21st century society increasingly demands digital literacy, and while physical access to ICT has never
renovation of playgrounds; creating a new football ground; creating small gardens and open spaces between houses, a new public agora for outdoor leisure and other
and literacy, personal loans and insurance Microfinance was slow to take off in Europe. ADIE47 in France was one of the first to start up in the
disadvantaged neighbourhoods to renovate school playgrounds. Following this success, it turned its attention to redesigninging prefabricated social housing estates.
23 Professor Monti clearly identified public servic -es (or services of general economic interest) as being at the centre of social concerns
was pioneered by Esther Duflo, professor at MIT and Director of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, 52 which has grown now into a global network of professors who use
randomised evaluations to answer critical policy questions in the fight against poverty This network has conducted over 500 randomised evaluations in 57 countries.
include savings, financial education and literacy, personal loans and insurance Microfinance was slow to take off in Europe.
learner-centred models involving personalised and interdisciplinary learning, soft-skills and platforms for knowledge, especially in ICT, Massive Open Online
-ergy literacy and can be compared to the rise of the internet, which has enabled users to participate strongly in a two-directional flow of information
solutions on the use of ICT in the classroom and to prevent early school leaving.
Ministers, Members of the European parliament, business leaders, deans of universities and research centres, bankers and venture capitalists, top researchers, innovators and
education and their relevance for students and society. Examples include: U Multirank194 a new performance-based ranking and information tool for profiling higher education
that quality apprenticeships provide students with a valuable combination of theoretical knowledge and practical know-how that make them attractive for future employers.
academics, students and †geeksâ€. The EC reaches out to NGOS and volunteer citizens to enable them to be collectively aware of social innovation,
shopper, a driver, a nurse, a gardener, a teacher or student †entailing so much of what makes us human.
classrooms, the use of assistive devices for the elderly, or implants to cut teenage pregnancy.
Under the programme, recent graduates and young professionals spend two years working on various projects, building
of students, young professionals, and residents. Felipe Berrã os, who launched the initiative, believed that this was the best arrangement â€
A Pratham classroom. Pratham provides primary education to some of India†s most deprived children. Images courtesy of the Pratham team
Organic farming students at Everdale. Everdale is an organic farm and environmental learning centre. Its purpose is to teach sustainable living
†add†to the quality of pupils they take in †some schools might achieve very good exam results simply because of the quality of their intake
approaches (led by Professor Paul Dolan) which compare public policy and social actions by estimating the extra income people would need to
example of this is school inspections †inspectors assess and then share good practice. Comparative metrics are used increasingly by
Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further, giving students the experience of working in small social enterprises.
and postdoctoral students, with a target of 4, 000 researchers on-site by 2015, and another 6, 000 scientists in related fields such as clean
Entrepreneurs, where students are divided into action learning sets for the duration of the one year course
This playground at the Nunsmoor Centre in the West end of Newcastle is sure to be one the kids will love,
pupil representation (one third), and the provision of free school meals However, the model could be applied in other contexts
West Philly Hybrid X Team, a group of students from West Philadelphia High School†s Academy of Automotive and Mechanical engineering with their
group of students set up their own visual arts studio. The students work Processing bamboo as part of Prosperity Initiative†s plan to transform
the bamboo sector in Northwest Vietnam. In two years the project has enabled 22,000 people to move out of poverty.
The students are responsible for running the studio and raising funds. In this way, it combines creative freedom, business
Many MBAS now offer modules on social entrepreneurship, and there is a thriving market in specialist courses
per week of world-class training, delivered by prestigious graduate employers, business schools, think tanks, sector leaders and others
students to grow flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The Food for Life Partnership (which includes the Focus on Food Campaign, Garden
students at lunchtime 515) Community centres that merge into household activities †childcare entertainment, meals †and engage citizens in management
Year 1 pupils from Collaton St mary Primary school dig up organic potatoes, grown in their school garden.
Professor at LSE, UCL, and Melbourne University. His latest book is The Art of Public Strategy:
case of the Arduino Playground (http://playground. arduino. cc/),a wiki where all the users of Arduino can
which provides advanced digital fabrication instruction for students through a unique, hands-on curriculum as well as access to technological tools and resources.
-ate value alongside producers (no teacher can force students to learn if they don†t
business degree to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 5 These individual stories are always inspiring, energizing, and impressive.
they depend so much on co-production by the user, patient, or learner We have proposed some of the new mechanisms
-ty operated and managed by its students. Students perform all functions, from administrative duties to facilities management.
Two key features of the university are (1) its partnerships with a great number of businesses in the design and delivery of all programs,
all students to return to their rural schools and communities during holidays to teach what they
It brings primary sources into every classroom and allows for more open and rapid communication between teachers and students.
For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom, and other models of distance learning have made education much more widely availa
-ly developed by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy Social enterprises, charities and foundations
is to help †students use new technologies to design and make products that can make a difference to their
literacy, skills and inclusion A network between communities of users and DSI innovators is essential
started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) build all kinds of electronic contraptions using an
This is an example of how student scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equip
World series of the Robocup Junior (for high school students. When Arduino cofounder Massimo Banzi was approached to make an educa
artists, and students for various projects †and to great effect. Yet other than Arduino†s broad appeal, its success can be attributed to a number of
presenting at conferences, to students and in city halls, bringing together city officials and the (coming) devel
its launch it has gathered a group of students, researchers, professionals and large-scale communities from Spain, Austria, Greece, UK, Germany
DESIS Labs are groups of professors, research -ers and students who orient their design and research activities towards
social innovation, while also attempting to grow and expand potentially useful alliances with other potential partners.
Society, by Professor Neil Gershenfeld, Director of the Center for Bits & Atoms, MIT. Waag Society is a nonprofit organisation that focuses
made up by a diverse demographic of students, teachers and professors professionals, makers and hackers
Technological Literacy: While Finland is networked a highly country, not everyone has the same technical capacity.
In addition large numbers of users are students, teachers and professors 161 Open Knowledge Foundation At a glance
Type of Organisation: Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends:
-graduates applying to study Computer science. Upton has hypothesised that this drop in skills and interest was related to disappearance of open
a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship which would become the Rasperrypi
to positive and measurable outcomes as a learning tool for students in developing countries. However as the case of Bolgatanga in the Upper
feedback from both teachers and pupils regarding this RACHEL material has been encouraging, and students can now access large amounts of
educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet connectivity Furthermore, the charity†s continued success (financial and otherwise
eager students simply follow instructions to download information onto an SD card, plug it into the tiny computer
-tion, and high levels of trust built through common graduate academic programmes and preexisting professional networks such as the Interna
It brings primary sources into every classroom and allows for more open and rapid communication between teachers and students.
For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom, and other models of distance learning have made education much more widely availa
-ly developed by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy Social enterprises, charities and foundations
is to help †students use new technologies to design and make products that can make a difference to their
literacy, skills and inclusion A network between communities of users and DSI innovators is essential
started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) build all kinds of electronic contraptions using an
This is an example of how student scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equip
World series of the Robocup Junior (for high school students. When Arduino cofounder Massimo Banzi was approached to make an educa
artists, and students for various projects †and to great effect. Yet other than Arduino†s broad appeal, its success can be attributed to a number of
presenting at conferences, to students and in city halls, bringing together city officials and the (coming) devel
its launch it has gathered a group of students, researchers, professionals and large-scale communities from Spain, Austria, Greece, UK, Germany
DESIS Labs are groups of professors, research -ers and students who orient their design and research activities towards
social innovation, while also attempting to grow and expand potentially useful alliances with other potential partners.
Society, by Professor Neil Gershenfeld, Director of the Center for Bits & Atoms, MIT. Waag Society is a nonprofit organisation that focuses
made up by a diverse demographic of students, teachers and professors professionals, makers and hackers
Technological Literacy: While Finland is networked a highly country, not everyone has the same technical capacity.
In addition large numbers of users are students, teachers and professors 161 Open Knowledge Foundation At a glance
Type of Organisation: Social enterprises, charities and foundations Aim: Participation and democracy, other Technology Trends:
-graduates applying to study Computer science. Upton has hypothesised that this drop in skills and interest was related to disappearance of open
a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship which would become the Rasperrypi
to positive and measurable outcomes as a learning tool for students in developing countries. However as the case of Bolgatanga in the Upper
feedback from both teachers and pupils regarding this RACHEL material has been encouraging, and students can now access large amounts of
educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet connectivity Furthermore, the charity†s continued success (financial and otherwise
eager students simply follow instructions to download information onto an SD card, plug it into the tiny computer
-tion, and high levels of trust built through common graduate academic programmes and preexisting professional networks such as the Interna
Professor, University of Dortmund, Germany Nickolas Hatziargyriou Professor, NTUA, Greece Nick Jenkins Professor, University of Manchester united Kingdom
Tahir Kapetanovic Director Electricity, Energie-Control Gmbh, Austria Urban Keussen Managing director, E. O. N. Netz Gmbh, Germany
Members of the Advisory Council 37 VISION AND STRATEGY I ELECTRICITY NETWORKS OF THE FUTURE
Professor and Head of Centre for Electric Technology, Technical University of Denmark Carlo Sabelli Director Dispatching Activities, TERNA, Italy
Director attended a masters degree course in eco -innovative building technologies and processes The company is now winning business based on
professionals, aimed inter alia at improving the digital literacy of young consumers •A dialogue with intermediaries and traders with a view to developing codes of
-learning, e-literacy and e-skills. It is sometimes part of another study, but not a study as such.
There are huge differences in digital literacy and digital administration between Member States. The EU could help close this digital divide
with high-level of digital literacy and digital administrative processes and those with low -levels
Reaping the benefits of ICT Europe†s productivity challenge A report from the Economist Intelligence Unit
of Internet/web literacy. The ICT enablers index takes into account affordability of Internet access, telecoms market
graduates trained in software programming, network design and other technical aptitudes, and these are well represented in IT departments throughout
"Internet literacy "We also construct an index of †ICT enablers†(on a 1 -10 scale), indicators that are likely to be closely
Which of the following countries have the highest levels of ICT literacy as an average across the whole population
Inequalities are expected increasingly to manifest themselves in terms of capacity (literacy, awareness and skills) to reap the benefits of technology.
digital literacy, the implementation often varies across Member States and the policies are need likely to to
be in place for a substantial amount of time to produce visible changes in literacy and skills indicators
students return home (Naidoo 2011; Paige et al. 2009. Correspondingly, the global mobility and flow of
students in tertiary education has soared since the 2000s, increasing by 78%between 2000 and 2010 from a total of 2 million to 3. 6 million.
Technology access and the ability of students to understand and use information effectively have gained importance in school curricula and international policy across the globe.
benchmarking information literacy presents methodological challenges (UIS 2012 Innovation regarding the delivery of open educational content has been on the rise in recent years
structures and little focus on the progress of the individual student †their global reach illustrates well the
with better labour market prospects for graduates, some of the literature has forecast a potential effect to
financial crisis has led to increases in the number of students enrolled in higher education institutes as education is seen as an alternative to unemployment.
5 UIS interactive map on global education flows http://www. uis. unesco. org/EDUCATION/Pages/international-student-flow
Number of students enrolled in traditional and online courses/MOOCS educational attainment number of universities offering online courses
††â€,"Share of women among tertiary students Total-science, mathematics and computing -engineering, manufacture and construction(%)code tps00063,"Eurostat website, 2012b.
Adult and Youth Literacy 1995-2015, Montreal: UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2012 Hurd, M d.,P. Martorell, A. Delavande, K. J. Mullen,
How Have Students and Their Families Responded?""How the Great Recession Affected Higher education: University of Chicago
technology in public schools and classrooms,"National Education Association, 2008 National Intelligence Council, Global Trends 2030:
††â€, Closing the gap for immigrant students. Policies, Practice and Performance. OECD reviews of
hysteresis and heterogeneity in the market for college graduates. †NBER Working Paper No 12159
PISA, â€oehow are school systems adapting to increasing numbers of immigrant students? â€, PISA in FOCUS, 2011/11.
PISA, â€oehow do immigrant students fare in disadvantaged schools? â€, PISA IN FOCUS, 2012/11 November). ) As of 21 august 2014
Oxford Scholarship, 2008, pp. 117-144 Schummer, Joachim,"From Nano-Convergence to NBIC-Convergence: â€oethe best way to predict the
UIS, UIS Adult and Youth Literacy Fact Sheet, Unesco Institute for Statistics, 2012 UK Ministry of Defence, DCDC Report, Global Strategic Trends-Out to 2040,2010
UNESCO, Global Literacy Rates and Population Numbers for Adults And Youth, 2010, UIS Fact Sheet
World bank Development Indicators,"National adult literacy rates (15+),2012. As of 08/03/2013 http://data. worldbank. org/indicator/SE.
recruitment of university graduates and skilled personnel; awareness of new ideas and technologies; and incentives and institutional frameworks for improving collaborations within networks and clusters, including
â'They need help recruiting university graduates and other skilled personnel â'They need to be made aware of new ideas and technologies
The university system †10 public universities with a total of approximately 230 000 students â€
which offers young college graduates financial support for their graduate work at top international universities, on the condition that they return to the region
to work for at least four years. By 2009 the program had funded about 500 young Andalusians and
In Andalusia a total of nearly 95 000 students attend vocational training, less than half the number that attend public universities.
last decade in placing students in a job. That has resulted in an increased number of students during
the 1990s and 2000s just as the number of university students in Spain has been decreasing and the
number of dropouts increasing There is a schism between economic development and workforce development Andalusia experiences a chronic schism between economic and workforce development
support university students, faculty and researchers who want to create their own companies especially in the case of spin-offs derived from university research
made by university professors during their period of contract with the university, and which constitute
Professors have the right to share in the benefits that flow to the university from the use of the intellectual property rights derived from their
more focused forms of cooperative education programs ensuring that the students being trained in the universities are familiar with the kinds of technical problems that local firms must overcome.
Both envisage attracting both talent (students researchers, skilled workers, etc. and investment (national and foreign Entrepreneurship
ii) the work of ICT literacy of SMES; iii) the survey of the innovative needs of local small firms.
ï Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees
ï Stay abreast of recent developments in technology parks and consider moving the Andalusian model towards a format in which research occurs in †clouds†that virtually link together distributed and light
and retention of talented foreign students from local universities in technology parks INTRODUCTION Regional economic development is regarded increasingly as critical to the growth of national
In particular, the share of university graduates has shrunk significantly by 3 percentage points, from 14.7%in 1998 to 11.7%in 2009, whereas vocational
students leaving education with the lowest compulsory degree is also among the highest in the country
With its nine public universities, 17 000 teaching and research staff and 250 000 students, higher
entrepreneurship programmes aimed at specific social groups (e g. women, youth, university graduates disadvantaged people, etc. emerging and strategic industries (e g. technology-based firms, creative industries
4 year undergraduate degree), Master (1 or 2 year graduate education) and Doctorado (3-4 year post
movement of students, researchers, faculty and staff within European universities. The Bologna Process is linked to the broader Lisbon Strategy,
%and among those with just a high school diploma, the unemployment rate stood at 56 %Instituto Estadã stico de Andalucã a, 2010.
last decade has seen students increasingly selecting traditional vocational training rather than university education (Junta de Andalucã a, 2009.
lost 46 852 students. Still, there are returns to higher education: college graduates constitute 29%of the employed population in Andalusia,
but just 15%of the unemployed (Laurent, Periã¡Ã ez and Petit de Gabriel, 2010.
students coming to Andalusian universities for undergraduate studies (EU/Erasmus and Moroccan students) and for graduate studies (from Latin america, EU and North africa.
Despite the fact that Andalusian universities might be lagging behind in international rankings, the quality of life of Andalusia seems to be attracting foreign students.
In fact, the share of immigrants from the EU-15 that hold a college degree (42%)is more than double that among Andalusian residents (20%)(Instituto
students. The Universities of Seville and Granada dominate enrolment, with 57 000 and 56 000
students, respectively; the University of Malaga is a distant third, with 33 000 students, and the others
are substantially smaller 2 Decreto del Presidente 11/2004, de 24 de abril, sobre reestructuraciã n de Consejerã as, available at www. juntadeandalucia. es/boja
3 Professor Manuel Castells†s work on the network society was and still is utilized widely as theoretical framework for the new regional development agenda in Andalusia
Traditionally, student mobility was very weak in Spain and geographic proximity rather than reputation was the criteria by
which students chose their university. However, the Bologna process and the new plans of the regional government to increase the specialization of universities is expected
to bring more competition for student recruiting and make Andalusia universities more specialized than generalist.
This is also trying to stop the †brain drain†of Andalusia students going to private university institutions and business schools in Madrid and Barcelona to get their graduate degrees
In general terms, Spanish universities do not rank well in international quality rankings, which are skewed reputedly towards larger and English-speaking universities.
regional government offers young college graduates financial support for their graduate work at top international universities, on the condition that they return to the region to work for four years.
the favourite destination for Erasmus exchange students: 8 out of the top 10 exchange institutions in
number of foreign students to Andalusia universities: 20%are of foreign origin, with 8%coming from
magnet for attracting international students and yet few efforts are made by the regional government to
Erasmus is the EU flagship higher education program enabling 200 000 European students to study in
alternative to the Baccalaureate and university education. Managed by the Regional Ministry of Education, it includes skills training of one-two years for youth unable to graduate high
school, high school graduates, or older students with some college education or a degree ï Vocational training for employment (Formaciã n Profesional para el Empleo or FPE) serves
either dislocated or incumbent workers. Initially conceived as an employment policy, it is now managed by the Regional Ministry of Employment in coordination with the Ministry of
In Andalusia, a total of 94 710 students attend vocational training †less than half the number that
Vocational training has been very successful in the last decade in placing students in a job. That
has resulted in an increased number of students during the 1990s and 2000s just as the number of
university students in Spain has been decreasing and number of dropouts increasing (Laurent, Periã¡Ã ez and Petit de Gabriel, 2010.
For the 2009-10 course, the number of students at technical and vocational schools in Spain increased 9. 3%compared to 3. 2%of Baccalaureate students
7 Opportunities in the landscape This overview of the landscape of education and training in Andalusia suggests several
an initiative of the Regional Ministry of Employment to train more than 1 000 students, workers and
exchange students for the region. RETA and other regional stakeholders might work to encourage potential entrepreneurs among them to stay in the region,
This is an elective course that all university students can take, although only 200 students took and most of them came from the Economics department.
This figure is small compared to the approximately 33 000 UMA students. UMA recognizes the poor participation rates in
these courses and is trying to expand them to other departments such as ICT and applied scientific
of the fees of an MBA PROGRAM Business schools In Spain, the public university system has a better reputation than the private system,
quality education in business and entrepreneurship and even more so at the graduate level. Economics and business administration departments in public universities are disconnected often from the local
but not official degree programmes 8 Technology Transfer Offices (OTRIS Andalusia Technology Transfer Offices (OTRIS) have seen their responsibilities
increasingly paying attention to promote entrepreneurial activity among students as a way to increase the number of companies originated in the university.
but it also targets students (in high school, vocational training schools and universities) and women. ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE has more than 200 business incubators
training programs promote entrepreneurship culture in primary schools, high schools, baccalaureate programs, and vocational training schools, teaching students how to create
and manage cooperative firms. For the highest level of vocational training students, ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE offers a
business plan competition in which the winners spend three days training in the business incubators. In
already engaged in entrepreneurship education, from special workshops to support for MBA PROGRAMS to internship programs at the technology parks.
Ministry of Economy, Innovation and Science, there is only one vocational training diploma in Andalusia included under the Energy and Water professional family.
The diploma, Superior Technical Degree in Energy efficiency and Solar-Thermal Energy, was established only very recently in 2008
improving the innovation system, the enthusiasm of foreign students for the region, and the existing sector-based models which might be built upon
talent seem to be focused in improving sending Andalusian students to top universities abroad (as in
students that are attracted to Andalusian universities every year. The Universities of Granada and Sevilla alone received over 3 000 exchange students in 2007-08, placing Andalucia ahead even of
Barcelona in popularity. As research elsewhere has found, immigrants are disproportionately likely to become entrepreneurs.
for these students, by helping them obtain legal residency and connecting them to entrepreneurship resources (for instance in the technology parks
students with businesses. The regional government seems to be supporting this approach already, not only by trying to link the technology parks with its high-tech sector strategies, but also by fostering
focus on attracting immigrant exchange students (though retaining immigrant entrepreneurs remains out of the region†s purview.
schools in Madrid and Barcelona, they have the benefit of location in a region attractive to students
graduates of the youth program Though too recent to evaluate systematically, local stakeholders argue that the Partnership has
as well as the concentration of foreign students and immigrant entrepreneurs, there may be potential to expand the offerings at the university level
A small class of students engage in the entrepreneurship process from idea development, team building,
These programs not only offer degrees, but send students out into the world with their own start-up business
students and tourists to the region, the need for internationalization, and the lack of web and IT
and that students often provide the most effective means for strengthening the linkages in the innovation system.
through the provision of skilled graduates who become key players in local industry; through the conduct of long-term fundamental research that
industrial sector, depends on their direct access both to researchers and especially to students involved in generating that research.
engage in the DUI mode of innovation †are through faculty consulting and student placements or
and a 28 percent increase in the number of students enrolled and a corresponding increase in the teaching staff of the universities.
university students, faculty and researchers who want to create their own companies, especially in the case of spin-offs derived from university research.
entrepreneurial activity among students as a way to increase the number of companies originated in the
made by university professors during their period of contract with the university, and which constitute
Professors have the right to share in the benefits that flow to the university from the use of the intellectual property rights derived from their
professors on staff and 40 000 students. The university has 270 active research groups, which is the
programs that provide academic credits to students for working on company research projects. The universities in some respect have much more research and technology capabilities than the local
as providing support services to facilitate work experience for its students in enterprises and the
university is endowed well with professors and administrators, but they also perceive the need for a
Professors cannot leave the university and go to work for a start up company with any assurance that they will be
which has 4 000 researchers and approximately 70 000 students. The OTRI has just twelve people
focused forms of cooperative education programs which could ensure that the students being trained in the universities are familiar with the kinds of technical problems that these firms must overcome.
to identify the faculty members on the various research teams at the individual universities with skill
provide training spaces for university students in private firms. This was made clear in both visits to the universities,
merely placing student trainees with firms for a limited period. A cooperative education program usually involves engaging university students in alternating work study terms throughout the course of
their undergraduate or first degrees. Where these programs have been used extensively, such as at the University of Waterloo in Ontario, there is solid research evidence
students themselves provide a highly effective conduit for transferring research and specialized knowledge into the private firms and also for bringing the †real world†perspective of the firms back
from their work terms into the university classroom. This example is discussed in further detail in one
students in the small and medium-sized enterprises that RETA services. The principle obstacle to
administrations in locating work placements for their students. In successful coop programs, this is usually accomplished through the provision of several dedicated university personnel to the task of
placements for the university students. It would require RETA to work closely with both the firms
identify the firms that would be interested in providing work placements for students in a cooperative
human capital working in the firms by providing them with technically trained university students; it could provide students with more real life work experience as part of their formal education;
and it could use the students as a conduit for feeding problems and concerns of small and medium-sized
enterprises back into the teaching activities of the university faculty. There is also some evidence from
the North american experience that coop students can create a demand-pull mechanism to pull technical knowledge out of universities to provide assistance to firms (Bramwell and Wolfe, 2008
largest cooperative education program in the world, with over 11 000 students (60 percent of the
student body) and 3 000 employers, 281 of them local, involved in the program each year.
campus alone, 15 per cent of its current employees are Waterloo co-op students, and more than half of
their Waterloo staff consists of former co-op students Rationale for the Intervention The Waterloo Region in Ontario, located about 100 km west of Toronto,
education, especially in the sciences and engineering by giving the students hands-on experience working in firms to complement their classroom time;
and second, to maximize the usage of what was initially a very constrained physical plant by ensuring that classrooms were being used fully through
all three semesters of the year. The rotation of students to industry and back to the classroom helped
solidify tight relations with local industry Reasons for success The reflexive relationship between the university and local industry allows the curriculum to keep
funds the acquisition of technology to enhance classroom learning. As a result Waterloo became one
of the first universities in Canada to enable students to actively explore and make use of innovations in
The exposure that students had to the early days of computer technology laid the foundations for a technological leap that shaped the
between students and local and non-local industry through the Cooperative Education Program Nelles, Bramwell and Wolfe, 2005
because firms know that the students have work experience, and they get an opportunity to
and recent graduates provide †fresh eyesâ€: †new ideas, new minds younger talent in the companyâ€.
Second, co-op students act as an important transfer mechanism for tacit knowledge and know-how; they also act as a critical source of knowledge circulation within the
graduates well trained within the university, they also come with practical experience gained through co-op placements, both in local firms and in firms all over North america.
Waterloo co-op students have an international reputation for being of high quality, and as a result, local firms have to compete
with global ones to attract the best students, though they retain the benefit of location. For instance, in
Most years, we hire more students out of Waterloo than any other university in the world. â€
Co-op students also act as an important conduit between local firms and the teaching faculty at the university.
At the same time, student-driven technology transfer is critical specifically to the commercialization process. One firms reported that
†students come off co-op terms and co-opt entrepreneurial faculty to develop a company...They play a big role in spin-offs and technology transfer. †This awareness of the crucial link between
Program, which enables students to start their own venture in lieu of doing a co-op placement with an
and maintaining the placement positions for the student body. The university invests a considerable amount of its own resources in financing
the high reputation that both the program and the university†s students enjoy, which makes it easier to
find firms willing to take the students on work placement Relevance to Andalusia The key lesson to be drawn from this experience is that the patient investment of resources in a
coop education initiative in finding the work placements for students For further information http://www. cecs. uwaterloo. ca/about
New graduate jobs per incubator p. a. 41 jobs 7 to 197 NA Cost per job (gross) â 4, 400 â 124 to â 29,600 â 4, 000 to â 8, 000
most are recent graduates from an engineering or science background who might have the technical competences
Professor Gianluca Brunori, Department of Agronomy and Management of the Agro-ecosystem Group of Agricultural and Environmental Economics, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto, 80-56124
have produced generations of well-trained graduates to service the life sciences labour market: indeed Scotland produces a proportionately larger number of graduates from its universities than other parts
of the UK. The public health service has also been an important consumer for new and innovative
Consequently the loss of Scottish graduates to other places need not be a problem, and as many return to Scotland later in their careers, can be seen as an important part of
nearly 50 000 students over the 1999-2009 decade. The boom of construction and tourism possibly
College graduates make up 29%of the employed population in the region, but only 15%of the unemployed.
among young adults (aged 16-24) with just a high school diploma stood at stunning 56%at the end of
research contracts, collaborative research, training of human resources and supervision of graduates are also important modes of knowledge transfer that OTRIS should consider more than has done so far
transfer offices will be able to reach out to a wider number of both faculty members and enterprises
and could indeed be matched with another database collecting the skills of university faculty members so as to ease knowledge transfer between HEIS and firms, including of small size.
Students still tend to go outside of the Andalusian public university system for advanced business-related training,
yet there is only one vocational training diploma in Andalusia included under the Energy and Water professional family.
to regional universities being able to attract talent, both students and faculty, from elsewhere. Such an
Together with a diverse student body and the identification of entrepreneurial talent in that community, much could be achieved by way of
ï Establish cooperative education programmes engaging university students in alternating work terms with study terms throughout their undergraduate degrees
ï Stay abreast of recent developments in technology parks and consider moving the Andalusian model towards a format in which research occurs in †clouds†that virtually link together distributed and light
and retention of talented foreign students from local universities in technology parks ï Ensure that best-practice policy principles are applied in local technology parks,
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