Department of Business Economics International Doctorate in Entrepreneurship and Management DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Degree of Doctor of philosophy †Ph d
University Press, Cambridge, MA Caldera, A. 2010. Innovation and exporting: evidence from Spanish manufacturing firms.
GCG Georgetown University †Universia, 3, 52-67 139 Delgado-Gà mez, J. M.,Ramã rez-Alesã N m. and Espitia-Escuer, M. A. 2004
data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy 14 Europe†s compet it ive technology prof i le in the g lobal ised knowledge economy
data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy Data Eurostat, DG ECFIN, OECD Source: DG Research and Innovation †Economic Analysis Unit
data processed by the University of Bocconi, Italy 17 3. Potential of European cooperation in
paper 2009/06, Circle, Lund University Stehrer, R. 2013) †Vertical specialisation in global value chainsâ€, in Innovation Union Competitiveness report 2013
Radboud University Nijmegen and he has a great interest in the international (digital economy and e-commerce
Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen and graduated in 2008 Jorij Abraham, Director Research & Advice
studies Business Management at the University of Applied sciences in Ede. He is involved in the research of the e-commerce market
more closely linked to technology pushes from KETS-scientific journals, universities and public research institutes-are assessed less often as highly important while competitors
Universities Public research institute manufacturing total R&d intensive industries Note: Multiple sources per enterprise allowed.
laboratories or universities) and industrial R&d and innovation. An appropriate framework is needed to exchange knowledge between these two sectors,
America are public research institutions (universities and governmental laboratories including government agencies. In Europe, the share of applicants from the chemical
followed by a university and a diversified materials producer largely based on chemical technologies. In East asia, the largest applicant is diversified a electronics
Universities Source: modified from Miyazaki and Islam (2007 In addition to this, the composition of public and private funding is also different
opportunity is reflected in the high number of involved universities/research centres and interdisciplinary projects (more than 100.
All together, the NRW nanotechnology cluster network encompasses 30 university institutes four research centres, six networks, 16 SMES and six major enterprises.
Each cluster is linked to universities and research institutions in the surrounding area. 11 Over time, the ties between the three excellence centres
Each cluster is embedded in a strong infrastructure of universities and research centres, which builds the scientific foundation for downstream nanotechnology activities.
University institutes SMES Large enterprises Finance Aachen 1 3 10 6 2 0 Muenster 3 1 7 8 1 1
for universities and nanotechnology firms which seek for funding opportunities on a federal level. 15 A consortium of seven federal ministries developed a †Nano-Initiative †Action Plan
represents and supports universities and firms in their research and development activities. Its goal is to create a competitive and dynamic R&d environment
The focus is to intensify the dialogue and cooperation between universities and industry, to identify markets and technological priorities,
Universities and research institutions building an elaborate research landscape with regional and national networks, focusing on knowledge creation and generation.
All of the three clusters in the network are dominated by the scientific research of universities and the high number of university institutions.
There are a few large nanotechnology enterprises, such as Philips and BASF, which are located within the cluster network to
have been made for years by individual university institutions and nanotechnology companies. In total, there are 30 university institutes, four research centres, 16 SMES, and six
large enterprises present. In addition to this, six different networks and one venture capital firm accompany cluster activities.
consists of the Kyoto University Katsura Campus and the Katsura Innovation Park, which promote and create several university-industry research activities. 26
The Kyoto nanotechnology cluster is embedded further in a system of many other clusters which also conduct R&d in nanotechnology
sports, science and technology) to support universities and research institutions in their research and innovation efforts. 27 More recently (in 2008), the Kyoto Environmental
the cluster consists of the Kyoto University Katsura Campus and the Katsura Innovation Park which promote
and create several university -industry research activities and provide space for nine universities, three research institutions
and 43 industrial and venture companies. The core organisation of the cluster is ASTEMRI Advanced Software Technology & Mechatronics Research Institute of Kyoto.
such as the Kyoto University, the Kyoto Institute of Technology, and the Ritsumeikan University there are many industrial players present, e g
Murata Manufacturing, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyocera Corporation, Omron Corporation etc. Furthermore, the government is represented also in the cluster with the Kyoto Municipal
-NANO societyâ€, where joint seminars for industries and universities are organised Public policy and funding: Nanotechnology in Japan receives major attention from the
between universities, national labs, and regions. 29 MEXT (education, culture, sports, science and technology) and METI (economy, trade and industry) are the main funding ministries
industry-academia-government, conducting R&d in universities and independent institutions and providing cross-sectional support. 30 Two MEXT actions are worth mentioning regarding
interface between industry, university and government METI (Japan†s Ministry of economy, trade and industry) accompanies cluster development in
In addition to this, it stimulates university-industry collaborations by implementing business incubators and university-industry liaison facilities. 35
Venture capital: In Japan, R&d in nanotechnology is supported also largely by private funding. Venture capital funding accounted for $2. 8 billion in 2004.
universities, research institutions, economic organisation, industrial support groups and the local government in 2003, promoting the technology transfer and commercialisation of
infrastructure (universities, labs, etc. and a good connection between the knowledge infrastructure and industry. The cluster platforms have an important function in supporting
Size 3 universities (with 30 institutes), 4 research centres, 16 SMES, 6 MNES, 1 VC firm
9 universities, 3 research centres, 43 industrial and venture firms Classification Developing Developing Infrastructure Strong knowledge infrastructure:
institutions (universities, government labs) and on collaborative research linking science and industry. In addition to R&d funding, governments promote advance in nanotechnology
In North america, universities and other research institutions are the most important group of nanotechnology applicants.
17 L'Air liquide FR chemicals 83 17 University of California US research 203 18 SEMIKRON Elektronik DE electronics 79 18 ATMEL US automotive 190
industry and university located on the central campus. 18 joint laboratories have been setup with manufacturers since. 46 The cluster can hence be characterised as a global centre of
universities and research in a collaborative, open innovation environment. This impressively shows the historic development of the cluster not only showing a high concentration of actors
Verimag), 2) a number of prestigious universities and engineering schools including the Grenoble Institute of technology, 3) unique scientific facilities including the Minatec
Firms collaborate with universities and research centres institutionally in the form of Minatec but also informally.
regional authorities, branch organisations, together with universities and research centres join efforts promoting the cluster using the same †pitch†in developing
together research partners from industry, university and public research is hence partly publicly funded. Innova, 2008) Next to that the cluster also benefits from national funds in
campus where public research, university researchers and industry researchers work jointly together creating sufficient scale to work at world leading level
research laboratories and prestigious universities provide a rich pool of leading knowledge and high skill labour supply that innovative firms thrive on.
alliances between the semiconductor industry and Canadian universities and educational institutions helping to ensure the production of well-trained graduates (OCRI, 2006
fuelled by public investments and research capabilities of the University of Toronto By the 1990s, Ontario was a significant player in the global silicon chip business, with several
research institutes, universities but also research centres of large corporations. These are the Communications Research Centre (CRC),
cluster further benefits from a number of universities, including the University of Ottawa Carleton University, Algonquin College,
and Universitã du Quã bec en Outaouaistd (Ontario 2009 This public research infrastructure is complemented by a number research centres of large
multinationals that also act as anchor firms in the cluster providing an attractive ecosystem for SME.
Micronet but also linking excellent university research with industry. In addition Ontario province operates a Research and development Challenge Fund (ORDCF), the Ontario
investment of $50, 000 to create a partnership with researchers at the University of Ottawa
or owned outright by the university or government agency involved in the project. According to some local actors this potentially inhibits corporate growth since the
Research Centre (CRC), two other NRC institutes and a number of universities. These often collaborate with local firms,
Canadian universities. This concentration is even more visible in the telecommunications sector, with 90 percent of Canada†s R&d in industrial telecommunications conducted in the
setup by (university) researchers in the past indicating a conducive climate to commercialisation Market failures and drivers for growth
Universities. The Ottawa cluster has a strong specialisation in telecommunications equipment which led to a state of crisis after the dotcom bubble resulted in the closing of a number of
and universities producing high level knowledge However, they also provide stable employment for highly skilled people in the field that can
research base including specific research institutes as well as universities. Furthermore national as well as provincial funds are targeted at specific technology development
initiatives, funding for industry-university collaborations as well as supporting start-up companies. However, no dedicated cluster organisation seems to exist
leading research laboratories and prestigious universities providing a strong high skill labour pool. Its key asset in this respect is the Minatec campus where public researchers, university
researchers and industry researchers work jointly together. A central role for development of the cluster plays CEA-LETI through its Minatec initiative taking the role of anchor
comprising key national research institutes and universities, an entrepreneurial culture, a slightly skilled and stable labour pool, a local lead customer base with many corporate
A very strong science base that in contrast to universities is oriented very application A critical scale of employment having positive effects for the local labour markets by
laboratories, universities/engineering schools Collaborative research environment stimulated by Minatech (industry-research -public triangle Cluster also has an important joint
universities/engineering schools Many R&d facilities of large microelectronic firms Institutions Rules and regulations R&r have a minor role, only recycling laws
Tsing Hua University and National Chiao tung University providing ample human resources for the firms located in the park.
seven renowned universities in the Cambridge region. Currently, there are more than 250 Chapter 5 Industrial Biotechnology
biotechnology cluster, including universities and supporting activities, employs 25,000 people. 52 The Cambridge biotechnology cluster is served by local support providers and
biotechnology research organisations such as the University of Cambridge, the Institute of Biotechnology and the Babraham Institute.
were founded within the premises of the University of Cambridge. Biotechnology firms have a wide range of choices for biology and chemistry laboratories,
University of Cambridge), locally established companies (e g. Cambridge Antibody Technology), companies from overseas (Amgen USA), spin-offs from universities and
research institutes (e g. Akubio Ltd. and spin-offs from biotechnology companies (e g Sareum Ltd. see Walker, 2005.
Since biotechnology activities often originate from university research, the Department for Education and Skills (Dfes) plays an important role in university policy and
funding in relation to biotechnology. Tax breaks and tax credits created through The Treasury are key policies and one of the most significant initiatives in stimulating investments in
research students in universities and research institutes in the UK. Cambridge university receives quite a large share of this budget (160 grants with a sum of £55 million in 2008) for
companies with linkages to university research with private investments. Once the start-ups enter the global market,
The Cambridge biotechnology cluster combines world renowned research universities with important research institutes. Furthermore, Cambridge has established a well entrepreneurial
culture with many biotechnology firms originating from university spin-offs, which were and still are supported by number of incubators and Science Parks
Therefore, Cambridge has established a well entrepreneurial culture with university spin-offs (dating back to the 1980s
institutes, world class universities, intense commercial activity with small start-ups as well as multinational companies, incubators, company creators, science parks, a range of professional
regional universities and public officials at all levels of government. 58 The total market capitalisation is estimated at $144 billion
scientific base (University of California in San francisco, Berkeley and Davis) and the accessibility of venture capital.
University and Small Business Patent Act†(1980. This act promotes the commercialisation of scientific research by giving universities the rights on their patents, thus clarifying IP
ownership among research staff, departments, knowledge transfer offices and universities. 60 59 http://www. oslocancercluster. no/index2. php?
option=com docman&task=doc view&gid=25&itemid=39 60 http://www. berr. gov. uk/files/file28741. pdf European Competitiveness in KETS ZEW and TNO
channeled through universities and research institutes to stimulate innovations in basic research. Also the city of San francisco provides public funds for the creation of labs and
Innovation Research Program (SBIR) financially encourages university faculties to create commercial-oriented spin-offs of their research. 64
During the formation of the cluster, universities in the region tried to a create links to
The UC (University of California) administration set up an initiative called Biostar to promote research collaborations between academics scientists and
top-level research universities and institutions. Many of their scientists founded their own biotechnology companies with their research results,
University). ) Along with a mature infrastructure of bio-savvy law firms, venture capitalists and other support organisations, it remains a biotechnology hotbed for the coming years. 65
university staff. There, the anchor company took the dominant role and was supported by the surrounding university infrastructure.
This development led to a situation that biotechnology firms in the Bay Area were oriented more commercially than firms in Cambridge
universities Availability of public and private research facilities Strong incubator: Babraham Research Campus ERBI: private cluster platform
universities close by Institutions Rules and regulations Cambridge has an advantage over countries such as Germany and the USA because of
giving Universities rights on IP Patent law enhances commercialisation Improved FDA regulation speeds up process
Interactions Strong industry-university linkages Strong relationships locally between researchers (personal relationships Strong links internationally Biostar:
promotes university-industry collaboration Baybio bioscience association: collaboration PPP and VC Strong social networks of university
graduates and ex-employees of large companies that start their own company Capabilities World leading scientists on biotechnology
170 university spin-offs (start-ups Market demand Strategic position in European market Large companies serve as lead customers
Universities and public research organisations play a very prominent role in industrial biotechnology by providing new technological knowledge.
Second, it is important to facilitate the exchange between universities, public research organisations and industry.
research institutes and universities called Optechbb. It was founded in 2000 and is part the national association called Optecnet, coordinating nine regional networks in the field of
There are in total four universities in Berlin and Potsdam, including a large university hospital (Charitã), and 10 universities of applied sciences with about
140,000 students. In addition, the region houses more than 70 publicly funded research institutes from one of the four main non-university research organisations (Max Planck
Leibniz, Helmholtz and Fraunhofer. These represent an annual R&d budget of â 1. 8 billion
including 50,000 academic and research staff. 72 Short history of the cluster While the cluster is still in development with the cluster initiative Optecbb founded in 2000
and Einstein worked on photonic-related issues at the then Berlin University and the newly
-established non-university research facilities in Berlin (Sydow et al. 2007 This development was interrupted by two historic events:
universities and three applied universities with Physics departments or photonics research groups. Additionally, there are more than 20 public non-university research organisations that
have some activities in photonics, ranging from basic research (e g. BESSY and the Max Born Institute) to more applied photonics research (e g.
universities (Humboldt University, Charitã, Free University Berlin, Technical University Berlin) present, supporting the emerging capabilities of small, specialised firms.
University, and the Canadian Defense Research and development Center, Quebec represents a key actor in the Canadian photonics activities (GC, 2010
et laser (COPL), the largest university research centre in optics-photonics in Canada to the
Canadian Institute for Photonic Innovations (CIPI), the head of a network of 18 universities that offer technology exploitation and innovation programmes.
largest university research centre in optics/photonics striving to perform both fundamental and applied research, to support industry,
Of the 111 Canadian university chairs in the field of photonics 40 percent are located in Quebec (CIPI, 2010.
Universities and Public research institutes Strong knowledge infrastructure †focused on niche markets Institutions Rules and regulations
well-established field of research at universities and public research centres. A main challenge is to better interlink the two groups of actors.
The University of California is the only organisation from North america that is listed among the top 25 patent applicants in this region.
The Walloon region has 9 universities and 13 higher education colleges with courses related to applied sciences. These knowledge institutes have developed
parks which host companies that focus on high tech business-university relationships. These are managed by Universities and local development agencies
There is also a network of business incubators or shared infrastructures located in Universities and/or Science Parks to facilitate start-up companies.
In addition, 3 public training centres and 3 research centres contribute to the knowledge base of the cluster.
The education standards (widely recognised university qualifications) and (technical) training might be also contributing to create shared values and
universities and firms; and developing and improving access to vocational training. 86 As a result of the implementation of the new Walloon industrial policy, there is now a specific
) 87, support for outstanding scientific research (linkages to Universities), facilitation (if entitled) to European subsidies, and a personalised and speedy following up from public
In spite that it has been reported that cooperation between firms and universities in the Walloon innovation system is below the European and Belgium average (Biatour et al.
positive interaction between entrepreneurs, Universities, public agencies and private investors in the cluster. In 2002 for instance, Nanocyl was founded as a spin-off from the Universities
of Namur and Liã ge with the support of private investors96 The firm received seed funding
and university-industry parks science parks. In addition, Changsha also hosts a number of clusters in the areas of
the innovation capacity of the Central South University and Hunan University. 98 97 http://www. fdi. gov. cn/pub/FDI EN/Statedevelopmentzone/Newsupdate/Newsupdatecontent/t20060404 70863. htm
region†s universities and other scientific research institutes to effectively promote the technology breakthrough. The constructions of several platforms (information technology
new and well established universities. The universities are expected to function as anchor entities for cluster and regional (innovation) development.
Changsha universities also promote entrepreneurship and new business development (through incubators), assist in technology transfer,
and spin-off companies which are established in the university industrial parks. One example is the firm Boyun New Material Co as a spin-off firm for the
manufacturing of high-performance composite material. 100 Furthermore, there are 45 higher education institutions, 76 special training agencies, over 120
Chinese universities and research institutes have been encouraged to play a leading role for scientific and technological development linked to economic development through
At the international level, Changsha Universities and research institutions have established ambitious cooperation programmes with top centres in
however, is that the central role of the two major Universities and a number of research
universities and industry, and the strong government guidance in these processes (e g. by deciding who will get funding) is a strength for the Chinese example
such as setting up strategic partnerships with local universities and business, providing most of the research funding, acting as a lead customer,
universities act as anchor entities for cluster and regional (innovation) development, while in Wallonia large firms execute this
universities and colleges for applied science Wallonia has 6 science parks, SPOW Science Parks of Wallonia is network of
industry-university collaboration stimulating private and providing public funding for research, development and commercialisation Interactions Not much known on interactions Interaction hindered by old culture and
universities, represent strong innovation skills Market demand 75 percent of output is for export Fast growing cluster with strong export
universities and small and medium-sized companies. The latter often do not have the human or financial resources for intensive materials research.
information can typically be found among the universities and public research organisations PRO). ) As a result, it is important to facilitate the exchange between universities, PRO and
industry, for example by encouraging the creation of technology transfer offices at the research institutes. Moreover, the functionality of markets for technology can be expected to
infrastructure (thick network of world-class universities and research labs for instance) or on the foundations of well established and successful industries.
originated by science and universities, e g. the Cambridge biotechnology cluster and the Grenoble microelectronics and nanotechnology cluster,
mature stages of cluster development, weak links-often through universities and large actors -form an essential link to †the outside worldâ€.
Start-ups, university spin-offs and company spin-offs are important to advance KETS since they are more capable than large
through university spin-offs and other types of start-ups. Above all, venture capital needs a supportive regulatory environment.
Technological Change, Georgetown University Conference center, Washington, D c.,June 15†16 Audretsch, D. B. 2003), Standing on the Shoulders of Midgets:
Chen, K.,M. Kenney (2007), Universities/Research Institutes and Regional Innovation Systems: The Cases of Beijing and Shenzhen, World Development 35, 1056†1074
University of Oxford Den Hertog, P.,E. M. Bergman, D. Charles (2001), Creating and sustaining innovative clusters
biotechnology, Workshop â€oewhite Biotechnologyâ€, University Potsdam, July 6, 2006 Foresight Panel UK, Materials (2000), Shaping our society, London
School of Public Policy University of Birmingham Gouvernement RÃ gion wallonne (2005a), Contrat d'avenir pour les Wallonnes et les Wallons, Namur
University Press Sargent, J. F. 2008), Nanotechnology: A Policy Primer, CRS Report for Congress, Washington
Free University Sydow, J.,F. Lerch, C. Huxham, P. Hibbert (2007), Developing Photonics Clusters: Commonalities
University of Toronto, presentation available from http://www. utoronto. ca/onris/research review/Presentations/Presentationdocs/Presentations05/W
University of Toronto WSTS (2009), World Semiconductor Trade Statistics †Autumn Forecast Meeting 2009 http://www. wsts. org
 universities  and  government  all  working  towards  common  goalsâ€
 university- †based  centres  can  be  legitimately  embraced
 universities  business  schools  government  and  investors  can  assume
 university  may  wish  to  provide  enterprise  opportunities  for
University- †Based  Technology  Enterprise  Centres/Parks/Incubators  Centres  of
 universities  and  other  higher  education  establishments  † have
 University  of  Bournemouth  and  the  Arts  University  of
 Bournemouth  for  example  the  emergence  of  a  film
 university  professors  Agreements  are  reached  on  how  the
 university   Within  this  clustering  the  university  and
 business  enterprise  may  be  supplemented  by  an Â
 university  campus  and  on  the  outskirts  of  the
 university  town  or  city  Both  of  the  authorsâ€
 Universities  of  Southampton  and  Reading  have  successful  examples
 University  of  Zagreb  facilitated  by  David  Rees, Henley
 University  locations  with  specialist  reputations  linked  to  clusters
 developers/universities  † inter- †disciplinary  talent  demand  for
 universities  there  is  a  need  to  develop  the
 universities  may  consider  how  they  best  respond  to
 University  of  Bristol  and  Bristol  City  Council  But
 universities  provide  a  pipeline  of  talented  graduates  from
 University  of  Bristol  and  the  West  of  England
 University  building  with  superb  facilities  to  support  the
 universities  generating  a  pipeline  of  creative  and  technical
 University  of  the  West  of  England    URL
a Hasselt University, Faculty of business Economics, KIZOK/Innovation Management, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan-Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
the case 1, 2. The knowledge landscape is fairly heterogeneous, with a wide variety of players (ï rms of various sizes, universities
innovative activities and the structures spawned by companies, universities, research institutes, government agencies, public policies, institutions,
greater scientiï c and technological capabilities than most universities. The majority of these central labs were dismantled â€
development and commercialisation of technologies, universities became the sole institutions targeting basic research. In this way
universities face the challenge of stimulating efforts in basic research by providing public funds formost of the †seed corn†research
the focal corporation to the developer community and external partners, such as joint ventures and university research.
are ï rms, universities, venture capital organisations, and public agencies chargedwith innovation policy 29. Institutions embrace
linked to the best universities 92, Etzkowitz et al. 39 coined the term †triple-helix relations†to describe relations between
university, industry, and government. Here, they stressed the role universities play in technical innovation and knowledge-based
economies Such networks are popular in NSI research. However, many scholars have noticed that even when they include other types of
networks, NSI research remains focused on the knowledge exploration phase and on formal players such as ï rms, universities, and
be sourced from traditional partners such as universities, users, and suppliers, as well as a range of other institutions and
different from those covering universities and research-based knowledge-seeking organisations While the insights gained by knowledge exploitation networks have received less attention in the NSI literature,
57 Z. Griliches, R&d and Productivity, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1998 58 F. J. Arcelus, P. Arocena, Convergence and productive efï ciency in fourteen OECD countries:
an empirical assessment of roles of university and governmental R&d laboratories, Public Adm. Rev. 48 (6)( 1988) 969†978
Yuandi Wang is a postdoctoral fellow at Technical University of Denmark. He received his Phd from Hasselt University in Belgium.
He received his Masters degree from Dalian University of Technology (People's republic of china. From 2005 to 2007 he was a lecturer at China University of Mining and Technology.
Since 2008 he has been working for his Phd thesis in the ï eld of open innovation and national systems of innovation
Wim Vanhaverbeke is professor of strategy and innovation at the University of Hasselt (Belgium. He is also visiting professor at ESADE (Spain) and the Vlerick
Leuven Gent Management School. He is published in international journals such as Journal of Management Studies, Organization Science, Organization Studies
extending his research on open innovation and open business models by performing joint research with various universities around the globe
Nadine Roijakkers obtained her Phd degree from the United nations University-MERIT (Netherlands) in 2002. For two years she worked as a policy researcher for
From 2004 to 2007 she was an assistant professor of Open Innovation at Eindhoven University of Technology (Netherlands.
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