which is what most students are now doing on their own. Today, students acquire knowledge in ways
that are self-directed, and involve both peers and adults. Digital media allow students to learn from each other in informal
situations, making learning in and out of school"increasingly porous,"therefore the educational institutions have a problem
Students are being inundated with undigested information, which can easily create paralysis by having so much that it cannot possibly be
If students don't know where to start and what is the point of reference, they may easily get gridlocked.
goals of today†s education has to be to teach students, as Socrates stated, not only what they can know, but also what
a university can turn a freshman student into an educated and refined person. That idea belongs to the past, when in the
educational years to give a student all the possible elements of professionalism, know-how, career, and also a vocation
convey information from the instructor to the students in the traditional classroom setting. This system was based on
students are learning much more in these informal environments because they are voluntarily engaging in
technologies and social media allow students to learn from each other in informal settings anywhere and anytime
Today students learn in ways that are self-directed, and involve both peers and adults. When you
classroom claim that social media tools can ignite students 'curiosity and ingenuity, exposed them to content experts and
students to develop technological skills; to be creative; and to critique, analyze, and evaluate multimedia text, as well as
environments as the interaction between a teacher, a student and curriculum (the content which a student supposed to be
learning). ) New digital technology and media also allow specifically and personally tailored instruction to a great
numbers of students. The result is a new form of culture where knowledge is seen as fluid
apprenticeship, in which students decide the terms and conditions of their learning rather than following a prescribed
Since students would be aiming toward their personal interests, they would be far more motivated to learn.
physical space for a diverse group of students to interact in the real world while being educated about prejudice
students who took all or part of their instruction online performed better, on average, than those taking the same
When students do meet in the classroom with an instructor, the face-to-face class can now focus on
higher-level skills since the basics are known by all students and were covered already through the e-learning part of the
may profoundly affect a great number of students. Many of us could think of such a teacher.
and the profile of students who are enrolling into the universities is changing at a speed that is
this new generation of ever-changing students is going to be a monumental task for institutions of higher education
of students. These educational approaches must change as universities rethink their traditional roles and their modes of
classes, students are given the chance to participate in businesslike projects and numerous teachers are trained to pass on entrepreneurial skills.
the foundation aims to develop more competent pupils and students, hopefully starting up their own business one day
and more attractive for non-EU national students and researchers to stay in the EU and to
ï§Providing more opportunities for students to gain additional skills through study or training abroad,
their students in the newest technologies (including e-leadership skills. Keeping the curricula of the universities and colleges up-to-date in a fast-growing technological environment is a
ACTION 9 †Encourage students and graduates to start a digital start-up Initiate a pilot program to work with large companies to encourage students and/or graduates
to acquire and demonstrate e-leadership skills and found a digital start-up, paying some of
ï§Promoting entrepreneurship as a desirable career path in the EU by offering students and graduates alternatives to the classic route (i e. working at †traditional†companies
9 Encourage students and graduates to start adigital start-up 10 Europe Entrepreneurial Visa Act 11 Relax the visa requirements applied to highlyskilled individuals
students and graduates to start a digital start-up Initiate a pilot program to work with large companies to encourage students and/or
graduates to acquire and demonstrate e-leadership skills and found a digital start-up paying some of those
secondary student in Ireland watching a BBC special. It was while earning his doctorate degree at Trinity college Dublin
Connacht Gold engaged with Institute of technology Sligo design students and staff to develop a range for 12-month and 5-year product concepts
all three subjects measured by the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), and 30 to 80
per cent of students performed at the lowest level in all subjects. 34 Employment opportunities do not necessarily increase with higher levels of education.
Student Assessment (PISA) indicates that the education system in this region is performing adequately at imparting basic skills,
students enrol in primary education, the lowest in the world. The picture worsens as the education level
youth and young students from some universities are preparing for the expansion of†green jobs to increase our employment and youth employment rates. †115
In cases where ICT students graduate with the skills to be developers, most of these students lack the
basic business skills needed to get an idea off the ground. They are developers, not CEOS. 136 As a result
students, and Skype in the classroom, a free global community for teachers to connect their
students with others around the world Website: www. microsoft. com/about/corporatecitizenship/en-us/youthspark/youthsparkhub
c. Technology is natural in the lives of the student †as the â€oedigital native††while the teacher †as
f. Students construct content rather than just consuming it. Students are active authors of content
and innovation These trends reflect changes in the larger phenomena in society and are the subject of this chapter, which
Designing Blended learning Space Student Experience, †in Learning Spaces. eds. Diana G Oblinge (EDUCAUSE, 2006
while students can own the learning process and acquire knowledge at their own pace. New ways of
the classroom time to interact with students. Video lectures and other class-related information are delivered via the
LMS enable the creation of a virtual classroom for the students, complete with lessons plans, discussion
students can learn the concepts at their own pace and use the face-to-face time with the instructor to
Blended learning requires active participation and engagement from the students, thereby changing the experience of knowledge acquisition.
It is no longer a mere transfer of information, where the student only consumes. The innovative aspect of blended learning rests on the new way it encourages students to
learn about the technology while discovering other subjects. Students have the option to present their
work using the technology†for example, instead of writing a paper or report, they can make a video
There are some exciting examples of universities organizing contests with Phd students who present their scientific work using video or other technology. 150
Anglophone, Francophone and Lusophone African students. The AVU has its headquarters in Nairobi, Kenya and a Regional office in Dakar Senegal
the student (young and old) can choose what and when to learn. The student is no longer bound by curricular programmes,
and can learn in a formal or non-formal manner. There is a transformative element to self-directed learning as Kelvin†s
Coursera is a for-profit social enterprise that facilitates large-scale participation of students who sign up for free online courses with top universities around the world.
capitalizing on reaching a larger number of students. Professors affiliated with universities lead courses offered through Coursera,
and students have the option of taking them for credit or just to learn something new.
There is a high level of interactivity between students and professors. Also, student can organize face-to-face meetings using the Meetup app.
Coursera is growing rapidly. As of September 2013 Coursera has had 17 million enrolments from students in 190 countries. 155
Website: www. coursera. org /152 Anya Kemenetz, â€oeonline courses are taking off: But there†s a major downside, †(Slate. com, November 2013
In the education sector, students enrolled in MOOCS are found to collaborate through social media and
Badges are granted based on how students work together to learn a particular topic. P2pu houses the following communities:
Students are paired with a mentor/s and given exposure to real-world software development scenarios and the
In all cases, mobile devices can help young students access information at their own pace, and in
preparing students to meet the demands of a changing job market. 177 The report emphasizes that formal
inadequate student-computer ratios; ICT learning restricted to studying basic computer literacy and not for learning other subjects;
Other initiatives provide educators and students with practical resources for use in the classroom In Asia, some countries have achieved a high degree of integration of ICTS in education
teach students aged 7 to 19 to write code as part of its national digital strategy. 190 Working with industry
investments are designed to attract students into science, technology, engineering and mathematics STEM) fields. Similar programmes are emerging in developing countries.
While students in these programmes in general fare well this type of initiative could be complemented with a job placement element.
Designing Blended learning Space Student Experience, †in Learning Spaces. eds. Diana G Oblinge. EDUCAUSE, 2006
Flipped classroom An instructional model where students view video lectures and other online resources outside of class, with class time devoted to discussion and group work
and nutritious meals to students daily†and does so at a higher gross margin than traditional
†Students and citizens interested in statistics and in knowing more about GDP measurement initiatives
platform for changemakers, innovators, educators and students. It enables individuals and communities to build and visualise their shared knowledge and unlock their
students and researchers, civil society organisations, governmental and inter -governmental organisations, multilateral institutions, businesses, statistical offices
open and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open University, based in the United kingdom,
and designer, started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) to build electronic
goal it is to help †students use new technologies to design and make products that can make a difference to
education and their relevance for students and society. Examples include: U Multirank194 a new performance-based ranking and information tool for profiling higher education
that quality apprenticeships provide students with a valuable combination of theoretical knowledge and practical know-how that make them attractive for future employers.
academics, students and †geeksâ€. The EC reaches out to NGOS and volunteer citizens to enable them to be collectively aware of social innovation,
shopper, a driver, a nurse, a gardener, a teacher or student †entailing so much of what makes us human.
of students, young professionals, and residents. Felipe Berrã os, who launched the initiative, believed that this was the best arrangement â€
Organic farming students at Everdale. Everdale is an organic farm and environmental learning centre. Its purpose is to teach sustainable living
Cultura e Desenvolvimento (Brazil) go further, giving students the experience of working in small social enterprises.
and postdoctoral students, with a target of 4, 000 researchers on-site by 2015, and another 6, 000 scientists in related fields such as clean
Entrepreneurs, where students are divided into action learning sets for the duration of the one year course
West Philly Hybrid X Team, a group of students from West Philadelphia High School†s Academy of Automotive and Mechanical engineering with their
group of students set up their own visual arts studio. The students work Processing bamboo as part of Prosperity Initiative†s plan to transform
the bamboo sector in Northwest Vietnam. In two years the project has enabled 22,000 people to move out of poverty.
The students are responsible for running the studio and raising funds. In this way, it combines creative freedom, business
students to grow flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The Food for Life Partnership (which includes the Focus on Food Campaign, Garden
students at lunchtime 515) Community centres that merge into household activities †childcare entertainment, meals †and engage citizens in management
which provides advanced digital fabrication instruction for students through a unique, hands-on curriculum as well as access to technological tools and resources.
-ate value alongside producers (no teacher can force students to learn if they don†t
business degree to students from disadvantaged backgrounds. 5 These individual stories are always inspiring, energizing, and impressive.
-ty operated and managed by its students. Students perform all functions, from administrative duties to facilities management.
Two key features of the university are (1) its partnerships with a great number of businesses in the design and delivery of all programs,
all students to return to their rural schools and communities during holidays to teach what they
and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom, and other models of distance learning have made education much more widely availa
-ly developed by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy Social enterprises, charities and foundations
is to help †students use new technologies to design and make products that can make a difference to their
started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) build all kinds of electronic contraptions using an
This is an example of how student scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equip
World series of the Robocup Junior (for high school students. When Arduino cofounder Massimo Banzi was approached to make an educa
artists, and students for various projects †and to great effect. Yet other than Arduino†s broad appeal, its success can be attributed to a number of
presenting at conferences, to students and in city halls, bringing together city officials and the (coming) devel
its launch it has gathered a group of students, researchers, professionals and large-scale communities from Spain, Austria, Greece, UK, Germany
-ers and students who orient their design and research activities towards social innovation, while also attempting to grow
made up by a diverse demographic of students, teachers and professors professionals, makers and hackers
In addition large numbers of users are students, teachers and professors 161 Open Knowledge Foundation At a glance
a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship which would become the Rasperrypi
to positive and measurable outcomes as a learning tool for students in developing countries. However as the case of Bolgatanga in the Upper
and students can now access large amounts of educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet
eager students simply follow instructions to download information onto an SD card, plug it into the tiny computer
and rapid communication between teachers and students. For instance, The Open university, based in the United kingdom, and other models of distance learning have made education much more widely availa
-ly developed by students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Italy Social enterprises, charities and foundations
is to help †students use new technologies to design and make products that can make a difference to their
started the Arduino project to enable students at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) build all kinds of electronic contraptions using an
This is an example of how student scientists are using Arduino-based hardware to replicate scientific equip
World series of the Robocup Junior (for high school students. When Arduino cofounder Massimo Banzi was approached to make an educa
artists, and students for various projects †and to great effect. Yet other than Arduino†s broad appeal, its success can be attributed to a number of
presenting at conferences, to students and in city halls, bringing together city officials and the (coming) devel
its launch it has gathered a group of students, researchers, professionals and large-scale communities from Spain, Austria, Greece, UK, Germany
-ers and students who orient their design and research activities towards social innovation, while also attempting to grow
made up by a diverse demographic of students, teachers and professors professionals, makers and hackers
In addition large numbers of users are students, teachers and professors 161 Open Knowledge Foundation At a glance
a new generation of students to pursue computing science scholarship which would become the Rasperrypi
to positive and measurable outcomes as a learning tool for students in developing countries. However as the case of Bolgatanga in the Upper
and students can now access large amounts of educational content with having to rely on poor and expensive Internet
eager students simply follow instructions to download information onto an SD card, plug it into the tiny computer
students return home (Naidoo 2011; Paige et al. 2009. Correspondingly, the global mobility and flow of
students in tertiary education has soared since the 2000s, increasing by 78%between 2000 and 2010 from a total of 2 million to 3. 6 million.
Technology access and the ability of students to understand and use information effectively have gained importance in school curricula and international policy across the globe.
structures and little focus on the progress of the individual student †their global reach illustrates well the
financial crisis has led to increases in the number of students enrolled in higher education institutes as education is seen as an alternative to unemployment.
5 UIS interactive map on global education flows http://www. uis. unesco. org/EDUCATION/Pages/international-student-flow
Number of students enrolled in traditional and online courses/MOOCS educational attainment number of universities offering online courses
††â€,"Share of women among tertiary students Total-science, mathematics and computing -engineering, manufacture and construction(%)code tps00063,"Eurostat website, 2012b.
How Have Students and Their Families Responded?""How the Great Recession Affected Higher education: University of Chicago
††â€, Closing the gap for immigrant students. Policies, Practice and Performance. OECD reviews of
PISA, â€oehow are school systems adapting to increasing numbers of immigrant students? â€, PISA in FOCUS, 2011/11.
PISA, â€oehow do immigrant students fare in disadvantaged schools? â€, PISA IN FOCUS, 2012/11 November). ) As of 21 august 2014
The university system †10 public universities with a total of approximately 230 000 students â€
In Andalusia a total of nearly 95 000 students attend vocational training, less than half the number that attend public universities.
last decade in placing students in a job. That has resulted in an increased number of students during
the 1990s and 2000s just as the number of university students in Spain has been decreasing and the
more focused forms of cooperative education programs ensuring that the students being trained in the universities are familiar with the kinds of technical problems that local firms must overcome.
Both envisage attracting both talent (students researchers, skilled workers, etc. and investment (national and foreign Entrepreneurship
students leaving education with the lowest compulsory degree is also among the highest in the country
With its nine public universities, 17 000 teaching and research staff and 250 000 students, higher
movement of students, researchers, faculty and staff within European universities. The Bologna Process is linked to the broader Lisbon Strategy,
last decade has seen students increasingly selecting traditional vocational training rather than university education (Junta de Andalucã a, 2009.
lost 46 852 students. Still, there are returns to higher education: college graduates constitute 29%of the employed population in Andalusia,
students coming to Andalusian universities for undergraduate studies (EU/Erasmus and Moroccan students) and for graduate studies (from Latin america, EU and North africa.
Despite the fact that Andalusian universities might be lagging behind in international rankings, the quality of life of Andalusia seems to be attracting foreign students.
students. The Universities of Seville and Granada dominate enrolment, with 57 000 and 56 000
students, respectively; the University of Malaga is a distant third, with 33 000 students, and the others
are substantially smaller 2 Decreto del Presidente 11/2004, de 24 de abril, sobre reestructuraciã n de Consejerã as, available at www. juntadeandalucia. es/boja
which students chose their university. However, the Bologna process and the new plans of the regional government to increase the specialization of universities is expected
to bring more competition for student recruiting and make Andalusia universities more specialized than generalist.
This is also trying to stop the †brain drain†of Andalusia students going to private university institutions and business schools in Madrid and Barcelona to get their graduate degrees
the favourite destination for Erasmus exchange students: 8 out of the top 10 exchange institutions in
magnet for attracting international students and yet few efforts are made by the regional government to
Erasmus is the EU flagship higher education program enabling 200 000 European students to study in
or older students with some college education or a degree ï Vocational training for employment (Formaciã n Profesional para el Empleo or FPE) serves
In Andalusia, a total of 94 710 students attend vocational training †less than half the number that
Vocational training has been very successful in the last decade in placing students in a job. That
has resulted in an increased number of students during the 1990s and 2000s just as the number of
For the 2009-10 course, the number of students at technical and vocational schools in Spain increased 9. 3%compared to 3. 2%of Baccalaureate students
7 Opportunities in the landscape This overview of the landscape of education and training in Andalusia suggests several
an initiative of the Regional Ministry of Employment to train more than 1 000 students, workers and
exchange students for the region. RETA and other regional stakeholders might work to encourage potential entrepreneurs among them to stay in the region,
only 200 students took and most of them came from the Economics department. This figure is small
compared to the approximately 33 000 UMA students. UMA recognizes the poor participation rates in
increasingly paying attention to promote entrepreneurial activity among students as a way to increase the number of companies originated in the university.
but it also targets students (in high school, vocational training schools and universities) and women. ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE has more than 200 business incubators
teaching students how to create and manage cooperative firms. For the highest level of vocational training students, ANDALUCIA EMPRENDE offers a
business plan competition in which the winners spend three days training in the business incubators. In
talent seem to be focused in improving sending Andalusian students to top universities abroad (as in
students that are attracted to Andalusian universities every year. The Universities of Granada and Sevilla alone received over 3 000 exchange students in 2007-08, placing Andalucia ahead even of
Barcelona in popularity. As research elsewhere has found, immigrants are disproportionately likely to become entrepreneurs.
for these students, by helping them obtain legal residency and connecting them to entrepreneurship resources (for instance in the technology parks
students with businesses. The regional government seems to be supporting this approach already, not only by trying to link the technology parks with its high-tech sector strategies, but also by fostering
focus on attracting immigrant exchange students (though retaining immigrant entrepreneurs remains out of the region†s purview.
schools in Madrid and Barcelona, they have the benefit of location in a region attractive to students
A small class of students engage in the entrepreneurship process from idea development, team building,
These programs not only offer degrees, but send students out into the world with their own start-up business
students and tourists to the region, the need for internationalization, and the lack of web and IT
and that students often provide the most effective means for strengthening the linkages in the innovation system.
industrial sector, depends on their direct access both to researchers and especially to students involved in generating that research.
engage in the DUI mode of innovation †are through faculty consulting and student placements or
and a 28 percent increase in the number of students enrolled and a corresponding increase in the teaching staff of the universities.
entrepreneurial activity among students as a way to increase the number of companies originated in the
professors on staff and 40 000 students. The university has 270 active research groups, which is the
programs that provide academic credits to students for working on company research projects. The universities in some respect have much more research and technology capabilities than the local
as providing support services to facilitate work experience for its students in enterprises and the
which has 4 000 researchers and approximately 70 000 students. The OTRI has just twelve people
focused forms of cooperative education programs which could ensure that the students being trained in the universities are familiar with the kinds of technical problems that these firms must overcome.
merely placing student trainees with firms for a limited period. A cooperative education program usually involves engaging university students in alternating work study terms throughout the course of
students themselves provide a highly effective conduit for transferring research and specialized knowledge into the private firms and also for bringing the †real world†perspective of the firms back
students in the small and medium-sized enterprises that RETA services. The principle obstacle to
administrations in locating work placements for their students. In successful coop programs, this is usually accomplished through the provision of several dedicated university personnel to the task of
identify the firms that would be interested in providing work placements for students in a cooperative
could provide students with more real life work experience as part of their formal education; and it could use the students as a conduit for feeding problems and concerns of small and medium-sized
enterprises back into the teaching activities of the university faculty. There is also some evidence from
the North american experience that coop students can create a demand-pull mechanism to pull technical knowledge out of universities to provide assistance to firms (Bramwell and Wolfe, 2008
largest cooperative education program in the world, with over 11 000 students (60 percent of the
student body) and 3 000 employers, 281 of them local, involved in the program each year.
campus alone, 15 per cent of its current employees are Waterloo co-op students, and more than half of
their Waterloo staff consists of former co-op students Rationale for the Intervention The Waterloo Region in Ontario, located about 100 km west of Toronto,
education, especially in the sciences and engineering by giving the students hands-on experience working in firms to complement their classroom time;
The rotation of students to industry and back to the classroom helped solidify tight relations with local industry
of the first universities in Canada to enable students to actively explore and make use of innovations in
The exposure that students had to the early days of computer technology laid the foundations for a technological leap that shaped the
between students and local and non-local industry through the Cooperative Education Program Nelles, Bramwell and Wolfe, 2005
because firms know that the students have work experience, and they get an opportunity to
Second, co-op students act as an important transfer mechanism for tacit knowledge and know-how; they also act as a critical source of knowledge circulation within the
Waterloo co-op students have an international reputation for being of high quality, and as a result, local firms have to compete
with global ones to attract the best students, though they retain the benefit of location. For instance, in
Most years, we hire more students out of Waterloo than any other university in the world. â€
Co-op students also act as an important conduit between local firms and the teaching faculty at the university.
At the same time, student-driven technology transfer is critical specifically to the commercialization process. One firms reported that
†students come off co-op terms and co-opt entrepreneurial faculty to develop a company...They play a big role in spin-offs and technology transfer. †This awareness of the crucial link between
Program, which enables students to start their own venture in lieu of doing a co-op placement with an
and maintaining the placement positions for the student body. The university invests a considerable amount of its own resources in financing
the high reputation that both the program and the university†s students enjoy, which makes it easier to
find firms willing to take the students on work placement Relevance to Andalusia The key lesson to be drawn from this experience is that the patient investment of resources in a
coop education initiative in finding the work placements for students For further information http://www. cecs. uwaterloo. ca/about
nearly 50 000 students over the 1999-2009 decade. The boom of construction and tourism possibly
Students still tend to go outside of the Andalusian public university system for advanced business-related training,
to regional universities being able to attract talent, both students and faculty, from elsewhere. Such an
Together with a diverse student body and the identification of entrepreneurial talent in that community, much could be achieved by way of
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