defined as enterprises with 1-249 employees, and also large companies and was implemented by means of computer-assisted telephone
enterprises that systematically innovate and implement change, were selected. The survey therefore started with screening questions.
Enterprises with less than 10 employees micro-enterprises) were excluded not since they generally have limited identifiable innovation activities and this population usually contains many start-ups who are very
innovative in order to survive on the market. Interviewers explicitly asked for those who were responsible for implementation of change,
%followed by enterprises between 6-10 years (33 %and those established in the last 5 years (20
as shown in Figure 2, small enterprises represents 50%of the SMES surveyed, microenterprises account for 27%and midsize
domestic enterprises •Achieve quick results is only possible if it was developed a good plan of action
enterprises; the reconfiguration of social relations and power structures4; workplace innovation; new models of local economic development;
and enterprise-led sustainable development. 7 There is no single, commonly agreed definition of social innovation. 8 This reflects the fact
social enterprises competing for public sector funding face multiple barriers relating to the legal and administrative framework,
of their income from sales (social enterprise activity); ) and second, there are those dependent on grants and donations (traditional community and
innovation with those of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship Social innovation, social enterprise and social entrepreneurship
Discussion about social innovation is still dominated by issues about social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. However, while the terms
†social enterpriseâ€, †social entrepreneurship†and †social entrepreneur†are connected all closely to the concept of social innovation, 59 they are distinct
innovation and social enterprise needs to be better examined, not least since †the social innovation
produced by social enterprise has largely been presumed rather than empirically demonstratedâ€. 60 While there is little empirical evidence to prove
that social enterprises are more successful than other organisational forms in producing social innovations, they can themselves be seen as a
explain, †the social enterprise is special because it incorporates contradictory institutional logics into its mission and operations†61 †for example
enterprises (and social entrepreneurship) do require special attention and research, a problem arises when social enterprises generally, and the activities
they undertake become synonymous with social innovation What are social enterprise and social entrepreneurship Drawing on contexts, Defourny and Nyssens outline
three schools of thought within social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. 62 First, originating from the US, there is the †earned income school
of thoughtâ€. The emphasis within this school is on social enterprises as combining social and economic
goals, and not necessarily as vehicles for innovation Second, following Dees and Anderson, Defourny and Nyssens identify the †social innovation
enterprise as the activities of social entrepreneurs with less concern about income flows and more
EMES€ understanding of social enterprise. 63 This includes three dimensions (based on economic social and governance issues.
dimension of social enterprise includes three criteria (a continuous activity producing goods and/or selling services;
While definitions of social enterprise vary considerably, all three schools of thought share the idea that social enterprises have as their explicit and
primary aim the creation of †social value†rather that the distribution of profits generated.
enterprises are engaged not organisations only in activities such as advocacy or grant giving, they must 32 SOCIAL INNOVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH
the extent to which social enterprise is a collective or individual endeavour; and the degree
an implicit assumption that social enterprises are by nature new, entrepreneurial and innovative, it is only in the second †social innovation school†that
about conflating discussions of social enterprises social entrepreneurship and social innovation we still need to acknowledge that much of social
the terms social innovation, social enterprise and social entrepreneurship. First, a focus on social enterprise within social innovation discourses
obscures the real and important contributions made by public sector innovators, social movements and non-entrepreneurial civil society organisations
enterprise and social entrepreneurship is prob -lematic because there are limits to what these can achieve.
Lastly, social enterprises require particular forms of support which may not be appropriate for other forms of social innovation.
the needs of social enterprises and social entrepre -neurs may give rise to a range of support structures
entrepreneurship and social enterprise, social innovation transcends sectors, level of analysis and methods to discover the processes †the strategies
enterprise or social entrepreneurship †but may overlap with one or the other or both.
a social entrepreneur may set up a social enterprise which delivers a socially innovative programmeâ€. 69
social enterprise Social Innovation Social Entrepreneurship Social Enterprise Adapted from Nicholls & Murdock, 2012 AN AREA Of DEBATE 33
While social entrepreneurship should be viewed as a key component of current thinking within social innovation, it should be recognised that the
social enterprise and social entrepreneurship Social innovation is concerned clearly with new combinations of activities and resources to develop
innovation to understand, and social enterprises important organisational forms to study, they do not tell the whole story.
do not become too fixated on social enterprises as an organisational form, not least because these may
enterprise has largely been presumed rather than empirically demonstratedâ€. 70 A problematic theory of change Dey and Steyaert argue that social entrepreneurship
enterprise (although we also know that the people in charge lack these very skills very often.
such as social enterprises Diffusion, replication CONCLUSION 37 Areas for further research In this next section we lay out several overarching
on different types of social enterprises all over the world. These efforts are not coordinated at the
innovation as social enterprise/social innovation as a product. The study of social movements, however
and Social Enterprise: Evidence from Australia. In F. Hans-Werner, J. Hochgerner, & J. Howaldt (eds
Enterprises and Social Categories. In: Gidron B, Hasenfeld Y (eds. Social Enterprises: An Organizational Perspective.
Palgrave Macmillan 62. Defourny J, Nyssens M. 2012. Conceptions of Social Enterprise in Europe: A Comparative Perspective with
the United states. In: Gidron B, Hasenfeld Y (eds Social Enterprises: An Organizational Perspective Palgrave Macmillan
63. www. emes. net/site/wp-content/uploads/EMES -WP-12-03 defourny-Nyssens. pdf 64.
Enterprise in Europe: A Comparative Perspective with the United states. In: Gidron B, Hasenfeld Y (eds
Social Enterprises: An Organizational Perspective Palgrave Macmillan 65. Huybrechts B, Nicholls A. 2012. Social entrepreneurship:
and Social Enterprise: Evidence from Australia In F. Hans-Werner, J. Hochgerner, & J. Howaldt
'Small and medium enterprises (SMES in further text) are considered to be the engine of economic growth and
introduced within the enterprise. We investigate both incremental and radical product innovations. Incremental innovation refers to product line extensions or modiï ca
Understanding forces that contribute to the success of small and medium enterprises (SMES) is very important,
as these enterprises are vital for both developed and developing economies. Since innovativeness is among the most important means through which such
knowledge about what propels an enterprise to innovate This picture is not complete without the investigation of
programs run with the purpose to help enterprises assess what is right for them and assists them in making necessary
and enterprise-friendly. In addition, we have shown that radical and incremental innovation have different ante -cedents, so policy makers can devise different incentive
enterprises (SMES) of the metal-mechanic sector from Saëoeo Paulo Brazil. Technovation 28 (1†2), 29†36
-vations in small enterprises: a comparative perspective of Bangalore India) and Northeast England (UK). ) Technovation 25 (3
Future Internet Enterprise Systems: A Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation...407 Daniela Angelucci, Michele Missikoff, and Francesco Taglino
objects and items (Internet of things) and its integration with enterprise applications Although the current Internet, as a ubiquitous and universal means for communica
7 Digital Enterprise Research Institute, Ireland manfred. hauswirth@deri. org Abstract. In the near future, the high volume of content together with new
Networked Enterprise & Radio frequency identification (RFID) and F5 Trust and Security. The authors would like to acknowledge
integration of increasingly demanding enterprise and societal applications The Future Internet research and development trends are covering the main focus
entities in the same residential/enterprise IP network without the user plane traversing the core network entities.
enterprise application management systems can provide to federated management systems allowing network and services allocation.
enterprise and networks applications 26 is everyday increasingly in complexity. In the current Internet typical large enterprise systems contain thousands of physically
distributed software components that communicate across different networks 27 to satisfy end-to-end services client requests.
between different enterprises (1. Definition) establish the process for monitoring 2. Observation) and also identify particular management data at application, service
operations of large enterprise applications (5. Federated Agreements) and the network services they require (6. Federated Regulations.
be used to support enterprise application management in a form of control loops in the information;
We also consider appropriate ways on how information from enterprise applications and from management systems can be provided to federate management systems
agreements necessaries to satisfy in one hand the enterprise requirements and in the other hand the management system requirement as result of events coming from the
enterprise processes and the heterogeneous infrastructure. The federation also acts as mediator between autonomic and/or non-autonomic management sub-systems when
about what information enterprise application management systems can provide to federate management systems to allow the latter to more robustly and efficiently allo
6. 2 Federation of Network and Enterprise Management Systems Typical large enterprise systems contain thousands of physically distributed software
components that communicate across different networks to satisfy client requests Management and configuration is increasingly complex at both the network and en
that will enable enterprise application management systems to reconfigure software components to better adapt applications to prevailing network conditions.
-tion enterprise application management systems can provide to network management systems allowing a more efficient
-agement systems and enterprise application management systems, in a manner such that a coherent view of the communication needs
Enterprise application management systems must be specified to provide relevant application descriptions and behaviours (e g.,, traffic profiles and
•Algorithms and processes to allow federation in enterprise application systems to visualize software components, functionality and performance
in federated enterprise and networks •Algorithms and processes to allow federated application management systems
-work and enterprise application management systems This paper makes references to design foundations for the development of federated
enterprise application management systems can provide to federate management sys -tems by using an interoperability of information as final objective
-erties from common, enterprise-level services: They are of lower granularity, e g.,, just providing simple sensor readings and, more importantly, they are inherently unreli
RFID Enterprise applications, FP7, http://www. fp7-aspire. eu /CONET Cooperating Objects Noe, FP7 http://www. cooperating-objects. eu
currently influenced in enterprise IT environment and in the Web2. 0 mashup culture showing the importance of flexibly reusing service components to build efficient appli
enterprise mash-ups), and service warehouses (e g.,, platform as a service. One speciï c service instance may thus be created by multiple service development
Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, WASHINGTON DC, USA, p 253. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2007
According to the analyst enterprise Forrester research and their study â€oesecurity and the Cloud†17 the cloud security market is expected to grow to 1. 5 billion
Here a prime target is the small to mid-size enterprise market Examples for supplementary services are threat surveillance (e g,.
failed, the consequences for most of today†s enterprises would be severe. Even if multiple lines of defense are used (e g.,
such as 98%availability) will allow enterprises to pick workloads that do not require higher guarantees.
not allow enterprises to make such risk management decisions and thus will only allow hosting of uncritical workloads on the cloud
enterprises: The ï rst is that with respect to security and trust, new solutions such as the cloud or cloud-of-clouds will be compared
existing solutions such as enterprise or outsourced datacenters. The second is that in order to allow migration of critical workloads to the cloud, cloud providers
must enable enterprises to integrate cloud infrastructures into their overall risk management. We will use these requirements in our subsequent arguments
Traditional enterprise outsourcing ensures the so-called â€oemulti-tenant isolation†through dedicated infrastructure for each individual customer and data wiping
While an enterprise customer may own a vir -tual machine (Machine-level isolation), this machine may use a database server
in order to enable hosting of enterprise-class and critical systems on a cloud Customer Isolation and Information Flow.
Why not cloudsourcing for enterprise app user adoption/train -ing?( (2009), http://velocitymg. com/explorations/why-not-cloudsourcing
-for-enterprise-app-user-adoptiontraining /16. Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD: Guidelines
Enterprise privacy authorization language (EPAL 1. 1). IBM Research Report (2003 Data Usage Control in the future Internet Cloud 231
Platform for enterprise privacy practices Privacy-enabled management of customer data. In: Dingledine, R.,Syverson, P. F
enterprises or home/residential users. The Internet†s architecture assumes that routers are stateless and the entire network is neutral.
Enterprise Information system externally on a Cloud rented from a Software -as-a-Service (Saas) provider.
Enterprise IT; ERP Hosting; Telco Service Ag -gregation; and egovernment Ontologies are shared formal descriptions of a shared viewpoint over a domain
-proach in a variety of domains, namely ERP hosting, Enterprise IT, Service Aggrega -tion and egovernment.
Enterprise IT focuses on SLA-aware provisioning of compute platforms, man -aging decisions at provisioning time and runtime, as well as informing business plan
The Enterprise IT use-case (Section 3) is basically an infrastructure cloud use case that features SLA enabling.
4 Use Case †Enterprise IT The Enterprise IT Use Case focuses on compute infrastructure provisioning in support
of Enterprise services. We assume a virtualisation-enabled data centre style configura -tion of server capacity,
and a broad range of services in terms of relative priority resource requirement and longevity. As a support service in most enterprises, IT is
expected to deliver application and data service support to other enterprise services and lines of business.
This brings varied expectations of availability, mean-time-to -recover, Quality of Service, transaction throughput capacity, etc.
reference is included differentiates each of the supported Enterprise services in terms of their priority and criticality.
This is the Enterprise Capability Framework or ECF From an implementation perspective, user interaction is via a web based UI, used
The Enterprise IT SLAT defines use case specific agreement terms which are loaded by the Business SLA manager to provide
objectives of an Enterprise IT function. Using Key Performance Indicators (KPIS) we evaluate the performance of the lab demonstrator in the areas of
•IT enabling the Enterprise •IT Efficiency •IT Investment/Technology adoption The Use Case identifies a hierarchy of KPIS
-agement Framework in an Enterprise IT context Further details on this use case are available at 6
The ERP Hosting use case is about the dynamic provisioning of hosted Enterprise Resource Planning solutions.
-ing support conditions (standard or enterprise support), quality characteristics (usage profile and system responsiveness), and the final price for the end customer.
Enterprise IT Use Case http://sla-at-soi. eu/research/focus-areas/use-case-enterprise-it
/7. SLA@SOI project: ERP Hosting Use Case http://sla-at-soi. eu/research/focus-areas/use-case-erp-hosting
SOAP, play a major role in the interoperability within and among enterprises. Web services provide means for the development of open distributed systems, based on
One of the key developments is towards smart enterprises and collaborative enter -prise networks. Enterprises of the future are envisioned to be ever more open, creative
and sustainable; they will become â€oesmart enterprisesâ€. Innovation lies at the core of smart enterprises and includes not only products, services and processes but also the
organizational model and full set of relations that comprise the enterprise†s value network. The Future Internet should provide enterprises a new set of capabilities
enabling them to innovate through flexibility and diversity in experimenting with new business values, models, structures and arrangements.
-tion of enterprise systems comprising applications and services are expected to emerge, fine-tuned to the needs of enterprise users by leveraging a basic infrastructure
of utility-like software services High-value Future Internet applications are also foreseen in the domain of living
The first chapter â€oefuture Internet Enterprise Sys -tems: a Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation†discusses how emerging
significant transformation process for enterprise systems. This transformation arises from commoditization of the traditional enterprise system functions
and is accelerated by new and innovative development methods and architectures of Future Internet Enterprise Systems.
The chapter foresees a rich, complex, articulated digital world reflecting the real business world, where computational elements referred to as Future
Internet Enterprise Resources will directly act and evolve according to what exists in the real world The chapter â€oerenewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Inter
Future Internet Enterprise Systems A Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation Daniela Angelucci, Michele Missikoff, and Francesco Taglino
-net and Saas (Software-as-a-service), is leading the area of enterprise sys -tems to a progressive, significant transformation process.
the challenge is shifted toward the support to enterprise innovation. This process will be accelerated by the advent of FINES (Future Internet Enterprise
System) research initiatives, where different scientific disciplines converge together with empirical practices, engineering techniques and technological
architectures of the Future Enterprise Systems, according to the different ar -ticulations that Future Internet Systems (FIS) are assuming,
Future Internet Enterprise Systems (FINES. In particular, this paper foresees a progressive implementation of a rich, complex, articulated digital world that
FINER (Future Internet Enterprise Resources), will directly act and evolve ac -cording to what exists in the real world
Future Internet, Future Enterprise Systems, component-based soft -ware engineering, COTS, SOA, MAS, smart objects, FINES, FINER
develop enterprise systems (ES), even if one adopts a customisable pre-built applica -tion platform, e g.,
-based enterprise systems, along the line of what has been indicated in the FINES 408 D. Angelucci, M. Missikoff, and F. Taglino
Future Internet Enterprise Systems) Research Roadmap1, a study carried out in the context of the European commission,
Internet of things and Enterprise Environments (DG Infso. The report claims that we are close to a significant transformation in the enterprise systems, where (i
the way they are developed, and (ii) their architectures, will undergo a progressive paradigm shift. Such paradigm shift is motivated primarily by the need to reposition
-ing the role of enterprise systems that, since their inception, have been conceived to support the management and planning of enterprise resources.
Payroll, inventory management, and accounting have been the first application areas. Then, ES progres -sively expanded their functions and aims,
and realising enterprises software applications In essence, while enterprise management and planning services will be increas -ingly available from the †cloudâ€, in a commoditised form, the future business needs
and challenges) are progressively shifting towards the support to enterprise innova -tion. But also innovation cannot remain as it used to be:
Future Internet, Web 2. 0 Semantic web, Cloud computing, Saas, Social media, and similar emerging forms of distributed, open computing will push forward new forms of innovation such as, and
continuous change required to enterprises. New business requirements that current software engineering practices do not seem to meet.
role will be played by enterprise system Business Process Engineering, for the above point (i), and a new vision, based on a new family of reusable components, in the
implementation of enterprise operations (and related services) automation, for the last two points. Reusable components mash-up techniques,
/Future Internet Enterprise Systems 409 interfaces will foster new development environments conceived for business experts to directly intervene in the development process
Internet Enterprise Systems (FINES) that need to deeply change with respect to what we have today. A new paradigm is somehow already emerging nowadays,
-ties of an enterprise, supported by an adequate theory, able to propose new techno -logical paradigms.
Internet Enterprise Resource (FINER) in the FINES Research Roadmap. So, the sec -ond grand research challenge consists in conceiving new, highly modular, flexible
-tention from the management and planning of business and enterprise resources to enterprise innovation. This GRC requires, again, a strategic synergy between ICT
and business experts. Together, they need to cooperate in developing a new breed of services, tools, software packages, interfaces and user interaction solutions that are
the conception, design, implementation and deployment of enterprise innovation including assessment of impact and risks
correspond to the enterprise architectures, and will be composed by elements tightly coupled with business entities. The achievement of this objective relies on a number
Enterprise Systems FINES represents a new generation of enterprise systems aimed at supporting continu -ous, open innovation.
Innovation implies continuous, often deep changes in the enter -prise; such changes must be mirrored by the enterprise systems:
if the latter are too complex, rigid, difficult to evolve, they will represent a hindering factor for innova
reflecting the needs of the enterprise. Furthermore, the very same notion of an e -service is an abstraction that often hides the entity (or agent) that in the real world
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 411 In summary, Web services were introduced essentially as a computation resource
manage a new generation enterprise software architectures. Cloud computing repre -sents an innovative way to architect and remotely manage computing resources:
organizing and implementing the enterprises of the future In conclusion, for decades component technologies have been developed with an ICT
-ness experts by using Enterprise Systems/Architectures (including Business Process Engineering methods and tools starting from a repository of FINERS, the new sort of
computational enterprise components just introduced (see below for more details S2 †FINES Open Monitoring System
S1, to keep under control the health of the enterprise, its performances, both internally HR, resources, productivity, targets, etc.
enterprise and, correspondingly, on FINES. This task is achieved by using a platform with a rich set of tools necessary to support the business experts in their redesign
-Future Internet Enterprise Systems 413 worked structure, conceived as an evolution of the Linked Open Data2 of today;
, computational units representing enterprise entities. They are recognised by business people as constituent parts of the enterprise, and therefore
easily manipulated by them. A FINER has also a computational nature, characterised by 5 aspects, as described below
such as an enterprise, is itself a FINER. FINERS are conceived to interact and cooperate among themselves, in a more or less tight way
depending on the complexity of the enterprise entity represented. In general we have FID: FINER identifier. This is a unique identifier defined according to a precise, uni
•Enterprise, being the †key assembly†in our work •Public Administration, seen in its interactions with the enterprise
•People, a special class of FINERS for which avatars are mandatory •Tangible entity, from computers to aircrafts, to buildings and furniture
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 415 5. 1 A Business-Driven FINES Develpment Platform In order to put the business experts at the centre of the ES development process, we
that models the enterprise reality (i e.,, a Virtual Enteprise Reality) where the user can navigate and manage changes.
positioned in different parts of the enterprise or in the Cloud, depending on the cases Fig. 3. FINES design environment
A similar interface, representing a Virtual Enterprise Reality, will be made available to the users during business operations to navigate in the enterprise
and see how the operations evolve The computational resources of a FINES are maintained in the Computing Cloud
world, with the enterprise and the actual business resources. Below we distinguish High Level and Low Level and FINERS.
Future Internet Enterprise Systems 417 The runtime architecture of Fig. 4 is described in a sketchy way,
next prophecy we propose â€oethe Enterprise is the Computerâ€, meaning that an enter -prise, with all its FINERS deployed
where computation will be performed directly by enterprise com -ponents, mainly positioned in the enterprise itself of in the Cloud (typically, in case of
intangible entities. This approach represents a disruptive change, from both a techno -logical point of view and a business perspective.
some key areas of the enterprise that will start to benefit of the FINES approach
Proposition for Enterprise Interoperability Report (2009), http://cordis. europa eu/fp7/ict/enet/ei-isg en. html
enterprises, researchers as co-creators Priorities Future Internet technical challenges (e g. routing scaling, mobility Urban development
enterprises (large & SMES Objective Facilities to support research Impact assessment of tested solutions Support the process of user-driven
large enterprises and SMES as well as academia from different disciplines. It appears that Future Internet testbeds could be enabling the co-creation of innovative scenarios
-bodies open business models of collaboration between citizens, enterprises and local governments, and the willingness of all parties-including citizens and SMES-to en
enterprises, and citizens) will be able to conceive new innovative solutions to interact Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet 449
Use Case †Enterprise IT Use Case †ERP Hosting Use Case †Service Aggregation
Future Internet Enterprise Systems: A Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation Introduction A Long March towards Component-Based Enterprise Systems
Guidelines for a FINES Architecture The New Frontier for ES Components: The FINER Approach The FINES Approach to Design and Runtime Operations
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