Design for environment: P&g, SCJ, Visteon Staged gate process Dow Partnered eco-efficiency analysis: BASF
addressing environment, health, safety and energy (EHS&E) issues pertaining to its products LCM teams are formed typically to guide
and opportunities for improvement at all stages in the innovation process This approach can also identify smaller
example, customers using 3m†s Surface Saver tape for making ophthalmic lenses requested recyclable release liners for the
reduction for customers, reduced shipping costs for the double-sized rolls and a virtual elimination of solvent use in
Two key questions for industry are â€oehow can economy and ecology be reconciled in corporate decision-making?
On the environment axis, the product†s â€oeecological fingerprint†is measured according to criteria in five categories:
On the economy axis, the product is compared with alternative products in terms of overall costs, including material and energy
collaboration with BASF customers. One such study, commissioned by the parliamentary faction of the German Green party, compared the eco-efficiency
LEVERAGE THE VALUE OF OUR INTELLECTUAL CAPITAL In a number of areas today, technology is emerging more rapidly than societal
well as nanotechnology, communications and electronics, entertainment, and software. Current developments in stem -cell research represent one area in which
intellectual capital are being developed the objective being to create both societal value and business value.
Stakeholder Dialogue: Innovation Brussels (STM 1999 March-September Regional Dialogues Taiwan, Philippines, Taiwan, Brazil Argentina (STM
Stakeholder Dialogue: Making Company-Led Innovation Fit for Sustainable Development London and Washington, D c 2000
Stakeholder Dialogue: Intellectual Property rights Montreux July Assurance Team Meeting Geneva July 2001-February 2002 Electronic Stakeholder Dialogue
Intellectual Property rights September Working group Meeting Kuala lumpur November Assurance Team Meeting Jongny sur Vevey Switzerland 2002
Stakeholder Dialogue Meeting on Intellectual Property rights London Working group and Assurance Team Meeting London March EIRMA Roundtable:
technology as well as stakeholder views of these practices. In addition, the scenarios developed by the WBCSD for global development,
safeguard competition and the dynamics of innovations Access to essential medicines Discussions in the project took into
development via the three pillars of economic growth, ecological balance and social progress. Our members are drawn from more than 30 countries and 20
medium-sized enterprises (SMES) account for approximately 95%of the business population and play a significant role in
the national economy in terms of their sizeable contribution to GDP, employment generation, export performance, and achieving sustainable national economic development,
new economic environment in which the generation and management of knowledge play a predominant part in wealth creation,
traditional factors of production, namely, land, labour and capital Aptly, the 21st century is labeled often as the
competitiveness of enterprises and economies. In the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, the rise of the
knowledge economy is evidenced by the growth in the knowledge-based industrial and service sectors which are growing faster than GDP, and thus
increasing their share in the overall economy. Despite the economic slowdown in recent years, the knowledge intensity of OECD economies continues to
increase and private sector investments in R&d continue to rise (OECD, 2003 The centrality of knowledge as a source of
productivity gain and competitiveness has recently placed the intellectual property system at the centre stage of the knowledge economy.
Statistics on patent applications and patent grants show a significant increase in patenting over the past two decades
communication technologies (ICT), nanotechnology or advanced chemicals. Since 1993, the growth of biotechnology-related patent applications in the
Structural changes to the economy, increasing importance of intangible assets as a source of competitive advantage for firms, legal and
Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMES) and Intellectual Property rights Worldwide, SMES account for approximately 95 %of the business population.
of SMES in the national economy in terms of their sizeable contribution to GDP, employment generation, export performance, and achieving
services vary significantly, depending on their sector size, focus, resources and the business environment in which they operate.
In certain high-technology sectors, such as semiconductors and biotechnology innovative SMES have been a key to the growth and
investment Mazzoleni and Nelson (1998. Patenting is considered generally particularly important in †discrete product industries†(e g. pharmaceutical or
enterprises generally have limited capital and tangible assets and largely depend on intangible assets to succeed in the marketplace
investments, R&d laboratories or R&d personnel. In such cases, other intellectual property rights, such as utility models, industrial designs, trade secrets, and
company†s products or services J INTELLEC PROP RIGHTS, JANUARY 2005 36 The rise of the information and telecommunications
services sector in the economy of OECD countries have enhanced also the importance of the copyright
new business opportunities for companies with the appropriate skills, innovative capacity and resources to benefit from the range of options offered by the IP
many more ways than larger enterprises in making an effective and efficient use of the IP system.
reflected in the ways that such enterprises use the IP system. The crucial point to note is that SMES of
knowledge-based economy, it is their ability to use the IP system efficiently and effectively, which will
investments in innovation. The important question is therefore, the extent to which SMES are currently
production industries (excluding micro-enterprises and enterprises in the handicraft sector), it was reported that one out of every three companies in the
countries that are members of the European Patent Convention and engaged in R&d activities may be
prosecution, legal advice and translation costs whenever the applicant intends to apply for protection abroad. Overall, the costs of protection may be
patents less often than large enterprises, but also that when they do apply their success rate (in terms of
legal advice and lack of resources (human and financial) to follow the application through to the
legislation on trade secrets and/or unfair competition for the protection of their confidential business information.
secrets and/or laws on unfair competition that also deal with protection of trade secrets. There is a
-defence litigation had an impact on investments in R&d (European commission, 2000 a). In the US, the
small enterprises than for large firms; while patents owned by small firms are infringed more often than
For most enterprises, trade fairs information from suppliers and specialized magazines remain preferred sources of information.
environment with easier access to funding on the basis of the IP rights The barriers to a wider and more effective use of
innovation policy, SME policy, entrepreneurship policy, or science and technology policy. It was generally seen as a separate legal sphere of little direct
rights in a knowledge-based economy has begun to change the way national, regional and local
to a range of additional services aimed at facilitating the access to, and reaping the benefit from, the IP
b) Technological information services c) Financial assistance d) Customized advisory services on IP e) Assistance for IP exploitation and technology
transfer The bulk of activities specifically targeted at the SME sector have focused on awareness-raising and advice
included in the business strategy of enterprises it must also be integrated into the overall framework of
business support services of those seeking to promote it Some IP offices have sought to go beyond the
wide range of technological information services to their clients. The technological information provided in patent documents provides a point of departure for
technological information services, turning the raw information provided by patent databases into more workable knowledge that can be of practical use to
services for improving the chances of success of their business strategy To partly overcome the barrier of limited access to
entrepreneurs and enterprises located far from the national capital, which is usually the headquarters of the national IP office.
transaction costs faced by enterprises in filing their applications. Secondly, the availability of procedures for pre-and post-grant opposition at the IP offices as
R&d centres, IP offices, incubators, chambers of commerce and industry, SME associations, inventors associations and venture capitalists is crucial to
Research at WIPO on IP support services to SMES has led to the conclusion that in some countries
entrepreneurship and development of SMES have begun to include intellectual property related services within their programmes of support for SMES.
This has particularly been the case in the following areas a) Innovation promotion programmes b) programmes aimed at promoting the development
scope and performance of these services continues to be limited very; as a result, these services have made
limited difference to the performance, productivity competitiveness and success of entrepreneurs and SMES BURRONE: IPR AND INNOVATION IN SMES IN OECD COUNTRIES
policies on public sector venture loans or grants would generally be desirable In addition, many countries have established
-ups) are placed perhaps best as potential customers for programmes seeking to assist the development of
incubators in many countries over the last decade provides evidence of conscious government and non
services within or through business incubators particularly, technology incubators. Facilitating access to legal, technical and financial support for
access to and use of the IP system by tenants of incubators may be important for assisting start-up
firms to adequately manage their innovations, by identifying, protecting, exploiting and enforcing their IP rights
intellectual property services provided by European high-tech incubators illustrated the extent to which incubators are including IP within the support services
to SMES. The results of the pilot survey indicate that most IP rights are considered either very important or
quite important by the majority of the responding incubators. In addition, IP ownership, or having a
licence to use the IP rights of others, is considered (by 57%of responding incubators) an important or very
important factor in selecting tenants for incubators Sixty percent of responding incubators have personnel responsible for IP advice while a few that do not,
have links with external partners who offer support on IP matters. It is important to point out that very few of
the responding incubators provide any support in areas such as IP enforcement and the valuation of IP
assets; that is, in areas which are considered to be important for NTBFS, but in which most incubators
lack expertise (WIPO 2003b Promoting interaction between universities, public R&d centres and SMES in the field of innovation and
universities and industry would enable enterprises and society as a whole) to benefit from the innovative capacity of universities.
structural changes to the economies of OECD countries making it indispensable for companies and policy-makers to address new challenges.
enterprises, Strategic Analysis & Strategic Management, 10 (2) 1998,157-173 â'Cohen W, Nelson R and Walsh J, Protecting their
information by small and medium-sized enterprises 2000 BURRONE: IPR AND INNOVATION IN SMES IN OECD COUNTRIES
Enterprises (2000 b â'European commission, Guarantee Mechanisms for Financing Innovative Technology (2001 â'European commission, Innovation Policy in a
Knowledge-based Economy (2000 c â'European Patent office, The EPO Guide to Patent Information on the Internet
management in the small and medium enterprises Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 5 (4) 1999
â'Koen M S, Business Intellectual Property Protection (1992 â'Kortum S and Lerner J, Stronger protection or
Intellectual Property's new search services to assist corporate strategic decision-making, World Patent Information, 25 (1) 2003,57-62
Brookings Papers on Economic activity, 1987 783-820 â'Mazzoleni R, Nelson R R, Economic theories about the benefits and costs of patents, Journal of
Economic Issues, 32 (4) 1998,1031-1052 â'Merges R P, Patent Law and Policy (1992
â'OECD, Towards a Knowledge-Based Economy -Recent Trends and Policy Directions from the OECD (2002
and Medium-sized Enterprises for IP Offices of OECD Countries, Documents, http://www. wipo int/sme/en/activities/meetings/oecd 03/index. htm
â'WIPO, Survey of Intellectual Property Services of European Technology Incubators,(2003 b http://www. wipo. int/sme/en/documents/pdf/incubat
or survey. pdf References 1 TRIPS Agreement, Articles 41 to 61 2 See Istanbul Ministerial Declaration, Fostering the Growth of
and freight management ITS services on European transport corridors and in conurbations...pp. 13†16
and communication services and technologies, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) can make a significant contribution to the EU€ s
of interoperability between modes and countries and of cross-border continuity of services hindering broader ITS uptake
I believe this makes investment decisions safer, helps to unlock service innovation potential and ensures that transport can
continue to deliver its core role for a thriving European economy †in a user-oriented, safe and environmentally-friendly way
or tracking services for co-modal freight transport Such smart transport solutions are applied already across
of ITS that allows for EU-wide and continuous services for the user. The progress made under the two main policy and
interoperable systems and seamless transport services become the norm for Europe†s road transport system
establish interoperable and seamless ITS services and promote harmonisation while leaving EU Member States the freedom
Member States to deploy IT systems or services on their territory >I t S d I R E C T I V E †M I N I F A c T ï F I L E
experts and take into account the advice of all stakeholders †considering the existing standards when appropriate
of stakeholders such as industry, service-providers and associations of users †supports the Commission on the
Communication from the European Commission (COM (2008) 886 Date of adoption: 16 december 2008 The European Commission†s ITS Action Plan is working to
and a long consultation with stakeholders. Its main focus is to ensure the compatibility and interoperability of systems
to facilitate the continuity of ITS services, and to do so through coordinated and concerted action at EU level.
infrastructure-and service-providers and other stakeholders Grouped into six priority action areas (see pages 6 and 7 for
effort by several European commission services, coordinated by the Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport with the
Media DG, the Research and Innovation DG, the Enterprise and Industry DG and the Climate Action DG.
implemented in close cooperation with ITS stakeholders as seen for example in the staging of various workshops
information services. Optimal use of data will also facilitate multimodal journey planning pages 13†16
and freight management ITS services on European transport corridors and in conurbations The need to accommodate rising traffic volumes, notably on
exchange of information and communication between vehicles and with the road infrastructure †are also developing
and providing services for safe and secure truck parking. Another challenge is to achieve the full-scale roll out
barrier to the wider market penetration of some ITS services if citizens†rights are shown not to be protected fully
Traffic and travel information services allow Europeans to make well-informed decisions both before and during their journeys
growing demand for more precise and real-time information the need for more †and better †data is increasing all the
services Definition of procedures for the provision of EU-wide real-time traffic and travel information services, addressing notably the following aspects
•provision of traffic information services by the private sector •provision of traffic regulation data by the transport authorities
•guaranteed access by public authorities to safety-related information collected by private companies •guaranteed access by private companies to relevant public data
authorities in the Member States and stakeholders and will consider policy options for implementing measures including
but in recent years private services have increasingly been entering the traffic-information market in conjunction with real-time navigation or location-based
services. The ITS Action Plan is looking to develop free minimum information across the EU, improving road safety by
High-quality, EU-wide information services that include free components could also represent an appealing model for public†private partnership
>define the scope of safety-related services >develop suitable organisational models >ensure that free safety-related information is available
universal traffic information services (including definition of the repository of messages to be provided Traffic safety information services
DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 11 11/05/11 15: 15t105146 cee. pdf 13t105146 cee. pdf 13 20/06/11 13: 5020/06/11 13:50
modes of transport and competition between modes However, while numerous national platforms have been created, only limited attempts have been made to build
for EU-wide multimodal travel information services. A study was launched to support the European Commission†s work
services across borders, operators, networks and different modes of transport. Key areas for investigation include pan
>roll out EU-wide and interoperable ITS services ensuring seamless support to the road user >foster cooperation and facilitate the electronic
relevant traffic centres and different stakeholders and promote best practices in deployment and operation of ITS services
>TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS A study was initiated by the European commission examining key issues and priorities for European action to ensure EU-wide
continuity of ITS services. In order to define the minimum requirements for a truly European service, three traffic
-management services †dynamic lane management, variable speed limits and transport-related event-planning and road
of ITS services for passenger and freight in transport corridors and in urban/interurban regions †this work should include benchmarking and standardisation on door-to
Continuity of ITS services >A c T I O N 2. 1 >A C T IO
to a wide range of information services >AIMS >simplify pan-European freight flows >develop secure ways of making supply-chain and
communication technologies >improve interoperability of computer applications used by different stakeholders >develop a standard framework for freight information
exchange covering all transport modes and all stakeholders >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS The relevant European commission services have ensured
close coordination of the †e-Freight†(see box) and other research projects (Discwise, Euridice, Freightwise, Integrity
Rising, Smart-CM, Smartfreight) relating to smart logistics resulting in a commonly agreed framework for information
and communication technologies in transport logistics The framework is based on the intelligent cargo concept and supports the e-Freight action of the ITS Action Plan
Identification of ITS services to be deployed in support of freight transport (e-Freight and development of appropriate measures to progress from concept to realisation
well as for investment decisions. An ITS architecture needs to cover technical aspects plus the related organisational, legal
an ITS architecture to deploy IT systems and services In addition, the interoperability, continuity of services
multimodality and urban aspects of ITS architecture have generally been overlooked, and need to be addressed duly
those of the study on continuity of services (see also page 13 which partly addresses the use of the FRAME architecture
mobility, including an integrated approach for travel planning, transport demand traffic management, emergency management, road pricing and the use of parking
communications offer new opportunities for infrastructure access and charging systems. Interoperability between systems is needed so that road users can circulate throughout
stakeholders and the EU Member States was carried out in the period December 2010 to February 2011.
Moreover, important communication standards between the various EETS stakeholders were adopted Implementation of the interoperability of electronic road toll systems
Directive 2004/52/EC Electronic road tolling >A c T I O N 2. 4 >A C
stakeholders †the †ecall†in-vehicle emergency call system is yet to be deployed widely in Europe.
by all stakeholders †including vehicle and equipment manufacturers, mobile network operators and EU Member States †and to facilitate the deployment of a Europe-wide
communication, †ecall: time for deploymentâ€, foreseeing a range of further actions: support to the European ecall
Commission services later finalised an ecall impact assessment to help decide on the best way forward towards
stakeholder associations and of national platforms, meets at regular intervals to discuss technical details and practicalities
on mobile communications (implementation of ecall flag in mobile networks; specifications for PSAPS, under the ITS
communication and entertainment systems to be present in our cars. This includes devices that are built traditionally into
environment >AIMS >define the required measures for the safe use and operation while driving of inbuilt and nomadic
information, communication and navigation equipment and for the safe interaction of nomadic devices with the driver, between themselves and
communication services and functionalities such as those related to traffic and travel information >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS
applications and services on vulnerable road users has not been documented well known or. Indeed, though there is
stage prioritise, those ITS applications and services that can have the most significant impact on the various categories
users and the most relevant ITS applications/services >assess (positive/negative) impacts of ITS applications
and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable road users, and if possible quantify these impacts
>prioritise among ITS applications and services and detail concrete measures to enhance positive impacts or to limit/mitigate identified negative
road users, to be complemented by a stakeholder consultation More in depth research about safety impacts, possible
the impact of ITS applications and services on the safety and comfort of vulnerable road users
business case for reservation services. In addition, the Easyway project (http://www. easyway-its. eu) worked on a deployment
Services for safe and secure truck parking places >A C T IO N 3 5
private sectors, have an interest in deploying ITS services involving in-vehicle equipment. Recent years have seen the
and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication >TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS A study launched by the European commission on an open
Adoption of an open in-vehicle platform architecture for the provision of ITS services and applications, including standard interfaces †the outcome of this activity would
services. Enabling precisely this sort of interaction, this is where so-called †cooperative systems†come into play. The ITS Action
investments in intelligent infrastructure Cooperative systems DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 23 11/05/11 15:
of information and communication between vehicles and with the road infrastructure †several communication protocols are being developed
or have been defined and need to be taken into account as part of the effort to promote such
I2i, V2i and V2v communications for cooperative systems >promote the use of standardised specifications among stakeholders
>TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS For I2i, DATEX II was tuned fine under the Easyway project http://www. easyway-its. eu) before being transmitted to CEN
European Communications Architecture for Cooperative Systems as ETSI standard ETSI EN 302 665 V1. 1. 1, ultimately
communications of cooperative systems within ETSI sta dardise the interface bet ee t affic co t ol
-infrastructure (V2i) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2v) communication in cooperative systems I2i, V2i, V2v communication
>A C T IO N 4 3 >A c T I O N 4. 3 DGMOVE brochure ITS A4 indd 24 11/05/11 15:
stakeholders to concentrate their energy where it really matters †the efficient invention and production of goods
and services >AIMS >identify and use a standardised list of safety-related traffic events (†universal traffic messagesâ€
centres and different stakeholders >define a standardisation process for the adoption of an open in-vehicle platform architecture
electronics and communications raises security and privacy issues which, if left unaddressed, could jeopardise the wider
For example, location-based services may †in combining location information and personal data †have possible implications for personal privacy.
be security vulnerabilities in electronics and communications systems. ITS technologies must ensure the integrity confidentiality and secure handling of data, including personal
services. Meanwhile, a number of EU-backed research projects have carried out work relevant to the topic, such as Preciosa
Applications) and Sevecom (Secure Vehicular Communication Having kicked off in early 2011, the project Preserve (Preparing
of data in ITS applications and services and propose measures in full compliance with EU legislation
of ITS applications and services Address the liability issues pertaining to the use of ITS applications
and ITS services have often been deployed on a fragmented basis. Voluntary agreements and standardisation have failed to deliver
>EU-wide multimodal travel information services >EU-wide real-time traffic information services >road safety-related minimum universal traffic
information, free of charge to users >interoperable EU-wide ecall >information services for safe and secure parking
for trucks and commercial vehicles >reservation services for safe and secure parking for trucks and commercial vehicles
>TASKS AND ACHIE VEMENTS Along with the adoption of the ITS Directive, the European ITS Committee (composed of representatives of the EU
the benefits and costs of ITS applications and services, and about experiences and evaluations of ITS implementation
is recognised as a key reason for slow investment. Decision -making for ITS deployment on the urban, regional and national
Development of a decision-support toolkit for investment decisions in ITS applications and services †This should include a quantified evaluation of the economic, social
financial and operational impact and cover aspects such as user acceptance life-cycle cost†benefit as well as the identification and evaluation of best practice
Investment decisions are typically based on awareness and understanding of possible options, steered by perceptions of
funding, investment and deployment >AIMS >know more about policies and schemes already in place to fund ITS
and services based on an assessment of their economic, social and operational value Funding ITS >A c T I O N 6. 3
demand-management, smart ticketing and urban logistics Indeed, the potential of ITS to make an impact on issues like
different stakeholders can make coordination and consensus difficult to achieve. Technical solutions exist †the main
private stakeholders >promote the use of ITS in urban areas while fostering interoperability and continuity of services
>identify and exchange best practice †including organisational and financing structures †for key applications of urban ITS (traffic and travel
Continuity of ITS services Promotion of advanced driver assistance systemsand safety-related ITS Open in-vehicle platform
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