as diverse as fair trade, distance learning, hospices, urban farming, waste reduction and restorative justice Nevertheless, definitions have their place.
shopper, a driver, a nurse, a gardener, a teacher or student †entailing so much of what makes us human.
and rapid learning that are accompanying the birth of this new economy. But we can be certain that its emergence will encourage ever more interest in how
and should evolve through shared learning. Social innovations often struggle against the odds †all of our chances of success will
classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut teenage pregnancy.
to share is more effective for education than giving them one each. Any new technology becomes a prompt.
range of visualisation techniques †such as mapping as a tool for learning about sexual health and reproduction,
Feedback loops are a necessary precondition for learning reviewing and improving. This could include front line service research
-loop manufacturing, zero-carbon housing or lifelong learning. The most fertile paradigms generate many hypotheses, and from these come new
in areas like recycling, personalised learning in schools and self-managed healthcare, and are likely to be critical to future productivity gains in
7. Hattie, J. 2008) †Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to
Deming, E w. 2000) †The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education. †2nd ed Cambridge, MA:
University of Chicago Press 11. Nooteboom, B. 2000) †Learning and Innovation in Organisations and Economies. †Oxford
Oxford university Press 12. Laderman Ukeles, M. 2001) On Maintenance and Sanitation Art. In Finkelpearl, T. Ed
prison day and the role of the prison officer around an intensive learning programme. 1
A Learning Prison. The prison is divided up into houses (the image above is a cross section) with cells on the top three floors, a communal space on
and a learning centre in the basement. Image courtesy of Hilary Cottam, Buschow Henley, Do Tank Ltd
holistic and child-centred approach to early years†education which acts as an inspiration to early years†educators all over the world.
Reggio Children is mixed a private-public company which coordinates tours and visits to early years†centres in the area
Appraisal (PRA) or Participatory Learning and Action (PLA. Robert Barcamp Vancouver, 2009. Participants decide on the programme and run
between research done in universities and practitioners in government and elsewhere. The best think tanks can act as catalysts, combining
2002) †Learning Works: The 21st Century Prison. †London: Do Tank Ltd 2. See Boal, A. 1979) †Theatre of the Oppressed. †London:
Harvard Business school Press; and Chesbrough, H.,Vanhaverbeke, W. and West, J. Eds)( 2006) †Open Innovation
that faster implementation would speed up learning. This idea has now 3 spread into service prototyping and the social field †and organisations
The combination of social learning and technological advancement that open testing demonstrates has many applications in encouraging sustainable and systemic innovation that is
Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of
providers to buy research in universities; or to club together to commission incubators (being tested by the ESRC
Under the programme, recent graduates and young professionals spend two years working on various projects, building
of students, young professionals, and residents. Felipe Berrã os, who launched the initiative, believed that this was the best arrangement â€
In education, there has been a parallel development of cooperative foundation schools. Fifteen cooperative trusts covering 25 schools have already been established
adapting, listening, and learning. Management is not only about the 4 70 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
A training session for the women who will sell the yoghurt. Image courtesy of Danone Communities
aid to training and formation or, as in the case of SEKEM, they can keep
training and shared orientation of those engaged in the venture plays a critical role in providing cohesion to social ventures.
the National school of Government (NSG) and the Improvement and Development Agency for local government (IDEA), CELAP in China, or
treatment or sex education As demand and supply come together, the options include the development of brands, licensing,
replication (the approach to early years†education in Reggio Emilia for example), and need to think best about how they can respond to the
A Pratham classroom. Pratham provides primary education to some of India†s most deprived children. Images courtesy of the Pratham team
5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 85 157) Distributed diffusion through provision as a social movement Pratham in India is a good example of a simple model that has spread
Mumbai, providing early years†education to children in slums. It uses a simple model (very low cost, with no assets) and has spread by
promoted fast learning 165) Endorsement by regulators for example, the impact of NICE in increasing the pressure on healthcare commissioners to take up
through a series of events and learning visits 168) Global diffusion and encouragement, for example through GBUPA
behaviour and education support teams; child and adolescent mental health services; or youth offending teams 182) †Share in savings†contracts,
and training programmes. One example 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 93 Organic farming students at Everdale.
Everdale is an organic farm and environmental learning centre. Its purpose is to teach sustainable living
practices, and operate a model organic farm. Image courtesy of Everdale 5 94 THE OPEN BOOK OF SOCIAL INNOVATION
packages and adaptation and learning processes are required for the generative diffusion of innovation. The NHS †Adapt and Adoptâ€
In March 2007, The University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership and The Climate Project designed
and organised a training programme at which former US Vice president Al gore worked with 200 of the UK€ s top leaders from business, government, media, education
and civil society. The programme brought together leaders who were committed to communicating and taking action on climate change across
It is currently working on training †embedded intermediaries†that will act as a permanent means of brokerage across
acting as educators, rather than protecting their knowledge through intellectual property and charging for access
More than 460 Barefoot Solar Engineers trained by the Barefoot College of Tilonia, Rajasthan, India have electrified solar homes in rural communities
Image courtesy of Barefoot College 5 SCALING AND DIFFUSION 99 201) Growth through collaboration. Collaborations are used often to
effectiveness, expertise, knowledge transfer, and learning. Collaboration can help institutions work better and grow †both in terms of size
Practice Guide†made up of Quality Standards and Learning Resources Members of the Network are supported also with branding, web and
215) Value-added measures in education assess how much individual schools †add†to the quality of pupils they take in †some schools might achieve
very good exam results simply because of the quality of their intake 216) Social impact assessment methods have been in use since the 1960s
approaches (led by Professor Paul Dolan) which compare public policy and social actions by estimating the extra income people would need to
example of this is school inspections †inspectors assess and then share good practice. Comparative metrics are used increasingly by
229) Assessment as learning, including peer reviews and real time evaluation methods to promote cross-pollination such as NESTA€ s
Education: Civil Society Cooperation between Sweden and Estonia. †Stockholm: Stockholm University. Chapter 5; see also Strang, D. and Soule, S. A. 1998) Diffusion in Organizations
and Social Movements: From Hybrid Corn to Poison pills. †Annual Review of Sociology. †24
†Vanguard Education. †Chapter 5. Seddon discusses the principles of operational metrics based on flow
the spread of comprehensive early years†education programmes in Europe dramatic expansions of higher education, and the spread of democracy
A good example is the transformation of how household waste is handled †from landfill and incineration as a predominant approach to greater use
realised) to achieve fundamental change in healthcare and education The very complexity of systemic innovation makes it hard to define specific
•Training a group of professionals and practitioners with both new skills 6 SYSTEMIC CHANGE 109
links with top universities such as Imperial and UCL, as well as with big firms like Glaxosmithkline and Pfizer.
personal finance to new models of university. The key is that in every example systemic change involves the interaction of ideas, movements, models, and
education (online learning), and social care 231) Changing the †scripts†around services. The script of a service or
is holistic early years†education provision. These programmes rethink human potential by dealing upstream with the
public investment in early years†education as well as effective models for delivery 234) New models of the support economy.
•Secondary school •Age first pregnancy ULTIMES MEASURES •Income rates •Accumulated assets Nike Foundation-Strategic Framework
or education), tools of this kind are becoming ever more important Infrastructures and interstructures to support new
248) Innovation academies embodying new principles for training, action research, and formation. Examples include the College of Health, and
Forum for the Future. Mondragon University and Centro Popular de Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further, giving students the
experience of working in small social enterprises. These could play a critical role in training up a future cadre of social innovators
249) Mutual help and mentoring by users. The tradition of voluntary coaching (in sports clubs,
or the arts, for example) is being extended to education, to care of the elderly, and to those with chronic health
conditions. The Expert Patients Programme (NHS/EPP) is an example of this trend, where citizens with particular medical conditions provide
advice and training sessions to others with similar conditions. Systems of mutual support have been developed particularly well among people
digital learning environments such as colleges in second life 255) Comprehensive pilots, such as the Bastoey Island prison in Norway
258) New rights such as rights to care, rights to schooling or rights to vote These are usually the result of a long period of campaigning, and lead
series of learning events 272) Organising formal coalitions for change with explicit goals, and broadly agreed roles for different sectors †for example to create a
UK€ s biggest single source of carbon dioxide-for ten days of learning and sustainable living,
King†s College. Available at http://www. kcl. ac. uk/depsta/law/research/icps/downloads/justice-reinvestment-2007. pdf
promote and disseminate learning and best practice. These are sometimes strongly promoted by funders †for example, the European Commission†s
University†s Saã d Business school 279) Social entrepreneurs in residence are entrepreneurs who are brought in to develop the innovative capacities of an organisation
support, higher education, innovation, and science. Another example is the Office of Social Innovation (OSI), based in the White house, which
allow fast learning across a community of innovators and establish clear pathways for scaling up the most promising models
Mars in Toronto links a university, a hospital, research labs and a business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund
and postdoctoral students, with a target of 4, 000 researchers on-site by 2015, and another 6, 000 scientists in related fields such as clean
295) Innovation universities and research departments, such as Finland†s new Aalto University, launched in 2010 as a result of the
merger of the Technical University, the Business school, and the School CONNECTING PEOPLE, IDEAS AND RESOURCES 135
of Arts and Design. They can become centres of expertise and training for civil servants, social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers
and others 296) Innovation learning labs. There are now a range of innovation learning labs within universities.
Examples include the Innovation and Action Lab based in Brussels (developed by i-propeller), The London
School of economics (LSE), Harvard Business school, IESE Business School in Barcelona and Madrid, SITE at the Stockholm School of
Economics, and the Catholic University of Leuven. There is also the Poverty Action Lab at MIT which tests out alternative interventions
to reduce poverty in the developing world. These face the challenge involved in any kind of social policy †how many pilots in how many
up separate initiatives, promoting learning and collaboration across This is the winning team from 2009†s Social Innovation Camp.
learning in action ††learning while doingâ€. They have proved an effective tool for practitioners in local government in the UK, where the IDEA€ s
in fields as diverse as education, adult social care, and community engagement. At the European level, The Community of Practice on
305) Action learning sets are groups of between four and seven people who come together on a regular basis to reflect on their work, support
Entrepreneurs, where students are divided into action learning sets for the duration of the one year course
educational materials related to lab experiments as widely as possible to support distance learning and distributed innovation 313) Peer-to-peer platforms are distributed
and do not require central co-ordination. Users make their resources (time, disk-storage etc
Harvard Business school Press 5. For an excellent paper on the role of networks, the benefits they bring
Business school Press. He puts forward an evolutionary model of growth, parallel to that of Darwin, in which the market is the primary mechanism of selection.
adult education, and so on. But this trend has had its own problems If the state is to fully realise its potential as a critical force for the kind of
318) Formation and training to integrate innovation into personal development, training, and culture. Some need to become specialists in
spotting, developing and growing ideas. Others, particularly gatekeepers need to know how to recognise the conditions for innovation.
critical for learning, reviewing and improving. This can include online platforms to ensure rapid transmission of information.
321) Learning cultures. The biggest barrier to innovation is the lack of a culture of learning that rewards public agencies and public servants
for learning from their own mistakes, learning from other sectors, and learning from other places.
One feature of the most innovative public agencies is that they are comfortable adopting ideas from diverse and
and the $700 million US education innovation fund. In the UK, the NHS has established a £220 million
This playground at the Nunsmoor Centre in the West end of Newcastle is sure to be one the kids will love,
such as those for higher education, elder care and environmental investment 380) Charitable status extended to allow tax allowances on
environmental management, education, public health and e-governance 1 SUPPORT IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR 163 and acted as a catalyst for continued innovation in dealing with some of
Graduate school, University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the
Innovations in American Government Awards South africa set up the Centre for Public service Innovation (CPSI) in 2002 and now runs regular awards.
in the public sector include initiatives making it easier for teachers or lecturers to take sabbaticals (as in Canada),
or freeing up time for public sector workers to volunteer for socially innovative projects 394) Secondments of public sector employees into †skunk worksâ€, innovation
2003 in the UK to allow schools, colleges, local authorities and trusts to ask the Minister to suspend
pupil representation (one third), and the provision of free school meals However, the model could be applied in other contexts
398) Accreditation, search and recruitment of public innovators by commercial headhunters or government agencies. For example, with
the public sector (for example in health education and care), to bring in new perspectives as well as energies. Parents volunteering in schools are a
West Philly Hybrid X Team, a group of students from West Philadelphia High School†s Academy of Automotive and Mechanical engineering with their
This technique is employed by Do Something, College Summit, and Teach for America 411) Grants as investment including tapered grant funding, public equity
high schools across America; and the Prosperity Initiative; which creates sectoral partnerships to stimulate industries that create income and
group of students set up their own visual arts studio. The students work Processing bamboo as part of Prosperity Initiative†s plan to transform
the bamboo sector in Northwest Vietnam. In two years the project has enabled 22,000 people to move out of poverty.
The students are responsible for running the studio and raising funds. In this way, it combines creative freedom, business
practice, and collaborative learning. The idea has spread and there are now Room 13 studios in Mexico, Nepal, Austria, South africa, USA
Training and formation Some studies have highlighted the need for skills and formation within the grant economy and identified a lack of training and experience as one of the
main barriers to the sector†s success. Leaders of nonprofit organisations charities, associations and foundations have to contend with the challenges
and the NCVO provide a range of training programmes for nonprofit organisation managers in order to develop capacity within the sector
There are also small-scale training providers such as Islington and Camden Training Network †which provide tailored, hands on support to
voluntary and community groups in their local areas 431) Personal assessment tools to understand capacities for leadership
in a learning session at the Roffey Park Leadership Retreat. Each Upriser presents on an issue affecting their local community
432) Training for social entrepreneurs, such as Echoing Green in the US the School for Social Entrepreneurs in the UK,
also †training and formation†in the market economy, methods 483-487 Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship,
and there is a thriving market in specialist courses 433) Training for future leaders. One example is the Clore Social
Leadership Programme which helps to develop future third sector leaders in the UK. Another example in the UK is Uprising, a new
School, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www. sbs. ox. ac. uk/centres/skoll/research
†such as health education and care. Social provision has also been opened up to business in many countries.
Academy Schools in the UK and Charter schools in the US 452) Partnerships between social enterprises and corporations with
sectors, including the environment, education, and healthcare 460) Microcredit for microproduction. Grameen, BRAC and ASA in
Training and formation There is growing interest and investment in the development of financial resources for social enterprise.
the University of Mondragã n in Spain; the Sekem Academy in Egypt for the research and study of agriculture, pharmaceuticals and medicine
and the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo and Colorno in Northern Italy, which has grown out
485) Leadership training for nonprofit organisation managers One example is On purpose, a two-year leadership programme that
per week of world-class training, delivered by prestigious graduate employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others
486) Lessons in social entrepreneurship such as the programmes offered by INSEAD and the Skoll Centre for Social Entrepreneurship
at Oxford†s Saã d Business school. Another model is the School for Social Entrepreneurs (SSE) mentioned in method 206,
The learning programme is based on †learning through doing†and peer-learning 487) Mutual support networks such as Community Action Network (CAN
which promotes social entrepreneurship and social enterprise across the UK (see also method 466 3 SUPPORT IN THE MARKET ECONOMY 193
of life skills learning, the role of many of the social and educational services the arrangements for retirement and unemployment, the size and location of
a Health Information Accreditation Scheme in the UK which gives kite marks to organisations that produce information and moderate websites
506) Training for volunteers †the provision of training and incentives for volunteers, and networks for linking volunteers and projects (such as
Wales whereby institutions like local authorities, schools, colleges and housing associations grant time credits for various kinds of volunteer
students to grow flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The Food for Life Partnership (which includes the Focus on Food Campaign, Garden
Organic and the Health education Trust) is a network of schools and communities across the UK which are committed to transforming food
students at lunchtime 515) Community centres that merge into household activities †childcare entertainment, meals †and engage citizens in management
Year 1 pupils from Collaton St mary Primary school dig up organic potatoes, grown in their school garden.
critical role in areas from health and education to recycling and the energy management of the home.
support structures †such as reading groups, asthma networks, homework clubs, or gardening groups †as well as citizens engaging in formal activities
converged on Kingsnorth power station for a week of learning, sustainable living and climate action. The event was organised by Camp for Climate
Teachers on the programme are themselves living with long-term conditions. Also, the US-based Citizen Schools organisation,
teachers to work in schools 518) Producer-consumer collaboration, such as Community Shared Agriculture, in which consumers advance finance to farmers to fund
and women a home, a job, training and skills, and the social relationships that are so important in overcoming addiction.
free schools and home schooling groups 525) User groups such as rail user groups or park user associations (for
John Dewey, Experience and Education, New york, Collier Books, 1938 John Thackara, Designing in a Complex World, Cambridge, MIT Press, 2005
Ludwig Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1979
Aalto University 134 Abecedarian Project 111 Academies 116; 192; 185 Accelerators 135 Accountability 3; 68-69;
Barefoot College 98 Bastoey Island Prison 117 BBC 26; 104; 155 Beacon Awards 88 Bebo 138
Charter schools 184 Chicagoland Chamber of commerce 87 Children 15; 36; 42; 85; 111; 116; 174 Children†s Express 42
College of Health 116 Commons 76; 178; 200 Commissioning & procurement 56-57 88-92
Formation, Skills and Training 67; 74; 77 115-116; 142; 148; 175-176; 192 Forum for the Future 49;
Islington and Camden Training Network 176 Italy 36; 70; 71; 80; 86; 99; 104; 126
Mondragon University 116 Moore, Mark 7; 104 Moveon 41 Mozilla Firefox 139 M-Pesa 115;
National school of Government 77 National Council for Voluntary Organisations (NCVO) and Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations
Saã d Business school, Oxford university 126; 192 Skoll Foundation 169 Slow Food 109; 192; 207 Smart cards 156;
education policy at the Social Market Foundation, where she co-authored Fade or Flourish: how primary schools can build on children†s early progress
Professor at LSE, UCL, and Melbourne University. His latest book is The Art of Public Strategy:
mobilising power and knowledge for the common good Oxford university Press, 2009 The Young Foundation brings together insight, innovation and
success with ventures such as the Open university, †Which? â€, the School for Social Entrepreneurs and Healthline (the precursor of NHS Direct.
Dr. Mila Gascã & Dr. Esteve Almirall, ESADE Business school Peter Baeck, Nesta Dr. Harry Halpin, IRI
Innovation Policy Intervention Project, led by the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (University of Manchester) and funded by Nesta,
science, culture and education;(5) public services Finally, the 1st interim study report demonstrated the prototype method for undertaking a network analysis
consisting of digital makers, educational institutions with digital collaboration programmes, etc. but each reflecting the typologies of digital social innovation referenced in
to open data and also in  encouraging more women to participate in learning to code through open
and findings from the DSI research and how data analysts from Lodz University of Technology could
Research Council, The Open university Business school, the Society for the Advancement of Management Studies and the UK Commission for Employment and Skills (UKCES.
for Research and Technological Development, the Lifelong learning Program and other education and cultural programs (such as Youth in Action or MEDIA),
interesting examples include the organization of learning seminars, the establishment of clusters of policy makers, or the establishment of learning communities
•4vqqpsujohï¿TUVEJFT ï¿SFTFBSDIÏ¿BOEÏ¿FWJEFODFÏ¿PGÏ¿HPPEÏ¿QSBDUJDFÏ¿GPSÏ¿QPMJDZÏ¿QMBOOJOHÏ¿BOEÏ¿QPMJDZÏ
Project, led by the Manchester Institute of Innovation Research (University of Manchester) and funded by Nesta, conclude that there is not much evidence of impact and,
to improve public services such as education and health, and to promote new fair and sustainable economic
growth, energy and sustainability, 22 learning, tele-care applications and so forth. There are also a number of projects in the areas of einclusion, ehealth, participatory planning, 23and egovernment24 25.
education and working patterns. One of the risks of Future Internet is that big industrial players (mainly
gender in research and innovation content, open access, science education and ethics across all research
and refer to RTD policies, interaction-oriented policies, entrepreneurship policies, science policies, education policies, labor market policies, and competition policies
case of the Arduino Playground (http://playground. arduino. cc/),a wiki where all the users of Arduino can
and training they need to grow their businesses. Through its Accelerator, for example, Code for America provides seed funding, office space,
which provides advanced digital fabrication instruction for students through a unique, hands-on curriculum as well as access to technological tools and resources.
learning and education activities are only a few examples. The Fab Foundation (http://www. fabfoundation org/)is an example of the latter.
education, organisational capacity building and services, and business opportunities PWFSOBODF of the community actually depends on the networks.
They usually turn to their network in search of training and advice that can help them
Opportunities for learning and network -ing Visibility and reputation Open/big data Organization of competi -tions
However, individuals and for-profit businesses can charge for specialised training or for developing new extensions of the core code.
large data sets and offers, for a fee, training, consulting, and technical support services. Though the services
-private partnership constituted by three universities, around ten firms and the Secretary for the Information
research has a prominent status, especially due to the participation of three technological universities However, a great deal of effort is devoted to experimental innovation
which also invest in training and dissemination activities The open data and open knowledge community
of their datasets on the pan-European linked metadata infrastructure delivered by the project, 2) training
education tools For policymakers, these uses of open systems have implications for how R&i might be funded in the future
consumption, education, health >>>Figure 9 Policy Goals 5. 1 Exploring crowdsourced policy ideas organised by categories
Overtext Web Module V3.0 Alpha
Copyright Semantic-Knowledge, 1994-2011