economy that includes crypto digital curencies like Freecoin and many sharing economy platforms such as  Peerbyâ and Goteo creating new forms of crowdfunding methods, exchanges and new economic models
driven by innovation are uncertain and open ended within an economy never in equilibrium, and cannot be
driven by innovation are uncertain and open ended within an economy never in equilibrium, and cannot be
and new participative models for the economy, society and self-governance models A primary example of Digital Social Innovation is the Web itself.
report-such as the sharing economy as local exchange trading systems, time banks and digital currencies
We are undergoing a big transformation that will involve society and the economy, driven by the fast evolu
and the social domains they were affecting, such as health, economy, energy governance, education, and public services.
-ioural and political changes that empower communities and transition to a low carbon economy. The se
-ther ideas and innovations (like the move to a low carbon economy or the creation of a more participatory
Finance and economy 76 Science& Technology 60 Table 3: Domains of Activity The case studies identified to date can roughly be grouped within six broad domains.
1. Sharing Economy Access to open digital infrastructures and technology that enables collective action, mobilisation and
Some of these have encouraged deliberately a changed awareness of how economies work †for example valorising labour time equally,
is the backbone of the sharing economy, since it shifts the attention away from consumption and resource
and sharing economy platforms likeâ Peerbyâ are creating new forms of relationships and services. Inspired by the open-source movement, individuals, self-organising groups, and communities
Sharing economy Awareness networks Open Access 28 Who are involved the organisations in supporting or delivering DSI
The benefits come to the local economy when com -panies try and test their services with citizens in a real life environment
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the Web 2. 0 economy and the emerging Internet of
or entrepreneurs starting sharing economy initiatives, and activists starting mass mobilisation initiatives and social movements for democracy and social justice.
(iii) The sharing economy;(iv) Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and life -styles;( (v) Open access and information Commons),
-tion and concerned with democracy, politics & representation, economy education, environment & sustainability, anti-discrimination, equality &
the world looking at open data as a kick start for their economies Citysdk aims to provide better and easier ways for the cities throughout
economies rely on a vibrant and ever expanding public domain. The role of the public domain, whilst crucial in the past, is even more important
-isation of our economies and societies is seriously damaging biological ecosystems and human living conditions in the very short term, with po
-ment for redefining the economy To achieve its goals Fairphone is created as an open platform using
New economies do not grow overnight. It takes a lot of effort and a long term vision What helps to reach goals and
Better economy: Openness permits easier and more rapid reuse of material and open data and content are the key raw ingredients for the
The network is built on the belief that an economy based on sharing, collaboration and openness can solve many of the complex
History and mission The overarching aim of Ouishare is to shift the focus of the economy
collaborative economy and were trying to make it a reality. They began to organise meetups every month in Paris to continue their discussions
about the collaborative economy in person. It was then that initiator Antonin Leonard felt he was on to †something biggerâ€:
the shift to a collaborative economy by growing a strong, international network of people and projects.
-cies and gift economies Crowdsourced and open knowledge is opening up institutions such as governments, science, education and culture,
economy it also recognises this presents a number of challenges for the movement. Firstly, there is little knowledge about the potential impact
will bring to society and the economy. Furthermore, few projects are actually collaborating; few know about each other,
Secondly, collaborative economy needs better exposure and education which Ouishare believes could fasten the adoption of new user practic
Sharing economy, Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open Knowledge, Open Data DSI activities: A network, A research project, Operating a web service
information on the P2p economy. The foundation also facilitates a Ning community (Ning is an online platform for people and organisations
economy. To data it has organised two annual physical meet-ups in Bel -gium and the UK,
Neighbourhood regeneration, Sharing economy Technology Trends: Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: Operating a web service
sharing economy and Product Service System The fast development of this market is due to a combination of the fol
and the sharing economy. Thanks to the social web, people can now share anything with anyone in the world.
economy that includes crypto digital curencies like Freecoin and many sharing economy platforms such as  Peerbyâ and Goteo creating new forms of crowdfunding methods, exchanges and new economic models
driven by innovation are uncertain and open ended within an economy never in equilibrium, and cannot be
driven by innovation are uncertain and open ended within an economy never in equilibrium, and cannot be
and new participative models for the economy, society and self-governance models A primary example of Digital Social Innovation is the Web itself.
report-such as the sharing economy as local exchange trading systems, time banks and digital currencies
We are undergoing a big transformation that will involve society and the economy, driven by the fast evolu
and the social domains they were affecting, such as health, economy, energy governance, education, and public services.
-ioural and political changes that empower communities and transition to a low carbon economy. The se
-ther ideas and innovations (like the move to a low carbon economy or the creation of a more participatory
Finance and economy 76 Science& Technology 60 Table 3: Domains of Activity The case studies identified to date can roughly be grouped within six broad domains.
1. Sharing Economy Access to open digital infrastructures and technology that enables collective action, mobilisation and
Some of these have encouraged deliberately a changed awareness of how economies work †for example valorising labour time equally,
is the backbone of the sharing economy, since it shifts the attention away from consumption and resource
and sharing economy platforms likeâ Peerbyâ are creating new forms of relationships and services. Inspired by the open-source movement, individuals, self-organising groups, and communities
Sharing economy Awareness networks Open Access 28 Who are involved the organisations in supporting or delivering DSI
The benefits come to the local economy when com -panies try and test their services with citizens in a real life environment
Many of the inventions that now form the basis of the Web 2. 0 economy and the emerging Internet of
or entrepreneurs starting sharing economy initiatives, and activists starting mass mobilisation initiatives and social movements for democracy and social justice.
(iii) The sharing economy;(iv) Awareness networks enabling sustainable behaviours and life -styles;( (v) Open access and information Commons),
-tion and concerned with democracy, politics & representation, economy education, environment & sustainability, anti-discrimination, equality &
the world looking at open data as a kick start for their economies Citysdk aims to provide better and easier ways for the cities throughout
economies rely on a vibrant and ever expanding public domain. The role of the public domain, whilst crucial in the past, is even more important
-isation of our economies and societies is seriously damaging biological ecosystems and human living conditions in the very short term, with po
-ment for redefining the economy To achieve its goals Fairphone is created as an open platform using
New economies do not grow overnight. It takes a lot of effort and a long term vision What helps to reach goals and
Better economy: Openness permits easier and more rapid reuse of material and open data and content are the key raw ingredients for the
The network is built on the belief that an economy based on sharing, collaboration and openness can solve many of the complex
History and mission The overarching aim of Ouishare is to shift the focus of the economy
collaborative economy and were trying to make it a reality. They began to organise meetups every month in Paris to continue their discussions
about the collaborative economy in person. It was then that initiator Antonin Leonard felt he was on to †something biggerâ€:
the shift to a collaborative economy by growing a strong, international network of people and projects.
-cies and gift economies Crowdsourced and open knowledge is opening up institutions such as governments, science, education and culture,
economy it also recognises this presents a number of challenges for the movement. Firstly, there is little knowledge about the potential impact
will bring to society and the economy. Furthermore, few projects are actually collaborating; few know about each other,
Secondly, collaborative economy needs better exposure and education which Ouishare believes could fasten the adoption of new user practic
Sharing economy, Participation and democracy Technology Trends: Open Knowledge, Open Data DSI activities: A network, A research project, Operating a web service
information on the P2p economy. The foundation also facilitates a Ning community (Ning is an online platform for people and organisations
economy. To data it has organised two annual physical meet-ups in Bel -gium and the UK,
Neighbourhood regeneration, Sharing economy Technology Trends: Open Data, Open Knowledge DSI activities: Operating a web service
sharing economy and Product Service System The fast development of this market is due to a combination of the fol
and the sharing economy. Thanks to the social web, people can now share anything with anyone in the world.
societies and economies with essential energy resources The need to renew Europe†s electricity networks, meet
economy in the world In this highly regulated sector, efficient knowledge sharing and the pooling of
green economy work in Europe and worldwide Visit www. eco-innovation. eu for further information
¢economy environment society politics Figure 2: Why eco-innovation 1 EIO 2010: Eco-innovation Observatory Annual Report 2010.
Consider renewable and secondary resources (circular economy) †¢Reduce cost by improving efficiency of extraction â€
-tion for Sustainable Economies in Hungary disseminates case study books to help SMES invest in environmental measures that generate
Towards the circular economy Economic and business rationale for an accelerated tradition 7 WEF 2012:
The •Guide Towards The Circular Economy of the Ellen Macarthur Foundation offers interesting guidance on how businesses can benefit
from adopting new practices based on the circular economy philosophy www. thecirculareconomy. org Several in depth case studies also provide insights on how companies
¢www. defra. gov. uk/environment/economy/products-consumers /green-claims-labels /Learning Resources Eco-innovate products and services
R&d, economy and society www. eco-innovera. eu Ecopol is a transnational public partnership that
other emerging economies, allows the extrapolation of the results at an international level, in view of
relationship between diffusion, learning economies and subsidiesâ€, at http://www. merit. unu. edu 15 Cojanu Valentin (Coord.
the economy and on cross-border activity. They will examine the effectiveness of self-regulatory and legislative frameworks put in place to address those practices at
the growth and competitiveness of the EU economy •Increasing public and private spending on Research and development (R&d
contributed significantly to the European economy in general and the success of the European Single Digital Market in
schemes is necessary to achieve the required economies of scale 6. 2 Ecommerce Europe†s additional proposals
With the digitisation of the economy and the gathering of data, a number of online-specific
the Economist Intelligence Unit sponsored by Microsoft  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 1 Reaping the benefits of ICT
Europe†s productivity challenge Acknowledgements 3 Executive Summary 4 Introduction 7 Part I The economic impact of ICT 8
2 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 3 Reaping the benefits of ICT
Europe†s productivity challenge Reaping the benefits of ICT: Europe's productivity challenge is an Economist Intelligence Unit white
paper, sponsored by Microsoft The Economist Intelligence Unit bears sole editorial responsibility for the content of the report.
The findings and views expressed in this white paper do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsor
Economist Intelligence Unit produced the cross -section model that underpins some of the key findings
4  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
â First, the Economist Intelligence Unit conducted empirical research to investigate the strength of ICT€ s impact on economic growth, based on a
also makes extensive use of the Economist Intelligence Unit†s international business environment rankings â Second, we conducted a survey of 100 senior
developed economies. The Economist Intelligence Unit†s cross-section analysis of 60 countries confirms the general view that ICT is linked strongly to
economic growth in developed countries. At the same time, the impact of ICT is weak in emerging markets
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 5 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
European economies is mixed, with The netherlands and Austria performing well in some areas, while the south European countries fare worst
6  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 7 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
part of policymakers and economists that the EU as a whole was falling behind the United states in key
conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit. It includes the results of a cross-section examination of
from the Economist Intelligence Unit†s survey of 100 senior business executives, as well as interviews with a
8  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
The role of technology in the economy is now a subject of government policy across the globe, and
*Most economists believe this productivity surge can be traced in part to the benefits of ICT
economy, leading to a permanent improvement in its growth prospects. The fact that productivity growth
Some economists believe the traditional growth-accounting studies that paint ICT in such a positive light are flawed.
A new empirical study conducted by the Economist Intelligence Unit takes a different approach to the
such as the Economist Intelligence Unit†s business environment rankings, it is possible to draw a number
significant positive impact on a country†s economy Once countries reach the threshold (indicated by a
score highest in the Economist Intelligence Unit†s index of ICT enablers (see p. 11, and Appendix A
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 9 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
10  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
economies such as Europe and the US, the cross -section model suggests ICT is the main factor behind
The Economist Intelligence Unit†s forecasts of GDP growth indicate that Europe is unlikely to close this gap
The Economist Intelligence Unit†s research confirms that most European countries lag significantly behind the US in key measures of ICT investment, use and
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 11 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
several economists believe the UK is on the cusp of an acceleration in productivity growth on the strength of
12  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
Three ways ICT can boost the economy 1. ICT investment. Investing in ICT goods and services
Economists believe ICT capital investment has made a sizeable contribution to GDP growth in many developed countries in the past
2000, many economists see ICT investment growth in both the US and Europe remaining buoyant in the medium
One notable sceptic is Robert Gordon, an economist who argues that the 1990s boom owed much to transitory
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 13 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
Despite this, few economists or policymakers believe governments should intervene to create or boost an ICT-producing sector artificially.
Pilat, an economist at the OECD, argues that only a few firms can compete in this area5.
throughout the rest of the economy in the ICT-using sectors. This requires greater improvements in workplace
Economists studying TFP growth in Europe†s ICT-using industries have seen little (if any) sign of an acceleration
Many economists conclude that this is because of the time-lag between the point where countries invest heavily
14  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
largest and richest economies inevitably lead the way in harnessing ICT. Germany, for example†long the
The Economist Intelligence Unit†s forecasts suggest that, on current trend, most European countries show no sign of closing the gap in
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 15 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
by the US economy The rewards of ICT depend on a complex interaction between technology and a range of other
of these factors are most important, the Economist Intelligence Unit conducted a survey of 100 senior
16  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 17 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
18  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
confirm a strong link in developed economies between the quality of the business environment and the
Strong competition in the economy as a whole encourages other companies to use technology to innovate with their products, services, work processes
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 19 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
Bart van Ark, an economist from the University of Grã ningen, believes restrictive product markets
Many economists argue that Europe†s labour market regulations are too restrictive and that they deter companies from reorganising the workplace
Policymakers and economists diverge, however, on the link between labour regulations and productivity growth, and on the desirability of policy initiatives to
20  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 21 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
22  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 23 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
at all levels of the economy. Creating that environment†and ultimately delivering increased productivity growth†requires coordinated action on
economy in Europe) and other initiatives signify a desire in the EU to remove the barriers to innovation
which most economists believe is too restrictive in most of Europe. Despite this, many policymakers (as well as executives judging from our
24  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 25 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
of its sheer weight in the economy, this type of government procurement can help to aggregate
26  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 27 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
The Economist Intelligence Unit conducted a cross -section empirical analysis of 60 countries covering the
â The Economist Intelligence Unit†s approach also has advantages over existing cross-section studies, in that most of these have focused on ICT
The Economist Intelligence Unit†s model is well -behaved in that in the full 60-country sample all the
28 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix A: Empirical analysis: background and explanation Reaping the benefits of ICT
measure of the openness of economies, a measure of real exchange-rate variability and our composite index
Economist Intelligence Unit 1 0. 5 0 -0. 5 -1 O 5 10 This chart relates ICT development to growth in GDP per head, after non-ICT growth determinants
of ICT in the economy and the experience derived from earlier ICT development mean that the
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 29 Appendix A: Empirical analysis: background and explanation Reaping the benefits of ICT
open economy according to the following four criteria:(1) average tariff rates below 40%;(%2) average quota and licensing coverage of imports of
BUSENV€ an index constructed by the Economist Intelligence Unit of the business environment (on a 1-10 scale) based on indicators grouped in
30 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix A: Empirical analysis: background and explanation Reaping the benefits of ICT
zone economies had in terms of lower initial GDP per head (the catch up potential) and higher investment
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 31 Appendix A: Empirical analysis: background and explanation Reaping the benefits of ICT
slower-growing, major euro zone economies is again attributable to ICT. Although the forecast EU average
economies'performance †with some countries accelerating their growth, which in part is related to ICT developments
32 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix A: Empirical analysis: background and explanation Reaping the benefits of ICT
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 33 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
New Economy? â€, Fondazione Rodolfo Debenedetti, mimeo Basu, Susanto, John Fernald, Nicholas Oulton and Sylaja Srinivasan
Economy: How New? How Resilient Van Ark, Bart and Mary O†Mahony, editors, 2003, â€oeeu Productivity
Economy: Implications for Economic and Social policies and Business Strategyâ€, Research Memorandum GD-66, Groningen Groningen Growth and Development Centre
34  The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge
which is by the Economist Intelligence Unit and sponsored by Microsoft, seeks to answer these crucial questions
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 35 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
36 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 37 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
38 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 39 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
40 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 41 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
42 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
 The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 43 Appendix C: Survey results Reaping the benefits of ICT
44 Â The Economist Intelligence Unit 2004 Whilst every effort has been taken to verify the accuracy of this information, neither The Economist
Intelligence Unit Ltd. nor the sponsors of this report can accept any responsibility or liability for reliance by
economy, governance and power, and society. RAND Europe†s assessment of likely global societal trends
computing on the EU information society and economy,"JRC Scientific and Technical Report EUR Vol. 24063,2009
Unemployment of skilled and unskilled labor in an open economy International trade, migration, and outsourcing.
Economy and Development at Brookings, WASHINGTON DC, 2011 Carling, J.,â€oemigration in the age of involuntary immobility:
Economy, society, and culture Vol. 1). Wiley. com Castles, S.,"Key issues in global migration:
Economist,"Special report: For Richer, for Poorer,"Vol. October 2012,2012 41 Economist, â€oeteaching and technology E-ducation:
A long-overdue technological revolution is at last under wayâ€, Jun 29th 2013 EEA (2011. The European environment †state and outlook 2010:
Reshaping Workforce Policies for a Changing Economy WASHINGTON DC: Urban Institute Press Gál, Z. 2010. â€oefuture Bangalores?
Ifinedo, Princely,"Factors influencing e-government maturity in transition economies and developing countries: a longitudinal perspective,"ACM SIGMIS Database, Vol. 42, No. 4, 2012, pp. 98-116
ILO and IILS, World of Work Report 2012'Better Jobs for a Better Economy',International Labour
Advanced and Emerging Economies (Washington), 2010a International organization for Migration (IOM),"World Migration Report 2011: Communicating
economy. †Labour Economics 17 (2: 303†316, April 2010 Kalleberg, A. 2006. The Mismatched Worker.
economies, Mckinsey Global Institute, 2012 Marin, D. 2010. â€oethe Opening Up of Eastern europe at 20-Jobs, Skills and †Reverse Maquiladoras†in
An Informal Economy Perspective, 2009. As of 21 august 2014 http://www. newasiabooks. org/publication/challenge-employment-india-informal-economy
-perspective-v-1-main-report-v-2-annexuresnational Education Association,"Access, adequacy and equity in education technology:
Inequality in Emerging Economies (EES),"in OECD, ed.,Divided we stand Why inequality keeps rising, 2011b
††â€, Internet Economy Outlook, Geneva: OECD, 2012f ††â€, Looking to 2060:
††â€,"Economy: migration starting to rebound, says OECD,"27 june 2012i. As of 09 july 2013
European Economy Economic Paper 417,2010. As of 08/03/2013 http://ec. europa. eu/economy finance/publications/economic paper/2010/pdf/ecp417 en. pdf
Industry Level Analysisâ€, Paper presented at the European Association of Labour Economists 2009 Annual Conference, Talinn.
/UNCTAD, Information Economy Reprt, United nations Conference fortrade and Development, 2012 UNESCO, Global Literacy Rates and Population Numbers for Adults And Youth, 2010, UIS Fact Sheet
of the Internet Economy,"2009 Van Reenen, J.,â€oewage Inequality, Technology and Trade: 21st Century Evidenceâ€, London School of
††â€,"World bank list of economies (July 2012),"World bank website, 2012. As of 08/03/2013
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