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The US Environmental protection agency (EPA) has agreed to set new rules governing emissions of mercury and other toxic chemicals from power plants by November 2011,

but the administration of former US President George w bush avoided this in part by creating a market-based system that would allow mercury emissions to continue at some plants

An estimated 45-50 Â tonnes of mercury are used each year in Madre de dios to extract the prized gold,

Miners combine mercury with sediments that contain gold Â typically using their feet to mix them in a bucket

to boil off the mercury and leave gold behind. In March, Katy Ashe, a graduate student in environmental engineering at Stanford university in California, published the first study (K. Ashe PLOS ONE 7, e33305;

2012) to show the scale of the health threat from mercury in Madre de dios. She found that in mining zones,

elevated mercury levels were much more common in those who ate a lot of fish: 18%of people who ate 12 Â

or more fish meals each month had unhealthy mercury levels, in contrast to just 6%and 7%of low and moderate fish consumers, respectively.

such as the mota (Calophysus macropterus) and doncella (Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), had the highest levels of mercury.

Fernandez is now leading a project to conduct a more extensive survey of the levels of mercury in fish and humans.

Some march through Puerto Maldonado s main plaza shouting through megaphones that mercury is killing everyone,

Variations of the mercury-amalgamation technique have been used in gold mining for centuries, and it is difficult to dislodge such deep-rooted practices among artisanal miners.

and recovers about twice as much gold as does mercury amalgamation. But cyanide requires more careful handling than mercury

and few artisanal or small-scale miners have the necessary knowledge and skills. The more modern process of thiosulphate leaching might offer a nontoxic alternative,

To reduce miners exposure to mercury, non-governmental organizations have distributed retorts that can capture the toxic vapour.

and the Association for Integral Research and development in Lima have developed other mercury-free technologies for extracting gold.

and is no more expensive than mercury amalgamation. For now, he adds, miners are worried more about the government s demands for them to formalize their work,

and until the price of mercury goes up, or its use is banned, there is little incentive for them to change their practices.

For example, his"Utility MACT rule is aimed purportedly at reducing mercury pollution, yet the EPA estimates that the rule will cost $10 billion to reduce mercury pollution by only $6 million (with an"m). This has stopped not the President from trumpeting the rule as"cost-effective and"common sense,

while claiming it will"prevent thousands of premature deaths. The trick? Making the rule so expensive that it will bankrupt the coal industry,

and dangerous metals like mercury chromium and arsenic said Pavlo Bohutskyi an environmental engineering doctoral student and leader of this team.