tackle great challenges and turn them into opportunities for growth The Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) is one amongst the
internet trust and security, much faster internet access and better investment in research and development. Some are particularly close to concrete issues faced by
and Communication Technologies (ICT) can currently help addressing and solving some of these societal challenges.
result of the EU budget investment in ICT research and innovation Thanks to ICT solutions it is possible to provide everyone, regardless of their location
and trustworthy digital environment, enabling citizens to manage and protect their identities and personal data when they interact in the networked digital society
Our stakeholders include public authorities, universities, research centres, industry civil society and other organisations. Only with their engagement and mobilisation
care for the environment to support future growth 40 Living in a secure and trustworthy society 33
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have made already a strong contribution to these goals, but much more
services to European citizens, irrespective of where they are. This is made possible by granting online access to personal health information
telemedicine services The smart use of technologies and innovation can help to address the challenges
improve people†s quality of life can respond to the demand for sustainable healthcare systems The development and widespread adoption of ehealth technologies can also contribute
improved quality of services and reduced healthcare costs But how can we achieve this The Digital Agenda for Europe has defined a number of objectives,
telemedicine services should be widely deployed. To reach these objectives, the ehealth Network, which is composed
supported by the ehealth Governance Initiative, a group of ehealth stakeholders 7 which develops strategies, priorities,
Interoperable ehealth services within and between national healthcare systems. It includes a series of measures,
investments into personalised medicine, all designed to put patients at the centre of healthcare On a practical level, ehealth services,
just as other electronic public services, rely on digital infrastructure: effective and fast broadband connections are key to the
spread of telemedicine services. In 2011,95%EU citizens had â€oebasic broadband†access, meaning that the Digital Agenda for Europe†s target of 100%broadband
The ARMOR project will use the modern monitoring and communication technologies to provide healthcare specialists with a framework for the monitoring and analysis
opportunity to travel freely throughout Europe †knowing that they or their carers can access their health information from anywhere.
to the European emergency services (112 emergency number) and the potentialities of the European Health insurance card, a document shared by all persons insured
and leisure activities will be monitored in the users†home environment. The information will increase patients†self-awareness and activity and assist medical and scientific professional
The widespread usage of telemedicine services †based on interaction between doctors and patients or among health professionals through electronic media †is an
opportunity for citizens and a driver of great economic impact. The European telecare market is expected to be worth more than 5 billionâ/year by 2015.
PHS) †devices which enable the provision of personalised health services regardless the patient†s location †the market is developed not yet on a large scale.
The Renewing Health project seeks to deliver telemedicine and PHS services to the large segment of the population suffering from Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
-centred PHS and telemedicine services using a common rigorous assessment method MAST). ) The ultimate goal is to demonstrate that PHS and telemedicine services
are sustainable and improve the quality of life. Moreover, they enable patients†involvement and empowerment while optimising the use of resources in healthcare
effects of telemedicine services and PHS. Nine European Regions and partners collaborate to manage issues such as integration, patients†involvement and user perceptions, as well
The attitude of the end user is key to allow the diffusion of telehealth services. The
health and care services related to diagnosis, treatment, care, rehabilitation and health promotion. Changes in lifestyle, empowerment of patients and relatives and
Integrated Care Services (ICS) for chronic patients (respiratory, cardiac and type II diabetes mellitus) including well standardized patient-centred interventions
further development of Integrated Care Services NEXES Specific achievements of the project have been •Development of Integrated Care Services for chronic patients with enhanced
effectiveness and reduced costs •Consolidation of an open source modular Health Information Sharing Platform supporting organizational interoperability among actors and clinical decision support
•Strategies for scalability of the ICT services at regional level http://www. nexeshealth. eu
opportunities. Older people are a key resource for society. The search for adequate answers to their needs, to enable them not only to live longer
In terms of economic growth, this means also high potential for the expansion of current markets and the creation of new ones
environment: these are just some examples of the benefits Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) can bring to people.
Ultimately, ICT can support a behavioural change, providing tools that empower older people to keep control of and
EIP on AHA identifies (e g. prevention, integrated care, age-friendly environments adherence to prescription Helping elderly people to live
starts by improving their living conditions in their own environment, and facilitating their social life and contacts.
The pilot project Dreaming developed a solution that integrates different services such as tele-care, tele-medicine and elderly-friendly videoconference), which help to
communications The services were tested in six pilot sites across Europe over the last 24 months of
the project. The final results showed that the services were accepted well by the trial participants, whose majority experienced an increased sense of security
15 DREAMING DREAMING integrated familiar devices-such as blood pressure cuffs, mobile phones and TV-in a single platform.
Key information on the environment where the person lives and on his/her clinical parameters are sent to a Contact Centre
In the same field, the recently ended Living Lab on Wellbeing Services and Technology project, funded by the European Structural Funds, investigated usersâ€
communication facilities http://www. aal-rosetta. eu Funded by the Ambient Assisted Living Joint Programme (AAL JP
developing the prototype of a remotely controlled robot that will act as a home carer for the elderly, shadowing
The project will deliver the prototype solution thanks to the following innovation •HRI (Human-Robot Interaction) design principles and interaction patterns for semi
-autonomous multi-role shadow robots in home environments •A safety-oriented framework derived through extensive usability and user acceptance
solutions, the universaal project produced the first prototype of an open platform with standardized specifications on which developers and service providers can build
•Runtime support, a software environment providing services for the execution of AAL applications •Development support,
the development phase of the prototype robot. The feedback on the prototype has been so far generated by cyclic on site user validations on a pan-European scale.
The longitudinal analysis of the end users†needs has enabled a better understanding of parameters such as
acceptance, integration in a domestic environment and suitability for social interaction. The results have been taken into account in the deployment of the marketable product
and SMES with the research base to develop products and services for innovation in healthcare.
which level of demand is uncertain. As a response to this market failure, public authorities should make greater use of their purchasing
-border Pre-commercial Procurement (PCP) to obtain prototype solutions supporting independent living. The project will run an open competition on potential innovative
solutions using robotics technology. The competition will focus only on the challenges to address, without specification of the final expected output.
The aim is also to demonstrate the effectiveness of such processes to meet societal needs and lead to
•Prototype Development •Pre-commercial/small scale development •Commercialization/diffusion of product/service
opportunities for its commercialisation Moving about It is estimated that one in three people aged over 65 is at risk of falling †going up to
principal output of the project was a prototype of an innovative alarm system for fall detection and prevention, targeting elderly users living independently at home.
usability, accessibility and acceptability of the final prototype have been tested with real end-users The main innovation consists in the development of a care system, based on a
environment The portable device has customised a alarm protocol that enables the elderly to carry on the usual daily activities in a safer and more comfortable fashion
services can automatically adapt their user interface to the specific impairments and preferences of elderly users.
GUIDE puts a dedicated focus on the emerging Web & TV platforms and services (Connected TVS, Set-Top Boxes, etc..
basic services to citizens (e g. personal documents and certificates income taxes and job search tools) and businesses (e g. company
years, there has been a steady increase in the â€oeinteractive†use of these services such as the downloading of official forms
and specific needs, such as services for online registration of new companies or getting the unemployment rights, are not
contribute to the production of egovernment services or even policy-making. This will influence public administrations to become more open, transparent and accountable
from on-line services in other EU Member States as easily as they do at home, and
personalisation of services to better respond to users†needs and the promotion of more open, proactive and transparent administrations
-border e-Government services in the EU single market. The ultimate goal is to make
Services †STORK, PEPPOL, SPOCS and e-CODEX Cross-border public services for an easier life
access public egovernment services in other Member States, in full respect of data protection and privacy rules
to expand the identification services to legal entities representatives and mandates, as well as to explore the
eprocurement is one of the high impact services with the potential to represent an important portion of
Europe†s economy †the overall market for purchases of goods, services and works by the EU public sector
is estimated to be almost 20%of EU GDP (2010 figures. An increase in trans-EU
•Cross-border eid services in real life settings (pilots in elearning and Academic Qualifications, ebanking, Public services for Businesses and ehealth
specifications, building blocks and services and promoting implementation across Europe The European services sector accounts for 75%of the EU€ s GDP and employment
and the 4. 4 million firms in this sector generate 95%of all new jobs. Benefiting from
next generation of Points of Single Contact (PSCS) †intermediaries between services providers and national public administrations as foreseen in the Internal Market
Services Directive. The Points of Single Contact are â€oeone-stop shops†that fulfil two main functions:
the interoperability between national egovernment services is poor. In this context SPOCS has been aiming to take down barriers to cross-border business
through automated and simplified processes and more competition in bids. Electronic processes also ensure transparency and better control of funding, as well as the possibility
opportunity to process this online, in their national language, is a concrete example of e-Justice for citizens
services infrastructures to unlock the potential of European public services. The CEF is foreseen to be a new funding instrument that the Commission is proposing to support
The proposal foresees to support investment in the provision of cross-border digital services in key areas including eprocurement
e-CODEX e-CODEX mainly builds on existing national solutions to develop a pan-European
Connecting existing systems will allow communication and data exchanges based on the development of common technical standards in the field of
identity for anyone accessing the services network 1 http://ec. europa. eu/budget/reform/documents/com2011 0665 en. pdf
The project addresses the specific topic of immigration, giving users the opportunity to contribute to policy drafting
policies, as well as with the opinions of relevant stakeholders. The platform is customised for Greece, Hungary, Italy and Spain, where the users can refer to their national language
-centred services (e g. searchable inventories on national migration policies and related legislation). ) The key objective is to facilitate citizens†involvement in immigration
politics, society, economy and debate them with politicians and peers across Europe The results of the trials will be communicated to the relevant public administration
The projects proposes a single entry point to a range of services, including •Data repositories
•Search Services •Knowledge Harvesting and Content Extraction Services •A Governmental Management and Modelling Service (GMMS
•Migration Policy synchronization and homogenization services •Open Debate Suport Services (ODSS http://www. immigrationpolicy2. eu
Funded by the ICT Policy Support Programme (ICT PSP -Competitiveness & Innovation Programme (CIP Duration:
2010-2013 31 Moving public services to the Cloud Public administration are organised often in silos: monolithic architecture models
make it difficult to reuse services for the development of new applications. What if these services were connected
and the access to information opened up? The European commission is currently testing the potential of a
more intelligent services by using and combining data integrated seamlessly through the Cloud The Open-DAI project (2012-2014) will test the efficiency and added value of
organizations of developing new collaborative services in areas such as transport and mobility, localization and geographic information,
and environment and pollution http://www. open-dai. eu /Similarly, the eenviper project (2012-2014) will integrate relevant processes and
deploy services, as part of a Cloud of e-Government services that supports the granting of environmental licensing procedures to citizens and businesses.
At the same time it supports public participation, consultation and transparency in policy making http://www. eenviper. eu
impossibility of finding information and services provided by local public authorities on the internet. Information currently available is segmented often
of customer and businesses information and better adapt public e-services to the needs of people and businesses.
thus seeking to make services more accessible, user friendly, efficient and less expensive for the taxpayer
is its extension to our digital environment. Indeed, our economy and society are now highly dependent on Information and
Communication Technology (ICT. We have grown accustomed to the benefits brought by the Internet, smartphones, and the
visible and invisible computing power around us. ICT services and devices have become an integral part of our way of life
and even of our culture The Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE) recognises that the Internet has proved
trust in ICT services and devices, a twofold approach is needed 1 The definition of legal frameworks to protect us from any disruption of, or
attack on, our services and devices. To meet this requirement, the European Commission will propose the EU€ s Strategy for Cyber security.
regulatory environment for electronic identification and trust services for electronic transaction in the internal market to boost the user convenience
2 The investment in research and development of secure, trustworthy and privacy-protecting ICT Defending ICT infrastructures
on it for a number of activities such as voice and video communications, social networking, online banking, e-government and shopping.
and economic activity in the Internet, and is the basis of economic transactions social connections, and communication between people and organisations.
As we increasingly rely on broadband networks, it is extremely important to make them more secure and trustworthy and protect them against any kind of accidental or
management an evolving environment that becomes more challenging every day The DEMONS project seeks to build a novel
their native scalability and fault tolerance characteristics. In doing this, the project will put special emphasis on privacy, trust,
processes, participation in virtual communities or the use of personalised services maintaining lifelong privacy control
The project will demonstrate the results in a production-like environment through inter and intra-domain trials.
allow stakeholders to better understand privacy-preserving ABC technologies, and compare the relative merits of different technologies in different scenarios
small and medium sized enterprises (SMES) that wish to sell biometric technologies ABC4TRUST Attribute-based Credentials for Trust
variety of applications and services. Examples include banking transactions, voice over IP, e-government services, e-commerce and business-to-business interactions
Trustworthy applications and services, and their underlying software-based service platforms, are a prerequisite for the use and uptake of innovative business models
and services that benefit the further development and growth of the European economy The Future Internet will provide an environment in which a diverse range of services
are offered by a diverse range of suppliers. Users are likely to unknowingly invoke underlying services in a dynamic and ad hoc manner.
Moving from today†s static services, we will see service consumers that mix and match service components
depending on attributes such as availability, quality, price and security Thus, the applications that end users see may be composed of multiple services
from many different providers. The consequence is that the end user may have little guarantee that a particular service
or service supplier will actually offer the security claimed The ANIKETOS project will help to establish and maintain
trustworthiness and secure behaviour in a constantly changing service environment. The project is aligning existing
and developing new technology, methods, tools and security services Tabula rasa Trusted Biometrics under Spoofing Attacks
The project will •address the need for a draft set of standards to examine the problem of spoofing
attacks •propose countermeasures such as combining biometric information from multiple sources •examine novel biometrics that may be inherently robust to direct attacks
and trusted composite services ANIKETOS The project is addressed to all service users, developers and suppliers.
and care for the environment to support future growth How to foster economic growth while respecting the environment and coping with a growing
shortage in resources? Sustainable growth †i e. a long-term development pattern in line with the planet†s ecological capacity-is one of
the European Union†s top priorities. The EU is committed to building a low carbon society by
Information and Communication Technologies play an important role in this respect, supporting less resource-intensive production and
and carbon footprint of ICT goods, services and companies •the support of partnerships between the ICT sector and major emitting sectors
decarbonisation of the economy and promoting their interoperability •an agreement between Member States on common functionalities for smart
cities into smart intelligent and sustainable environments. Almost three quarters of Europeans live in cities, consuming 70%of the EU€ s energy.
benefits that ICT and ITS (intelligent transport systems) applications and services can bring to safer, cleaner and more energy-efficient mobility of people and goods
developed new information tools and services to help turn citizens into active energy-saving players.
environment for users to gain awareness, understanding and experience associated with energy saving attitudes. The main objective of SAVE
data they need to optimise their energy-related policy and investment decisions at national, regional and organisational level
services directly to tenants, allowing them to quickly and easily obtain information on their energy consumption through a web-based platform
energy sectors and communication and computing capabilities which are widespread in normal houses and working environments
how to handle large scale communication, negotiation and information exchange between thousands of smart energy devices simultaneously
how to interact intelligently with customers and deliver optimal home energy management •Greece: how to control smart energy devices in a fully decentralized and bottom-up
for executing business services and a repository for the storage, management, and dissemination of data in which the mechanical, lighting, electrical and computer
strategies by moving computation and services around a federation of data centres sites. The project expects to provide at least 20
which vehicles sense their environment and assist the driver or wirelessly â€oetalk†to each other or the road infrastructure.
of these systems on road safety, mobility, driver behaviour and the environment. The impact was assessed through a comprehensive technical and socioeconomic evaluation
Cooperative systems can also help transport to have less impact on the environment Project ecomove is based on the idea that, for a given trip by a particular driver in
and use electric cars, customers need to be free from â€oerange anxietyâ€, i e. the fear to get stranded because
and encourage customers to take up electric road vehicles ecomove Cooperative mobility systems and services for energy efficiency
The project will tackle three main causes of avoidable energy use by road vehicles •Inefficient road planning and route choice
and new business opportunities at the interface between the car and the energy supplier http://www. elvire. eu
together with funding opportunities. ICT successful regions are generally industrial areas, with a high standard in the
In this paper we address the influence of information and communication technology (ICT) on sustainable transport in two ways,
demand and by examining the direct application of ICT in the transport system. Following a
into the impacts of ICT on transport demand, we examine the extent to which existing and
Broadly speaking, information and communication technology is a set of heterogeneous technologies (hardware and software) that allow for electronic communication, data collection
transport demand. The extensibility impact of ICT use has allowed an acceleration of activities over both larger and smaller spatial scales,
detection and management of flows through transport and communication networks, and spans a broad range of applications to increase efficiency of flow.
services, this leads to various types of reorganization of value chains for efficiency reasons, i e related with time,
throughout the developed economies of the world. Although this concern was focused on negative environmental externalities of the transport sector in the early 1990s, the term has a
impacts on transport demand. In the next section, we take a closer look at the transport system
and vehicle models differ in their fuel economy, but in general the greater the vehicle miles driven by a countries motor vehicle fleet, the greater the
3. ICT Use and Transport Demand It is recognized now increasingly that the links between ICT use
by e-communication is limited and that ICT often adds an extra mode of contact to the existing
array of communication modes, such as occurs in e-shopping and e-meetings (table 2). For
communication, like kickoff meetings and creative sessions, preferably take place as face-to -face meetings (e g.
Table 2. ICT use by persons and transport demand Type of ICT use Impact on transport demand (persons
Use of E-services: shopping, banking education, entertainment, government services On-line, last minute, booking (flights
hotels, holidays, theatre Reduces travel needs for routine transactions, but may cause increase of travel demand to central places with high-level
services (e g. to enjoy â€oeshopping experienceâ€. May add extra mode Causes new travel demand due to lower consumer prices
Use of E-networking in social relations personal communication, chat rooms network games Reduces travel needs for routine networking, but may cause
new travel demand due to successful social networking E-working (at home or tele-center) Reduces travel needs for individuals concerned
but is nation wide very modest (0. 8%reduction in annual vehicle miles, in US).
For businesses, ICT use provides opportunities to implement e-business models (b2c and b2b whereas particularly the intelligence of ICT provides opportunities to introduce new models of
value chains, value webs and models of remote diagnostics and monitoring (van Geenhuizen 2005; Kenney and Curry, 2001;
fluid congregations of businesses coming together on the Internet to create value for customers Whether freight transport demand increases
Table 3. ICT use by businesses and transport demand Type of ICT use Impact on transport demand (freight
E-business (b2c), including e -marketing and customer services Reduces transport for ordering and delivery of nonmaterial goods (e g
music, software; may add an extra mode Delivery may be reorganized to decrease transport demand; but if time
pressure, more frequent delivery with smaller loads If more customers around the globe, distance may increase (more air
transport) with smaller loads E-business (b2b) Electronic ordering (sourcing) around the globe increases delivery distance
Impact on transport demand (persons Remote (simultaneous development and design Reduces travel demand of R&d personnel to some extent,
but cannot substitute for informal creative meetings Remote diagnostics monitoring Reduces travel demand of servicing engineers,
but is limited still due to legal issues concerning responsibility and liability of partners, and due to network
greater distance from key suppliers (customers)( web-based companies •Causal relations between ICT use
to new business models (like network and web-based models; similarly, determining the role of ICT in different segments of the population,
transport and the urban environment provided that it is based on solid empirical grounding and behavioral rules consistent with
Layer 2. Services on the infrastructure Public transport services services for maintenance and transport management Public transport companies
Operators of links and nodes ICT system manufacturers Public authorities Providing/preventing access of public transport
services to persons Matching different services Layer 1. Physical infrastructure (links and nodes Rail, road, airline, pipelines
waterways, etc Infrastructure providers Infrastructure owners Public authorities Providing/preventing access of infrastructure links and nodes to vehicles
Figure 2. A simplified layer model of the transport system Impacts of interest for our analysis are generated mainly in the layer of vehicle flow (3) and the
Communication (between following and oncoming cars mobile)( public, private Monitors obstacles in the road network and sends help (persons
communication persons and freight Broad, on critical links and nodes Increasingly, on critical links and
detrimental to urban and global environments. The technologies intended to decrease the need for travel or to increase the efficiency of travel that does take place,
phased in some areas and demand responsive in other areas, but the objective is to decrease the
communication in route advising seems underestimated for private car use and deserves more attention (Townsend, 2004.
and Dedicated Short Range Communications The ICT innovations that are fixed (or semi-fixed), i e. Video Surveillance and Response
provision of information may encourage the acceptance of demand management measures Advanced Traveler Information systems Personal information systems may take different forms
shops, services, etc. and the length of stays are used as an input, enabling an overall space-time
Dedicated Short Range Communications These systems are based on information exchange between cars and may pertain to accidents
These systems partly rely on mobile communication between vehicles on the same route (oncoming and following traffic)
a communication of this event is sent to a dispatcher. The dispatcher in turn can communicate with the driver or other occupants
Range Communication, In-vehicle Accident Sensors, Extended Viewing Systems and simple modes of Advanced Drivers†Assistance
Signalization (e g. set in series) or demand responsive (fixed),(private, public Navigation systems (in-vehicle)( private
Demand responsive growing in the US, less likely in Europe Larger potentials in US (private cars) as (status) symbol
Dedicated Short Range Communication (between following and oncoming cars)( mobile)( public private No difference, already broadly adopted on critical links and
The above discussion on the impacts of ICT use on transport demand and on working of the
Exceptions are impacts of teleworking on travel demand and the impacts of ICT use in the
If the past is any indicator, most of the innovations and prototypes of new technologies take about 25 years to become common in the transport fleet.
Adoption of Information and Communication Technologies and Personal Mobility. STELLA Focus Group 2 Synthesis Meeting, Budapest, 22-23 april 2004
Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, vol. 16 january 2004, pp. 5-19 Geenhuizen, van, M. 2004b. Virtual or Physical, or Something Else?
Communication Technologies with Issues in Sustainable Transportation. Transport Reviews, vol 24, no. 6, pp. 665-677
The Impacts of â€oevirtual Mobility†on Transport, the Environment, and Land Use. STELLA Focus Group 2 meeting, Newcastle, UK, 8-10 may 2003.
Mobile Communication and Sustainable Transportation: An Agenda for Research and Action. STELLA Focus Group 2 Synthesis meeting, 22-23 april 2004, Budapest
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