19 september 2013 1 Survey on ICT and Electronic commerce Use in Companies Year 2013 †First quarter 2014
The sample was designed to offer results by branch of economic activity and by Autonomous Community As regards Electronic commerce, any transaction carried out through telematic networks is
perceived by employees and other stakeholders, their resistance to change will be more intense ï lack of leadership.
generate by difficulties to identify innovative SMES on Romanian economy) and disproportionally stratified across four size classes (0†9, 10-49,50-249 employees)( official
order to simulate accurately the conditions of Romanian economy 0-9 employees 10-249 employees 50-249 employees over 250 employees
managers (63,61%),changing interests of owners (59,7%),liquidity crises and success crises (58,36%).58,24%of respondents believe that the
Economy Assessment in Romania, Economia. Seria Management, 2012 5. Clarke, L. Managementul schimbarii: ghid practic privind producerea
doctoral and postdoctoral research in Romanian economics science domainâ€
SOCIAL INNOVATION THEORY AND RESEARCH A Guide for Researchers TEPSIE deliverable no: 1. 4 Printed December 2014
social economy is funded, the pros and cons of different forms of funding and how the strategy
transformation (e g. to a low carbon economy or co -production of public services), thinking in terms of scaling a social innovation might be limiting.
social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation relevant actors and networks, technological
Civil society and the social economy as incubators Our hypothesis that civil society provides a
Social innovation and the social economy We propose that there is a strong connection between social economy organizations and social
innovation. Social economy organisations are a major component of the economy and therefore warrant attention.
For instance, the sector generates 7%of the national income in Denmark and employs up to 10%of the total workforce in Germany. 47
In other countries (as is the case in Greece) there is no data to be found on employment in the
social economy. Thus, we are still lacking more comprehensive and comparable data on the sector
The Third Sector Impact project that started early in 2014 will help to make this data available. 48
Nonetheless, the extent to which social economy organisations are in fact innovators depends on numerous variables, e g. the size of the social
economy and also on the welfare regime. Early evidence suggests that where social services are dominated by state procurement the sector seems
economy organisations and their teams are in close contact with communities where pressing social problems are evident.
in the terminology used by social economy, third sector or civil society organisations which acts as a
between social economy organizations and social innovation is a strong one, (b) there is a significant extent to which social economy
organisations are in fact innovators, and that c) this extent varies depending on numerous variables, such as the size of the social economy
the respective welfare regimes and also the social problem we look at 2. Examine existing methodologies for technological
This suggests that stakeholders need to be comfortable with a certain amount of uncertainty and need to be open to the possibility of
) and the sharing economy and sharing society. Our research identified three main types of effect
and sharing economy cases where much of the rest of the value chain is implemented using traditional
economy or to the co-production of public services thinking in terms of scaling a social innovation might be limiting.
social innovation, social needs, the social economy and its innovative potential, other environments of social innovation, relevant actors and networks
economics, size, age, field of activity, actors involved, etc. on which to base further research
Civil society and the social economy as incubators Our hypothesis that civil society provides a
particular, the connection between social economy organizations and social innovation requires more data for sound analyses.
social economy organizations are in fact innovators e g. the state of the social economy (size, age
heterogeneity, etc. the respective welfare regime effects of different entrepreneurial cultures as push-factors for social innovation.
The Cultures of the Economic crisis Oxford university Press: Oxford, UK 2. TEPSIE, †Doing Social Innovation:
The Case of the Economic crisis and the New Economy, TRANSIT working paper, TRANSIT: EU SSH. 2013.3.2-1 Grant agreement no:
613169. Available at: www. transitsocialinnovation. eu/content/original /TRANSIT%20outputs/91%20gamechangers tsi Avelino etal transit workingpaper 2014. pdf 30. Westley F. 2008.
social economies in Europe-a first step towards an understanding of social innovation. A deliverable of the project:
economic growth, both developed and developing coun -tries are interested very in ï nding ways to stimulate SMES
considered to be the engine of economic growth and employment. One of the primary means through which
vital for both developed and developing economies. Since innovativeness is among the most important means through which such
businesses contribute to economic growth, numerous research studies were conducted to determine which factors positively impact SME€ s innovative efforts.
This is an even more important issue for developing economies, where SMES are faced often with inadequate infrastructure.
Since there is a lack of studies on SME innovation in developing economies, often policy in such countries is based on
In this paper, we explore factors that drive innovation activities in SMES in a small emerging transition economy (Croatia), and
compare it with ï ndings from developed economies. In addition to factors used in most previous studies,
important in developed economies are important in developing economies as well. In addition to that, market scope was discovered to be
Institute of Economics, Trg J †450 ovativeness in an emerging conomy jiljana Bozë icâ
another region and another economy. For example Kaufmann and Todtling (2002) in their investigation of SMES in Upper Austria show that support measures that
from developed economies. As noted in Hadjimanolis 1999) ††The study of innovation, including the obstacles to
generalized to developing economies. For example, in the context of technology management, Cetindamar et al 2009) show the importance of questioning the appropri
developed economies. So an important issue for policy makers would be to ï nd out to
economy. In investigating these factors, we build upon the existing ï eld of research about innovation determinants
in developing economies which need to improve in order to compete and survive. As Hadjimanolis (1999) points out
as this is an important issue for a small economy. Since innovating with incremental innovations is different than
matter for an economy; a number of studies were conducted recently with the goal to discover which factors
we also expect to ï nd that for a transition economy the proportion of highly qualiï ed employees in SMES has
Croatian economy), where process innovation is of relatively low novelty. Being of low novelty, it does not
However, as few studies in developing economies were performed on this topic, it is known not to which
of SMES in developed economies are also conï rmed to be important in this study, such as having external links
developed economies about the positive impact that proportion of highly educated staff has on product
Unlikely developed economies (Keizer et al. 2002), we found that innovation subsides are linked not to innova
very important for a small open developing economy like Croatia, because it suggests that by encouraging
which corresponds to ï ndings from developed economies Hadjimanolis, 1999; Bertlett and Bukvicë, 2006. This
recognized as a problem in developed economies. Interest -ingly, we ï nd that ï rms that report facing obstacles are not
another developing economy All in all, our ï ndings show that there may be many similarities between developed and developing economies
In other words, if Croatian case is indicative of other developing countries, ï ndings from developed economies may travel across geographic and economic boundaries
better than could be expected. However, there may be some particularities that policy makers in developing countries should address.
economies) should be encouraging SMES to become exporters. First step would be to determine what possible obstacles to exporting there are and then
Small Business Economics 13 (3), 219†234 Davenport, S.,Bibby, D.,1999. Rethinking a national innovation system
Technology†Economics, 31 march 1988, The hague Forrest, J. E.,1990. Strategic alliances and the small technology-based
Market orientation in the transition economies of Central Europe: test of the Narver and Slater market orientation scales
The antecedents of SME innovativeness in an emerging transition economy Introduction Theoretical background and literature review
long-term economic growth and prosperity. Some of these arguments can be traced back to economists like Joseph A. Schumpeter (1883-1950) and Karl Marx (1818-1883.
Countries like India, South africa, and Brazil have joined in, increasingly recognising that the establishment of a
stakeholders, they are developed usually through an incremental process. This chapter presents the current status of the development of a reference architecture for the RWI as
6. Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece gstamoul@aueb. gr 7 Digital Enterprise Research Institute, Ireland
Due to the existence of multiple stakeholders with conflicting goals and policies modifications to the existing Internet are limited now to simple incremental updates
the economy of scale. Also operational costs can be reduced as a flat network has fewer integrated components,
at a business or organisational level, the knowledge sector of modern economies is increasingly focussed on value networks rather than on value chains.
-quire agreement among all stakeholders, they are developed usually in an in -cremental process. This paper presents the current status of our work on a refer
-quences, and by enabling novel low-impact economic activities, such as virtual indus -tries or digital assets.
any sort of economic activity (here networking in the areas of Internet-based and telecommunications-based communications for a variety of lower-level network/tele
-economics domain, has shown that the interest of such cross-disciplinary work and its relevance increases slowly.
mutually beneficial situation for all stakeholders in a Future Internet scenario, the â€oetri -plewin†investigations determine the key goal of Economic Traffic Management
-form with a variety of stakeholders involved, the key motivations of each of them and
-economic domain of Internet stakeholders. In turn, the chapter outlines a new meth -odology, with which tussles are analyzed.
1 Athens University of Economics and Business, Athens, Greece 2 AGH University of Science and Technology, Krakow, Poland
the overlay traffic in a way that is mutually beneficial for all stakeholders of the Future Internet. This"Triplewin"situation is the target of Economic Traffic
stakeholders (end users, service providers, and ISP) would benefit thereby and under which circumstances â€oetriplewin†arises.
2 Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece {kanakakis, alexkosto}@ aueb. gr 3 Aalto University, School of Electrical engineering, Finland
Stakeholders Incremental Implement Wider scenario Deployment Adoption Implement Network effect Network effect Testing Testing Testing
Then each step may involve different stakeholders, for example Bittorrent was ini -tially adopted by application developers (and their end-users) to transfer large files
particularly important because different stakeholders are involved †equipment ven -dors implement, whilst network operators deploy;
as only one stakeholder is involved viz the data centre operator Fig. 2. Potential MPTCP deployment scenario, in a data centre.
Both the devices and servers are under the control of one stakeholder so the end user †unconsciously†adopts MPTCP.
Several stakeholders may now be involved. For instance, it is necessary to think about the benefits and costs for OS vendors, end users, applications and
sender, is problematic as it requires several stakeholders to coordinate their deploy -ment 9. Since this is likely to be difficult,
Journal of Political Economics 94, 822†841 (1986 6. Joseph, D.,Shetty, N.,Chuang, J.,Stoica, I.:
1 Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece ckalog@aueb. gr, courcou@aueb. gr, gstamoul@aueb. gr
stakeholder cooperative behavior are no longer valid. Conflicts have emerged in situations where there are opposing interests. Previous work in the literature has
Accordingly, different stakeholders in the Internet space have developed a wide range of on-line business models to enable sustainable electronic
-petitive behavior of different stakeholders involved in building and using the Internet That is, a tussle is a process in
which each stakeholder has particular self-interests, but which are in conflict with the self-interests of other stakeholders.
Following these interests results in actions †and inter-actions between and among stakeholders. When
stakeholder interests conflict, inter-actions usually lead to contention. Reasons for tussles to arise are manifold.
Overlay traffic management and routing decisions be -tween autonomous systems 11 and mobile network convergence 10 constitute only
the future Internet is in the number of observed stakeholders in the current Internet and their interests.
-ers, tussle analysis becomes an important approach to assess the impact of stakeholder behavior This paper proposes a generic methodology for identifying
-sively, allowing for more stakeholders, tussles, etc. to be included in the analysis. It is out of the article†s scope to suggest where the borderline for the analysis should be
multidisciplinary team, composed of engineers, economists and social scientists would allow for suggesting candidate techniques and incorporating useful insights
1. Identify all primary stakeholders and their properties for the functionality under investigation 2. Identify tussles among identified stakeholders and their relationship
148 C. Kalogiros et al 3. For each tussle a. Assess the impact to each stakeholder
b. Identify potential ways to circumvent and resulting spill overs. For each new circumventing technique, apply the methodology again
all important stakeholders affected by a functionality related to a protocol, a service or an application instance.
The outcome of this step is a set of stakeholders and attrib -utes such as their population, social context (age, entity type, etc.
as well as the relative influence across stakeholders change over time The next step aims at identifying conflicts among the set of stakeholders and their re
-lationship. In performing the first part of this step the analyst could find particularly useful to check
from the perspective of each stakeholder. In the ideal scenario a tussle outcome will affect all stakeholders in a nonnegative way and no one will seek to deviate;
thus an equilibrium point has been reached. Usually this is a result of balanced control across stakeholders, which means that the protocols implementing this functionality follow
the Design for Choice design principle 5. Such protocols allow for conflict resolu -tion at run-time,
or all †stakeholders are satisfied not by the tussle outcome and have the incentive to take advantage of the functionality provided, or
-dence from which one can draw inferences about stakeholders and tussles. For all steps of this methodology except for 3a,
systems with multiple stakeholders, multiple quantitative and qualitative sources of evidence may be required to better understand the actual and potential tussles.
set of stakeholders is extended to include ASPS as well. The new tussle involves ISPS and ASPS (e g.
In the third iteration it will be assumed that the policy-maker (a new stakeholder decides to intervene, with the important advantage of proactively seeking the socially
lead to new tussles (spill over) that may involve new stakeholders as well. For example the Tussle I among Actor A and Actor B may trigger the Tussle II involving the same
stakeholders, or a Tussle III among Actor B and Actor C. This basic model is extended
-nomic tussles refer to conflicts between stakeholders, motivated from an expected reward gained (or cost avoided)
tussles refer to conflicts between stakeholders that do not share the same social inter -ests, or that have repercussions into broader society as a result of changes in the tech
set of stakeholders follow economic objectives and their actions affect the social in -terests of other stakeholders
3. 1 Tussle Patterns We have identified an initial set of four tussle patterns that include contention, repur
represent a conflict among two stakeholders, while a dotted rectangle shows the se -lected set of resources when at least one stakeholder has the ability to influence the
outcome. Based on the context, a reverse tussle pattern may also be present. The char -acteristics of each pattern can be seen in many current and future Internet scenarios
an individual stakeholder can be a resource consumer in one tussle, but a provider of a
Instances of this tussle pattern have their roots in economics and thus are resolved typically through the process of economic equilibrium or
Economic tussles refer to conflicts between stakeholders, motivated from an expected reward gained (or cost avoided)
can occur between collaborating stakeholders due to different policies or, in economic terms, different valuations of the outcome.
types, which economists identify as a â€oetragedy of the commonsâ€. Similar contention tussles can take place for other cloud resources as well, such as processing and stor
â€oeinformation asymmetry†in the economic theory literature. This imbalance of power can sometimes lead to â€oemarket failuresâ€,
The ETICS project (Economics and Technologies for Inter-Carrier Services) 8 studies a repurposing tussle arising
Due to economies of scale the thin-client paradigm, where most applications run on a remote server,
economy through white papers, workshops, FIA sessions, and research consultancy In this paper SESERV proposes a methodology for identifying
-fied, we believe it can capture the evolving relationships among stakeholders, and thus tussles, across time.
Economics, Technology and Modeling. Wiley, Chichester (2003 7. CRAMM: http://www. cramm. com (accessed December 1, 2010
-mal trust assumptions between the stakeholders in the system to guarantee the security properties advertised
have to take into account the various stakeholders such as ISPS, end-users, and governments, and tussles 6 between their goals.
-tween stakeholders to decide the stable configuration. The design should also ad -here to architectural constraints such as the end-to-end principle (E2e) 13 by
trust assumptions between stakeholders 2 Basic Concepts Data-or content-centric networking can be seen as the inversion of control between
assurance to the stakeholders and enable risk and cost management for the business stakeholders in particular.
The paper should be considered a call for contribution to any researcher in the related sub domains in
be operated and used by a virtual consortium of business stakeholders. While the creative space of services composition is unlimited in principle,
stakeholders with diï €erent trust levels are involved in a typical service com -position and a variety of potentially harmful content sources are leveraged to
an economy of scale and have shown already their commercial value fostered by key players in the ï eld.
stakeholders and devices †probably one of the most distinguishing characteris -tics of the FI
of view of all stakeholders. The security requirements of Future Internet applica -tions will diï €er considerably from those of traditional applications.
stakeholders, and may involve an array of physical devices such as smart cards phones, RFID sensors and so on that are connected perpetually and transmit
-tics of FI applications) imply that a multitude of stakeholders will be involved in a service composition and each one will have his own security requirements
spread of smart devices stakeholders would deploy to meet their requirements Sensor networks, RFID tags, smart appliances that communicate not only with
†The deï nition of techniques for the identiï cation of all stakeholders (includ -ing attackers), the elicitation of high-level security goals for all stakeholders
and the identiï cation and resolution of conï icts among diï €erent stakeholder security goals
†The reï nement of security goals into more detailed security requirements for speciï c services and devices
to a versatile set of services, devices and stakeholder concerns 3 Secure Service Architecture and Design
nonfunctional concerns that diï €erent stakeholder may have about it. However Engineering Secure Future Internet Services 183
On the other hand commodity public cloud services such as the Amazon EC2 are still growing even though they oï €er only limited base security and largely
clouds are built often using low-cost commodity hardware that fails (relatively often. This leads to frequent failures of machines that may also include a subset
TCG) uses secure hardware to allow a stakeholder to perform attestation, i e.,, to obtain proof of the executables
Economics of In -formation Security and Privacy, pp. 121†167. Springer, New york (2010 4. Bussard, L.,Neven, G.,Preiss, F. S.:
Economics of Information security, Advances in Information security, vol. 12, pp 129†142. Springer, New york (2004 10.
-tation with its national and international stakeholder groups requires community and cohesion building, information sharing,
The number of stakeholders who partici -pate in provisioning of network and services is growing.
stakeholders can help to provide incentives for cooperation Although the concepts of Routing Slices and multipath routing slices are
-thermore, the Internet underpins the whole global economy. The diversity and sheer number of applications and business models supported by the Internet have also
element of our economy, FI will play an even more vital role in every conceivable business process.
FI, bringing together large communities of stakeholders and expertise, requires a structured mechanism to avoid fragmentation of efforts
for the Future of the Internet Economy. OECD, Paris, France (2008 11. Chochliouros, I. P.,Spiliopoulou, A s.:
The global economy can be characterised under three main sectors. The primary sec -tor involves transforming natural resources into primary products
seen as an economic activity where generally no transfer of ownership is associated with the service itself and the benefits are associated with the buyers†willingness to
Internet which can support the service economy. Two overarching requirements influ -ence the scope and technical solutions created under the Internet of Services umbrella
-oriented economy would require that IT-based services can be traded flexibly as economic good, i e. under well defined and dependable conditions and with
economy has highlighted key challenges and opportunities in IT-supported service provisioning. With more companies incorporating cloud based IT services as part of
For a vivid IT service economy, better tools are necessary to support end-to-end SLA management for the complete service lifecy
needed according to the requirements of the involved value chain stakeholders in the respective Future Internet scenario.
sectors of the economy including the service sectors, and in social networks. Research on the Future Internet therefore includes the development, piloting and validation of
-quires sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders The fourth chapter â€oesmart Cities at the forefront of the Future Internet†presents an
Knowledge, Economics and Organization. In Mansell (ed.),The Information Society, Critical Concepts in Sociology, Routledge (2009
Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age. Report on behalf of the Global esustainability Initiative, Gesi (2008
partnerships and cooperation strategies among the main stakeholders Keywords: Smart Cities, Future Internet, Collaboration, Innovation Ecosys
modern (ICT) communication infrastructure fuel sustainable economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participa
Partnerships and clear cooperation strategies among main stakeholders are needed in order to share research and innovation resources such as experimental technology
and needs of cities and their stakeholders, including citizens and businesses, and which may bridge the gap between short-term city development
and large companies as well as stakeholders from different disciplines This paper is structured as follows. Section 2 addresses challenges for cities to ex
meet the challenges of cities within a global knowledge economy 7. However, the more recent interest in smart cities can be attributed to the strong concern for sustain
skills to promote the knowledge economy. Active labour market policy is a top prior -ity to sustain employment,
sustain the innovation economy and wealth of cities, maintain employment and fight against poverty through em
All city economic activities and utilities can be seen as inno -vation ecosystems in which citizens and organisations participate in the development
potential smart city applications in the fields of innovation economy, infrastructure and utilities, and governance
standards through the innovation economy, smart cities must instrument new ways to enhance local innovation ecosystems and the knowledge economy overall
3 Future Internet Experimentation and Living Labs Interfaces In exploring the role of Future Internet experimentation facilities in benefiting urban
Stakeholders FI Researchers (ICT industry & academia IT multidisciplinary researchers End-users enterprises (large & SMES
local stakeholders, such as the regional institution for air measurement quality (Atmo PACA), the local research institute providing the Iot-based green service portal and
-tems based on sustainable partnerships among the main stakeholders from business research, policy and citizen groups
economy forward in the coming years. However, most of the current city and urban developments are based on vertical ICT solutions leading to an unsus
of †smartness†were identified (economy, people, governance, mobility, environment and living As the upsurge of information and communication technologies (ICT) has become
the nervous system of all modern economies, making cities smarter is usually achieved through the use of ICT intensive solutions.
-able economy Once major challenges of unified urban-scale ICT platforms are identified, it is clear
among the main European stakeholders in order to develop cross-domain Next Gen -eration (NG) Iot platforms suitable to different usage areas and open business models
Thus, the platform will be attractive for all involved stakeholders: industries, commu -nities of users, other entities that are willing to use the experimental facility for de
cardinality of the different stakeholders involved in the smart city business is so big that many nontechnical constraints must be considered (users, public administrations
Activity consumption is a significant component of the U s. economy, with approximately $25. 1 billion spent on video games, consoles,
Marketing and Economics, 2008, Vol. 6, Issue 2, pp. 109-137 14. Hirschman, E. C. and M. B. Holbrook (1982), â€oehedonic Consumption:
Demand, †Quarterly Journal of Economics, 64 (May), pp. 183-207 24. Luo. L, Ratchford, B,
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