Synopsis: Education: Level of education: University: University: University:

For example, Mars in Toronto, links a university, hospital, business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund.

1992 by the University in Darmstadt to meet the accommodation needs of students and the needs of older people for help in the home.

It is coordinated by Cologne University and the City council, and between 2005-2008,240 students used homeshare, and

now coordinated by universities, not-for-profit organisations, local or regional authorities (town halls,'Diputacion',regional government departments

university, so successful that the majority of students at Barcelona University have at one point during their studies,

by several major universities show that 72%of those who completed the programme at San Patrignano are reintegrated fully into society and remain

within the University of Wales. xcv Spice has disseminated †community time credits†within public services and is the only credit system in the UK which

university and allows volunteered time to be exchanged for waived tuition fees and Fureai Kippu in Japan,

whether through intermediaries, universities, or civil service colleges •Procurement †mobilising public procurement to support promising

networks, universities, transport and food systems. cii Another project run by the 27th Region is Atelier 27, a monthly workshop with

Innovation Universities Innovation focused universities could play an important role in supporting and accelerating the development of social innovation.

They could spread awareness of methods, tools and approaches to innovation, and also provide the †safe spaces†which are crucial for enabling social innovation to spread

Aalto University, Finland Due to launch in January 2010, Aalto University, or the so called †innovation

universityâ€, is created a newly institution merging three Finish universities The Helsinki School of economics, The University of Art and Design, and The

Helsinki University of Technology. Aalto is a response to the Finish government†s aim for educational reform.

The university will aspire to transform existing disciplines, creating hybrids and in turn its own specialised disciplines.

At present the university is funded with â 500 million from the government and â 200 million of donations.

Students are to have a high involvement in the running of the university, being involved actively in

different themed planning groups. In the preparation and running of the university three primary research projects have been established:

Sustainable Communities, Neuro Applications, and Economics and the Internet of the Future. Workshops will be run to enhance co-creation of ideas and services

between the three institutions involved in the hope to create a diverse and wide-reaching hybrid.

University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the Innovations in American

Government Awards 85 Participation Over the last few decades, there has been an explosion of methods designed

University of Mondragon in Spain, and the University of Gastronomic Science in Bra and Colorno in Northern Italy, are supporting social innovation.

But most practitioners learn on the job, through trial and error, and with the help of the networks they themselves create.

•In the UK, the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills has commissioned NESTA to develop a new †Innovation Index†to

•Coordinating universities, civil service colleges etc to work collaboratively through the development of a network of institutions to

university Press, New haven, USA xliii An interesting recent book which explores some of these dynamics is M. Fairbanks and S

University, Baltimore: Maryland, 2003 lviii Barbara Moreschi (ed.)(2005) Le cooperative sociali in Italia, Rome, Istituto Nazionale di

University Press; J. Gregory Dees (2001) The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship, reformatted and revised, May 30;

for Social Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford Oxford: UK lxxxviii Andrew Milner,(eds.

cvii Aalto University http://www. aaltoyliopisto. info /cviii Petts, J. And Leach, B. 2000) Evaluating methods for publ ic participation:

Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford. Oxford: UK cxxiv Murray, R.,Caulier-Grice, J. & Mulgan, G. 2009.

Entrepreneurship Working Paper, Said Business school, University of Oxford, Oxford: UK cxxvi European commission, DG Enterprise & Industry, Special Business Panel (2009) Reinvent

University Press, US clxi For example, an opinion poll that suggests that citizens would like government to spend

systems of laboratories, universities, research institutes, art schools, corporations, public administrations, professions are no longer a viable approach for future innovation.

•To guide Universities towards research excellence and make them participate in strategic partnerships 27

University of Chicago Press 11. Nooteboom, B. 2000) †Learning and Innovation in Organisations and Economies. †Oxford

between research done in universities and practitioners in government and elsewhere. The best think tanks can act as catalysts, combining

Within universities the usual form is a grant, often with few conditions to allow a group of

providers to buy research in universities; or to club together to commission incubators (being tested by the ESRC

In March 2007, The University of Cambridge Programme for Sustainability Leadership and The Climate Project designed

University. Chapter 5; see also Strang, D. and Soule, S. A. 1998) Diffusion in Organizations and Social Movements:

links with top universities such as Imperial and UCL, as well as with big firms like Glaxosmithkline and Pfizer.

personal finance to new models of university. The key is that in every example systemic change involves the interaction of ideas, movements, models, and

Mondragon University and Centro Popular de Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further, giving students the

Mars in Toronto links a university, a hospital, research labs and a business incubator, alongside a social innovation investment fund

295) Innovation universities and research departments, such as Finland†s new Aalto University, launched in 2010 as a result of the

merger of the Technical University, the Business school, and the School CONNECTING PEOPLE, IDEAS AND RESOURCES 135

of Arts and Design. They can become centres of expertise and training for civil servants, social entrepreneurs, nonprofit organisation managers

learning labs within universities. Examples include the Innovation and Action Lab based in Brussels (developed by i-propeller), The London

Economics, and the Catholic University of Leuven. There is also the Poverty Action Lab at MIT which tests out alternative interventions

Graduate school, University of West indies, and the Hong kong Polytechnic University. The Ford Foundation is a founding donor of the

Innovations in American Government Awards South africa set up the Centre for Public service Innovation (CPSI) in 2002 and now runs regular awards.

School, University of Oxford. Available at: http://www. sbs. ox. ac. uk/centres/skoll/research

the University of Mondragã n in Spain; the Sekem Academy in Egypt for the research and study of agriculture, pharmaceuticals and medicine

and the University of Gastronomic Sciences in Pollenzo and Colorno in Northern Italy, which has grown out

Ludwig Fleck, Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1979

Aalto University 134 Abecedarian Project 111 Academies 116; 192; 185 Accelerators 135 Accountability 3; 68-69;

Mondragon University 116 Moore, Mark 7; 104 Moveon 41 Mozilla Firefox 139 M-Pesa 115;

and Melbourne University. His latest book is The Art of Public Strategy: mobilising power and knowledge for the common good

Lancaster University, School of Computing and Communications, Lancaster, UK 2 University of Szeged, Faculty of Economic Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary

3 Community-based Research for Sustainability Association (CRS), Szeged, Hungary Corresponding author email: m. a. ferrario@lancaster. ac. uk

universities c hambe r s o f commerce Basic e-services Simple services Accounting sys

universities, consumers and trade associations, NGOS It is crucial to achieve the local consensus and to build an active local community

ï€'The research and innovation centers, the universities ï€'The entrepreneur community and small organizations through their

ï€'universities, research organizations, innovation centers ï€'enterprises (in particular SMES and enterprise organizations ï€'government and of public administration

Edinburgh University Business school, Edinburgh, Lothian EH8 9js, UK c Department of Management, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7hx, UK

Email addresses: marina. ranga@stanford. edu; henryetz@stanford. edu Corresponding author: Marina Ranga 210 Panama Street, Cordura Hall, H-STAR Institute, Stanford university, Stanford CA 94305, USA

systematizes the key features of university-industry-government (Triple Helix) interactions into an †innovation system†format defined according to systems theory as a set of

university-industry-government interaction; innovation systems; regional innovation strategies 2 Introduction Recent decades have seen a shift from an earlier focus on innovation sources confined to a

as a novel analytical concept that systematizes the key features of university-industry -government interactions, so far loosely addressed as a †metaphor†or a †frameworkâ€, into an

institutional spheres of University, Industry and Government, with a wide array of actors;(ii relationships between components (collaboration and conflict moderation, collaborative

guidelines for policy-makers, university and business managers can be derived, in order to strengthen the collaboration among Triple Helix actors

The concept of the Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government relationships developed in the 1990s by Etzkowitz (1993) and Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff (1995), encompassing

triadic relationship between university-industry-government in the Knowledge Society Through subsequent development (e g. Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff, 1998,2000;

important part of its activities to stimulating the cooperation between firms, universities research institutes and other Swedish innovation actors-a mission adopted in the early

incentivizes the interaction between firms, public universities and research centres, allows grants to innovative firms, the setup of private firms†incubation facilities in public

universities and the shared use of university infrastructure. University-industry-government cooperation has a central role also in European union (EU) innovation policies, such as the

Innovation Union flagship initiative of the Europe 2020 Strategy, and is perceived as a solution to the â€oeinnovation emergency†that Europe now faces (European commission, 2011

which looks at university, industry and government as co-evolving sub-sets of social systems that interact through market selections, innovative dynamics and

university-industry-government interactions The paper is organized as follows: Section 1 introduces the conceptual framework of Triple

Knowledge Society lies in a more prominent role for the university and in the hybridisation

of elements from university, industry and government to generate new institutional and social formats for the production, transfer and application of knowledge.

of university, industry and government, as well as at their intersections The enhanced role of the university in the Knowledge Society arises from several specific

developments. First, the recent addition of the university †third missionâ€-involvement in socioeconomic development, next to the traditional academic missions of teaching and

research, is the most notable, being compared to a â€oesecond academic revolution†(Etzkowitz 2003). ) This is to a large extent the effect of stronger government policies to strengthen the

links between universities and the rest of society, especially business, but also an effect of firms†tendency to use universities†research infrastructure for their R&d objectives, thus

which provides a large part of university funding (Slaughter and Leslie, 1997. Collaborative links with the other Triple Helix actors

have enhanced the central presence of universities in the production of scientific research over time (Godin and Gingras, 2000) disproving former views that increasing diversification

of production loci would diminish the role of universities in the knowledge production process (Gibbons et al. 1994.

of Excellence of JAMK University of Applied sciences in Jyvã¤skylã¤,Finland, where students run their own cooperative businesses based on real-life projects

Universities are also extending their capabilities of educating individuals to educating organizations, through entrepreneurship and incubation programmes and new training modules at venues such as

analyses that explore different configurations arising from the positioning of the university industry and government institutional spheres relative to each other and their movement and

university acting mainly as a provider of skilled human capital, and government mainly as a regulator of social and economic

whereby university and other knowledge institutions play an increasing role, acting in partnership with industry and government and even taking the lead in joint initiatives

creative process, the relationships among the institutional spheres of university, industry and government are reshaped continuously in â€oean endless transition†to enhance innovation

which sees the University, Industry and Government as co-evolving sub -sets of social systems. Interaction between them occurs through an overlay of recursive

institutional one, between private and public control at the level of universities, industries and government, which allow various degrees of selective mutual adjustment (Leydesdorff and

offices in universities or strategic alliances among companies, creating new network integration mechanisms (Leydesdorff and Etzkowitz, 1998.

the institutional spheres of University, Industry and Government, each encompassing a wide-ranging set of actors

Much of the Triple Helix literature focuses on the institutional spheres of university, industry and government as holistic, †block†entities, without going deeper to the level of specific

o R&d innovators can be found in each of the University, Industry and Government institutional spheres,

In universities, key R&d performers are the academic research groups and interdisciplinary research centres; in the business sector, the

found in various forms in the Government and University spheres, as well as in the nonprofit sector

single institutional sphere, be it University or Industry or Government (e g. education 7 For example, the members of The Kitchen in New york City†s Soho District invent new forms of conceptual

o â€oemulti-sphere†(hybrid) institutions operate at the intersection of the University Industry and Government institutional spheres and synthesize in their institutional

Technology transfer offices in universities, firms and government research labs industrial liaison offices, business support institutions (science parks, business and

Etzkowitz, 2012) as the single institutional spheres of University, Industry and Government become more laterally diversified

knowledge-based economic development relying heavily on university-originated technologies. In the mid 1990†s New york, the Head of the New york Federal reserve

universities to the city to fill the gap in the region†s innovation environment8. The

Similarly, universities, in addition to their teaching and research activities, often engage in technology transfer and firm formation, providing

Industry can also take the role of the university in developing training and research, often at the same high level as universities.

Substitution between spheres can also be observed at a higher level, in countries with no or weak regional

but other actors, such as universities and firms, may come forward to set forth a future achievable objective (playing an Innovation Organizer

vocational training institutions take the lead over universities in engaging into joint initiatives with local firms (especially with low-tech, low/non-R&d small firms) that prefer the more

more complex, long-term programmes of the university (Ranga et al. 2008 d) Networking into formal and informal structures at national, regional and international

University Technology Managers AUTM, the European Technology Platforms and Joint Technology Initiatives, to mention just a few examples

university, as in San diego, where a new branch of University of California was gestated in the 1950s

the University of California San diego campus was replicated by the Merced campus which has recently been established as an â€oeentrepreneurial university†to promote

o Creation of new university resources to support the development of new industries or raise the existing ones to a higher level.

o Virtual congregation of geographically dispersed groups from university and industry around common research themes, with government support, such as the Canadian

School of Entrepreneurship as a joint initiative of Stockholm University, Royal Institute of technology (KTH), and more recently also including the Royal Art

included the creation of Oresund University, an organisation that encourages collaboration and joint projects between universities on both sides of the strait that

previously divided this cross-border region. Karolinska Institute initiated a university -building strategy of incorporating a series of small schools in the biological sciences

nursing and other loosely related field scattered across Sweden and even across the Norwegian border in order to create a greater â€oecritical mass†of research, training and

university, industry and government institutional spheres to work more closely together to promote innovation. In the early 1990's a group of foundations were

which were oriented to the older universities and traditional academic disciplines. The foundations changed a rigid innovation system both by providing alternative sources

o Creation of a university in a region without higher education capacity, as a means of

the classic instance of a university founded to raise the technological level of existing clusters.

science-based entrepreneurial university as a strategy for creation of a new science -based industry in a region that was heretofore known as a naval base and retirement

With a charter for a new campus of the University of California, leading scientists were recruited in emerging area of â€oepolyvalent knowledge, †with both

o Building an integrated environment for university technology transfer and entrepreneurship activities. When a university establishes a liaison or technology

transfer office, it soon realizes that a much broader range of services and support structures are required

building an innovation Space is the Flemish Catholic University of Leuven (KUL and its technology transfer office Leuven R&d,

rather than seeing themselves as isolated entities, firms, universities and local government actors begin to see themselves as part of a larger whole,

New england Council representing university, industry and government leadership in the region, which invented the contemporary format for the venture capital firm

sought, in which universities would play a greater role, moving on from the position of R&d labs for industry they had played earlier.

university, industry and government spheres 23 Triple Helix spheres get closer together in a gradual process

This is a simplified representation of the interaction among the university, industry and government institutional spheres, profiling relatively equal contributions of the spheres to the

where many successful firms had outgrown their university links, or were spinoffs of an early

phenomenon, a cluster of interrelated firms, rather than as part of a broader university -industry-government complex.

In 2002, the IT-university is opened as a joint venture between the Royal Institute of technology KTH and the

University of Stockholm, and new business networks are formed in Kista Science City†s growth areas, especially ICT.

stakeholders, such as firms, universities and research institutes, or between small start-up firms and larger (customer) firms (Cooke, 2001),

The Brazilian popular cooperative incubator model was invented bottom-up by a university incubator and a NGO campaign against hunger to teach poor people from the favelas how to organise a cooperative and create

Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) at Stanford and a few other universities provided the context for the development of the Google search algorithm that soon became the basis of a firm formation

delineated by a set of innovation actors (firms, universities, research institutes, financial institutions, government regulatory bodies, etc.

organizational formats associated with the university, industry, government institutional spheres, and the latter, with concepts like the †innovation organizer†and †entrepreneurial

systematizes the key features of university-industry-government (Triple Helix) interactions into an †innovation system†format defined according to systems theory as a set of

that capture dynamic processes at the intersection of the university, industry and government institutional spheres rather than within single spheres.

-captures the effect of collaboration between the university and industry spheres, while most of the others describe single-sphere effects (e g. the indicators

This indicator is part of the University-Industry Research Collaboration Scoreboard produced by Leiden University, which provides an internationally comparative framework based on co-publications of at least one

university and one private sector organization that are usually business firms in manufacturing and services or

for-profit contract research organizations. See http://www. socialsciences. leiden. edu/cwts/research/uirc -scoreboard-2011. html

average citations received per patent cited (industry-university interface. Also, the design of indicators that characterize the specific dynamics of each space may be a challenging

spin-offs graduated from university incubators could be a relevant indicator for the Innovation space, while the number of projects achieved with the involvement of Triple

actors (public and private research labs, firms, universities, arts and cultural organizations etc.)) and analyzing their evolution

University Press: Cambridge 39 Debackere, K. 2000. Managing academic R&d as a business at K. U. Leuven:

Improving Industry Science Links through University Technology Transfer Units: An Analysis and A Case, Research Policy 34,321-342

The Triple Helix of University-Industry -40 Government Relations. Social science Information 42,293-338 Etzkowitz, H. 2008.

University-Industry-Government Innovation in Action Routledge, London Etzkowitz, H. 2012. Triple Helix Clusters: Boundary Permeability at University-Industry

-Government Interfaces as a Regional Innovation Strategy. Environment & Planning C Government and Policy. In Press

University-Industry-Government Relations: A Laboratory for Knowledge-Based Economic Development. EASST Review 14 14-19

A"triple helix"of university -industry-government relations. Minerva 36,203-208 Etzkowitz, H.,Leydesdorff, L. 2000.

and"Mode 2"to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations. Research Policy 29,109-123

Pathways to the Entrepreneurial University: Towards a Global Convergence. Science and Public Policy 35,1-15

The place of universities in the system of knowledge production Research Policy 29,273-278 Hamilton, W. B. 1966.

Etzkowitz, H.,Leydesdorff, L. Eds), Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy: A Triple Helix of University†Industry†Government Relations.

The mutual information of university-industry-government relations An indicator of the Triple Helix dynamics.

Emergence of a Triple Helix of University-Industry -Government Relations. Science and Public Policy 23,279-86

an experience-based perspective, Working Paper SACSJP, University of Aveiro Rubin, H. 2009. Collaborative Leadership:

The emerging role of universities in socioeconomic development through knowledge networking. Science and Public Policy 38

Entrepreneurial Universities. Johns hopkins university Press, Baltimore Spittle, A. 2010. †The changing nature of work†(downloaded on 9 april from

University of Eastern Finland (Kuopio Campus), Kuopio, Finland Abstract Purpose †The purpose of this paper is to examine the information sourcing practices of small-to

University of Kuopio Savonia University of Applied sciences Organizations of vocational education Research institutes VTT (Technical Research center of Finland

Five-point Likert-scale 1 Â Insignificant to 5 Â Very important REGSUPPA Sum-variable measuring the importance of regional

between different actors (firms, universities and other research organizations educational organizations, financial organizations, public support organizations, etc

University Press, Oxford, pp. 181-208 Fiet, J. O. and Patel, P. C. 2008), â€oeentrepreneurial discovery as constrained, systematic searchâ€

University Press, Oxford Nelson, R. R. and Winter, S g. 1982), An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Belknap

Miika Varis, after graduating from the University of Kuopio, acted as a research and teaching

Business and Management, University of Kuopio, Finland, and from 2009 as a lecturer in entrepreneurship at the Department of health Policy and Management, University of Kuopio

Finland (1. 1. 2010 Department of health and Social Management, University of Eastern Finland Entrepreneurial SMES 153

D ow nl oa de d by W A TE RF O RD IN ST

Hannu Littunen, after graduating from the University of Jyvaâ skylaâ, was a researcher at the

University of Jyvaâ skylaâ, School of business and Economics, Centre for Economic Research Finland, and a professor of entrepreneurship and regional development at the Department of

Business and Management, University of Kuopio, Finland (2003-2009) and from 2009 a professor of entrepreneurship and regional development at the Department of health Policy and

Management, University of Kuopio, Finland (1. 1. 2010 Department of health and Social Management, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus). He completed his doctoral thesis

in leadership and management entitled â€oethe birth and success of new firms in a changing

University, he worked in various organizations in both public and private sectors in Finland. He

shapes perceptions about universities and public research organisations. The Journal of Technology Transfer 39,454-471.

Bocconi University Milan Italy ISBN 978-3-319-04306-7 ISBN 978-3-319-04307-4 (ebook

Vincenzo Perrone at Bocconi University, Prof. Vallabh Sambamurthy, Eli Broad Professor at Michigan State university, and Prof.

Fontana at LUISS University as main inspiration and mentors Moreover, I acknowledge Prof. Giuseppe Soda, Head of the Department of

Management and Technology at Bocconi University, and all the other colleagues at the Department, in particular Prof.

Organization and Information systems at Bocconi University, who have created a rich and rigorous research environment where I am proud to work

I acknowledge also some colleagues from other universities with whom I†ve had the pleasure to work,

University of California Irvine, Prof. Saby Mitra at Georgia Institute of technology Prof. Ravi Bapna at University of Minnesota Carlson School of management

George Westerman at MIT Center for Digital Business, Prof. Ritu Agarwal at Robert H. Smith School of business, Prof.

Ludwig Maximilians University, Prof. Marinos Themistocleous at the Department of Digital Systems at University of Piraeus, Prof.

Chiara Francalanci at Politecnico di Milano, Wolfgang KÃ nig at Goethe University, Adriano Solidoro at University of

Milano-Bicocca, Luca Giustiniano at LUISS University, Prof. Zahir Irani at Brunel Business school, Prof. Sinan Aral at NYU Stern School of business, and Ken and

Jane Laudon Furthermore, I want to gratefully acknowledge all the companies that have participated to the research interviews, case studies, and surveys.

has cooperated with Carnegie mellon University, in a report entitled †Mobility and Security†that addresses the consumerization related problems 12.

project is initiated by computer scientists from Carnegie mellon University, in which people are collaboratively using their humans†thinking, processing and

of scientists led by the University of Cambridge, the cost of protection against cybercrime often exceed the cost of the threat itself 10.

University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide 14. Beynon-Davies P (2011) The enactment of personal identity.

, universities, research centers, industrial companies, but also suppliers, manufacturers of complementary products as well as end users. The ideas and projects developed internally are only

University Press, Oxford, pp 161†174 39. Anderson D, Lee HL (2000) The Internet-enabled supply chain:

University Professors in computer science, who were fascinated by the prospect to understand human behavior through the analysis of location data over time.

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