to help build the capacity for good governance in resource-rich developing
countries through the Extractives Industry Transparency Initiative. The company will be developing software solutions enabling mutual transparency and accountability among the companies and
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 3. 4 Helping to Optimize the â€oerules of the Gameâ€
Large ICT companies are helping to optimize the â€oerules of the game†for economic opportunity primarily by
of issues or dilemmas are of specific importance to the sector in expanding economic opportunity for the poor
business investment and innovation †Intel†s low-cost devices and Wimax technology for rural connectivity
created, and served †expanding economic opportunity for individuals entrepreneurs, and institutions of all types and sizes. 59 Standards-setting is, by nature, a collaborative
and stability required for business investment and planning. Competing interests among telecommunications regulators and import/export commissions around tariff and non-tariff barriers
financial regulators will be key to enabling innovation and experimentation with business models that cross traditional industry lines (such as providing financial services via mobile phone, or storing health
Even in developed countries, rapidly-changing technological opportunities may run well ahead of public sector capacity to understand
Answering these questions effectively demands collaboration at a system-wide level Vodafone, Nokia, and Nokia Siemens Networks are making a start at this kind of collective effort, jointly
and dialogue on the enabling environment for m-transactions. Their 21 EO ICT GREY: Layout 1 14/3/08 15:13 Page 21
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity messages are based on
sector partners on different projects †including 40 ICT business incubators around the world †in its work
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 4 ï¿Conclusions
A number of factors distinguish the ICT sector in its potential to expand economic opportunity.
products and services enable individuals, firms, governments, and other players to expand their economic opportunities as well as create them for others.
Second, ICT companies know well that this dynamic isn†t automatic, but rather depends on a wide range of other factors and players.
which often create large numbers of business opportunities for other, smaller firms. And third, underlying these ecosystem strategies are a fundamental collaborative
economic opportunity. Others are beginning to think about the process. We highlight three important considerations firms may wish to take into account
created, and served †expanding economic opportunity for individuals entrepreneurs, and institutions of all types and sizes. 62 The ICT sector has been quite successful in this regard
These are natural occurrences in environments of robust technological innovation, and in fact multiple standards can often be accommodated,
world †collaboration for effective, continuous standards-setting demands particular attention 2business model innovation. As we have seen,
information and communications technologies enable a widerange of economic opportunity benefits for users. Technological innovation is a key piece of the
But technologies demand business models that allow them to become part of the fabric of society. Among low-income individuals and SMES, business model innovations such as low-cost
distribution systems, value-added content and service partnerships, and appropriate financing options have all been critical in this regard.
Business model innovations have been critical in facilitating supply and distribution relationships with SMES as well. Examples include free product references, specialized training and financing
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity central business strategy.
It is a critical part of standard-setting, business model innovation and implementation, and building the value proposition of technology through content, application, and service
In the context of a systemic challenge, collective investment and collaborative implementation can be some of
collaborators †to expand economic opportunity more widely in developing countries. On one hand collaboration can span governments, international development agencies, civil society organizations, and
Many of the successful models for expanding economic opportunity in the ICT sector reflect a forthright acceptance †indeed,
they capitalize on the fact †that different stakeholders seek different kinds of â€oereturn on investment, †whether financial, social, environmental,
or some combination of the three But while cross-sector collaboration is occurring, it is not yet a mainstream business practice
already playing an increasingly key role in enabling the inclusive business models of other firms, partnering
with companies in agribusiness, manufacturing, mining, tourism to provide the investment capital their SME partners need to upgrade, diversify, and scale.
The ICT sector has an opportunity to play a similar role, both enhancing the capacity of SMES
To expand economic opportunity at the scale required to meet the challenge of four billion people living on less than $4 a day, collaboration will be required across the board, at many
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 5 ï¿Case Profiles
For customers, these services reduce the risk associated with carrying cash; save time and expense in money transfer;
and can even allow un-banked customers to begin building credit histories. For carriers, they help with customer acquisition and retention.
SMART Communications and Globe Telecom are national companies in the Philippines that entered (and largely created) the m-transactions market using a
commercial, profit-oriented, business investment approach. Vodafone is a multinational company that entered the m-transactions business in Kenya with its local affiliate, Safaricom, using more of a business experiment approach
provides m-transactions services on its own. All three companies are experiencing very rapid growth rates and actively
diversifying the services they offer 5. 1. 1 SMART COMMUNICATIONS€ SMART MONEY Summarized from the comprehensive analysis of Wishart, Neville A. 2006.
SMART Communications, a leading national mobile telecommunications carrier in the Philippines, launched SMART MONEY in December, 2000, with two primary objectives:
and voice services had become commoditized, and in the process to reduce customer churn Customers must sign up for SMART MONEY accounts at SMART stores.
Thereafter, they can deposit and withdraw cash at SMART stores as well as thousands of retail outlets ranging from supermarkets to individual kiosks and
Cash is held by Banco de Oro (BDO), a traditional commercial bank †giving customers what are often their
allowing customers to make deposits and withdrawals via ATM in addition to SMART€ s already large network of
For customers who have not elected to take up the debit card, purchases can be made via text message:
and retail purchases, SMART offers customers the option to have deposited their paychecks directly into their SMART MONEY accounts.
Customers can also receive remittances from family members through SMART Padala, a service offered jointly by SMART and TRAVELEX to Overseas Filipino Workers
) SMART customers do need not to have signed up in advance to receive remittances; remittances will accrue until the recipient has time to visit a SMART shop to activate their SMART MONEY accounts
SMART Communications two primary revenue streams in SMART MONEY are text messaging charges and commissions on SMART Padala remittances.
26 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
As of November 2005, SMART Communications counted 20 million mobile customers of which 2. 5 million had
and to educate customers about the service to increase their comfort levels. Success factors included customers†preexisting proclivity for text
-transactions service †branded G-Cash †several years after SMART Communications launched SMART MONEY, in
communications. †65 Globe customers can register for G-Cash for free, over-the-air †without visiting a Globe dealer.
In contrast with SMART, Globe has chosen to provide mobile financial services itself, rather than in partnership with a traditional
Like SMART MONEY, G-Cash enables customers to make a retail purchases at several thousand retail outlets
G-Cash customers can also use their accounts to shop online via mobile phone Also like SMART MONEY, G-Cash enables customers to have their paychecks direct-deposited and receive
remittances from OFWS without having activated their accounts in advance. Globe also offers the ability to pay bills
Through links with government, Globe offers customers the option to pay income taxes and business registration fees over the air.
Association of the Philippines (RBA) enables customers to repay microloans using the service. Globe has also
worked with the RBA to arrange microloans enabling some of its lowest-income customers to purchase phones
Globe†s partners have been responsible for thinking of many of the new services being added to the platform.
Success factors cited include prior comfort levels with text messaging, unfulfilled demand for safe, reliable transactions services,
and the receptiveness of government regulators 27the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity
EO ICT GREY: Layout 1 14/3/08 15:13 Page 27 5. 1. 3 VODAFONE AND SAFARICOM€ S m-PESA
The UK€ s Department for International Development (Dfid) matched Vodafone†s investment, reducing its risk
customers actually used the service, the company decided to focus full-scale launch on just three essential
services: deposits and withdrawals, money transfer, and prepaid airtime purchase These services are operated out of a dedicated department within Safaricom
which manages a network of approximately 600 small retailers, or M-PESA agents, where people can deposit
Within its first month after its commercial launch in March, 2007,20, 000 customers had signed up for M-PESA
and is also adding additional services to the platform These results have exceeded far the company†s expectations †though according to Vodafone†s Nick Hughes and
which have different cultures, operating environments, and incentives. Engagement or collaborative change management on the regulatory front will become increasingly important going forward, as
28 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
software economies through a network of 110 Innovation Centers in 60 countries †helping individuals and entrepreneurs
and leave the rest †especially in enterprise computing †to a vast network of partners who custom tailor final solution for particular markets.
and future partners to design products and services for its platforms The company receives 89%of its revenues from partners.
and new business opportunities, all of which remain and grow in the local economy. For every dollar Microsoft generates,
its partners generate $9-18, depending on the country. 70 In this context, Microsoft maintains and strengthens its strategic advantage by driving the evolution of its partner
and it makes significant investments in them. Microsoft†s Enterprise Partner Group provides established partners with continuing education, marketing,
and other forms of support. Its Local Software Economy Group supports the development of new partners by fostering the growth of healthy
software ecosystems around the world. While the Enterprise Partner Group is a critical part of the company†s
near-term business strategy, the Local Software Economy (LSE) Group is part of a cluster of initiatives that helps
lay the foundations for longer-term success. In contrast with other Microsoft programs targeting individuals and
plan, research and develop new software products and services, †enabling them to start and grow businesses of
29the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
However, Microsoft†s local subsidiaries make staffing decisions according to their own opportunities and needs and so configurations vary
development of skilled, service-based economies. Universities use them to expand and upgrade academic offerings to meet labor market needs and to support research.
Microsoft Innovation Centers (MICS) help extend the edges of an already inclusive business model by developing
human capital and building local institutional capacity. These services target entrepreneurs, small business owner-operators, local industry associations and intermediaries, and clusters
MICS offer different services according to local contexts and needs. At the corporate level, Microsoft packages a
wide range of activities in three areas †jobs enablement, innovation, and skills and capacity-building †and then
subsidiaries choose the ones that would most benefit their local economies. According to Carla Harting, manager of the Innovation Center program worldwide, this approach has been a critical success factor in achieving scale. 74
In mature countries, where local software economies already exist, MICS incubate start-ups and broker relationships between entrepreneurs and potential financial backers.
In these economies, the MICS might provide quality assistance help add services to commodity solutions,
or coach managers for export boards. Consultants might be on hand to help developers with proof-of-concept
or to test for scalability †to see whether their solutions will hold up for medium and large enterprise use.
MICS also typically provide a raft of skill-and capacity-building services to entrepreneurs and small business owner-operators.
Sometimes it is possible to leverage courses developed by Microsoft†s Enterprise Partner Group. Other times, more innovative, customized support is required.
In the former Soviet republics, for example, development skills are generally quite strong and fledgling software economies
exist, but Microsoft has little on-the-ground presence †so the company has organized developers into
or wanting to kick-start local software economies will often pay internship wages or first year salaries for graduates that obtain jobs.
30 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
applications, customers, and the potential to scale up are referred to Microsoft†s Enterprise Partner Program with
its network of Microsoft Technology Centers (MTCS), which will help take them the rest of the way.
while considered business investments, do not generate direct revenues for Microsoft Results There are currently 110 Microsoft Innovation Centers in 60 countries worldwide. 75 The company aims to open an
Enterprise Partner Program, which grows them from there. However, the company does take â€oeproof points†of
31the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
Microsoft is creating market opportunity catalyzing â€oevirtuous cycles†in which ecitizens and egovernments interact to drive
Drivers Demands on developing and emerging country governments are exceeding their ability to deliver †for example
to transform the way they address these demands using technology †using egovernment solutions that
value proposition. egovernment services can be part of that value proposition if entitlements can be delivered with more accountability or enhanced responsiveness †but an existing base of ecitizens is critical to the value
Microsoft has turned this classic â€oechicken and egg†scenario into a business opportunity through an operating
software, hardware, training, government services and technology support. In addition to Microsoft itself â€oetypical†partners include government agencies, financial institutions, independent software vendors, hardware
and identify opportunities where Microsoft†s core competencies and technologies could be applied, in partnership with others,
Once an opportunity is identified, the business development manager will then approach and negotiate with potential partners, ultimately bringing them together in PTA consortia.
32 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
and the content and services it enables †improve citizens†lives PTA deals must offer â€oewins†for all parties involved
as offering products and services through public programs can help increase affordability and value to the customer.
that these services are accessible to the target population in terms of language, navigability, and functionality The PTA deal will also address accessibility through the sale of PCS.
customers. Embeddedness within a public policy objective helps to increase the relevance and value proposition
Even so, customers tend to come from the middle of the economic pyramid, rather than the base.
which is core to its economic opportunity impact, is its reliance on value chain linkages with local hardware and software vendors and distributors.
and multiply local business opportunities As discussed earlier, PTAS are designed custom and therefore vary dramatically.
have a handful of services already online which offered clear value. For instance, pensioners in Argentina are
opportunity cost to the pensioner of $2, 000. Online, the same process takes 15 minutes. The PTA response has
been to offer seniors the opportunity to buy PCS through the pension agency, which underwrites a loan of three
33the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
The opportunity cost savings represent such a compelling value proposition for seniors that up to 2, 000 PCS are now being sold each month through this program, with no
particular, small and medium enterprises lacking access to computers or the Internet were locked out of the
competition for contracts has tripled more than from 1. 7 to 5. 7 million bids. For the government, the system has
PTAS are measured also according to conventional business metrics such as return on investment ROI) and revenues. Measures of satisfaction among partners and citizens are monitored as well
circle†described above, with ecitizens driving demand for egovernment driving demand for ecitizens. The company is also working to develop indicators that will allow it to gauge
business model. Similarly, while governments and other development-oriented organizations are currently keen to work with the private sector,
34 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
small-and medium-sized enterprises. The Toolkit facilitates SME start-up and growth by providing owners and entrepreneurs
with access to information, training, capital, and markets, as well as the opportunity to collaborate with peers
Background and The International finance corporation (IFC), the private sector arm of the World bank, pursues a for-profit strategy
Drivers for international economic growth and development †offering equity investments, loans, and technical assistance for entrepreneurs and existing companies seeking to establish
or expand operations in developing countries Small-and medium-sized enterprises (SMES) are the growth engines of the world†s most productive economies
SMES can also be critical in helping IFC€ s larger, more mainstream investments succeed. To receive competitive
financing, IFC€ s clients are challenged to increase procurement from local firms as a mechanism to grow the SME
advisory services to SMES; and helps governments improve the enabling environment for SMES to start up
and grow However, there are formidable barriers facing SMES in developing countries. These include bureaucratic licensing
or market opportunities; inability to obtain financing, and therefore to invest in up-to-date production or information technologies or scale up;
products, services, and financing options specially designed for SMES, as well as channel partners specializing in SME sales.
and develop potential future customers via IBMERS€ core values of â€oeinnovation that matters †for our company and the world†and â€oededication to every client†s successâ€.
35the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
Building upon initial investment by IFC, IBM has invested nearly $2 million in rebuilding the SME Toolkit
technology platform and will continue its investment in 2008 Results Because the SME Toolkit is a freely available online platform,
36 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
Since 2000, Cisco Networking Academies†Least-Developed Countries Initiative has created opportunities for individual employment and entrepreneurship in a high-skill, high-value industry sector for more than 50,000 students.
In the process they are laying foundations for national competitiveness and the company†s own future market growth
towards full integration into the world economy. †87 It is this social vision that led Cisco
environment: a shortage of network professionals. As the experience of that first school showed back in 1997
company†s Networking Academies build this foundation for growth. 88 They also fuel demand for the company†s
37the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
â€oethe world economy is increasingly networked †as Tom Friedman would say, the world is flat â€
For students, the Networking Academies†greatest impact has been to expand economic opportunity in the form
of jobs and small business opportunities. In a recent impact assessment of Academies in Africa, a research firm
38 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
economies frequently forced graduates to relocate to find work. Fifty-nine percent, almost all of those that
39the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
SAP, the global leader in collaborative enterprise software, is leveraging its expertise in business network transformation to
and mutual accountability to turn the â€oeresource curse†into a springboard for widespread economic opportunity
precondition for converting large revenues from extractive industries into economic growth and poverty reduction When transparency and accountability are weak,
This kind of transparency has a number of effects critical to economic opportunity and growth. For instance
•improving the investment climate •building government capacity •empowering civil society and other actors103
customers to improve their business performance †in particular, identifying and responding to risk and opportunity throughout the extended enterprise
Drivers So far, Azerbaijan, Cameroon, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, the Kyrgyz Republic, and Nigeria have released reports, with
However, sign-on has not been as rapid as EITI †particularly its NGO stakeholders †had hoped, and several
In 2007, GTZ, the German development agency, saw an opportunity to bring SAP in through its public-private
the challenge is to create economic opportunity. These countries are cash-rich but capacity-poor.
EITI may bring some near-term market opportunity as well. In fact, it is a requirement of the GTZ public
-private partnership program that there be an identifiable commercial opportunity for the company involved With EITI, SAP€ s core contribution will be to connect participating companies and governments for
40 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
The opportunity for innovation provides an additional motivation for SAP. The company†s core business approach
other concerned stakeholders just as the company does every day as a matter of business. †105
and Compliance (GRC) team develops solutions that help customers collect and document data to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements.
enterprise has unlocked value for SAP€ s customers by helping them identify risks and opportunities earlier and
-building among all the stakeholders, allowing perceptual barriers to begin to come down. Relationship-building and trust are often both initial hurdles and key success factors in public-private collaboration.
value and market potential in connecting disparate stakeholders around major social, economic, and environmental challenges
41the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
and Visa to help shape policy environments that strengthen the role of technology in sustainable development.
education, health, entrepreneurship, and governance Activities In its first year, GAID consolidated a governance structure,
national, and local policy-makers in support of enabling environments for ICT to stimulate economic and social
42 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
•Stakeholder Networks. GAID Stakeholder Networks build on the experience of the WSIS in building networks
around stakeholder categories. Stakeholder Networks must also be endorsed by the GAID Steering Committee to operate under its umbrella,
but beyond that are self-organizing and self-funding. As of September 2007, networks existed for civil society, youth, gender, persons with disabilities, parliamentarians
and local government and regional authorities •Communities of Expertise. Like the Regional and Stakeholder Networks, GAID Communities of Expertise
Coes) are initiated self, self-organizing, and self-funding, but because are formed around specific, concrete deliverables, they must be endorsed
In the entrepreneurship focus area, Coes include ICT Policy and Finance for Social, Community, and Public
Entrepreneurship (Association for Progressive Communications (APC)),Enterprises†Competitiveness through the use of ICTS (ILO, ICC, UNCTAD),
business models for the delivery of financial services in emerging markets, with a focus on prospects for sustainability and replicability.
Advocacy Initiatives, six Regional Networks and six Stakeholder Networks, and 17 Communities of Expertise are
United nations initiative, bringing together all key stakeholders around a single networking platform. †114 Formal
43the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems. New york, NY:
ICT Investment in OECD Countries and its Economic Impacts. Paris Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
of Telecoms on Economic growth in Developing Countries. †In Vodafone 2005. Africa: The Impact of Mobile phones.
6. Microsoft. n d. Developing Knowledge Economies: A Microsoft Perspective on †ICT for Development. â€
Unleashing Entrepreneurship: Making Business Work for the Poor. Report to the Secretary-general of the United nations. New york, NY:
of the Informal Economy in 110 Countries Around the World http://rru. worldbank. org/Documents/Paperslinks/informal economy. pdf
Economies. Overview. http://www. doingbusiness. org/documents/DB-2008 -overview. pdf (accessed September 26, 2007. Page 1
Personal communication (telephone interview), July 2 28. For more on the Grameen Phone model, see Sullivan, Nicholas. 2007.
World†s Poor to the Global economy. San francisco: Jossey-Bass 29. Indian Business Insight. 2007. â€oereliance Communications, Cisco launch
services for SMES (at Rs1, 200-10,000 per month on a pay-peruse basis). †TELECOMLIVE, July 31.
Also see Anthony 2007 30. Business News Americas. 2007. â€oehp plans instant loan option for SMES. â€
44 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 45 34. Ibid, p 10
Nweke, Remmy. 2007. â€oeceltel Targets N379bn Investment. †Daily Champion, Lagos, Nigeria, August 29 36. Figures from ITC Limited. n d. ITC Limited. http://www. itcportal. com
Personal communication (telephone interview), August 16 40. Business times. 2006. â€oedoing its bit to boost SMBS. †Business times, July
Business News Americas. 2006. â€oecisco Capital expands financing capabilities for channels in Latam. †Business News Americas, December
Personal communication telephone interview), August 13, 2007 44. Beshouri, Christopher P. 2006. â€oea Grassroots Approach to Emerging
Virgin Unite. n d. †Good†Investments http://www. virginunite. com/view content. phtml? id=79 (accessed
Innovation Communications http://www. cordis. lu/innovation/en/policy/communications/communications 1. htm (accessed September 15, 2007
52. IBM Corporation (IBM. 2006. Expanding the Innovation Horizon: The Global CEO Study 2006. Somers, NY:
http://www. ibm. com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/enterprise/mar27/ceo study. ht ml (September 15, 2007. Page 12
Microsoft. n d. Community Opportunity: A Digital Village in South africa is making a difference for local residents and area schools.
Information and Communication Technologies Poverty and Development: Learning from Experience. Background paper for the infodev Annual Symposium, Geneva, Switzerland, December 9-10
Economy. Presentation to the Cutting edge Antitrust law Seminars International, February 17 http://www. ftc. gov/speeches/other/standardsetting. shtm (accessed
Economy. Presentation to the Cutting edge Antitrust law Seminars International, February 17 http://www. ftc. gov/speeches/other/standardsetting. shtm (accessed
Personal communication (telephone interview), August 3 71. Moore 1996, p. 12 72. Microsoft. n d. Local software economy case study:
Microsoft Innovation Centers. http://download. microsoft. com/download/6/9/f/69f8c76b-198e -4114-9c12-f0b13e4d7e4e/innovation center. pdf (accessed May 15
and Economic Opportunity for The next Five Billion People. Company White Paper. Page 6 EO ICT GREY:
THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity 74. Harting, Carla, Microsoft Innovation Centers, Microsoft Corporation. 2007
Personal communication (telephone interview), August 10 75. Microsoft. 2007a. Microsoft Announces Commitment to Promote Sustained Social and Economic Opportunity for The next 5 Billion People.
Press release, April 19 http://www. microsoft. com/presspass/press/2007/apr07/04 -19uplaunchpr. mspx? pf=true (accessed May 15, 2007
Personal communication (telephone interview), August 21 77. Ibid 78. Microsoft 2007b 79. Pallais 2007 80. Microsoft 2007b
Personal communication (telephone interview), September 20,2007 91. GCR 2007 92. Cisco systems. n d. Gender Fact Sheet †Cisco Networking Academy
Personal communication (telephone interview September 4, 2007 98. GCR 2007 99. King Heim n d 100.90%of Cisco†s revenues come from these partners.
Personal communication (telephone interview), August 16 108. Chatterjee 2007 109. International Telecommunications Union. n d. Basic Information:
report of the Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development. Item 6 and 7 (f) on the provisional agenda
ICT Investment in OECD Countries and its Economic Impacts. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co -operation and Development
Standard Setting in a Network Economy. Presentation to the Cutting edge Antitrust law Seminars International, February 17 http://www. ftc. gov/speeches/other/standardsetting. shtm (accessed
2006. â€oecisco Capital expands financing capabilities for channels in Latam. †Business News Americas, December 13
Innovation Communications http://www. cordis. lu/innovation/en/policy/communications/communication s1. htm (accessed September 15, 2007
Economist Intelligence Unit. 2006. Latin america: IBM goes for growth Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Monitor, August 7
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI. 2006. Report of the International Advisory Group http://www. eitransparency. org/files/document/eiti iag report english. pdf
accessed December 11, 2007 n d. About EITI. http://www. eitransparency. org/section/abouteiti accessed September 5, 2007
communication (telephone interview), August 16 GCR. 2007. Africa Least Developed Countries Initiative Independent Impact Assessment: Final Report.
http://www. ibm. com/ibm/ideasfromibm/us/enterprise/mar27/ceo study. ht ml (September 15, 2007 ICICI Bank. 2007.
Indian Business Insight. 2007. â€oereliance Communications, Cisco launch services for SMES (at Rs1, 200-10,000 per month on a pay-peruse
basis). †TELECOMLIVE, July 31 infodev. n d. infodev: Information for Development Program http://www. infodev. org/en/index. html (accessed September 26, 2007
cs, Edit. n d. The Economic Role of SMES in The World Economy Especially in Europe.
47the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
48 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity Mcnamara, Kerry S. 2003.
Information and Communication Technologies Poverty and Development: Learning from Experience. Background paper for the infodev Annual Symposium, Geneva, Switzerland, December 9-10
Social and Economic Opportunity for The next 5 Billion People. Press release, April 19 http://www. microsoft. com/presspass/press/2007/apr07/04
Economic Opportunity for The next Five Billion People. Company White Paper n d. Developing Knowledge Economies: A Microsoft Perspective on †ICT
for Development. †n d. Local software economy case study: Microsoft Innovation Centers http://download. microsoft. com/download/6/9/f/69f8c76b-198e-4114
-9c12-f0b13e4d7e4e/innovation center. pdf (accessed May 15, 2007 Mobileactive. org. n d. Mobileactive. org: A Resource for Activists using Mobile
The Death of Competition: Leadership and Strategy in the Age of Business Ecosystems. New york, NY:
Nweke, Remmy. 2007. â€oeceltel Targets N379bn Investment. †Daily Champion Lagos, Nigeria, August 29 One Laptop Per Child. n d. One Laptop Per Child Website. http://laptop. org
Size and Measurement of the Informal Economy in 110 Countries Around the World http://rru. worldbank. org/Documents/Paperslinks/informal economy. pdf
Phone are Connecting the World†s Poor to the Global economy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Telecentre. org. n d. Telecentre. org. http://www. telecentre. org (accessed
communication (telephone interview), July 2 United nations Development Programme (UNDP. 2004. Unleashing Entrepreneurship: Making Business Work for the Poor.
Report of the Commission on the Private Sector and Development to the Secretary -General of the United nations. New york, NY:
Virgin Unite. n d. †Good†Investments http://www. virginunite. com/view content. phtml? id=79 (accessed
Telecoms on Economic growth in Developing Countries. †In Vodafone 2005. Africa: The Impact of Mobile phones.
Economies. Overview. http://www. doingbusiness. org/documents/DB -2008-overview. pdf (accessed September 26, 2007 Xinhua News agency. 2007.
Publications in the CSR Initiative†s Economic Opportunity Series 2007 Expanding Economic Opportunity: The Role of Large Firms
Beth Jenkins The Role of the Automotive Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity Forthcoming The Role of the Extractive Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity
Holly Wise and Sokol Shtylla The Role of the Financial services Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity
Christopher N. Sutton and Beth Jenkins The Role of the Food and Beverage Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity
Marc Pfitzer and Ramya Krishnaswamy The Role of the Health care Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity
Adeeb Mahmud and Marcie Parkhurst The Role of the Information and Communications technology Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity
William J. Kramer, Beth Jenkins, and Robert S. Katz The Role of the Tourism Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity
Caroline Ashley, Peter Debrine, Amy Lehr, and Hannah Wilde The Role of the Utilities Sector in Expanding Economic Opportunity
Christopher N. Sutton Business Linkages: Lessons, Opportunities, and Challenges Beth Jenkins, Anna Akhalkatsi, Brad Roberts, and Amanda Gardiner
Building Linkages for Competitive and Responsible Entrepreneurship: Innovative Partnerships to Foster Small Enterprise, Promote Economic growth, and Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries
Jane Nelson 2006 Tanzania: Lessons in Building Linkages for Competitive and Responsible Entrepreneurship Tamara Bekefi
Viet nam: Lessons in Building Linkages for Competitive and Responsible Entrepreneurship Tamara Bekefi Leveraging the Development Impact of Business in the Fight against Poverty
Jane Nelson 49the ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
Layout 1 14/3/08 15:13 Page 49 ï¿About the Authors William J. Kramer is principal of The Global Challenge Network, LLC,
an executive education and training company founded in 2007. From 2001 to mid-2007, he worked with World Resources Institute in a variety of posts,
including Director Education and Training for the Markets & Enterprise Program, Deputy Director of the Development through Enterprise project,
and Senior Fellow. During his WRI tenure, he was involved in all aspects of the Institute†s work on pro-poor business strategies.
Prior to WRI, he founded The Knowledge Initiative, Inc.,a nonprofit organization which explored the relationship of new knowledge creation and economic development.
Books, for over 50 years the world†s leading bookstore for politics, economics, and area studies.
leads the Initiative†s Economic Opportunity Program, a program of research and engagement focused on the role of the private sector in
collaborative action to expand economic opportunity in developing countries. Before joining the CSR Initiative, she was responsible for developing
-the-pyramid business models for companies in the technology and housing sectors at the World Resources Institute and Ashoka, both in
Robert S. Katz is a Research Analyst with the Markets and Enterprise Program of the World Resources Institute.
web site and blog about enterprise and development. As a principal analyst of household survey data and co-author for The next 4 Billion
50 THE ROLE OF THE INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY SECTOR in Expanding Economic Opportunity EO ICT GREY:
Our work is influencing the way business leaders think about markets, profit, poverty and the environment WRI's Markets and Enterprise Program produces economically sound policies, bold vision,
and practical solutions in collaboration with the business community. The program encourages the private sector to incorporate environmental and social opportunities into core business
strategies. For more information, see www. wri. org/business About the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiative
multi-disciplinary and multi-stakeholder program that seeks to study and enhance the public contributions of private enterprise.
It explores the intersection of corporate responsibility, corporate governance, and public policy, with a focus on the role of business in addressing global
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011