April 2008, published in Dutch 5 ï Foreign direct investments. Trends and developments Frederik De Witte, Isabelle De Voldere, Leo Sleuwaegen, June 2008, published in English ï De gezondheidszorg als complex adaptief systeem.
Steven De Hertogh, Len De Looze, May 2009, published in Dutch ï Foreign Direct Investments.
and SMES usually do not have the money to make this investment. Less expensive alternatives exist
This organization analyzes the investments required for a building to reduce energy consumption to a minimum. Combining people with strong ideas and reputation with green technology projects is an interesting recipe for successful new ventures.
That implies that some partners may have to be compensated for losses, investments, or risks they take. 3. Innovation networks need to be activated continuously.
whereas the technology transfers might still require significant investments from engineering. Furthermore, large firms that license technologies risk knowledge leaks with adverse competitive effects as a consequence.
The development cost of the microorganisms that could produce a specific flavor was the single largest investment for Isobionics;
Second, Toine Janssen had to secure the required investments for his start-up once the business plan was drafted.
the start-up was need in of considerable investments to advance the technological development and commercialization of the first flavors.
because the venture needed considerable investments which were too big a risk for VCFS 80 in an early investment stage 42.
The start-up was financed combining investments from VCFS, a regional venture capital investor in which DSM participated, bank loans,
DSM, in turn, did also win from its investment in Isobionics. First, it had the opportunity to follow the evolution of Isobionics.
Finally, the indirect participation of DSM also implies that Isobionics can be acquired in case its business is becoming an interesting investment area for DSM.
because excessive investments in complementary assets are required 43. Examples of complementary assets include large-scale manufacturing, brands,
corporate venturing investments, co-development agreements, and acquisitions. Licensing agreements imply that the licensor and licensee share revenues,
Partners may have to bear considerable risks or investments in dedicated complementary assets. In open business models,
because partners will ask for a return on their technology investments. Worldwide licensing deals can be challenging for SMES
and made investments. Imagining a new product is one thing, whereas start ing the venturing process is another.
University college Dublin Ciaran Mcgarrity Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment Eddie Friel University of Ulster Eoin Magennis Intertradeireland Ian Hughes Forfã¡
•Finance †the investments required to satisfy the resource needs of companies; •Advice and Services †the specialised support that innovators require to create
although recent analysis of BVCA data suggests that just over 2%of UK-wide VC investment between 1989 and 2010 was in Northern ireland. 13 From EU-wide metrics Ireland in 2011 lags
including marketing (e g. new or improved websites) or investments in new technology (e g. IT upgrades.
distorting investment patterns and limiting growth8. Competitive weakness also creates a stiff headwind that other components of growth (e g.,
, investment in R&d, support for technology transfer and STEM education) that can spur more innovation in all three major sectors of an economy (for profit,
Encouraging investment in startups 6. 2. Crowdfunding 6. 3. Access to credit 6. 4. Ease strain on cash-flow via prompt payments 7. Public Policy
which could be made to encourage investment, support lending and ease cashflow strain on the startup community. •Incentivise peer-to-peer lending.
in conjunction with the programmes that the entrepreneurial community provides for itself. •Capital gains should be taxed at 20%rather than 33%to create incentives for investment in new enterprise. •A National Entrepreneurship Website for startups,
an accelerator pays the students (through equity investments in their nascent businesses) to develop their idea into a company over a period of typically 3-6 months.
Successful entrepreneurs should consider establishing accelerator programmes in their local area, with a mind to investing or encouraging investment in the accelerated companies.
Introduce a de minimus level of HEI/startup collaboration investment (up to â 25k), below which IP contracting
which could be made to encourage investment, support lending and ease cashflow strain on the startup community. 6. 1 Encouraging investment in startups A survey by the Entrepreneurship Forum with the help of Ernst
& Young†s Entrepreneur of the Year award winners revealed that the primary source for funding a startup is from †bootstrapping†(that is,
a second source is through †angels†and family and friends†investment. Within the last 5 years over â 25m of pure private money (private cheques written by private individuals) has been invested in startups via the visible business angel marketplace through the Halo Business Angel Partnership
The angel community is regarded as the most effective stimulus for internal investment. Raise awareness of the HBAN network and help its expansion. 6. 1. 2. Venture Finance For a small number of businesses
Venture capital Investment from state agency Bank finance Bootstrapped or self-funded State aid and grants Support or investment from friends/family Angel Investors Source:
Survey of 2013 Ernst&young Entrepreneur Award Winner Alumni n=57 Source of majority funding for most recent entrepreneurial venture Source:
businesses. 6. 1. 2 Employment and Investment Incentive (EIIS) The Forum welcomes the announcement in the 2014 Budget to remove the high earners restriction for EIIS to increase the pool of investors.
However, some further improvements are required to encourage an increased level of external equity investment in companies in the seed,
a. Enable medium-sized enterprises (50-250 employees) in the non-assisted areas35 to avail of the EIIS. b. The EIIS should be amended to increase the period of investment from three to five years. c. Under the EIIS,
allow the full 41%relief be granted from the investment date. d. Eliminate the maximum â 150k allowable qualifying investment in any one year under the EIIS.
One hundred investors will come together to create a Global Irish Investment Fund of â 20m to support Ireland†s high tech start-up ecosystem.
a. Under the principle of †de minimus†investment, it is possible for the existing Seed Capital Scheme plan to be modified to be easier to understand, up to limits of perhaps â 250k.
Under Ireland†s current Regional Aid Map, regions covering 50%of our population are assisted †areas†recommendations recommendations recommendations 6. 1. 5 Rewarding continuous investment
%with this credit only applying on the return of the second investment. It does not defer any taxes now.
when the capital was not being redeployed in startup investment. 55. Allow rollover (reinvestment) relief on Capital gains into Irish companies,
or through investment into a company. Capital gains which are reinvested within a calendar year will not be recognised as gains until such time as they are reinvested not.
changes in the funding mix for SME working capital and investment since the crisis and the fact that Irish companies are exposed disproportionately to potential weaknesses in the banking sector, relative to our European competitors.
and tax policies that encourage investment and company creation. Secondly, Ireland has quite a number of great existing programmes for capacity building for startup companies, through Local Enterprise Offices (LEOS), Enterprise Ireland and other agencies.
investment, risk-taking and enterprise and therefore are neither efficient nor conducive to increasing strong economic growth.
and investment and secondly to reduce individual income tax rates. High individual income tax rates result in higher costs of doing business for corporations.
all capital gains should be taxed at 20%rather than 33%to incentivise investment in new enterprise. 69.
Any proceeds from these groups paying their share should then be directed firstly at reducing capital gains income tax (to encourage long-term thinking and investment
Successful entrepreneurs should consider establishing accelerator programmes in their local area, with a mind to investing or encouraging investment in the accelerated companies.
Introduce a de minimus level of HEI/startup collaboration investment (up to â 25k), below which IP contracting
Expand the tech visa to talent in other areas of unmet demand. 6. Access to Finance 6. 1 Encouraging investment in startups 51.
The angel community is regarded as the most effective stimulus for internal investment. Raise awareness of the HBAN network and help its expansion. 6. 1. 2 Employment and Investment Incentive (EIIS) 52.
Improve the EIIS: a. Enable medium-sized enterprises (50-250 employees) in the non-assisted areas43 to avail of the EIIS. b. The EIIS should be amended to increase the period of investment from three to five years.
-55-43 The EU Regional Aid Guidelines allow each Member State to provide enhanced rates of State Aid in the least economically developed areas of each country.
allow the full 41%relief be granted from the investment date. d. Eliminate the maximum â 150k allowable qualifying investment in any one year under the EIIS.
a. Under the principle of †de minimus†investment, it is possible for the existing Seed Capital Scheme plan to be modified to be easier to understand, up to limits of perhaps â 250k.
where the sales proceeds from the sale of an asset are reinvested in the Seed Capital Scheme. 6. 1. 5 Rewarding continuous investment with deferred CGT 55.
or through investment into a company. Capital gains which are reinvested within a calendar year will not be recognised as gains until such time as they are reinvested not.
all capital gains should be taxed at 20%rather than 33%to incentivise investment in new enterprise. 69.
Any proceeds from these groups paying their share should then be directed firstly at reducing capital gains income tax (to encourage long-term thinking and investment),
Employment and Investment Incentive scheme EO: Entrepreneurs Organisation GNP: Gross National Profit HBAN: Halo Business Angel Network, an angel finance group.
Capital Scheme & Employment and Investment Incentive 27 2. 1. 5 Capital gains tax 27 2. 2 Business Registration 27 2. 3 Reducing Administrative
The IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2013 ranked Ireland third for availability of skilled labour and first for flexibility and adaptability of workforce, attitudes to globalisation and investment incentives.
female led enterprises accounted for just 7%of HPSU investments. Enterprise Ireland conducted research in 2012 which showed the following challenges specific to female entrepreneurship:
Winners at county level will be eligible for an investment in their businesses of up to â 25
000, while winners at national level can receive additional investments of up to â 50,000 each.
Investments in distilling range from â 5-10 million to hundreds of million euro in the case of existing players.
with both tax rates and tax incentives supporting entrepreneurship and influencing investment decisions. Taxation has an important role to play in developing Ireland†s entrepreneurship ecosystem to meet the highest international standards
and affords favourable treatment of investment in research, is competitive and transparent. It has been a key attraction for international investment
and will continue to be in the future. 2. 1. 1 Startup Company Relief Startup Company Relief provides relief from corporation tax for new startup companies for the first three years of trading in respect
and hire suitably skilled staff from the global talent pool. 2. 1. 4 Seed Capital Scheme & Employment and Investment Incentive The Seed Capital Scheme (SCS), in conjunction with its associated scheme,
the Employment and Investment Incentive (EII), are tax relief incentive schemes. The EIIS provides tax relief to unrelated private investors for investment in certain corporate trades.
The SCS provides for a refund of income tax already paid to those who are or were in employment
when that individual makes a relevant investment in a qualifying company. Neither the SCS nor the EII is used extensively,
Both schemes are currently being reviewed by the Department of Finance ahead of Budget 2015.2.1.5 Capital gains tax Investment
consolidates, simplifies and modernises company law in Ireland, with the ultimate aim of improving Ireland†s competitive position as a location for business investment.
and Investment Incentive (EII) scheme to fulfil its potential as a non-bank (equity) source of funding for SMES.
and academia is an important element in the entrepreneurship ecosystem. 3. 1 Innovation Supports Entrepreneurs can access a range of pre-investment supports from Enterprise Ireland or their Local Enterprise Office
Innovative HPSU Programme Allows Enterprise Ireland to offer equity investment to HPSU clients on a co-funded basis to support the implementation of a company†s business plans.
First time and follow-on equity investments in HPSUS are supported under this offer. Enterprise Ireland can help companies by providing information on the main sources of private investment.
These are all important programmes which can also be used to foster more diversity of entrepreneurial activity eg. by targeting calls for females,
Technology & Innovation policy has evolved over recent years with an increase in focus on accelerating the economic and societal impact of public investment in research and greater emphasis on further increasing industry/academic collaborations
Targeting public investment in research in areas which demonstrate a clear industry need and competitive market opportunity.
and investment opportunities A stable and appropriate supply of finance promotes growth, encourages startups and enables existing firms to expand by exploiting trade and investment opportunities.
It also brings benefits to the economy by supporting business growth and market competition, thereby generating wealth
in order to increase their chances of success. In certain sectors investment funding is a particular challenge.
However, a shortage of capital worldwide for venture investment is creating uncertainty about the level of future inflows to Ireland.
Venture capital funds that receive an investment from EI have to invest a meaningful proportion of their fund in Irish companies or companies with significant Irish operations.
By June 2014, Enterprise Ireland had made four investment commitments through IFI with a combined value of approximately â 80 million, out of a total EI allocation to the fund of â 125 million.
By June 2014, the NPRF had made seven investment commitments through IFI with a combined value of approximately â 116 million out of its â 125 million allocation to IFI.
such as the Seed Capital Scheme, Employment Investment Incentive, Microfinance Ireland and the Credit Guarantee Scheme.
and international venture capital investors and continue to develop the domestic venture capital sector Double the volume of angel funding over the next five years through such actions as reforming the Employment Investment Incentive.
DJEI, Intertrade Ireland, BICS) EI and the NPRF (ISIF) will continue to manage the Innovation Fund Ireland programme to support investment by international VCS in Irish companies and companies with a significant presence in Ireland.
using funds from the German bank Kfw, the European Investment Bank and The irish Strategic Investment Fund.
Enterprise Ireland, County Enterprise Boards), mentoring to support entrepreneurs in advance of seeking angel investment (eg. Startupbootcamp Dublin) and mentoring as a core component of intensive management development programmes (e g.
of which â 27 million was private investment through HBAP angels. The private sector supported Seed and Venture capital framework in Ireland, including the current AIB Seed Capital Fund,
Trade, tourism and investment are crucial to future prosperity. Although the international environment remains challenging,
The Review of the Government Trade, Tourism and Investment Strategy, 2010 †2015, published in February 2014,
while increased integration of Irish companies into the MNC base may further embed foreign direct investment in Ireland.
This investment in scientific excellence continues to have many positive effects, including encouraging an innovative and enterprising economy,
The recent evolution of Science, Technology and Innovation policy has brought a focus to accelerating the economic and societal impact of public investment in research
encourages start-ups and enables established firms to grow by exploiting trade and investment opportunities. Lending rates from banks,
number of deals-Direct Angel Investment-Number of angels registered in HBAP BICS 148 25,878,
Enterprise Ireland offers equity investment to HPSU clients, on a co-funded basis to support the implementation of company business plans.
Any Enterprise Ireland investment needs to be matched by at least a similar amount of investment by the promoters and/or other investors.
Enterprise Ireland can help companies by providing information on the main sources of private investment.
A review of the Incubator programme is currently underway to evaluate the impact of this investment to date
and Venture capital Sector in Ireland to achieve a more robust, commercially viable and sustainable sector. 2011: 116 investments;
and support them to commence investment under the first call for expressions of interest under the Seed and Venture capital Scheme 2013-2018.
*2012: 135 investments; of which 84 in Irish companies 2012: â 54m invested in Irish companies.
The cost to the exchequer under the SVC schemes was â 14m 2013: 153 investments;
however also make non Irish investments. National Policy Statement on Entrepreneurship in Ireland 65 Appendix 2:
development impacts (EI evaluation feedback) n/a n/a Hi-Start Numbers run 1 2 Participant numbers 14 43 No. of investment ready business plans
A review of the Incubator programme is currently underway to evaluate the impact of this investment to date
and Venture capital Sector in Ireland to achieve a more robust, commercially viable and sustainable sector. 2011: 116 investments;
and support them to commence investment under the first call for expressions of interest under the Seed and Venture capital Scheme 2013-2018.
*2012: 135 investments; of which 84 in Irish companies 2012: â 54m invested in Irish companies.
The cost to the exchequer under the SVC schemes was â 14m 2013: 153 investments;
Tourism and Sport EGFSN Expert Group on Future Skills Needs EI Enterprise Ireland EIB European Investment Bank EIF European Investment Fund EIIS
Employment and Investment Incentive scheme GEDI Global Entrepreneurship Development Index GEM Global Entrepreneurship Monitor HEA Higher education Authority HEI Higher education institutions HBAP Halo Business
Property IRC Irish Research Council ISIF Irish Strategic Investment Fund ITI Intertradeireland KTI Knowledge Transfer Ireland LA€ s Local authorities LCDC
2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST U s. R&d investment up one percent to $465 billion Historic U s. commitment to research intensity expected to remain firm Economic growth continues to propel Asian R&d spending
and on indications that our leaders in Washington may be able to find common ground on the value of R&d investment.
where increasing research intensity amplifies the investment momentum that strong economic growth provides. In a world where scientific discovery and technology commercialization are truly global,
and researchers alike because of the multiplier effect R&d investment can have, both in economic and cultural terms.
which has resumed modest growth that is expected to be relatively stable through 2020. •At the current rates of growth and investment,
the combined investments by the U s.,China and Japan will account for more than half of the total. •Together, the U s.,China,
•For 2014, we project declines in defense and aerospace R&d, increases in energy-related research, increases in life science research and development, strong growth in information technology research investment and growth in R&d budgets
Key research investment trends around the globe: •Given the current, weak economic environment in Europe, large increases in R&d investments are expected not for the next several years. •Emphasis by Southeast Asian countries on economic growth through increased
R&d investments is likely to continue through the end of the decade. •Significant R&d investments by western countries in long-range technology platforms like robotics, high-performance computing, social media, software,
cost-effective energy sources and nanobiotechnology could stimulate rapid industry-scale economic growth. The research standouts in the â€oerest of the Worldâ€:
•The â€oerest of the World†countries are expected to undergo moderate growth in R&d investment in 2014, with leadership from countries like South korea,
Total investments in R&d (as a percentage of GDP) will stay relatively steady throughout the world in 2014.
R&d investments often are linked closely to GDP and economic outlook. Global R&d investments, according to our analysis, are forecast to increase in 2014 and 2015†albeit at a decreasing rate in 2015.
Other highlights include: •Economic and R&d growth in Asian countries have slowed, but R&d investments in this region still outpace the rest of the world. •U s. R&d investment is back on track with modest growth that is expected to continue through 2020. •China continues its unmatched economic growth
and double-digit R&d increases. •R&d rankings have not changed significantly in the past five years, but differences have narrowed in funding levels between countries.
While 2013 R&d investment growth was minimal in the U s. and Europe, growth in most Asian countries†especially China†continued.
Asian R&d investment growth rates are expected to return to their pre-2013 levels in 2014 and 2015.
In 2014, China will continue its two-decade trajectory in R&d investment, consistent with the current Five-Year Plan (FYP 2011 to 2015.
At current rates of R&d investment and economic growth, China could surpass the U s. in total R&d spending by about 2022.
the combined investments by the U s.,China and Japan is more than half of the total.
In the same five years, Asia†s share of R&d investments has risen from 33%to nearly 40%,with China rising from 10%to nearly 18%.
and its total R&d investments are now more than 60%those of the U s. The economic and political context in each of these regions suggest these trends are not likely to change in the near term
The growth rate for R&d investments in ROW countries is also low†less than 4%expected in 2014.
The low rate of investment in these countries implies priorities other than innovation-based growth, and may also relate to underdeveloped domestic R&d infrastructure and educational capacity.
•U s. R&d investment will increase by 1. 0%(after inflation) to $465 billion. •National research intensity will remain stable at 2. 8%of GDP. â€
•General acknowledgement that R&d investment has both short -and long-term return to the economy. •Concern about maintaining U s. innovation-based competitiveness at a time
and some industries increased their investment, industry investment in R&d as a whole was flat in 2013 due to the slow global economy, continued rationalization of R&d activi-ties in selected industries and the private-sector impact of federal
budgets and sequestration. The sequester-associated reductions in 2013 U s. R&d had pronounced a effect on university research activity, among other areas.
Increased industry investment equates to more R&d activity, which is projected to increase by 3. 8%to more than $330 billion,
the recent dynamics of federal R&d funding, from increases via the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) investments in 2009-2011 to budget reductions in 2012
B attelle and R & D M agazine Industry Continues to Lead U s. R&d Investment Source:
the ARRA added about $18 billion of federal investments to baseline funding for academic research.
federal investments in academic R&d declined from 2012 to 2013, resulting in flat funding levels
driven by short-term returns on investment, then the foundations upon which major high-risk scientific discoveries are made will eventually erode.
And major infrastructure investments continue to be made, often with the goal of creating an innovation ecosystem with mechanisms for technology commercialization and industry engagement,
leading to amplified economic returns from research investment. Leading examples include Skolkovo in Russia, Biopolis in Singapore and the Qatar Foundation.
and the prospects seem good for realization of the original policy goals in energy security and environmental protection that stimulated early public investment.
Linkage Between R&d and National Priorities Tepid economic recovery in Europe and the U s. suggests significant increases in R&d investments are unlikely in the next several years.
Emphasis on public deficit and debt reduction will continue, with unpredictable short-term effects on discretionary research investments.
While the historic stability of research intensity in the U s. and Europe suggests dramatic declines in national R&d investments are not likely,
In the U s.,the government tends to seed innovation with investment in basic research and some tax and policy incentives,
This is illustrated by the large proportion of development investment in China versus funding for basic and applied research
and economists have warned that sustained large investments in innovation must be paired with investments in social and environmental-protection infrastructures.
R&d IN CHINA Summary China has increased its R&d investments by 12%to 20%annually for each of the past 20 years;
As a result, China†s investment is now about 61%that of the U s, . and continuing to close.
China†s R&d investment is linked to national goals for industrial growth stable domestic evolution to an advanced economy, power projection and international prestige.
Comparison of annual change in national R&d investment www. rdmag. com December 2013 R&dmagazine 15 must be overcome to reach the 2020 innovation-economy target.
China†s continued strong economic growth†more than three times that of the U s. †provides the resources to support its strong R&d investments and expansion of basic infrastructure as well.
Ten years ago, most foreign direct investment was being made in China. Today, China has grown to a point that it is now a foreign direct investor throughout Asia,
And by sometime around 2022, it will exceed likely also the R&d investments of the U s. in absolute terms.
China is expanding its science and technology infrastructure through investments in its academic research institutions, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and its industrial research firms.
In Their Own Words Comment from the Battelle/R&d Magazine Global Researcher Survey The investment that China is making in scientific research
While representing less than 5%of the EU€ s total forecast R&d investment in 2014 of $351 billion
More U s Europe Like the United states, Europe deploys a portion of R&d investment to Asia. 75%87%25%13%Spent in Asia Europe Spent domestically & non-Asia U s. 18 R&dmagazine
. those in Europe and China†are expected to see moderate growth in their R&d investments in 2014,
but social and political priorities draw investment away from R&d. India†s projected rate of R&d funding growth in 2014 is only one-fifth that of its anticipated economic growth.
and South Ko-rea†s rate of R&d investment shows in publication volume and quality.
The Role of Ecosystems R&d funding is only one ingredient for innovation-based economic success Research and development is a long-term investment in the future,
the big payoff from investments in R&d are sustained longer-term economic gains through strengthened global competitiveness and even creation of entire new industries.
R&d investments are the foundation for generating new knowledge through basic research and ultimately for generating products and services through applied research and commercialization.
•LARGE INVESTMENTS IN HUMAN CAPITAL: Close attention is paid to encouraging and advancing a talent pipeline in science, technology,
from small-scale grants for early stage proof-of-concept research to large-scale commercially focused equity investment. •GOVERNMENT SUPPORT IS ESTABLISHED & RESPONSIVE:
Absence of one or more of the key components substantially hinders an ecosystem†s ability to provide returns on investment
The results from industry executives who track return on investment is one of a generally improving bottom-line impact of research and development activities,
we asked U s. industry representatives to provide context on key factors in their R&d investment plans.
Their answers were mixed regarding future R&d investment: 45%were more pessimistic about the sufficiency of their R&d budgets,
Origins & Priorities for Innovation The survey also explored the link between R&d investment and technology development.
Battelle/R&d Magazine, Schonfeld & Associates, European commission-JRC/EIRI Corporate leaders in life science R&d investment 24 R&dmagazine December 2013 www. rdmag. com
Factors Driving R&d Investment While it might be said that Moore†s Law is driving the relentless investment in semiconductor R&d
it is consumer demand for functionality driving R&d investments in other sectors of the ICT industry.
, with both Intel and Microsoft exceeding US$10 billion in 2012 R&d investment, and Google†s and Intel†s R&d investments growing by 40%and 27%,respectively, in each of the last two years.
The innovation-and R&d-intensive nature of the global ICT industry is evident with all of the U s
%Corporate leaders in ICT R&d investment Nokia Ericsson Canon Huawei Alcatel Lucent Microsoft Intel Cisco IBM Google-10%0%10%20
However, ADS firms†internal R&d investments are often 2014 GLOBAL R&d FUNDING FORECAST strongly aligned with the direction and substance of these contract R&d efforts.
and into the future. 69%of our ADS industry respondents believe their 2014 R&d budget is likely to be affected by reduced U s. federal R&d investments.
with more funds and a larger share of investment during major jet liner development. With the combination of reductions in defense spending,
Factors Driving R&d Investment Unlike other industries examined in this forecast, concern over federal budgets and spending is a significant factor in U s. ADS company R&d investment.
Reflecting these concerns 56%of ADS respondents are more pessimistic about their 2014 budgets. Cost cutting and budget reductions in recent years appear to be taking a toll on R&d investment and functions in the industry.
Approximately 40%of the respondents believe their R&d staff budgets are not large enough to accomplish their goals.
growth in commercial aviation and nontraditional defense and homeland security technologies, such as UAVS, will continue to provide momentum in ADS R&d investment.
and materials development and advanced materials integration are increasingly important in shaping the industry†s R&d investment.
com December 2013 R&dmagazine 29 Factors Driving R&d Investment R&d activities into new production technologies have led to the ability to access previously unobtainable oil
but private early-stage investment has waned. Elsewhere, governments are more active in deployment of alternative energy technology (e g.,
the R&d intensity for most energy leaders is less than 1%.The substantial growth in Petrochina†s R&d investment has elevated this firm into the leadership position reaching US$ 2. 3 billion in 2012 with all of
Factors Driving R&d Investment Like most industries resources to fund R&d activities are connected strongly to industry bottom lines.
com December 2013 R&dmagazine 31 ed post-recession, investments in industry R&d also have increased. These investments are tied directly to developing new, market-leading chemicals and materials for
which higher margins can be achieved. The factors driving R&d are distinctly different across different types of firms.
and there is some evidence that support for public R&d investment crosses political boundaries. Even so, the survey results may indicate eroding confidence in the longer-term future.
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